2012-2013 chemistry 1 pacing guide prepared by: melvin g

2013-2014 Algebra I

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COURSE CODE: 1200310 COURSE NAME: Algebra I

UNIT TITLE: Relationships between Quantities and Reasoning with Equations

UNIT ESSENTIAL QUESTION:

SEMESTER: 1 Grading Period: 1

CONCEPT CONCEPT CONCEPT

Reason quantitatively and use units to solve problems.

1-1 Variables and Expressions

To write algebraic expressions.

1-2 Order of Operations and Evaluating Expressions

To simplify expressions involving exponents.

To use the order of operations to evaluate expressions.

STANDARD(S) STANDARD(S) STANDARD(S)

MACC.912.N-Q.1.1 Reason quantitatively and use units to solve problems.

MACC.912.N-Q.1.2: Define appropriate quantities for the purpose of descriptive modeling.

MACC.912.N-Q.1.3: Choose a level of accuracy appropriate to limitations on measurement when reporting quantities.

MACC.912.A-SSE.1.1a Interpret parts of an expression, such as terms, factors, and coefficients.

Preparing for MA.912.A.3.1Solve linear equations in one variable that include simplifying algebraic expressions.


Preparing for MA.912.A.3.1 Solve linear equations in one variable that include simplifying algebraic expressions.

LESSON ESSENTIAL QUESTION LESSON ESSENTIAL QUESTION LESSON ESSENTIAL QUESTION

What necessary units are used to help understand and guide the solution of multi-step problems?

How does descriptive modeling relate or help in problem solving?

What symbols and operations are used to represent mathematical phrases and real-world relationships?

How do you write expressions for algebraic expressions?

How do you write algebraic expressions for verbal expressions?

How can you use powers to shorten how you represent repeated multiplication?

How do you use the order of operations to evaluate numerical expressions?

How do you use the order of operations to evaluate algebraic expressions?

What is the relationship between the quantities and the reasoning of equations?

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VOCABULARY VOCABULARY VOCABULARY

1) Qualitative 2) Reasoning 3) Relationship 4) Problem Solving 5) Expressions 6) Equations 7) Functions 8) measurements

1) Quantity 2) Variable 3) Algebraic expression 4) Numerical expression

1) Power 2) Exponent 3) Base 4) Simplify 5) Evaluate

RESOURCES

CPalms

Selling Fuel Oil at a Loss

Felicia's Drive

Corn Conundrum

Pearson Algebra I

Dynamic Activity p. 4 CPalms

Seeing Dots

Additional Information

Cognitive Complexity: Level 2: Basic Application of Skills & Concepts

A-SSE.1.1b – Recommended fluency in transforming expressions and chunking (seeing parts of an expression as a single object) is essential in factoring, completing the square, and other mindful algebraic calculations.



http://www.cpalms.org/Resources/PublicPreviewResource42310.aspx




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UNIT TITLE: Expressions, Equations, and Functions




*Real Numbers and the Number Line

To classify, graph, and compare real numbers.

To find and estimate square units.

1-3 Properties of Real Numbers

To identify and use properties of real numbers.

*Adding and Subtracting Real Numbers To find sum and differences of real

numbers.

Concept Byte o Always, sometimes, never


Preparing for MACC.912.N-RN.2.3 Use properties of rational and irrational numbers.


MA.912.A.3.2 Identify and apply the distributive, associative, and commutative property of real numbers and the properties of equality.


Concept Byte Prepares for MACC.912.A-CED.1.3 Represent constraints by equations or inequalities, and by systems of equations and/or inequalities, and interpret solutions as viable or nonviable options in a modeling context.

How do you use expressions, equations, and functions to solve real-world problems?

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What necessary units are used to help understand and guide the solution of multi-step problems?

How does descriptive modeling relate or help in problem solving?

What symbols and operations are used to represent mathematical phrases and real-world relationships?

How do you write expressions for algebraic expressions?

How do you write algebraic expressions for verbal expressions?

How do you use the Commutative, Associative and Distributive properties to simplify expressions?

How can you add or subtract any real numbers using a number line model?

How can you add or subtract real numbers using rules involving absolute value?


1. Square root 2. Radicand 3. Radical 4. Perfect square 5. Set 6. Element of a set 7. Subset 8. Rational numbers 9. Natural numbers 10. Whole numbers 11. Integers 12. Irrational numbers 13. Real numbers 14. inequality

1. equivalent expressions 2. deductive reasoning 3. counter example 4. additive identity 5. multiplicative identity 6. multiplicative inverse 7. reciprocal

1. absolute value 2. opposites 3. additive inverse

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RESOURCES

Concept Byte


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*Multiplying and Dividing Real Numbers

To find the products and quotients of real numbers

Concept Byte o Operations with rational and

irrational numbers.

1-4 The Distributive Property

To use the Distributive Property to simplify expressions.

1-5 An Introduction to Equations

To solve equations using tables and mental math.

Concept Byte o Using tables to solve equations.



Concept Byte MACC.912.N-RN.2.3 Explain why the sum or product of two rational numbers is rational; that the sum of a rational number and an irrational number is irrational; and that the product of a nonzero rational number and an irrational number is irrational.


MA.912.A.3.2 - Identify and apply the distributive, associative, and commutative properties of real numbers and the properties of equality.

MACC.912.A-CED.1.1 Create equations and inequalities in one variable and use them to solve problems. Include equations arising from linear and quadratic functions, and simple rational and exponential functions.

MA.912.A.3.1 - Solve linear equations in one variable that include simplifying algebraic expressions.

Concept Byte Preparing for MACC.912.A-REI.1.1 Explain each step in solving a simple equation as following from the equality of numbers asserted at the previous step, starting from the assumption that the original equation has a solution. Construct a viable argument to justify a solution method.


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What are the rules for multiplying real numbers?

How do the rules for multiplying real numbers relate to the properties of real numbers?

How can you use distributive property to simplify the product of a number and a sum or difference?

How do you use the distributive property to evaluate expressions?

How can you use an equation to represent the relationship between two quantities that have the same value?

How do you solve equations with one variable?


1. Multiplicative inverse 2. reciprocal

1. Distributive Property 2. Term 3. Constant 4. Coefficient 5. Like terms 6. Simplest form

1. open sentence 2. equation 3. solution of an equation

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RESOURCES

Concept Byte

Concept Byte


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1-6 Relations/ Graphing in the Coordinate Plane

To differentiate between the x and y coordinates

To plot an ordered pair on a coordinate plane.

*Pattern, Equations, and Graphs

To use tables, graphs, and equations to describe relationships.

1-7 Functions

Determine whether a relation is a function.

Find function values.


Prepares for MACC.912.A-CED.1.2 Create equations in two or more variables to represent relationships between quantities; graph equations on coordinate axes with labels and scales.

MA.912.A.2.4 - Determine the domain and range of a relation.

MA.912.A.2.13 – Solve real-world problems involving relations and functions.

MACC.912.A-REI.4.10 Understand that the graph of an equation in two variables is the set of all its solutions plotted in the coordinate plane, often forming a curve (which could be a line).

MA.912.A.2.1 Create a graph to represent real-world situations.

MA.912.A.2.2 Interpret a graph representing a real-world situation.

MACC.912.F-IF.1.1 Understand that a function from one set (called the domain) to another set (called the range) assigns to each element of the domain exactly one element of the range.

MA.912.A.2.3 – Describe the concept of a function, use function notation, determine whether a given relation is a function, and link equations to functions.

MA.912.A.2.13 – Solve real-world problems involving relations and functions.


How do you solve real-world problems involving relations and functions?

How can you represent the relationship between two varying quantities in different ways, including tables, equations, and graphs?

How do you determine whether a relation is a function?

How do you find function values?


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1. coordinate system 2. x- an y-axes 3. origin 4. ordered pair 5. x- and y-coordinates 6. relations 7. domain 8. range 9. independent variable 10. dependent variable

1. solution of an equation 2. inductive reasoning

1. Function 2. Discrete function 3. Continuous function 4. Vertical line test 5. Nonlinear function

RESOURCES

Primary Resource:

Textbook: Glencoe McGraw-Hill Algebra I

Workbook: Study Guide and Intervention Algebra I

Acaletics - ACALETICS® is a curriculum designed to boost academic student performance. The ACALETICS® method of math instruction teaches students that the preparation required to be a good athlete is what is necessary to be a good student – practice, practice, practice!

Additional Resource:

Skills Practice

Word Problem Practice

Weekly Standards Review – Glencoe McGraw-Hill

FCAT Explorer Website (s):

http://www.corestandards.org/

http://parccoline.org/

http://map.mathshell.org/materials/stds.php

www.Mathedleadership.org

www.insidemathmatics.org

Website(s):

www.kutasoftware.com

www.Glencoe.com

www.teachingtoday.glencoe.com – Gives secondary teachers practical strategies and material that inspire excellence and innovation in teaching.

www.CPALMS.org

http://illuminations.nctm.org/ - Activities, lesson plans and links for all levels of math

www.readwritethink.org - Interactive activities, lessons, and graphic organizers

www.scholastic.com - Lesson plans, printable, teaching strategies

www.docstoc.com - Instructional strategies and organizational chart

http://nlvm.usu.edu - National Library of Virtual Manipulatives






http://www.mathedleadership.org/

http://www.insidemathmatics.org/

http://www.kutasoftware.com/

http://www.glencoe.com/

http://www.teachingtoday.glencoe.com/

http://www.cpalms.org/

http://illuminations.nctm.org/

http://www.readwritethink.org/

http://www.scholastic.com/

http://www.docstoc.com/

http://nlvm.usu.edu/

2013-2014 Algebra I

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UNIT TITLE: Linear Equations UNIT ESSENTIAL QUESTION:

SEMESTER: 1

Grading Period: 2


2-1 Writing Equations

Translate sentences into equations.

Translate equations into sentences.

2-2 Solving One-Step Equations

To solve one step equations in one variable.

*Solving Two Step Equations

To solve two step equation in one variable


LACC.910.RST.3.7 Translate quantitative or technical information expressed in words in a text into visual form (e.g., a table or chart) and translate information expressed visually or mathematically (e.g., in an equation) into words

LA.910.3.1.3 – The student will prewrite by using organizational strategies and tools to develop a personal organization style.

MACC.912.A-CED.1.1 Create equations and inequalities in one variable and use them to solve problems

MACC.912.A-REI.2.3 Solve linear equations and inequalities in one variable, including equations with coefficients represented by letters.


MA.912.A.3.5 - Symbolically represent and solve multi-step and real-world applications that involve linear equations and inequalities.



MACC.912.A-REI.1.1 Explain each step in solving a simple equation as following from the equality of numbers asserted at the previous step, starting from the assumption that the original equation has a solution.


How do you use linear equations to answer questions arising from given problem situations?

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How do you translate sentences into equations?

How do you translate equations into sentences?

How do you solve equations by using addition and subtraction?

How do you solve equations by using multiplication and division?

What properties of equality and inverse operations can you use to solve two-step equations?


1. Formula 2. Translate

1. Equivalent equations 2. Addition Property of Equality 3. Subtraction Property of Equality 4. Isolate 5. Inverse operation 6. Multiplication property of Equality 7. Division Property of Equality

RESOURCES

Primary Resource:





Skills Practice









Website(s):


www.Glencoe.com


www.CPALMS.org






















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SEMESTER: 1

Grading Period: 2


2-3 Solving Multi-Step Equations

To solve multi-step equations in one variable involving one or more operations and consecutive integers.

2-4 Solving Equations with the Variable on Both Side

To solve equations with variables on both sides.

Identifies equations that are identities or have no solution.

2-8 Literal Equations and Dimensional Analysis

To rewrite and use literal equations and formulas.



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MA.912.A.10.3 - Decide whether a given statement is always, sometimes, or never true.






MACC.912.A-CED.1.4 Rearrange formulas to highlight a quantity of interest, using the same reasoning as in solving equations.







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How do you solve equations involving more than one operation?

How do you solve equations involving consecutive integers?

How do you solve equations with the variable on each side?

How do you solve equations involving grouping symbols?

How do you solve equations for a given variable?

How do you use formulas to solve real-world problems?


1. Multi-step equation 2. Consecutive integers 3. Number theory

1. Identity 1. Literal equations 2. formula 3. Dimensional analysis 4. Unit analysis

RESOURCES

Primary Resource:





Skills Practice









Website(s):


www.Glencoe.com


www.CPALMS.org






















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SEMESTER: 1

Grading Period: 2


2-6 Ratios and Proportions

To solve multi-step equations in one variable involving one or more operations and consecutive integers.

2-7 Percent of Change

To find percent of change

To find the relative error in linear and nonlinear measurements.






MA.912.A.5.1 – Simplify algebraic ratios.

MA.912.A.5.4 – Solve algebraic proportions.

MACC.912.N-Q.1.3: Choose a level of accuracy appropriate to limitations on measurement when reporting quantities.

MA.912.A.5.4 – Solve algebraic proportions.


How do you use ratios to compare data?

How do you create and solve proportions?

How can you use the percent of change in real-world analysis?

How do you solve problems involving percent of change?


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1. Ratio Proportion 2. Means Rate 3. Unit rate Scale 4. Scale model Conversion factor 5. Unit analysis Cross product 6. Cross product property Similar figures 7. Scale drawing

1. Percent of change 2. Percent of increase 3. Percent of decrease 4. Percent error 5. Relative error

RESOURCES

Primary Resource:





Skills Practice









Website(s):


www.Glencoe.com


www.CPALMS.org






















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UNIT TITLE: Linear Inequalities UNIT ESSENTIAL QUESTION:

SEMESTER: 2

Grading Period: 3


*Inequalities and their graphs

To write, graph, and identify solutions of inequalities.

5-1 Solving Inequalities by Addition and Subtraction

To use addition or subtraction to solve inequalities.

5-2 Solving Inequalities by Multiplication and

Division

To use multiplication or division to solve

inequalities.


Prepares for MACC.912.A-REI.2.3 Solve linear equations and inequalities in one variable, including equations with coefficients represented by letters.

MA.912.A.3.4 Graph simple inequalities in one variable.

MACC.912.A-REI.2.3 Solve linear equations and inequalities in one variable, including equations with coefficients represented by letters


MA.912.A.3.4 - Solve and graph simple and compound inequalities in one variable and be able to justify each step in a solution.

MA.912.A.3.5 – Symbolically represent and solve multi-step and real-world applications that involve linear equations and inequalities.






How do you formulate linear inequalities to solve real- world problems?

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How do you use ratios to compare data?

How do you create and solve proportions?

How do you use addition and subtraction to solve inequalities?

How do you use multiplication and division to solve inequalities?


1. Solution of an inequality

1. Equivalent Inequalities 2. Addition Property of Inequalities 3. Subtraction Property of Inequalities

1. Multiplication Property of Inequalities 2. Division Property of Inequalities

RESOURCES

Primary Resource:





Skills Practice









Website(s):


www.Glencoe.com


www.CPALMS.org






















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SEMESTER: 2

Grading Period: 3


5-3 Solving Multi-Step Inequalities

To solve multistep inequalities

1-8 Sets (Extend pg. 60)

To write sets and identify subsets.

To find the complement of a set.

5-4 Solving Compound Inequalities

To solve and graph inequalities containing

the word and. To solve and graph inequalities containing

the word or.


Prepares for MACC.912.A-REI.2.3 Solve linear equations and inequalities in one variable, including equations with coefficients represented by letters.





MA.912.D.7.1 – Perform set operations such as complement.

MA.912.D.7.2 – Use Venn diagrams to explore relationships and patterns, and to make arguments about relationship between sets.






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How do you solve an inequality with more than one operation?

How do you write a set in different ways to form smaller sets of elements from a larger set?

How can you describe the elements that are not in a given subset?

How do you solve compound inequalities containing the word ‘and’ and the word ‘or’?


1. Distributive Property 2. Negative Coefficient 3. Multi-step inequality

1. Roster form 2. Set-builder notation 3. Empty set 4. Universal set 5. Complement of a set

1. Compound inequality 2. Interval notation

RESOURCES

Primary Resource:





Skills Practice









Website(s):


www.Glencoe.com


www.CPALMS.org






















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SEMESTER: 2

Grading Period: 3


5-5 Inequalities Involving Absolute Value

To solve equations and inequalities involving absolute value.

5-6 Graphing Inequalities in Two Variables

To graph inequalities in two variables.



MACC.912.A-SSE.1.1b Interpret complicated expressions by viewing one or more of their parts as a single entity. MA.912.A.3.4 - Solve and graph simple and compound inequalities in one variable and be able to justify each step in a solution.

MA.912.A.3.6 – Solve and graph the solutions of absolute value equations and inequalities with one variable.

MACC.912.A-CED.1.2 Create equations in two or more variables to represent relationships between quantities; graph equations on coordinate axes with labels and scales.

MA.912.A.3.12 – Graph a linear equation or inequality in two variables with and without graphing technology. Write an equation or inequality represented by a given graph.


How can companies use absolute value inequalities to control the quality of their product?

How you use the graph of a linear inequality to represent data?


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1. Absolute value inequalities


RESOURCES

Primary Resource:





Skills Practice









Website(s):


www.Glencoe.com


www.CPALMS.org






















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SEMESTER: 2

Grading Period: 3


5-5 Inequalities Involving Absolute Value

To solve equations and inequalities involving absolute value.

5-6 Graphing Inequalities in Two Variables

To graph inequalities in two variables.



MACC.912.A-SSE.1.1b Interpret complicated expressions by viewing one or more of their parts as a single entity. MA.912.A.3.4 - Solve and graph simple and compound inequalities in one variable and be able to justify each step in a solution.

MA.912.A.3.6 – Solve and graph the solutions of absolute value equations and inequalities with one variable.

MACC.912.A-CED.1.2 Create equations in two or more variables to represent relationships between quantities; graph equations on coordinate axes with labels and scales.

MA.912.A.3.12 – Graph a linear equation or inequality in two variables with and without graphing technology. Write an equation or inequality represented by a given graph.


How can companies use absolute value inequalities to control the quality of their product?

How you use the graph of a linear inequality to represent data?

How do you interpret and make decisions, predictions, and critical judgments from functional relationships?

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2. Absolute value inequalities


RESOURCES

Primary Resource:





Skills Practice









Website(s):


www.Glencoe.com


www.CPALMS.org







The fundamental purpose of this course is to formalize and extend the mathematics that students learned in the middle grades. The critical areas, called units, deepen and extend understanding of linear and exponential relationships by contrasting them with each other and by applying linear models to data that exhibit a linear trend, and students engage in methods for analyzing, solving, and using quadratic functions. The Mathematical Practice Standards apply throughout
















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each course and, together with the content standards, prescribe that students experience mathematics as a coherent, useful, and logical subject that makes use of their ability to make sense of problem situations. Unit 1- Relationships Between Quantities and Reasoning with Equations: By the end of eighth grade students have learned to solve linear equations in one variable and have applied graphical and algebraic methods to analyze and solve systems of linear equations in two variables. This unit builds on these earlier experiences by asking students to analyze and explain the process of solving an equation. Students develop fluency writing, interpreting, and translating between various forms of linear equations and inequalities, and using them to solve problems. They master the solution of linear equations and apply related solution techniques and the laws of exponents to the creation and solution of simple exponential equations. All of this work is grounded on understanding quantities and on relationships between them. SKILLS TO MAINTAIN: Reinforce understanding of the properties of integer exponents. The initial experience with exponential expressions, equations, and functions involves integer exponents and builds on this understanding. Unit 2- Linear and Exponential Relationships: In earlier grades, students define, evaluate, and compare functions, and use them to model relationships between quantities. In this unit, students will learn function notation and develop the concepts of domain and range. They explore many examples of functions, including sequences; they interpret functions given graphically, numerically, symbolically, and verbally, translate between representations, and understand the limitations of various representations. Students build on and informally extend their understanding of integer exponents to consider exponential functions. They compare and contrast linear and exponential functions, distinguishing between additive and multiplicative change. Students explore systems of equations and inequalities, and they find and interpret their solutions. They interpret arithmetic sequences as linear functions and geometric sequences as exponential functions. Unit 3- Descriptive Statistics: This unit builds upon students’ prior experiences with data, providing students with more formal means of assessing how

a model fits data. Students use regression techniques to describe and approximate linear relationships between quantities. They use graphical representations and knowledge of the context to make judgments about the appropriateness of linear models. With linear models, they look at residuals to analyze the goodness of fit. Unit 4- Expressions and Equations: In this unit, students build on their knowledge from unit 2, where they extended the laws of exponents to rational exponents. Students apply this new understanding of number and strengthen their ability to see structure in and create quadratic and exponential expressions. They create and solve equations, inequalities, and systems of equations involving quadratic expressions. Unit 5- Quadratic Functions and Modeling: In this unit, students consider quadratic functions, comparing the key characteristics of quadratic functions to those of linear and exponential functions. They select from among these functions to model phenomena. Students learn to anticipate the graph of a quadratic function by interpreting various forms of quadratic expressions. In particular, they identify the real solutions of a quadratic equation as the zeros of a related quadratic function. Students expand their experience with functions to include more specialized functions—absolute value, step, and those that are piecewise defined.

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Exponential functions with integer exponents MACC.912.F-IF.3.9: Compare properties of two functions each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, or by verbal descriptions). For example, given a graph of one quadratic function and an algebraic expression for another, say which has the larger maximum. Remarks/Examples Algebra 1, Unit 2: For F.IF.7a, 7e, and 9 focus on linear and exponentials functions. Include comparisons of two functions presented algebraically. For example, compare the growth of two linear functions, or two exponential functions such as y=3n and y=1002 Algebra 1, Unit 5: For F.IF.9, focus on expanding the types of functions considered to include, linear, exponential, and quadratic. Extend work with quadratics to include the relationship between coefficients and roots, and that once roots are known, a quadratic equation can be factored. Algebra 1 Assessment Limits and Clarifications i) Tasks are limited to linear functions, quadratic functions, square root functions, cube root functions, piecewise-defined functions (including step functions and absolute value functions), and exponential functions with domains in the integers. The function types listed here are the same as those listed in the Algebra I column for standards F-IF.4 and FIF.6. Algebra 2 Assessment Limits and Clarifications i) Tasks may involve polynomial, exponential, logarithmic, and trigonometric functions. The function types listed here are the same as those listed in the Algebra II column for standards F-IF.4 and FIF.6. MACC.912.F-LE.1.1: Distinguish between situations that can be modeled with linear functions and with exponential functions. a. Prove that linear functions grow by equal differences over equal intervals, and that exponential functions grow by equal factors over equal intervals. b. Recognize situations in which one quantity changes at a constant rate per unit interval relative to another. c. Recognize situations in which a quantity grows or decays by a constant percent rate per unit interval relative to another. MACC.912.F-LE.1.2: Construct linear and exponential functions, including arithmetic and geometric sequences, given a graph, a description of a relationship, or two input-output pairs (include reading these from a table). Remarks/Examples Algebra 1, Unit 2: In constructing linear functions in F.LE.2, draw on and consolidate previous work in Grade 8 on finding equations for lines and linear functions (8.EE.6, 8.F.4). Algebra 1 Assessment Limits and Clarifications i) Tasks are limited to constructing linear and exponential functions in simple context (not multi- step). Algebra 2 Assessment Limits and Clarifications i) Tasks will include solving multi-step problems by constructing linear and exponential functions. MACC.912.F-LE.1.3: Observe using graphs and tables that a quantity increasing exponentially eventually exceeds a quantity increasing linearly, quadratically, or (more generally) as a polynomial function. Remarks/Examples Algebra 1, Unit 2: For F.LE.3, limit to comparisons between linear and exponential models. Algebra 1, Unit 5: Compare linear and exponential growth to quadratic growth. MACC.912.N-Q.1.2: Define appropriate quantities for the purpose of descriptive modeling.

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Remarks/Examples Algebra 1, Unit 1: Working with quantities and the relationships between them provides grounding for work with expressions, equations, and functions. Algebra 1 Content Notes: Working with quantities and the relationships between them provides grounding for work with expressions, equations, and functions. Algebra 1 Assessment Limits and Clarifications This standard will be assessed in Algebra I by ensuring that some modeling tasks (involving Algebra I content or securely held content from grades 6-8) require the student to create a quantity of interest in the situation being described (i.e., a quantity of interest is not selected for the student by the task). For example, in a situation involving data, the student might autonomously decide that a measure of center is a key variable in a situation, and then choose to work with the mean. Algebra 2 Assessment Limits and Clarifications This standard will be assessed in Algebra II by ensuring that some modeling tasks (involving Algebra II content or securely held content from previous grades and courses) require the student to create a quantity of interest in the situation being described (i.e., this is not provided in the task). For example, in a situation involving periodic phenomena, the student might autonomously decide that amplitude is a key variable in a situation, and then choose to work with peak amplitude. MACC.912.N-Q.1.3: Choose a level of accuracy appropriate to limitations on measurement when reporting quantities. Remarks/Examples Algebra 1, Unit 1: Working with quantities and the relationships between them provides grounding for work with expressions, equations, and functions. MACC.912.N-RN.1.1: Explain how the definition of the meaning of rational exponents follows from extending the properties of integer exponents to those values, allowing for a notation for radicals in terms of rational exponents. For example, we define to be the cube root of 5 because we want = to hold, so must equal 5. Remarks/Examples Algebra 1, Unit 2: In implementing the standards in curriculum, these standards should occur before discussing exponential functions with continuous domains. MACC.912.N-RN.1.2: Rewrite expressions involving radicals and rational exponents using the properties of exponents. Remarks/Examples Algebra 1, Unit 2: In implementing the standards in curriculum, these standards should occur before discussing exponential functions with continuous domains. MACC.912.N-RN.2.3: Explain why the sum or product of two rational numbers is rational; that the sum of a rational number and an irrational number is irrational; and that the product of a nonzero rational number and an irrational number is irrational. Remarks/Examples Algebra 1 Unit 5: Connect N.RN.3 to physical situations, e.g., finding the perimeter of a square of area 2. MACC.912.S-ID.1.1: Represent data with plots on the real number line (dot plots, histograms, and box plots). Remarks/Examples In grades 6 – 8, students describe center and spread in a data distribution. Here they choose a summary statistic appropriate to the characteristics of the data distribution, such as the shape of the distribution or the existence of extreme data points.

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MACC.912.S-ID.1.2: Use statistics appropriate to the shape of the data distribution to compare center (median, mean) and spread (interquartile range, standard deviation) of two or more different data sets. Remarks/Examples In grades 6 – 8, students describe center and spread in a data distribution. Here they choose a summary statistic appropriate to the characteristics of the data distribution, such as the shape of the distribution or the existence of extreme data points. MACC.912.S-ID.1.3: Interpret differences in shape, center, and spread in the context of the data sets, accounting for possible effects of extreme data points (outliers). Remarks/Examples In grades 6 – 8, students describe center and spread in a data distribution. Here they choose a summary statistic appropriate to the characteristics of the data distribution, such as the shape of the distribution or the existence of extreme data points. MACC.912.S-ID.2.5: Summarize categorical data for two categories in two-way frequency tables. Interpret relative frequencies in the context of the data (including joint, marginal, and conditional relative frequencies). Recognize possible associations and trends in the data. MACC.912.S-ID.2.6: Represent data on two quantitative variables on a scatter plot, and describe how the variables are related. a. Fit a function to the data; use functions fitted to data to solve problems in the context of the data. Use given functions or choose a function suggested by the context. Emphasize linear, quadratic, and exponential models. b. Informally assess the fit of a function by plotting and analyzing residuals. c. Fit a linear function for a scatter plot that suggests a linear association. Remarks/Examples Students take a more sophisticated look at using a linear function to model the relationship between two numerical variables. In addition to fitting a line to data, students assess how well the model fits by analyzing residuals. S.ID.6b should be focused on linear models, but may be used to preview quadratic functions in Unit 5 of this course. Algebra 1 Assessment Limits and Clarifications i) Tasks have a real-world context. ii) Exponential functions are limited to those with domains in the integers. Algebra 2 Assessment Limits and Clarifications i) Tasks have a real-world context. ii) Tasks are limited to exponential functions with domains not in the integers and trigonometric functions. MACC.912.S-ID.3.7: Interpret the slope (rate of change) and the intercept (constant term) of a linear model in the context of the data. Remarks/Examples Build on students’ work with linear relationships in eighth grade and introduce the correlation coefficient. The focus here is on the computation and interpretation of the correlation coefficient as a measure of how well the data fit the relationship. The important distinction between a statistical relationship and a cause-and-effect relationship arises in S.ID.9. MACC.912.S-ID.3.8: Compute (using technology) and interpret the correlation coefficient of a linear fit. Remarks/Examples Build on students’ work with linear relationships in eighth grade and introduce the correlation coefficient. The focus here is on the computation and interpretation of the correlation coefficient as a measure of how well the data fit the relationship. The important distinction between a statistical relationship and a cause-and-effect relationship arises in S.ID.9. MACC.912.S-ID.3.9: Distinguish between correlation and causation.

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Remarks/Examples Build on students’ work with linear relationships in eighth grade and introduce the correlation coefficient. The focus here is on the computation and interpretation of the correlation coefficient as a measure of how well the data fit the relationship. The important distinction between a statistical relationship and a cause-and-effect relationship arises in S.ID.9. MACC.K12.MP.1.1: Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them. Mathematically proficient students start by explaining to themselves the meaning of a problem and looking for entry points to its solution. They analyze givens, constraints, relationships, and goals. They make conjectures about the form and meaning of the solution and plan a solution pathway rather than simply jumping into a solution attempt. They consider analogous problems, and try special cases and simpler forms of the original problem in order to gain insight into its solution. They monitor and evaluate their progress and change course if necessary. Older students might, depending on the context of the problem, transform algebraic expressions or change the viewing window on their graphing calculator to get the information they need. Mathematically proficient students can explain correspondences between equations, verbal descriptions, tables, and graphs or draw diagrams of important features and relationships, graph data, and search for regularity or trends. Younger students might rely on using concrete objects or pictures to help conceptualize and solve a problem. Mathematically proficient students check their answers to problems using a different method, and they continually ask themselves, “Does this make sense?” They can understand the approaches of others to solving complex problems and identify correspondences between different approaches. MACC.K12.MP.2.1: Reason abstractly and quantitatively. Mathematically proficient students make sense of quantities and their relationships in problem situations. They bring two complementary abilities to bear on problems involving quantitative relationships: the ability to decontextualize—to abstract a given situation and represent it symbolically and manipulate the representing symbols as if they have a life of their own, without necessarily attending to their referents—and the ability to contextualize, to pause as needed during the manipulation process in order to probe into the referents for the symbols involved. Quantitative reasoning entails habits of creating a coherent representation of the problem at hand; considering the units involved; attending to the meaning of quantities, not just how to compute them; and knowing and flexibly using different properties of operations and objects. MACC.K12.MP.3.1: Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others. Mathematically proficient students understand and use stated assumptions, definitions, and previously established results in constructing arguments. They make conjectures and build a logical progression of statements to explore the truth of their conjectures. They are able to analyze situations by breaking them into cases, and can recognize and use counterexamples. They justify their conclusions, communicate them to others, and respond to the arguments of others. They reason inductively about data, making plausible arguments that take into account the context from which the data arose. Mathematically proficient students are also able to compare the effectiveness of two plausible arguments, distinguish correct logic or reasoning from that which is flawed, and—if there is a flaw in an argument—explain what it is. Elementary students can construct arguments using concrete referents such as objects, drawings, diagrams, and actions. Such arguments can make sense and be correct, even though they are not generalized or made formal until later grades. Later, students learn to determine domains to which an argument applies. Students at all grades can listen or read the arguments of others, decide whether they make sense, and ask useful questions to clarify or improve the arguments. MACC.K12.MP.4.1: Model with mathematics. Mathematically proficient students can apply the mathematics they know to solve problems arising in everyday life, society, and the workplace. In early grades, this might be as simple as writing an addition equation to describe a situation. In middle grades, a student might apply proportional reasoning to plan a school event or analyze a problem in the community. By high school, a student might use geometry to solve a design problem or use a function to describe how one quantity of interest depends on another. Mathematically proficient students who can apply what they know are

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comfortable making assumptions and approximations to simplify a complicated situation, realizing that these may need revision later. They are able to identify important quantities in a practical situation and map their relationships using such tools as diagrams, two-way tables, graphs, flowcharts and formulas. They can analyze those relationships mathematically to draw conclusions. They routinely interpret their mathematical results in the context of the situation and reflect on whether the results make sense, possibly improving the model if it has not served its purpose. MACC.K12.MP.5.1: Use appropriate tools strategically. Mathematically proficient students consider the available tools when solving a mathematical problem. These tools might include pencil and paper, concrete models, a ruler, a protractor, a calculator, a spreadsheet, a computer algebra system, a statistical package, or dynamic geometry software. Proficient students are sufficiently familiar with tools appropriate for their grade or course to make sound decisions about when each of these tools might be helpful, recognizing both the insight to be gained and their limitations. For example, mathematically proficient high school students analyze graphs of functions and solutions generated using a graphing calculator. They detect possible errors by strategically using estimation and other mathematical knowledge. When making mathematical models, they know that technology can enable them to visualize the results of varying assumptions, explore consequences, and compare predictions with data. Mathematically proficient students at various grade levels are able to identify relevant external mathematical resources, such as digital content located on a website, and use them to pose or solve problems. They are able to use technological tools to explore and deepen their understanding of concepts. MACC.K12.MP.6.1: Attend to precision. Mathematically proficient students try to communicate precisely to others. They try to use clear definitions in discussion with others and in their own reasoning. They state the meaning of the symbols they choose, including using the equal sign consistently and appropriately. They are careful about specifying units of measure, and labeling axes to clarify the correspondence with quantities in a problem. They calculate accurately and efficiently, express numerical answers with a degree of precision appropriate for the problem context. In the elementary grades, students give carefully formulated explanations to each other. By the time they reach high school they have learned to examine claims and make explicit use of definitions. MACC.K12.MP.7.1: Look for and make use of structure. Mathematically proficient students look closely to discern a pattern or structure. Young students, for example, might notice that three and seven more is the same amount as seven and three more, or they may sort a collection of shapes according to how many sides the shapes have. Later, students will see 7 × 8 equals the well remembered 7 × 5 + 7 × 3, in preparation for learning about the distributive property. In the expression x² + 9x + 14, older students can see the 14 as 2 × 7 and the 9 as 2 + 7. They recognize the significance of an existing line in a geometric figure and can use the strategy of drawing an auxiliary line for solving problems. They also can step back for an overview and shift perspective. They can see complicated things, such as some algebraic expressions, as single objects or as being composed of several objects. For example, they can see 5 – 3(x – y)² as 5 minus a positive number times a square and use that to realize that its value cannot be more than 5 for any real numbers x and y. MACC.K12.MP.8.1: Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning. Mathematically proficient students notice if calculations are repeated, and look both for general methods and for shortcuts. Upper elementary students might notice when dividing 25 by 11 that they are repeating the same calculations over and over again, and conclude they have a repeating decimal. By paying attention to the calculation of slope as they repeatedly check whether points are on the line through (1, 2) with slope 3, middle school students might abstract the equation (y – 2)/(x – 1) = 3. Noticing the regularity in the way terms cancel when expanding (x – 1)(x + 1), (x – 1)(x² + x + 1), and (x – 1)(x³ + x² + x + 1) might lead them to the general formula for the sum of a geometric series. As they work to solve a

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problem, mathematically proficient students maintain oversight of the process, while attending to the details. They continually evaluate the reasonableness of their intermediate results.

Unpacking the Standards

Seeing Structure in Expressions A.SSE

Interpret the structure of expressions What does this standard mean that a student will know and be able to do? A.SSE.1 Interpret expressions that represent a quantity in terms of its context a. Interpret parts of an expression, such as terms, factors, and coefficients. b. Interpret complicated expressions by viewing one or more of their parts as a single entity. For example, interpret P(1+r)n as the product of P and a factor not depending on P. A.SSE.1a Identify the different parts of the expression and explain their meaning within the context of a problem. A.SSE.1b Decompose expressions and make sense of the multiple factors and terms by explaining the meaning of the individual parts. A.SSE.2 Use the structure of an expression to identify ways to rewrite it. For example, see x4 – y4 as (x2)2 – (y2)2, thus recognizing it as a difference of squares that can be factored as (x2 – y2)(x2 + y2). A.SSE.2 Rewrite algebraic expressions in different equivalent forms such as factoring or combining like terms. Use factoring techniques such as common factors, grouping, the difference of two squares, the sum or difference of two cubes, or a combination of methods to factor completely. . Simplify expressions including combining like terms, using the distributive property and other operations with polynomials.

Write expressions in equivalent forms to solve problems What does this standard mean that a student will know and be able to do?

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A.SSE.3 Choose and produce an equivalent form of an expression to reveal and explain properties of the quantity represented by the expression. a. Factor a quadratic expression to define. b. Complete the square in a quadratic expression to reveal the maximum or minimum value of the function it defines. c. Use the properties of exponents to transform expressions for exponential functions. For example the expression 1.15t can be rewritten as (1.151/12)12t ˜ 1.01212t to reveal the approximate equivalent monthly interest rate if the annual rate is 15%. A.SSE.3a Write expressions in equivalent forms by factoring to find the zeros of a quadratic function and explain the meaning of the zeros Given a quadratic function explain the meaning of the zeros of the function. That is if f(x) = (x – c) (x – a) then f(a) = 0 and f(c) = 0. . Given a quadratic expression, explain the meaning of the zeros graphically. That is for an expression (x – a) (x – c), a and c correspond to the x-intercepts (if a and c are real). A.SSE.3b Write expressions in equivalent forms by completing the square to convey the vertex form, to find the maximum or minimum value of a quadratic function, and to explain the meaning of the vertex A.SSE.3c Use properties of exponents (such as power of a power, product of powers, power of a product, and rational exponents, etc.) to write an equivalent form of an exponential function to reveal and explain specific information about its approximate rate of growth or decay A.SSE.4 Derive the formula for the sum of a finite geometric series (when the common ratio is not 1), and use the formula to solve problems. For example, calculate mortgage payments. A.SSE.4 Develop the formula for the sum of a finite geometric series when the ratio is not 1. A.SSE.4 Use the formula to solve real world problems such as calculating the height of a tree after n years given payments.

Arithmetic with Polynomials and Rational Expressions – A.APR

Perform arithmetic operations on polynomials

What does this standard mean that a student will know and be able to do? A.APR.1 Understand that polynomials form a system analogous to the integers, namely, they are closed under the operations of addition, subtraction, and multiplication; add, subtract, and multiply polynomials.

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A.APR.1 Understand the definition of a polynomial. A.APR.1 Understand the concepts of combining like terms and closure. A.APR.1 Add, subtract, and multiply polynomials and understand how closure applies under these operations.

Understand the relationship between zeros and factors of polynomials

What does this standard mean that a student will know and be able to do? A.APR.2 Know and apply the Remainder Theorem: For a polynomial p(x) and a number a, the remainder on division by x – a is p(a), so p(a) = 0 if and only if (x – a) is a factor of p(x). A.APR.2 Understand and apply the Remainder Theorem. A.APR.2 Understand how this standard relates to A.SSE.3a. A.APR.2 Understand that a is a root of a polynomial function if and only if x-a is a factor of the function. A.APR.3 Identify zeros of polynomials when suitable factorizations are available, and use the zeros to construct a rough graph of the function defined by the polynomial. A.APR.3 Find the zeros of a polynomial when the polynomial is factored. A.APR.3 Use the zeros of a function to sketch a graph of the function.

Use polynomial identities to solve problems What does this standard mean that a student will know and be able to do? A.APR.4 Prove polynomial identities and use them to describe numerical relationships. For example, the polynomial identity (x2 + y2)2 = (x2 – y2)2 + (2xy)2 can be used to generate Pythagorean triples. A.APR.4 Understand that polynomial identities include but are not limited to the product of the sum and difference of two terms, the difference of two squares, the sum and difference of two cubes, the square of a binomial, etc .

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A.APR.4 Prove polynomial identities by showing steps and providing reasons A.APR.4 Illustrate how polynomial identities are used to determine numerical relationships such as 22225+5•20•2+20=)5+20(=25 A.APR.5 (+) Know and apply the Binomial Theorem for the expansion of (x + y)n in powers of x and y for a positive integer n, where x and y are any numbers, with coefficients determined for example by Pascal’s Triangle.1 1The Binomial Theorem can be proved by mathematical induction or by a combinatorial argument. A.APR.5 For small values of n, use Pascal’s Triangle to determine the coefficients of the binomial expansion. A.APR.5 Use the Binomial Theorem to find the nth term in the expansion of a binomial to a positive power.

Rewrite rational expressions What does this standard mean that a student will know and be able to do? A.APR.6 Rewrite simple rational expressions in different forms; write a(x)/b(x) in the form q(x) + r(x)/b(x), where a(x), b(x), q(x), and r(x) are polynomials with the degree of r(x) less than the degree of b(x), using inspection, long division, or, for the more complicated examples, a computer algebra system. A.APR.6 Rewrite rational expressions,, in the form by using factoring, long division, or synthetic division. Use a computer algebra system for complicated examples to assist with building a broader conceptual understanding. A.APR.7 (+) Understand that rational expressions form a system analogous to the rational numbers, closed under addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division by a nonzero rational expression; add, subtract, multiply, and divide rational expressions. A.APR.7 Simplify rational expressions by adding, subtracting, multiplying, or dividing A.APR.7 Understand that rational expressions are closed under addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division (by a nonzero expression).

Creating Equations – A.CED

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Create equations that describe numbers or relationships A.CED.1 Create equations and inequalities in one variable and use them to solve problems. Include equations arising from linear and quadratic functions, and simple rational and exponential functions. A.CED.1 Create linear, quadratic, rational and exponential equations and inequalities in one variable and use them in a contextual situation to solve problems. A.CED.2 Create equations in two or more variables to represent relationships between quantities; graph equations on coordinate axes with labels and scales A.CED.2 Create equations in two or more variables to represent relationships between quantities A.CED.2 Graph equations in two variables on a coordinate plane and label the axes and scales. A.CED.3 Represent constraints by equations or inequalities, and by systems of equations and/or inequalities, and interpret solutions as viable or nonviable options in a modeling context. For example, represent inequalities describing nutritional and cost constraints on combinations of different foods A.CED.3 Write and use a system of equations and/or inequalities to solve a real world problem. Recognize that the equations and inequalities represent the constraints of the problem. Use the Objective Equation and the Corner Principle to determine the solution to the problem. (Linear Programming) A.CED.4 Rearrange formulas to highlight a quantity of interest, using the same reasoning as in solving equations. For example, rearrange Ohm’s law V = IR to highlight resistance R. A.CED.4 Solve multi-variable formulas or literal equations, for a specific variable

Reasoning with Equations and Inequalities – A.REI

Understand solving equations as a process of reasoning and explain the reasoning

What does this standard mean that a student will know and be able to do? A.REI.1 Explain each step in solving a simple equation as following from the equality of numbers asserted at the previous step, starting from the assumption that the original equation has a solution. Construct a viable argument to justify a solution method. A.REI.1 Assuming an equation has a solution, construct a convincing argument that justifies each step in the solution process. Justifications may include the associative, commutative, and division properties, combining like terms, multiplication by 1, etc.

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A.REI.2 Solve simple rational and radical equations in one variable, and give examples showing how extraneous solutions may arise. A.REI.1 Solve simple rational and radical equations in one variable and provide examples of how extraneous solutions arise.

Solve equations and inequalities in one variable

What does this standard mean that a student will know and be able to do? A.REI.3 Solve linear equations and inequalities in one variable, including equations with coefficients represented by letters A.REI.3 Solve linear equations in one variable, including coefficients represented by letters A.REI.3 Solve linear inequalities in one variable, including coefficients represented by letters A.REI.4a Use the method of completing the square to transform any quadratic equation in x into an equation of the form (x – p)2 = q that has the same solutions. Derive the quadratic formula from this form. A.REI.4a Transform a quadratic equation written in standard form to an equation in vertex form - by completing the square. (xqp=)2 A.REI.4a Derive the quadratic formula by completing the square on the standard form of a quadratic equation. A.REI.4b Solve quadratic equations by inspection (e.g., for x2 = 49), taking square roots, completing the square, the quadratic formula and factoring, as appropriate to the initial form of the equation. Recognize when the quadratic formula gives complex solutions and write them as a ± bi for real numbers a and b. A.REI.4b Solve quadratic equations in one variable by simple inspection, taking the square root, factoring, and completing the square A.REI.4b Understand why taking the square root of both sides of an equation yields two solutions. A.REI.4b Use the quadratic formula to solve any quadratic equation, recognizing the formula produces all complex solutions. Write the solutions in the form, where a and b are real numbers. A.REI.4b Explain how complex solutions affect the graph of a quadratic equation.

Solve systems of equations

What does this standard mean that a student will know and be able to do?

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A.REI.5 Prove that, given a system of two equations in two variables, replacing one equation by the sum of that equation and a multiple of the other produces a system with the same solutions. Common A.REI.5 Solve systems of equations using the elimination method (sometimes called linear combinations) A.REI.5 Solve a system of equations by substitution (solving for one variable in the first equation and substitution it into the second equation). A.REI.6 Solve systems of linear equations exactly and approximately (e.g., with graphs), focusing on pairs of linear equations in two variables. A.REI.6 Solve systems of equations using graphs A.REI.7 Solve a simple system consisting of a linear equation and a quadratic equation in two variables algebraically and graphically. For example, find the points of intersection between the line y = –3x and the circle x2 + y2 = 3. A.REI.7 Solve a system containing a linear equation and a quadratic equation in two variables (conic sections possible) graphically and symbolically. A.REI.8 (+) Represent a system of linear equations as a single matrix equation in a vector variable. A.REI.8 Write a system of linear equations as a single matrix equation. A.REI.9 (+) Find the inverse of a matrix if it exists and use it to solve systems of linear equations (using technology for matrices of dimension 3 × 3 or greater). A.REI.9 Find the inverse of the coefficient matrix in the equation, if it exits. Use the inverse of the coefficient matrix to solve the system. Use technology for matrices with dimensions 3 by 3 or greater. Find the dimension of matrices. . Understand when matrices can be multiplied. Understand that matrix multiplication is not commutative. Understand the concept of an identity matrix. . Understand why multiplication by the inverse of the coefficient matrix yields a solution to the system (if it exists).

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Represent and solve equations and inequalities graphically

What does this standard mean that a student will know and be able to do? A.REI.10 Understand that the graph of an equation in two variables is the set of all its solutions plotted in the coordinate plane, often forming a curve (which could be a line). A.REI.10 Understand that all solutions to an equation in two variables are contained on the graph of that equation. A.REI.11 Explain why the x-coordinates of the points where the graphs of the equations y = f(x) and y = g(x) intersect are the solutions of the equation f(x) = g(x); find the solutions approximately, e.g., using technology to graph the functions, make tables of values, or find successive approximations. Include cases where f(x) and/or g(x) are linear, polynomial, rational, absolute value, exponential, and logarithmic functions. A.REI.11 Explain why the intersection of y = f(x) and y = g(x) is the solution of f(x) = g(x) for any combination of linear, polynomial, rational, absolute value, exponential, and logarithmic functions. Find the solution(s) by: Using technology to graph the equations and determine their point of intersection, . Using tables of values, or . Using successive approximations that become closer and closer to the actual value. A.REI.12 Graph the solutions to a linear inequality in two variables as a half- plane (excluding the boundary in the case of a strict inequality), and graph the solution set to a system of linear inequalities in two variables as the intersection of the corresponding half-planes. A.REI.12 Graph the solutions to a linear inequality in two variables as a half-plane, excluding the boundary for non-inclusive inequalities. A.REI.12 Graph the solution set to a system of linear inequalities in two variables as the intersection of their corresponding half-planes.

2012-2013 chemistry 1 pacing guide prepared by: melvin g

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