2011_c++프로그래밍길잡이

3

IT . , , C++ . , .

, () . .

I , , C++ , C++ Class . I hardware hardware data 2 .

I , . , LAN , .

, , , , array pointer . C++

4 C++

class class .

I linked list class template , . , , .

. . ( .) .

, . M. Mano Computer System Architecture, Deitel C++ How To Program . I C++ . .

, , . C++ . , , . .

2011 11

5

/ 3

I Hardwar Data Representation / 9 1 Computer Hardware 11

1.1 Doping Semiconductor() / 111.2 Transistor Logic Gates / 161.3 Logic Circuits / 191.4 ALU(Arithmetic/Logic Unit) / 271.5 Central Processing Unit(CPU) / 381.6 Control Unit( ) / 391.7 Computer Organization( ) / 401.8 Peripheral Devices() / 42

2 Data Representation( ) 452.1 Number Systems( ) / 452.2 / 462.3 Signed Binary Number Representation( 2 ) / 502.4 Floating Point Number Representation( ) / 522.5 / 542.6 : ASCII Code / 582.7 (Audio and Image Representation) / 59

6 C++

Computing / 61 3 Machine Language Programming 63

3.1 Instruction Format( ) / 643.2 Machine Cycle( ) / 663.3 Program Repetition( ) / 71

4 Computer Networks 754.1 LAN(Local Area Network) / 754.2 Internet World Wide Web / 764.3 Network Communication Protocols( ) / 794.4 Data Compression Techniques( ) / 844.5 Communication Error Error Detection/Correction / 88

5 915.1 / 915.2 / 925.3 / 94

C++ Programming / 99 6 C++ 101

6.1 C++ Development Environments( ) / 1016.2 C++ / 1026.3 Variable Name( ) / 1066.4 Assignment Operator( ) Arithmetic Operator / 1086.5 Operator Precedence( ) / 1116.6 Conditional Control Statements( ) / 1116.7 / 1216.8 For-repetition / 122

7

7 (function) 1337.1 Math Library Function / 1337.2 Function Control Flow / 1347.3 Writing User Defined Functions / 1357.4 Data Type (precedence rule) / 1397.5 Random Number Generator rand() / 1407.6 Storage Classe( ) Scope Rule( ) / 1467.7 Recursive Functions( ) / 1547.8 (alias) Pointer / 1587.9 (function call) / 1607.10 / 164

8 Arrays() 1698.1 Number Array( ) / 1698.2 Character Array() / 1748.3 Array / 1768.4 Multidimensional Array( ) / 1868.5 Array / 191

C++ Class / 195 9 Classes Data Abstraction 197

9.1 Data : Structured Data Type / 1989.2 Class Definition / 2009.3 Class (scope) (information hiding) / 2059.4 Constructor() Destructor() / 210

10 Class Template Operator Overloading 21510.1 Class Template / 21510.2 Operator Overloading( ) / 223

8 C++

11 Class Class 23311.1 Composite() Class / 23311.2 Class Inheritance() / 238

12 File I/O() 245

I. Linked List(Dynamic Data Structure) 251

1. List Node Linked List / 2522. List Operations / 2533. List Class / 2574. List Class Test Program / 263

. 267#1: if / 267#2: While / 269#3: While / 269#4: rand() / 270#5: / 274#6: Array / 276 : Knight / 283 : Simulation / 296

303

9

Hardware Data Representation

1 Computer Hardware2 Data Representation( )

11

1

Computer Hardware

. ? , . C++ (machine independent) , , ( ) .

. .

1.1 Doping Semiconductor()

(logic element logic gate) , . . 1.1 ; (silicon), (phosphorus) (boron) . 8, 9, 7 .

12 Hardware Data Representation

silicon, phosphorus boron doping . Silicon 1.2 . silicon 8 .

Silicon

1 Computer Hardware 13

(a)(b)

(a) Ingot (b) Wafer

silicon phosphorus boron .( doping .) (ingot, 1.3-(a)) diamond ( 1.3-(b)) (wafer).

Wafer doping silicon ? 1.1 . 1.4 wafer . Phosphorus ( ) 9 silicon 8 . (free electron) , .

Silicon phosphorus boron( 1.4 ) doping . , boron 7 , silicon (hole) . . . ,


Phosphorus( ) boron() doping silicon

(, hole) , , . silicon phosphorus boron doping silicon .

1.5 doping silicon hole . , , hole . doping silicon ( wafer) . ( phosphorus doping . Boron doping . , .)


hole

1.6-(a) phosphorus doping wafer wafer . 1.6-(b) wafer , . gate() 3 . 1.6-(c) gate () , gate ( 1.6-(d)).

( 0 volt, ) . ( ) drain, (


) source . gate .

(b)

(c) (d)

(a)

Transistor

1.2 Transistor Logic Gates

(logic element logic gate) . 1.6-(c), (d) , 1.7-(a) . gate, doping silicon wafer. , source 0 volt, gate drain +0.2 volt .( .)

1.7-(a) logic element (, source, gate, drain) V+( 0.2 volt ) 1, 0 volt 0 ( 1.7-(c)). ( 0 1 2 .


.) 1.7-(a) 1.7-(d) (inverter) truth table() . (Gate A ( V+, 1), silicon wafer drain source inverter 0 volt .)

1.7-(b) gate NAND logic element . gate A B , 1.7-(e) truth table . logic element 1.8 . ( NAND gate logic element . .)

(a) (b)(c)

(d) (e)

(a), (b): Inverter NAND gate , (c): Bit , (d), (e): Gate


logic element , , (truth table)

1.9-(a) logic element logic circuit( ) . algebraic expression( )


. (0 1) , AND, OR, apostrophe( ) NOT logic F . 1.9-(b) block diagram( ) .

(a)

(b)

(a) Logic circuit algebraic notation (), (b) block diagram

1.3 Logic Circuits

. block diagram .

1.3.1 Decoder()

1.10 38(three by eight ) decoder . Bit n 2 2n . bit 3 000 111 23 = 8 . , , decoder action .


1.10-(a) x, y, z 1, 0, 1 . logic element 8 decoder . 1 x, y, z . x, y, z 101 101 1 0. 1 xyz 101 .

(a)

(b)

(a) 38 decoder logic circuit, (b) block diagram

1.11 38 decoder 416 decoder . d 0 38 decoder , 1 decoder . (, enable 0 decoder) 0 1.10 .


Decoder

1.3.2 Multiplexer()

(5 senses) . . . , (CPU) , , , . multiplexer. 1.12 4 bit 41 multiplexer.

41 multiplexer logic circuit block diagram


4 (selection) . I1 . 0 0, 1 1 .

1.3.3 Storage Device( )

. 1.13 SR flip-flop . flip-flop 1 S(set), R(reset) 1, 0 ( 1.13-(a)), 0 0, 1 ( 1.13-(b)), S R 0 . (S, R 1 .)

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(a), (b): SR flip-flop , (c): Block diagram, (d):


Q 1 flip-flop 1 , 0 flip-flop 0 . (clock pulse) . (Clock pulse 0 1 , 0 .) 1.13-(c) block diagram, 1.13-(d) SR flip-flop truth table. Q(t) , Q(t+1) .

SR flip-flop flip-flop . 1.14 flip-flop .

flip-flop

1.15 4 SR flip-flop 4bit register. register clear(, 0 ) , load . 1.15-(b) block diagram.


(a) (b)

(a) 4-bit register loading input, (b) block diagram

1.3.4 RAM(Random Access Memory)

register . RAM(random access memory) . 1.16 flip-flop logic gate bit cell( ) RAM .

bit cell bit(, 0 1) (select) 1 . bit cell SR flip-flop 1 S, R 1, 0 , 0 S, R 0, 1 logic gate . S, R 0 (output) y (0 1) . 1.16-(d) bit cell block diagram. RAM block diagram .


(a) (b)

(c) (d) bit bit cell.

(a) 1 , (b) 0 , (c) , (d) block diagram

RAM PC gigabyte RAM . , 1.17-(a) . RAM bit cell 2 , bit cell word . word 4 bits . word 16, 32, 64 bits . RAM word , RAM 4 words.


17-(a) 1 . 2 decoder , (select) 1 bit cell . , , address selection input data inputs read/write 0 .

(a)

(b)

RAM . (a) (), (b) bit cell block diagram


1.4 ALU(Arithmetic/Logic Unit)

. . . .

1.4.1 Adder()

1.18-(a) bit bit (carry) (half adder). ( bits, bits , .) 1.18-(b) truth table. 1.18-(c) bits (full adder). half adder (carry) OR gate . bits 1, 1, 1 1, carry 1 . 1.18-(d) full adder block diagram.

(a)(b)

(c) (d)

(a) (half adder), (b) , (c) (full adder), (d) block diagram


1.19(a) 4 full adder (parallel adder) . PC 16 32 bits . 2 , bit . carry . parallel adder carry ripple adder .

(b)

(a)

(a) parallel adder (b) block diagram

1.4.2

; , , , . parallel adder ? , . ( , .) , . ,


. ( , . .)

(complement) . 1.20 ( ) . . . . 2 C( 1001) 2 C* C F(: 10000) , F C . (F C F = 2n ( 24 = 10000) . F , C bit (, 0 1, 1 0) ( C 1 .) 1 . , C 2 1 1 .

2 (2's complement)


1.21 . A B , B B* . ( , . .) B .

A B (, ) A - B . . , A B , B B* A , ( .) .

1.22 , . A B B* A . (A B .) B A , (, ) A B* . .


. (subtrahend) . . .

, . 2 1 1 . 1 bit inverter . 1 parallel adder . (2 2 .)

1.23 parallel adder A, B, C0 B C0 . 4 A - B , A B 1 B' adder C0 1 . , A B A B 2 . , (A + B' +C0) = (A + B' +1) = A - B.


Parallel adder

1.23 parallel adder logic circuit . 1.24 parallel adder B (, Bi) adder logic circuit . S1S0 00, Bi FA(full adder) 0 , S1S0 01 Bi , S1S0 10 Bi 1 (, ), S1S0 11 Bi 1 FA . 1.23-(b) parallel adder . ( C0 i 1 Ci-1 .)

S1S0C0 = 110 S = A - 1 (, A decrement ( ))? 1 2 11 . . 1 ( 1). parallel adder 2 A + 111 S = A - 1. 1.24 S1S0C0 = 111 adder 2 A + 111 +1 S = A - 1 + 1 = A.


(a)

(b)

(a) Adder .(b) S0, S1, C0 S.

1.4.3 Logic Unit( )

. (logic operation) . .

1.25-(a) A B (, i) bit (Ai, Bi) AND, OR, XOR Ai 1 (, bits ) . , 41 multiplexer .


(a) (b)

(a) (logic operation) , (b)

1.26-(a) Arithmetic/Logic Unit(ALU). , ALU A, B , S2 multiplexer . ( x don't care, .)

(a) (b)

(a) ALU i , (b)

1.27 4 bits ALU . PC 16 bits 32 bits ALU bit .


4-bit ALU

0, , , ALU . 1.28 status register( ).

(status) Register

1.28 C carry (C4), S F (1 , 0 ), Z NOR gate 0 1. overflow V . 1 4 , overflow


. C3 C4 . bits XOR (exclusive OR) V . XOR 1 C3 C4 overflow . ( 2 .)

1.4.4 Shifter()

(bit pattern) shifter () . 2 shift 0 . 4 . ( shift .)

1.29 2 , shifter . ALU F shift . i bit Di i-1 bit Fi-1 . bit ( bit IR) , 0 1 . shift . shift , shifter .

(a)

(b)

(a) (shifter), (b)


1.4.5 Counter()

( , ) . memory A, B ALU . counter .

Counter 0 1 . 1.30 JK flip-flop 4 bits counter . ( counter 1 .)

Counter


1.5 Central Processing Unit(CPU)

central processing unit(CPU) 1.31 , ALU shifter register . ( CPU PC .) Input data RAM data . Output data RAM register .

Central Processing Unit(CPU)


1.6 Control Unit( )

. A, B A B RAM CPU register ALU RAM register . . (, ) . 1.32 schedule timer( ). decoder counter .

Schedule Timer

counter 0 , t0 1 ti 0. Counter 1 ( ) . 3 , t3 t3 1 . ( , decoder enable .)

1.33 schedule timer (control unit) . instruction register , decode schedule timer schedule . control logic (instruction) (decode) schedule time .


Control Unit

Instruction register operation code( ) operand( , ) . Instruction register , 16, 32, ( ) 64 bits . Instruction 3 .

1.7 Computer Organization( )

, (peripheral devices) computer organization( ) . , . 1.34 von Neumann . (input out equipment) block diagram . ( program counter register. register 3 .)


von Neumann

Intel 8080


1.35 Intel . address buffer data buffer register, . B, C, D, E, F, L register. 8 bits internal bus CPU data 8 data line. , RAM bus line .

1.36 internal bus RAM bus . controller() CPU .

Bus

1.8 Peripheral Devices()

(peripheral device) monitor, printer, hard disk, , . (, driver) . mass storage device( ) hard disk USB(Universal Serial Bus, ) .


1.8.1 Hard Disk

Hard disk . RAM . ( RAM .) Hard disk disk .

1.37 disk . track track sector . Data sector data track disk, sector . Read/write head disk data . ( , disk 1, 0.)

Disk


1.8.2 USB(Universal Serial Bus, )

USB (connector) (protocol) 1990 . USB , , , . USB (USB MSC UMS) . ( USB , USB protocol (USB flash ) .)

USB (connector) , (protocol) .

45

2

Data Representation( )

1 , . . , interface ( ) . . .

2.1 Number Systems( )

2 . (Logic gate 0 volt 0, , 0.2 volt 1 .) 2.1 10 0 15 16, 8, 2 .


10, 16, 8 2

10 10 2 . 8 16 . . 2 . RAM 16 . 8 .

2.2

10 16(hexadecimal), 8(octal) 2(binary) . 10 r , 10 r , r . 2.2 10 8 , 2 16 .

2 Data Representation( ) 47

10 8, 2, 16 ()

(fraction) r , r , r . 2.3 . 10 8 , . 8 2 2 , 2 4 16 16 . , .

10 8, 2, 16


10 2, 8 16 . . ( , . .)

r 10 r (polynomial) . , 10 567.25 2 1011.11 2.4 .

r 10

10 . . . . a3a2a1a0 r . . . d3d2d1d0 . . 2.5 d0, d1, d2, d3 .


10 r

10 .f1f2f3. . . . , r .e1e2e3 . . . , . 2.6 r .

10 r


2.3 Signed Binary Number Representation( 2 )

10 2 . 2 . ? - . , ASCII 8 bits 2 .

2.7 1bit 4 2 . bit . bit 0 , 1 . 0 00. . .0(+0) 10. . .0(-0) . 1 0 00. . .0 11. . .1 .

2 ()


2 , 100. . .0( -8) . 2 1 ( ) . , n bits 2 2n-1-1 ~ -2n-1.

Excess Notation( ) , . bit . 2.8 4 bits 1000 0 , . +7 -8 . 2 (-8) . bit 1 (, 0 ) , 0 . ( .)

(Excess Notation)


2.4 Floating Point Number Representation( )

16, 32 ( ) 64 bits , bits . 2.9 (floating point notation) .

m (mantissa) , e (exponent) , s (sign) (0 , 1 ) . e (excess notation) .

Floating point notation

2.10 32 bits mantissa() 23 bits, exponent() 8 bits, 1bit . PC .

(real number), (mantissa) . mantissa . , . , 2 110.101 0.1101012011 . . floating point number .

2.10 1 1 bit .


, 23 24 bits .( 1 .)

32-bit floating point representation ()


2.5

2.3 n bits 2 (2s complement) +(2n-1-1) ~ -2n-1. 32 bits 2.11 . , . overflow .

32 bits 2

1 1.28( (status) Register) 2 n bits overflow . , carry , exclusive OR logic gate Cn Cn-1 1 status register overflows bit (V) . overflow Cn Cn-1 1? carry bit .

2.7 2 . bit 0, 1. (augend) 2 .

An-1An-2 . . . . A0 Bn-1Bn-2 . . . . B0 . bits An-1 Bn-1 overflow . Cn Cn-1 ? (Cn carry, Cn-1 carry.) Cn-1 1 Cn, 1 + 1 + 0 carry, 1. Cn-1 0 Cn, 0 + 1 + 0 carry, 0. Cn Cn-1 . Cn Cn-1 = 0.


bits , Cn Cn-1 = 1 overflow . ( . Hint: .)

. 32 bits floating point .

2.12-(a) 32 bits floating point (1-2-24)2127 . ( . 1 , excess 128(2 10000000) .) positive floating point 2.12-(b) 0.5-128 . -(1-2-24)2127 ~ -0.52-128.

2.13 floating point . 2.11 overflow (negative, positive) underflow . . , ? . , bit 32 bits . floating point number , (error) .

floating point number . , floating point number . ( .)


(a)

(b)

(c)

32-bit

32-bit


floating point ? . 2.14 2 (number line) . ( 0 .)

, 2 , 2 . , .


2.6 : ASCII Code

The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII, ) control character, , 128 7 bits 2 . ( 2.15 ). ASCII code 2 code 10 2 . 10 65 A 2 code 1000001, 10 48 0(zero) 2 code 0110000.

10 digit (0~9) ASCII code integer . , 123 digit ASCII code (text) , 10 123 2 .

ASCII Code


ASCII 128 code , column 32 control character . ASCII code . UTF-8 (Unicode Transformation Format 8) . code 7 bits 8 bits (1byte) , 32 bits . UTF-8 code ASCII code code .

2.7 (Audio and Image Representation)

( ) . , (, ) . , digitize( ) . 2.16 . (source data) .


image 3 RGB(three primary colors: Red, Green, Blue) . 2.17 pixel() 0~255 3 (R, G, B) . (R, G, B) . 3 8 bits(0~255) , 16 bits .

Color image


Computing

3 Machine Language Programming4 Computer Networks5

63

3

Machine Language Programming

. , .

(a sequence of instructions). Machine language program , (decode) . (1.6 control unit( ) instruction register decoder .)

6 C++ . , 6 . machine language instruction 6 C++ . .

1980 machine language programming assembly programming , . , machine language program .

64 Computing

machine language . machine language program

instruction() . Machine instruction , . machine instruction program .

3.1 Instruction Format( )

Program . , (instruction). .

instruction .

3.1 instruction register 16 bits, 4 bits operation code( ), 12 bits operand, operate . operand (12 bits) 4 bits 3 r, x, y, .

format 1 r x y, 4 bits 1(2 0001) memory xy(8 bits) r register . ( M[xy] R[r] .) , operation code 4 bits operand 12 bits . description() . 3.1 3.2 7 machine language program .

3 Machine Language Programming 65

16, 32, 64 bits, , operation code . ( .)

66 Computing

3.2 Machine Cycle( )

Machine cycle . Machine cycle machine language program . 3.3 RAM (16) A0 . word, bit cell 8, 2 byte. 16 bits . RAM 5 .

CPU RAM

CPU register 16 bits. PC(program counter) RAM register, instruction register, decoder, ALU . control control unit ( ) 3


. CPU RAM

. Machine cycle fetch, translate, execute . 3.4 - 3.6 .

Machine cycle fetch

3.4 machine cycle fetch() . control unit PC(program counter) (A0) RAM (15) (A1) IR(instruction register) . ( RAM word instruction , .) program counter ( A2) .

68 Computing

Machine Cycle Translate

Machine Cycle Execute


3.5 translate() . instruction register (decoder ) . 3.6 execution() . (156C) RAM 6C (25) 5 register execution .

Execution machine cycle cycle . program counter ( A2) fetch A2 A3 ( 166D) instruction register .

RAM A2, A3 (166D) machine cycle (fetch, translate, execute) 3.7 . ( RAM 6D (41) 6 register .)

A2, A3 166D

3.8 A4, A5 5056, 5 6 register 0 register .

70 Computing

A4, A5 5056

3.9 RAM A6, A7 306E(0 register RAM 6E ) .

A2, A3 166D


3.10 A8, A9 C000(HALT) . ( (HALT) (, hardware software) (operating system) .)

A8, A9 C000

3.3 Program Repetition( )

machine language instruction hardware . RAM machine cycle, fetch, translate, execute . , , RAM .

72 Computing

. machine language program .

3.11 RAM A4 B0 HALT machine language program. AA AE 3 .

machine language program

3.12 . operation code B ( AA B1B0 AE B0AA). B1B0 1 register 0 register , instruction register B0 PC(program counter) , B0 . ( 0 register . ( 3.2 .)) AE B0AA 0 register 0 register AA .( AA .)


3.12 , register 0, 1, 2 00, 03, 01 . ( .) AA register 1 0 B0 (C000) . register 1 register 0 ( 03, 00) AC (5002) 0 register 01 . B0AA AA .

AA AE 3 AA B1B0 0 register 1 register 03 B0 (C000) .

3.11 machine language program

register 1 , . C++ .

75

4

Computer Networks

computer network. Computer network LAN(local area network) , Internet .

Computer network message www(world wide web) . network communication network computing cloud computing .

computer network , communication (error) (communication load) data compression( ) .

4.1 LAN(Local Area Network)

Local area network . (

76 Computing

, WAN(wide area network) .) LAN (topology) , 4.1 4 .

4.1 ring( circular, ) . Bus . Star server-client , (, server) (, client) . irregular() .

LAN

4.2 Internet World Wide Web

Internet LAN router LAN network. 4.2 domain LAN gateway WAN(wide area network) router Internet

4 Computer Networks 77

. Internet IP (Internet protocol address) .

Internet Connection

4.3 IP network identifier( ) , host address . Network identifier ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Numbers and Names) , host address LAN (local system administrator) .

IP

IP 2 10 . 4.4 . (10 2 8 bits 10 . host address .)

78 Computing

IP ()

World Wide Web(WWW) Internet file Internet . WWW Internet WWW .

WWW file URL(universal resource locator) , 4.5 . File host computer URL file host computer IP , file directory file .

WWW URL ()


Email 4.6 LAN Email , mail server IP id . Mail server mail LAN .

Email ()

4.3 Network Communication Protocols( )

Network communication protocol network .

4.3.1 Token Ring Protocol

Network communication protocol 4.7 ring LAN token ring protocol . protocol token ring ( 4.7-(a)-(b)). Message token , token message ( ) ( 4.7-(c)-(d)). message token ring , message message ( 4.7-(e)-(f)). message , message token ring message ( 4.7-(g)-(h)).

80 Computing

(a)

(e)

(b)

(d)(c)

(f)

(g) (h)

Token Ring Protocol


4.3.2 CSMA/CD Protocol

CSMA/CD(Carrier Sense, Multiple Access with Collision Detection; / ) protocol ( multiple access) (collision detection) protocol.

protocol . . , . , ( ) . . .

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

CSMA/CD Protocol

82 Computing

CSMA/CD protocol . (carrier) sensor . ( sensor .) 4.8-(b) message sensor message (collision) .

. ( .) Sensor message . ( 4.8-(c)-(d)).

3.4.3 Internet Protocol

Internet protocol TCP/IP(transport control protocol/Internet protocol) (suite ) protocol . protocol 4.9.1 4 (layer) .

Internet Protocol (1/3)


Internet protocol layer .

(1) Application layer( ): message destination() transport() layer .

(2) Transport layer( ): Message packet(, ) packet destination address packet network layer .

(3) Network layer: packet intermediate address( ) link() layer . ( Internet traffic .)

(4) Link layer: Communication line protocol packet .


Packet . ( 4.9.2 .) Link layer packet network layer , packet network layer .

84 Computing

packet network layer packet transport layer . Transport layer message packet , message application layer . ( packet packet .)

Link layer packet network layer . 4.9.3 packet layer . ( packet .)


4.4 Data Compression Technique( )

Internet , . software data compression technique ( ). .


4.4.1 Run Length Encoding

Run length encoding ( ) 4.10 binary data 1 0 . ( 10 2 .) 0 1 data data .

Run Length Encoding ()

4.4.2 Relative Encoding

compression . 4.11 frame .

A sequence of picture frames

Relative Encoding

86 Computing

source data . data .

4.4.3 Frequency Dependant Encoding

Frequency dependant encoding( ) (David A. Huffman) Huffman coding . 2 code , code , code . ( .) , 2 code . 4.12 code .

Huffman code . 4.12-(a) ( B, D) node , node( 5) node node .

tree root node node root tree . ( .) 4.12-(b) tree .

leaf node tree 4.12-(c) root edge 0 1 ( 1 0) . root leaf node edge bit , leaf node code . 4.12-(d) .


(a)

(c)(b)

(d)

Huffman Coding ()

4.4.4 Image Compression

Image() . .

88 Computing

Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) Compression Technique

GIF(Graphic Interchange Format, file .GIF) image (lossless) . GIF image 3 bytes RGB (red, green, blue) pixel 1byte palette() . game, , . (GIF file LZW , GIF .)

JPEG(Joint Photographic Expert Group)

. (lossy) (lossless) , . 10:1 .

JPEG file , JPEG/Exif JPEG/JFIF . World Wide Web .

4.5 Communication Error Error Detection/Correction

Data error (detect), , (correct) . .


4.5.1 Parity Bit

. ( , , block, ) parity bit , , 4.13 , data 1 parity bit 1, 0 . (, parity bit data bit 1 .)

Parity bit error

Data parity bit , data parity hardware software . error parity (, 1 ) error . error data . error (detect) (correct) .

4.5.2 Hamming Distance

Richard Hamming error detect correct . Hamming distance() 2 bit . 4.14 code Hamming distance 3 .

90 Computing

Hamming Distance ()

code (BEEF) 4.15 . B E error code code B E , . error F code . . ( Hamming distance code .)

Error Detection/Correction

91

5

hardware , , network .

. ( C++ .)

5.1

3 machine language program RAM , , RAM , . ( data .) hardware .

92 Computing

? 3 machine language 2 code . . , , compiler() translater() machine language program hardware . , (1) , (2) ( ), (3) .

5.2

hardware 2 code machine language . .

5.2 . , hardware machine language , . , C++ 3 high level languages .

5 93

Assembly language 5.3 (2 hexadecimal ) machine language code . ( assembly language machine language .)

Machine Language Assembly Language ()

Assembly language machine language . , 300 . .

5.4 1 100 high level programming language program. FORTRAN , PASCAL C++ .

94 Computing

C++ IT .

High Level Programming Languages ()

5.3

5.5 . program , , . .

algorithm , . . algorithm . C++ ? . , algorithm . algorithm .

5 95

.

(1) , mile

, kilometer . meter .

(2)

. . .

mile kilometer program . : miles () : kilometers () : 1 mile 1.609 kilometer.

96 Computing

(3) Algorithm

. ( algorithm .) algorithm . algorithm .

(a) Algorithm () Mile . () Mile kilometer . () kilometer .

(b) Algorithm (refinement) () Mile . - mile message . - . () Mile kilometer . - kilometer = mile X 1.609 () kilometer . - 2 (: 10 miles = 16.09 kilometers)

(4) Algorithm

algorithm algorithm . ( algorithm .)

(5) Algorithm :

C++ . , algorithm , . 5.6 algorithm C++ . ( . .)

5 97

(6) Program Debugging ( /)

high level language program machine language program compiler . , algorithm . . algorithm .

5.6 compile 5.7 error message . 14 (variable name) message. distance distanse spelling . compile 5.8 error message .

C++ ()

98 Computing

Compiler Error Message (1)

Compiler Message (2)

(7)

input data (10) 5.9 .

Execution Results ()

5 99

C++ Programing

6 C++ 7 (function)8 Arrays()

101

6

C++

IT high level programming C++ . C++ 1980 AT&T Stroustrup , 1970 AT&T C 1967 Simula . , C++ C . C Dartmouth College BASIC, Microsoft Visual Basic, Visual C++, C# .NET . ( Visual C++ .)

6.1 C++ Development Environments( )

(development environments) (resources) . computer hardware editor(), compiler, library, debugger, . 6.1 .

102 C++ Programing

C++ program

resource() hard disk . library . linker. Compiler high level language machine language disk , object code . Loader object code RAM hardware .

6.2 C++

C++ . (output) . 6.2

6 C++ 103

Welcome to C++! . C++ .

C++

// comment() . compiler object code .

#include preprocessor . 3 std::cout

104 C++ Programing

(main)

6.2 n . () (control character) . ( escape sequence .) 6.4 control character .

6 C++ 105

() . () cout

106 C++ Programing

6.3 Variable Name( )

variable name ( variable) . variable 6.6 .

Data type ( integer, character, floating point number, ) variable name , memory data type variable name . (int high_value = 100;) variable , data type variable comma .

Variable Name

Variable alphabet , variable . 6.6 myScore variable .

6 C++ 107

variable , , , , . , , , (underscore) . ( variable name, , . .)

Variable C++ keyword() . 6.7 keyword . .

C++ keyword

data type int, double, variable name ? keyword C++ keyword . variable keyword . variable keyword .

6.8 integer number . .

108 C++ Programing

Integer

>> keyboard data variable . data variable . data variable ALU

6 C++ 109

. operator assignment operator =. operator 6.9 . C++ assignment operator variable . = ( ) . Assignment operator variable .

Assignment Operator ()

6.10 arithmetic operator assignment operator . cin, cout std:: . (main) using std::cin; . cin, cout . endl escape sequence n cin name space . cin endl . comment cin, cout, endl using std:: using namespace std; .

integer num1 num2 (sum), (difference), (product), (quotient) (remainder) . ( operator .) integer integer ( ) . (zero). ( ) , . ( .)

110 C++ Programing

integer variable num1, num2 variable . variable , main variable . variable debugging, , .

Arithmetic Operator Assignment Operator ()

6 C++ 111

6.5 Operator Precedence( )

. , . 6.11 operator (precedence) . .

6.6 Conditional Control Statements( )

3 machine language programming , . .

112 C++ Programing

Relational Operator Logical Operator

. (condition) (control) ( ) .

C++ relational operator ( ) logical operator ( ) . ( 1 hardware . C++ operator .)

6.6.1 Relational Operator( ) Logical Operator( )

6.12 C++ relational operator logical operator . operator == assignment operator = . (

6 C++ 113

operator .)

6.6.2 if, if-else

C++ if if-else . 6.13 if , control . if (TRUE) , (FALSE) if . if , .

if control flow

6.14 if-else control flow( ) . if , , else .

if-else control flow

114 C++ Programing

6.15 if ({}) 3 , (compound statements) . ( block .) (swap) ( temp) . ( , , , .)

(compound statement) ()

6.16 if-else . if-else .

if-else

6 C++ 115

. , , . debugging . .

6.6.3 Ternary Conditional Operator (?:)

operator, logical operator !(NOT) , binary operator, (operand) . Ternary conditional operator 3 operator, if-else . operator 6.17 .

Ternary Conditional Operator (?:)

6.6.4 While

if if-else . , while . 6.18 while (control flow) . 0 10 . (

116 C++ Programing

.)

while control flow

if . . . (grammatical error) (logical error) . .

. (counting) (sentinel) .

6.6.4.1 Counter Controled Repetition ( )

, data . 6.19 while control variable ( ) .

(1) control variable , (2) , (3) , (4) control variable .

6 C++ 117

Counter Controled Repetition

while 100 . . relational operator

118 C++ Programing

6.20.1 preprocessor () variable . #include .

Sentinel Controled Repetition Program(1/3)

total gradeCount variable, 0(zero) . 6.20.2 while .

total = total + grade;

While total grade total . total 0 , total grade . gradeCount 0 . grade data variable . int grade = 0; . ( , .)

6 C++ 119


6.20.2 sentinel -1. prompt ( message) sentinel . while data while prompt data , data while . data , sentinel .

Sentinel . -1 . sentinel . EOF (end of file). (EOF (control sequence). control key z , computer system .)

6.20.3 . gradeCount 0(zero) average . . total gradeCount total/gradeCount () . , floating point number .

120 C++ Programing

(double) total. total . ( static_cast, .)


6 C++ 121

do-while control flow

6.7

while .

counter = counter +1; total = total + grade;

assignment operator variable name . variable name 6.22 .

()

122 C++ Programing

.

counter += 1; total += grade;

counter .

Increment Decrement

/ , / / . . .

6.8 For-repetition

while (1) control variable , (2) , (3) , (4) control variable .

6 C++ 123

Counter Controled while-repetition

while (1), (2), (4) debugging . 6.25 for-repetition .

Counter Controled for-repetition

124 C++ Programing

for-repetition while (1), (2), (4) . For (1), (2), (3), (4) while . (1) control variable for . (2) , (3) for , (4) control variable (2) .

6.26 1 100 for .

For-repetition ()

for control variable .

6 C++ 125

For counter controled repetition . Sentinel controled repetition . ( 6.20.2 while for .) while for , . . 6.26 6.27 for while . ( .)

for-repetition ()

6.8.1 Repetition 1: compound interest ()

For (compound interest) . 5% 1000 10 ( ) . (principal) p, (annual interest) r , n a .

a = p(1+r)n

126 C++ Programing

For-repetition (1/2)

6.28.1 . #include pow (preprocessor) .

For-repetition (2/2)

6.28.2 . cout setw(10) Earning cursor 10

6 C++ 127

. (right justified) . cout

128 C++ Programing

6.29.2 sentinel controlled while EOF . While , .

(grade = cin.get()) != EOF

grade = cin.get() , keyboard grade (assignment statement).

Repetition : Computing frequency (2/5)

grade EOF (TRUE), EOF (FALSE) . , grade EOF while- repetition .

while switch . action . ( if-else .)

6 C++ 129

Switch . ( case label .) switch . Case label . , switch colon(:) , break switch .

6.29.3 switch n( ) t (tab, ) (space) . ( , data , .)

Switch case default: . default case switch .


130 C++ Programing

while frequency .


6.29.5 .


. Switch A (character) . Enter -1 to end .

6 C++ 131

A A . .

6.8.3 Relational Operator == Assignment Operator =

operator == = debugging . 6.30 num1 == num2 num1 = num2 .

num2 num1 error message . if num1 = num2 TRUE FALSE num2 , num1 . C++ 0(zero) FALSE 0 TRUE if num2 0 num1 is not equal to num2 , num1 is equal to num2 .

== = if-else

6.8.4 Break Continue

Break 6.31 while, for, switch , continue 6.32 . switch break continue . Break continue (switch ) . control .

132 C++ Programing

Break control

Continue control

133

7

(function)

, (argument) input output ( ) system . math sin(x) input x sine . , function program .

. .

system function , game (random number) rand() . , function function .

7.1 Math Library Function

for-repetition ( 6.28) math pow( ) . math library , .

134 C++ Programing

Math library #include . 7.1 math library function .

Math Library Functions

7.2 Function Control Flow

7.2 function control . Function function argument() . , argument function parameter , , ( return z) .

Math function , function source , .

7 (function) 135

Function control flow

7.3 Writing User Defined Functions

function 7.3 .

Writing User Defined Functions

7.4 main() function prototype ( ) . return data type, parameter type . compiler main() . main() . (Prototype parameter type variable name

136 C++ Programing

compiler .) 7.4 square() main()

.

User Defined Function (1)

7.5 integer return .

function prototype main() prototype (main() ) . , . , main() , .

7 (function) 137

User Defined Function (2)

138 C++ Programing

void

function , , return function , parameter . Parameter main() , return 7.6 void .

Parameter , , void parameter ( ) .

Function Parameter, Argument Return Type

7 (function) 139

Function program function prototype, argument, function parameter data type . 7.7 data type . argument a c integer, b double, parameter x n integer, y double. return z data type prototype function return type double .

7.4 Data Type (precedence rule)

type data type (precedence rule) . a integer b double a + b , 7.8 precedence rule double integer , integer double type double .

date type int(integer), double(floating point number) char(character) . data type . integer , bit sign() type . Computer hardware , int 16 bits, short int 8 bits, long int 32 bits . double 32 bits, float double 16 bits, long double double 2 64 bits type. (char) 8 bits (, 1byte) , integer variable unsigned char type .

type bool TRUE() FALSE() data type. FALSE 0(zero) TRUE 1 .

Precedence rule . type data data type . , floating point number integer . floating point number integer . Long integer short integer .

140 C++ Programing

Data type (precedence rule)

7.5 Random Number Generator rand()

(random number generator) rand() 0 ~ RAND_MAX , game , computer simulation, . rand() . 7.9, 20 , 1 ~ 6 20 5 .

rand() 1

7 (function) 141

7.10.1 - 7.10.3 rand() 6000 . face i(=1 ~ 6) frequencyi 1 i . 7.10.1 frequuencyi 0(zero) .

frequency 7.10.3 . 1000 . ( . rand() random .)

rand() 2 (1/3)

142 C++ Programing

rand() 2 (2/3)

rand() 2 (3/3)

7 (function) 143

7.5.1 rand() seed : srand(unsigned int)

rand() . rand() . debug , (simulate) . rand() game , game , game .

rand() . , seed srand(..). rand() seed 100 srand(100); seed 55 srand(55); rand() . 7.11 seed rand() .

rand() seed

144 C++ Programing

Seed rand() seed . seed . 7.12.1 time(0) seed srand(time(0)); .

7.12.1 - 7.12.2 game . game .

rand() game (1/2)

7 (function) 145

rand() game (2/2)

enum(enumeration) data type ( WON, LOST, CONTINUE) . enum type . ( game .)

146 C++ Programing

7.6 Storage Class( ) Scope Rule( )

variable variable . variable .

(1) (attributes): variable data type, name, size (, bit ) value().

(2) Storage class ( ): , automatic class static class . variable automatic class . Static class variable automatic class , , .

(3) Scope(): variable , . x x scope . scope , .

(4) Linkage(): file , file A global variable int x; file B extern int x; file (link) .

(2) (3) variable . 7.13.1 - 7.13.4 main() integer variable x x , x scope .

7.13.1 main() prototype int x = 10; . x (global

7 (function) 147

variable) . main() block (, {}) block int x = 3; int x = 6; x . block x (cout

148 C++ Programing

7.13.2 x , main() block x .

Variable Scope (2/4)

7.13.3 main() . localScope x int x = 25; 10 . . x int x = 25; x . , x , . automatic variable . automatic .

staticScope x static int x = 50; . int x = 50; static main() static . .

7 (function) 149


globalScope x x . x scope main() global global variable x .

7.13.4 x . , scope rule static .

150 C++ Programing


7.6.1 Static Variable

static variable. automatic variable main() static . Static ? ( .) .

7.14.1 . main() callCount() ( 10 10) . compile error , 1 .

7 (function) 151

Counting Function Call I:

. callCount() num automatic variable 1 . 7.14.2 num static variable .

Counting Function Call I:

152 C++ Programing

. callCount() main() (start number) . compile error , compiler . 7.14.3 .

main() startNum scope callCount() . ( scope rule .) startNum 7.14.4 main() startNum global variable .

Counting Function Call II:

rand() seed srand . .

7 (function) 153

Counting Function Call II:

7.6.2 Scope (resolution operator) ::

block , block . 7.14.5 (global variable) x main() block .

Scope Resolution Operator (::)

154 C++ Programing

main() x main() x global x . main() global x . (scope resolution operator) :: ::x . ( 6 using std::cout; scope resolution operator .)

7.7 Recursive Functions( )

argument , parameter void (call) , return . (recursive function), .

factorial . n factorial n! 7.15 recursive relation ( ) . recursive relation recursive function.

Factorial

, factorial recursive 7.16 while for iterative . recursive function . recursive recursive .

7 (function) 155

Factorial non-recursive function

7.17 factorial recursive , n! = n * (n-1)! . , n! n (n - 1)! . (n - 1)! ? (n - 1)! = (n - 1) * (n - 2)! (n - 2)! (n - 1) . , 1! (= 1) , n! . ( factorial parameter n return type unsigned long .)

Factorial non-recursive function

recursive function ? , recursive .

156 C++ Programing

7.18 main() cout

7 (function) 157

7.7.1 Recursive Function

Fibonacci 1) 0 1 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, ..., (sequence) . n n Fibonacci Fn recursive relation . 7.19 n Fibonacci recursive function .

n Fibonacci recursive function

7.20 recursive factorial 0! 10! , 7.21 n Fibonacci recursive .

Using factorial function

1) Fibonacci system .

158 C++ Programing

Using recursive fibonacci function

7.8 (alias) Pointer

; name, data type, size(bit , ) value . memory ( ) data type . int n = 10; , memory n 10 .

. data . , .

7 (function) 159

7.8.1 (alias)

. , memory . 7.22 data (alias) . . ( (2) . .) .

7.8.2 Pointer

Pointer memory . non-negative ( ) pointer unsigned integer , pointer data type .

7.23 pointer . (1) int *ptr; integer ptr . pointer ptr , (?? ) . (2) ptr 25 , 25 ( 100) ptr . (3) 10 memory x . (4) x (&x) pointer finger . ( 7.22 (2) int &b = a; .)

160 C++ Programing

Pointer

7.9 (function call)

(call) , parameter , parameter data type (value) argument parameter . call by value( ) .

data . data call by value . Parameter . ( integer .)

, , (, pointer) . call by reference( ) . .

7 (function) 161

7.9.1 (call by reference with name)

7.24 (call by reference with name) . (call by value) parameter ( x) &(ampersand) . ( prototype .)

& , , parameter x argument a (alias) . myFunction , x 10 a , x = 55; a = 55; . myFunction parameter x argument a .

parameter . Parameter & call by reference, call by value . prototype . parameter call by value, parameter call by reference (with name) .

162 C++ Programing

return . (value) return . integer value return int . integer int & . .

7.25.1 - 7.25.3 (call by reference with name) call by value argument . ( .)

main()

7 (function) 163

7.9.2 Pointer (call by reference with pointer)

argument argument parameter . parameter pointer , argument . 7.26 main() a , &a argument parameter pointer x .

pointer int *x = &a; . myFunction *x = 55; pointer x , x 55 , return *x - 50; x , 55 50 5 return .

164 C++ Programing

Pointer

return pointer return . prototype , parameter call by value, parameter call by reference, parameter pointer call by reference , return data pointer, . ( data pointer . .)

7.10

. main() prototype parameter return data , main() parameter argument . .

7 (function) 165

7.10.1 parameter (default)

argument , parameter default . Parameter default prototype . ( int .)

Parameter default

prototype, myFunction , argument 0 . argument . main() myfunction(); , parameter x, y, z default 1, 2, 3 myFunction . myFunction(a); , parameter x argument a , y z default 2 3 .

Default parameter parameter .

7.10.2 Function Overloading: parameter

parameter list() . parameter list signature() signature . parameter list .

166 C++ Programing

Function Overloading

7.10.3 Function Template ( )

Parameter data type data type data type . , data type , template() .

7.28.1 parameter data (type int double) (square) function template . argument data type ( int a) compiler typename T type compile . Function template main() .

Function Template()

7 (function) 167

7.28.2 - 7.28.3 function template data type, int, double, char .

Function Template (1/2)

168 C++ Programing

Function Template (2/2)

169

8

Array , index,

Array()

Array type data for . array , sorting() algorithm array . Array number array character array , .

8.1 Number Array( )

8.1 . array memory 5 a . (cell) 0 4( - 1) index . , , cell ( ? ) . Array a i (, index i) a[i]

170 C++ Programing

. 8.2 array .

, , 0 . array .

Array

array . Array data data , array . 8.3 array arraySize const(, constant) . (Array index 0 array for i < arraySize; .)

Array const

8.4 5 integer array 0 8 . (Array

8 Array() 171

.)

Array 1

8.5 integer array .

Array 2

172 C++ Programing

8.6 array (histogram) . ( .)

Histogram

8.7 rand() 5000 . 7.5 , frequency array . ++frequency [1 + rand() % 6]; . ( array index (expression) .)

8 Array() 173

integer array. int double double array . Array cell .

174 C++ Programing

8.2 Character Array( )

Character array array cell array , . Character array array cell null 0 . Character array string , null string control character( ).

8.8 . (a) (b) array . (b) , string .

8.9 . array for while array . array . cin string array null string . array cout array null . Lee .

8 Array() 175

string

8.10 cin , (n) .

176 C++ Programing

8.3 Array

Array (call by reference with name) . , parameter array 8.11 array [ ] array integer parameter . call by reference , , argument myArray .

Array

8.3.1 Array : Linear Search Binary Search

Array , array . (search) . , web , integer array. .

. . data , .

8 Array() 177

sort() . .

(exponentially) . 8.12 . . sort , , class . , sort , , 1/2 , 1/2 . 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, . . . . 210 = 1,024 1,024 , sort 10 . binary search(2 ) .

(b)

(a)

(a) Sort (), (b) search ()

178 C++ Programing

8.13 integer array binary search .

Binary Search (2 )

, index . ( i j, (i + j) /2 ( ) .

8.14 linear search( ) . Array .

Linear Search ( )

8.15 binary search (2 ) while repetition . parameter array, parameter , parameter , key. While low

8 Array() 179

Iterative Binary Search ( 2 )

8.16 2 recursive() . 2 , recursive .

Recursive Binary Search ( 2 )

180 C++ Programing

8.17 3 . ( main() .)

Search

8 Array() 181

binary search linear search . , sort , . Sort search .

sorting , n data , nlog(n) sort . 2 . sort , search sort .

8.3.2 Bubble Sort

Sort . sorting algorithm bubble sort . , , array data . 8.18 integer array sort .

. . array . , . , .

182 C++ Programing

Bubble Sorting

8 Array() 183

8.19 bubble sorting . flag (, for ) data , sort , for sorting .

Function Bubble Sort

8.20.1 - 8.20.3 mean (), median () mode(, ) . Median sort , function bubbleSort .

1 5 100 integer array response . ( .)

184 C++ Programing

: main() (1/3)

8 Array() 185

: functions (2/3)

: output (3/3)

186 C++ Programing

Mode frequency main() array freq function mode . (Array frequency idea .)

Median sort . Array printArray sort .

8.4 Multidimensional Array( )

1 array dimension array . 8.21 2 array 3 array , 2 array , , . 2 array 1 array , n array n-1 array . array 0 (row major).

array. (a) , (b) , (c)

8 Array() 187

8.22 2 array parameter array . (row) array parameter , (column) . , array , (call by reference with name) .

2 array

8.23.1 - 8.23.3 2 array , , , . 2 array (row) (students) (column) (exams) global prototype . prototype 2 array parameter (column) , (exams) .

188 C++ Programing

2 array : main() (1/3)

8 Array() 189

2 array : functions (2/3)

190 C++ Programing

2 array : output (3/3)

, , 2 ( 1 ) average . .

8 Array() 191

8.5 Array

Array array data type, , , compiler memory array array . array array index .

array array pointer() . Array pointer . pointer debug .

8.24 array charArray charArray[0] pointer . Pointer unsigned integer . pointer .

Pointer array

array (call by reference with name). Array pointer array pointer . , pointer (call by reference with pointer) .

192 C++ Programing

8.25 my_function prototype , parameter , pointer , value . main() , arraya , arrayb ( ) pointer . main() .

parameter

8 Array() 193

8.26 character array pointer . character array . system islower(char) toupper(char) . Pointer .

Array pointer

8 Array() 195

C++ Class

9 Classes Data Abstraction10 Class Template Operator Overloading11 Class Class 12 File I/O()

197

9

Class Data Abstraction

C C++ . (object oriented programming language) C++ . C++ (object) .

, 9.1 , data , . .

: Data

(object oriented) 9.2 (abstract) . .

198 C++ Class

, . , .

Object Oriented

9.1 Data : Structured Data Type

(object oriented) data , structured data type. data type . Structured data type , object .

9.3.1 - 9.3.2 integer hour, minute, second Time data type . data type integer, double, char, data type .

Structured data type function prototype main() . structure data type Time, integer int , Time dinnerTime; dinnerTime Time structured data .

24 (0~23), (universal) printStandard (AM), (PM) (standard) . t.hour, t.minute, member operator (.) Time t member hour, minute, .

9 Class Data Abstraction 199

Structured Data Type: (1/2)

data type , dinnerTime.hour = 25; structured data type . object oriented data .

200 C++ Class

Structured Data Type: (2/2)

9.2 Class Definition

Data structured data type, data data class . 9.4.1 - 9.4.5 data class Time . 9.4.1 class Time , Time, class public private . Public , private data ( hour, minute, second), , . Public private data .


Class Time (1/5)

Class , class , prototype , class . Public class ( Time()) , (constructor) . constructor class , , return void return type .

Class Time (2/5)

Class . (return type , return type ) class scope resolution operator (Time::) class .

202 C++ Class

9.4.3 setTime parameter private hour, minute, second . class parameter data class set () , data message .

Class Time (3/5)

9.4.4 printUniversal() printStandard() structured data type Time 9.3.2 .

Class Time (4/5)


9.4.5 main() class . Time t;, int num; integer num , t Time class . t Time class object .

Class object data member class data member function class . member operator(.) t.printUniversal(); object t printUniversal() .

Class Time (5/5)

204 C++ Class

class constructor object . constructor Time() private data member hour, minute, second 0 . object t t.printUniversal() 00:00:00. t.setTime(25, 60, 60); data .

9.5 class object data type alias() , object pointer . lunchTime Time class object, lunchTimePtr lunchTime pointer , lunchTimeAlias lunchTime . pointer object member, lunchTimePtr printStandard(); member operator (.) () .

Object Pointer Alias


9.3 Class (scope) (information hiding)

Object oriented class object class information security ( ) . 9.6 class (scope) . Class , main() public domain() data private domain data public domain . private domain data member hour public domain member operator t1.hour = 7; .

Class Scope ( )

9.6.1 - 9.6.5 (sales person) class SalesPerson . SalesPerson class , Time class , 3 file . Time class class , class member , main() .cpp file, time.cpp .

206 C++ Class

. debug . class member main() . ( main() client() .)

9.6.1 SalesPerson class .h file salesp.h . header file . class preprocessor #ifndef SALESP_H . . . . #endif header file file include .

Class SalesPerson (1/5)


9.6.2 - 9.6.5 class SalesPerson member function , file salesp.cpp . file C++ file .cpp . private domain (totalAnnualSales()) utility function .


file constructor SalesPerson() preprocessor #include "salesp.h" . compiler . #include system include . file include file (quotation mark) .

208 C++ Class



9.6.4 class client main(). preprocessor #include "salesp.h" header file compile SalesPerson class class link . 9.6.5 .



210 C++ Class

9.4 Constructor() Destructor()

Class constructor class object class . constructor default destructor .

9.7.1 - 9.7.3 Time class ( 9.4.1) constructor default parameter 0 parameter setTime hour, minute, second . Constructor . header file time2.h, time2.cpp .

Default parameter constructor


Default parameter constructor ()

9.7.3 client 4 Time default (standard time) .

Default parameter constructor

212 C++ Class

9.8.1 - 9.8.4 Time class destructor destructor . class header time3.h, time3. cpp .

Destructor constructor class ~ constructor . constructor destructor , constructor , destructor , . (, static , data type main() , main() static destructor .)

class destructor printStandard() . , static , , . class constructor , destructor . 9.8.4 .

Destructor (1/4)


Destructor (2/4)

Destructor (3/4)

214 C++ Class

Destructor (4/4)

215

10

Class Template Operator Overloading

7.10.3 function template() data type parameter . class idea , class template .

array class object operator . C++ operator type operand operator overloading ( ) . operator overloading .

10.1 Class Template

Function template , class template , . Class template function template . 10.1 type array function template, 10.2 integer, double, char array .

216 C++ Class

Function Template

Compiler function template type data type data compile . argument data type int, function template typename T int .

Function Template

10 Class Template Operator Overloading 217

10.2 template function argument data type . Function template function template function prototype class header file compile , main() , header file include .

class template . stack class template . Stack data last-in-first-out (LIFO) . ( first-in-first-out (FIFO) .)

stack array . stack data 100 . 100 (index 0~99) array data (push) (pop). Stack , 100 data full, empty .

10.3 stack . Array index stack (top) data push index , pop ( index data return) index .

10.4.1 - 10.4.5 type data stack class template .

Stack Operations

218 C++ Class

10.4.1 - 10.4.2 header file stack.h . template function template . (Typename T , type T .) Constructor parameter default 10.

constructor destructor bool (TRUE FALSE) return . const( , bool isEmpty() const; ) constant object . , constant object constant . bool push(const T&); bool pop(T&) (call by reference with name) .

Private domain data member size stack , top stack data index, stackPtr stack, array pointer, pointer array , array 0 data pointer .

Class Template Stack (1/4)


10.4.2 - 10.4.3 template class Stack . Typename T function template template , Stack:: T typename template class Stack .

class constructor private domain data member . , (header) , block({ }) colon(:) variable name list ( ) . ( block (assignment statement) .)

constructor parameter s 0 s , default 10 size , top -1 .

Stack::Stack(int s) :size(s > 0? s: 10), top(-1), stackPtr(new T[size]) { . . . .} //end constructor


220 C++ Class


stackPtr(new T[size]) new memory , size array array return . new return array pointer stackPtr . array compile memory , new array , new array . (dynamic memory allocation) .

10.4.3 constructor, destructor class Stack . template compile


class cpp file stack.cpp . template class header stack.h main() include file . ( line #endif 10.4.1 #ifndef class .)

push stackPtr[++top] pop stackPtr[top--] . ++top , top , top-- , top . top stack push , pop .

10.4.4 file stack.h template class Stack client main(). 4 double data 4 stack push pop . push pop . while .

while(intStack.pop(intValue)) cout

222 C++ Class



10.2 Operator Overloading( )

data type operator +, -, =, array class object operator (overload) . class object parameter class .

10.5 MyClass transferSecrete(myClass &) . parameter object secrete object secrete . client main() object b data member secrete object a secrete .

class object parameter object .

Class object

Operator overloading , . assignment operator '=' overload

224 C++ Class

10.6 'operator=' operator = .

object b private object c private b = c; , operator= parameter object c private data class object b private . Compiler compile b = c b.operator=(c) compile .

Operator '=' overload

10.2.1 Overloading Operator '='

Operator overloading rational number class . Rational number . (, 0 .) 10.6.1 class RationalNumber header file rationalNumber.h , 10.6.2 - 10.6.3 class file rantionalNumber.cpp . Constructor default 1/1 set (numerator)


(denominator) . Set 0 . (Client .)

RationalNumber class operator '=' overloading .

RationalNumber Class Definition (1/3)


226 C++ Class


10.6.4 RationalNumber class operator '=' overload object private variable object operator . operator= prototype ( (a)) class definition , ( (b)) rationalNumber.cpp file . compiler client a = b; a.operator=(b); compiler .

operator '=' overloading pointer this. Class object this pointer . a = b; (, a.operator=(b);) , this object a pointer.

object a object b , a b object , parameter object b object a . a b a = a object ( ) .


if(this != &r) { . . . . } // end if

return *this; a = b = c; . assignment operation , b = c b a = b . return *this; assignment operation = .

(b)

(a)

Overloading Operator '='

10.2.2 Friend Operator Overloading

operator overload operand = overload . a = b; a.operator=(b) class operator= . cout

228 C++ Class

. . friend private domain data .

10.7.1 - 10.7.2 friend class . Friend prototype public private domain public domain , class ( MyClass::) .

Class header friend

Friend


operator overload friend 10.6 RationalNumber class . 10.8.1 friend prototype RationalNumber class definition ( 10.6.1) , 10.8.2 10.6.2 - 10.6.3 .

friend operator '=' overload operator=(..) parameter . operator(..) parameter type istream class, cin class object.

operator overloading: Friend function prototypes

operator overloading: Friend function definitions

230 C++ Class

operator overloading: client

10.8.3 operator '=', '>>', '


operator overloading: (1/4)



232 C++ Class


233

11

Class Class

. C++ . class class . , data class object , class class .

class (composite) class . class class , , .

11.1 composite() Class

class 11.1.1 - 11.1.2 Date class Employee class 11.2.1 - 11.2.4 .

Employee class Date class object Employee class ( 11.2.1) class ( 11.2.2) Date class header preprocessor #include "Date.h" .

234 C++ Class

Employee class Date class object, , .

Composite class , Date class utility checkDay parameter . .

Date Class Function Definition (1/2)

11 Class Class 235

Date Class Function Definition (2/2)

236 C++ Class

11.2.1 Employee class header file . class , const . (C++ const data . data const .)

Employee Class Definition

11.2.2 constructor Employee system cstring class strlen strncpy . strlen parameter string, return, strncpy parameter string parameter parameter (copy) .

11 Class Class 237

Employee Class Function Definition (1/2)

Employee Class Function Definition (2/2)

238 C++ Class

Employee Class : Client

11.2 Class Inheritance()

class (inherit) . class . .

operator overload . , operator , friend . friend , friend .

class 11.3 . (hierarchy system) . , , . , . Venn diagram .

11 Class Class 239

Class Inheritance

class . class , class , inherit . class class inherit . class inherit class class data .

Employee class ( 11.2.1 - 11.2.4) , class. class 11.4.1 (salary) PaidEmployee class . (Employee class class .)

PaidEmployee Class Definition

240 C++ Class

PaidEmployee class 11.4.2 - 11.4.3 Employee class salary data . ( italic Employee class .)

PaidEmployee Class Function Definition(1/2)

11 Class Class 241

PaidEmployee Class Function Definition(2/2) PaidEmployee class Employee class .

Employee class class . class Employee class PaidEmployee class . ( software .) 11.5.1 - 11.5.2 PaidEmployee2 class.

PaidEmployee2 Class Definition

242 C++ Class

PaidEmployee2 Class Function Definition

Class 11.5.1 class class header file( Employee.h) include class semicolon(:) type class (: public Employee) .

type class data class client , public, protected, private type . type public , class private domain data public domain , public domain data .

type protected private class public domain data . ( public type . .)

11 Class Class 243

Client Program Using PaidEmployee2 Class

245

12

File I/O()

, keyboard monitor C++ . hard disk . cout, cin C++ iostream class object, preprocessor #include namespace std class object cin, cout, .

file , C++ fstream class client include object . 12.1 file , , .

. classGrade.dat file outputFile ofstream object . ( parameter ios::out file .)

ofstream outputFile("classGrade.dat", ios::out);

246 C++ Class

file outputFile FALSE error message . File , while keyboard file .

12.2 file classGrade.dat record outputGrade() monitor . ios::in file .

Output to a File

12 File I/O() 247

Reading from a File

248 C++ Class

include header file I/O class template basic_ifstream basic_ofstream . file open ifstream ofstream class template typename char class. file class template basic_fstream , class template tyename char fstream .

class object ios::in ios::out file-open mode(file ) . Ofstream class object mode parameter ios::out default . ( file mode .) (open) file , object member function close() .

outputFile.close():

Mode ios::ateios::ateios::inios::outios::truncios::binary

file (append).File . Data file . file . file . ( .)File . Binary (text ) data file .

File I/O Mode

file file . file sequential file . Sequential file data data . , sequential file update , file file update .

, computer hardware RAM , random access file . ( file .)

12 File I/O() 249

. Linked List(Dynamic Data Structure).

251

Linked List(Dynamic Data Structure)

pointer (dynamic data structure) . array data . Array integer data type data class object .

array , array . array , .

linked list . ( linked list .) linked list class template .

252

1. List Node Linked List

List node list data , L1 data node (pointer ) . ( pointer .)

Node

node L2 linked list. List pointer firstPtr lastPtr , node node , (address) . List node node node NULL(= 0) .

(a)

(b)

Linked List

Linked List(Dynamic Data Structure) 253

pointer firstPtr lastPtr NULL list . L2-(a) node pointer node . pointer , ( ) (a) (b) . ( .)

2. List Operations

Linked list array list data data list list data , . list operation .

(1) Insert node at front ( node ) (2) Insert node at back ( node ) (3) Remove node from front ( node ) (4) Remove node from back ( node )

2.1 Insert node at front

L3.1 - L3.2 list front node . newPtr node . newPtr nextPtr = firstPtr; node node node . firstPtr = newPtr; firtPtr node . ( node newPtr .)

254

Insert Node at Front(1/2)

L3.2 list , firstPtr NULL node , fistPtr lastPtr newPtr .

Insert Node at Front(2/2)

2.2 Insert Node at Back

Node . L4 . lastPtr nextPtr = newPtr; node node lastPtr = newPtr; lastPtr node . List node L3.2 .


Insert Node at Back

2.3 Remove Node from Front

List node L5.1 . node (delete) . tempPtr pointer. Delete node , memory . node pointer node ( node dangling node .) .

Remove Node from Front

256

delete tempPtr; tempPtr node , (garbage collector) node memory . (Delete parameter pointer .)

List node list L5.2 . List node . , list operation .

Remove Node from Front: node

2.4 Remove Node from Back

List node . List lastPtr node . node , preceding node . Preceding node firstPtr list . Preceding node precedingPtr list node L6.1 .

Remove Node from Back: using precedingPtr


List node L5.2 list . L6.1 precedingPtr idea . List node

node node, preceding node firstPtr L6.2 .

Last Node Preceding Node

while , precedingPtr node precedingPtr node node lastPtr node node . ( while pointer .)

3. List Class1)

list list operation List class . List class type data class template . (List class 10.1 class template .)

L7.1 template class ListNode . list node , list class node List class friend

1) list class H.M. Deitel P. J. Deitel C++ How To Program(2005, Prentice Hall) edit .

258

. ListNode class template class List; . ( main() main() prototype .) ListNode private domain data node pointer nextPtr .

Node object constructor data value data nextPtr 0(NULL) . (Constructor private data member .)

Class ListNode Definition


L7.2 List class , L7.3 - L7.6 List class . Private domain utility getNewNode(..) node parameter data (pointer) return insert node .

L7.3 constructor , list object . Destructor list object list . List class .

Class List Definition

260

List Class Constructor Destructor

List class L7.2 L7.6 class definition #ifndef LIST_H . . . . #endif list.h file . #endif 7.6 . List class template compile client program main() typename T compile .

L8.1 template function testList(..) #include "list.h" List class client main() compile .


Remove Node from Front and from Back

262

Insert Node at Front and at Back

List Class


4. List Class Test Program

L8.1 - L8.2 List class . L8.1 testList(..) function template parameter .

List Class Test Program(1/2)

264

parameter List class object , parameter integer, double character, typename (string) . ( L8.2 main() data type List object , .)

List Class Test Program(2/2)

parameter , instruction() List class object list operation , (choice) operation list object . List node insert insert data value insert , remove value . (List class insert remove parameter (call by reference with name) .) Operation print() list .


L8.3 integer list class object character list class object .

List Class Test Output

267

#1: if

.

Temperature() Feeling

4 or lower5 - 1011 - 1516 - 2425 - 27above 28

very coldcoldcoolcomfortablewarmhot

(a) C++ .

Enter the current temperature: 6It is cold.

(b) C++ . , 0 -1 .

268

Enter the current temperature: 6It is cold.Enter the current temperature: 20It is comfortable.Enter the current temperature: -1End computing. Thank you!

(c) (b) EOF C++ . .

: . (1) Source code : (comments), (spacing), (indentation).

. , . ( .)

(2) : #include , , semicolon(;) ({ }) . .

* .

269

#2: While

C++ . integer 1 . ( 2.2 2 2.5 .)

computer system . , preprocessor #include INT_MAX computer integer . INT_MAX "Yes, they are equal!", "They are different!" . ( while .)

#3: While

(positive integers) (greatest common divisor, GCD) .

, (subtrahend) (difference) . 0 , GCD.

14 21 , GCD .

(21 - 14) = 7, (14 - 7) = 7, (7 - 7) = 0.

GCD 7. 3 11 ,

(11 -3) = 8, (8 - 3) = 5, (5 - 3) = 2, (3 - 2) = 1, (1 - 1) = 0.

270

GCD 1. : GCD C++ . (Data

prompt message .)

#4: rand()

1. (range) (random number)

(a) (b) random number 30 . 10 . rand() preprocessor #include .

(a) -20 n 20 (b) 0 n < 1

Hint: (a) L, U random integer number

.

L + rand() % (U - L + 1)

(b) 1 (double). rand() RAND_MAX (double)rand()/(RAND_MAX + 1) . . rand()/(RAND_MAX +1) 0. 1 (double)rand() rand() . RAND_MAX preprocessor .

#include

271

2.

20 C++ . 10 .

{ 13, 7, 1, 10, 19, 5, 30 }

Hint: 0 6 P1 switch .

switch

3. (histogram)

rand() .

(1) (function) .

(a) integer k 1 rand() 10 k (frequency) .

(b) (%) . (: (percentage) , percentage = 100* (frequency /k); . .)

(c) (bar graph) . (*) percentage 2 . 5 13% , 132 = 26 .

272

1: ****************** 2: **************************** 3: **************** 4: ******************* 5: ************************** . . 10: ********************

(2) main() k k argument (a), (b), (c) (1) histogram .

(3) k = 100, k = 1000, k = 100000 graph .

4. random number generator ( )

myRand() random number generator . , congruence ( residue) .

2011_c++프로그래밍길잡이

Documents