2011 european heat pump june news -...

Issue 2 | June 2011

N° 2

| Ju

ne 2011 European Heat Pump

NEWS

European Heat Pump NEWS

The key idea of the Smart grid concept is to balance supply and demand patterns and to optimize the electric grid for the accomodation of different (renewable) energy sources.

The safe supply of quality electricity is based on a dynamic management of a network’s balance between production and consumption (peak shaving and load leveling) locally, regionally or at a national level.

The search for energy saving and cost effectiveness control led to maximize the use of all available renewable energy sources.

In the construction sector, the heat generators for space heating, domestic hot water and cooling, will have to meet the challenges of smart grids. Their ability to interconnect, be remotely controlled (decrease heat production or shut-off period), andstore energy are the major advantages that these systems will develop to play a decisive role in this search of the optimal use of renewable energies.

In Europe, heat pumps are quite often connected to water loop heating systems, which have their own inertia (or through additional water tanks). These systems are perfectly suited to the network connected with renewable energy sources; and doing so, they will maximise grid and heat pump performances.

Heat pumps provide many opportunities for increasing global building and electric grid efficiency by matching heat production with photovoltaic, wind turbine production,

solar thermal, or with the highest outside temperature hours (why not with the help of meteorological forecast data…).

This also includes the opportunity of using air-to-air heat pumps, which will probably be associated with efficient thermal storage materials in the future.

And when no heat storage solution is available, heat pumps are very easily connectable tp other generators (with any other fuels), and those hybrid solution are also well adapted to remote control requirements.

This Newsletter shows with concrete examples the feasibility of centralized remote control heat pumps and its benefits for both end-users and the environment.

Finally, even if some improvements have to be done to market products with integrated and reliable control systems able to share information and command with any electricity supplier, we can say that heat pump systems are today already “smart grid friendly” – and more and more inverter machines mean more and more ease to control heat pumps accurately.

EHPA is convinced that heat pumps are “smart technology” for future smart grids! State of the art heat pumps are in most cases “Smart Grid Ready”even today and provide the necessary technology for our future sustainable buildings and cities.

Heat pumps are “smart grid ready”!

edito

rial

Special edition:

Smart grids

Pascal Dalicieux

contentSmart cities and aspects of heat pump integration ............... 2

Heat pump city of the year 2011 Award ..................................... 3

The EcoGrid EU project at the island of Bornholm, Denmark ................................................................. 4

EURELECTRIC’s 10 Steps towards Smart Grids with a look at flexible loads ........................................................ 6

Europe supports smart grid implementation .......................... 7

Feedback of the first pilot project including air/water technology in France .................................................. 8

Smart Meters and Heat Pumps: A “Dynamic Duo” in the Smart Grid .......................................... 11

Face book for heat pumps? ........................................................ 12

Country in focus: France .............................................................. 13

SEPEMO: smart grids for online efficiency measurements ... 15

Next meetings ............................................................................... 16

2 European Heat Pump NEWS Issue 2 | June 2011

Smart cities and aspects of heat pump integration

It is against this background that the European Union has set itself the target of achieving a 20 percent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions compared with 1990 levels, a 20 percent improvement in energy efficiency and a 20 percent increase in the share of renewables in the energy mix by 2020. The DG Climate Action of the European Commission has recognised the need to think beyond these time frames and has established a roadmap for making the transition to a competitive low-carbon economy within the next 40 years. This means that the EU must reduce its domestic emissions by at least 80 % by 2050 compared to 1990. This can only be achieved through radical innovation, i.e. a shift to an integrated approach in the design and management of future energy systems.

The European smart city conceptIn a bid to achieve the ambitious EU climate and energy targets, the European Commission has devised the Strategic Energy Technology (SET) Plan to accelerate the development and deployment of cost-effective low-carbon technologies. The greatest hopes for a sustainable solution rest on a substantial increase in energy efficiency and on the consistent use of renewable energy sources at local, regional, national and European levels. In the face of growing urbanisation, with the share of the world’s population living in cities forecast to increase to 70 % by 2050, the aim is to develop “smart cities” with minimal CO2 emissions. This will require smart energy management, greater energy efficiency, supply tailored to demand and the integration of electromobility – and will thus involve a complete rethink of urban energy systems.

The CONCERTO projects have been a first step towards energy efficient districts including integration of renewable energy. The evaluation of innovative projects of a total of 58 towns and cities from 23 European countries has shown that integration is the key to successful urban energy management. One of the central points is to develop a strategic planning approach for an entire city or urban district in the form of a vision and roadmap, as all measures are closely interrelated and cannot be considered separately – one-off measures turn out to be expensive and inefficient in the long run. Integration will also need to include the planning processes themselves, meaning that more stakeholders will have to be involved at earlier stages of planning and stakeholder participation will change as the process progresses. Last, but not least, the smart cities of the future will also require seamless integration at the technological level – it will be essential to assess which energy efficiency measures and renewable energy source will work best under which conditions. In addition, sustainable energy technologies will have to be integrated with sophisticated information and communication technologies to enable optimal control of future thermal and electrical networks.

Smart grids – intelligent networks of the futureThe increased use of renewable energy sources will also mean that the energy landscape of the future will be predominantly characterized by distributed generation. The intermittent and fluctuating nature of electricity generated by renewable energy systems such as photovoltaic or wind power plants brings about entirely new challenges. The new diversity of power generators, consumers and energy storage requires smart grids – a new generation of intelligent electricity networks designed to ensure energy-efficient and cost-effective grid operation based on real-time and bi-directional communication between the individual network nodes. These smart grids are a key prerequisite both for the integration of renewable energy systems and for efficient demand side management, which involves cutting peak loads by adapting energy consumption to energy generation. Smart cities will thus need smart buildings which are capable of acting as thermal or electrical energy storage systems to reduce or shift loads.

The role of heat pumps in smart citiesHeat pumps are a sustainable solution for the cities of the future because they acquire heat from renewable, locally available energy sources such as air, water, ground or even waste heat and produce no local emissions. They are also ideal

The widening gap between growing energy consumption and the continued depletion of fossil fuels is forcing Europe into increasing dependence on energy imports. In addition to pressing economic considerations, there is also an urgent environmental argument calling for a significant reduction in CO2 emissions in order to combat climate change.

European Heat Pump NEWS 3Issue 2 | June 2011

On 14th April 2011, the European Heat Pump Association inaugurated its "heat pump city of the year" award. From a multitude of suggested cities and communities, the association’s executive committee picked the Island of Bornholm as the winner. The jury was convinced by the integrative approach that is taken in several projects aiming at the future energy system.

Steen Kramer Jensen from Energinet.dk, who accepted the award, was positively surprised – "We did not see this coming, we are very happy that our work is rewarded here" he said before explaining the approach to the audience at EHPA's event during this year's European Sustainable Energy Week.

Renewables and especially wind power have long been playing an important role in the Danish energy policy. Lately, the Danish government made new statements pointing out the long-term vision of independence from fossil fuel by 2050. On the shorter term, this will probably mean a doubling of the current wind power share from 20 % today to 50 % in 2025

The Bornholm pilot project is a unique test site (10.000 citizens) aiming to demonstrate 50 % RES integration in a “real” system with integration of Heat Pumps into the Electricity Smart Grid. More than 500 residential water-to-water heat pumps are fully integrated in the market for both day-ahead and regulating power.

Energinet.dk has developed an Open Source Control Box for retrofitting existing Heat Pumps, thus enabling intelligent start and stop on behalf of prices on electricity and weather

forecasts. The project is demonstrated in 3–400 Danish homes over the period 2010–2012 as part of a feed-in campaign for establishing 5–10,000 new heat pumps in Denmark. The expected outcomes of this project are:, In deep knowledge about technical solutions, both hardware

and software needed for local control and central Virtual Power Plant Server (VPP) so international communication and Smart Grid standards can be prepared,

, Outline of different business models on how to control flexible electricity consumption and estimate the savings,

, Large amount of measuring data from where it will be possible to develop new marked designs and system operation tools that is capable of handling distributed, flexible electricity consumption and heat pumps,

, Knowledge on consumer behavior and preferences,, Identification of possible barriers and means on how to

promote intelligent control of distributed, flexible electricity consumption and heat pumps.

It has already been found that the socio-economic potential for Smart Grid Enabling Heat Pumps is out there!

The lessons learned will finally be merged into the EcoGrid EU project that will demonstrate the efficient operation of a distribution power system with high penetration of many and variable renewable energy resources. Heat pumps will be demonstrated as a solution to our energy challenge with much more renewables in the energy system.

Further information: www.energinet.dk/EN/FORSKNING/ Energinetdk-research-and-development/Sider/From-wind-power-to-heat-pumps.aspx

“partners” in demand side management as they can be easily controlled by a building management system. Their ability to couple electrical and thermal energy allows them to store peak electricity in the form of heat, using the building as thermal mass. The “Building-to-Grid” project carried out as part of the Salzburg Smart Grids Model Region, for example, includes heat pumps as one of the components to support load shifting. Their advantages are fully brought to bear when combined with modern low temperature heating such as thermally activated building systems (TABS). This is why heat pump systems have developed into a viable solution for the heating and cooling of office buildings such as Austria’s first passive standard office building ENERGYbase, the STRABAG headquarters or SIEMENS City in Vienna.

In future, heat pumps will also play an interesting role in low-temperature district heating networks, which have the great advantage of low thermal losses. Heat pumps can extract heat from a low temperature source and upgrade it to a high temperature where it can be used for space and water heating.

It can thus use a practically limitless range of urban heat sources, extending from building integrated solar collectors to excess heat from industrial facilities or even public infrastructure, such as subway tunnels – or sewage systems, as demonstrated in The Hague, where a so-called “cold-source” grid supplies some 350 homes with 10 °C water, which is then upgraded by heat pumps. Calculations carried out in the EU project “Waste Water Heat” have shown, for example, that the thermal utilisation of waste water can be a feasible option for towns with over 5000 inhabitants.

An overall energy strategyThe holistic approach will remain a key point in the future. We must be careful not to think exclusively in terms of individual technologies, buildings or components but examine the overall urban energy system and the complex interdependencies involved to be able to achieve the optimal solution for the cities of tomorrow.Dr. Brigitte Bach, Austrian Institute of Technology (AIT)

Heat pump city of the year 2011 Award


The EcoGrid EU project at the island of Bornholm, DenmarkThe EcoGrid EU offers Europe a Fast Track evolution towards Smart Grid dissemination and deployment in the distributed electricity grid.The largest intelligent power grid in the world will be established on the island of Bornholm in the coming years. The project should determine how a region could become energy self-sufficient via sustainable power.

The aim is to contribute to the European 20-20-20 goals by showing that it is possible to operate a distribution power system with more that 50 % RES using Smart Communication and Smart Market solutions. The Smart Grid solution will contribute to the operation of the transmission system by offering the TSO balancing and ancillary services.

EcoGrid EU is a large-scale demonstration of a complete power system including these many elements, hereunder, The total distributed grid with all resources up to 60 kV;

28,000 costumers; 55 MW peak load; 268 GWh electricity consumption; and 500 GWh heat demand. At least 2,000 costumers – most private homes – will participate in the project.

, All distributed RES, including wind power (30 MW), photovoltaic (2 MW), biomass (16 MW), biogas (2 MW), five CHP units and electric vehicle with a total penetration of more that 50 % of the electricity consumption.

, Additional some 50 private homes with Heat Pumps replacing oil boilers will be integrated fully in the EcoGrid EU concept.

The EcoGrid EU project will combine knowledge from previous EU funded projects into a large-scale demonstration, where the outcome is substantial contribution to a Roadmap for all European companies in their journey towards Smart Grids dissemination.


Benefit of the customers

In the coming years the European 20-20-20 goals requires a massive integration of RES in the power system. The electricity system requires a growing access to balancing resources. Smart Grid applications allow existing distributed resources both in the form of micro-generation and as Demand Response to deliver regulation and ancillary services for the power system.

One of the key elements in the Smart Grid evolution and EcoGrid EU demonstration is to open the market for regulating power and other services to the benefit of costumers ready for Demand Response. Developing and demonstrating a near-real time market for Smart Houses with Heat Pumps and EV's to ensure a solid Smart Grids business case.

The EcoGrid EU project will demonstrate that large and small electricity customers has a unique potential for getting their fair share of the huge and growing budget being used for regulation power and ancillary services in the power system – if their local consumption are equipped for Demand Response. Heat Pumps have a unique flexibility and allow non-carbon wind power to be integrated and utilized for intelligent wind to heat coherent operation to the economical as well as environmental benefit of the consumer. No more high oil prices – no more local pollution from the oil boilers.

The customers on the island Bornholm – and in the future all over Europe – are normally limited to buy electricity from relative few products. Quarterly or monthly billing based on fixed prices; Spot market pricing; or Time-of-use tariff. If the customers want to do savings or move the electricity consumption in time – either to help balancing the power system or reduce CO2 emissions – the personal economical benefit is relatively limited. Local or national taxes and the market price might stimulate to some Demand Response. However, a near real-time market is an innovative option for large-scale integration of RES in combination with Demand Response to the full economic benefit of consumers.

Trial on Intelligent use of Heat Pumps in DenmarkIn one of the largest projects of its kind in the world, the electrically powered heat pumps of 3 –˘400 Danish homes should be remotely controlled by advanced technology. This intelligent control should pave the way for more wind energy in the power system and form an integral part of a future Smart Grid – to be tested in the large EcoGrid Bornholm Project.

A trail on how to ensure that end-use customers can see the market signals and can react upon them by automatic control, is right now on its way in Denmark.

The pilot is on developing a new automatic control system for retrofitting existing heat pumps.

The Danish transmission System Operator (TSO) Energinet.dk performs a trial on intelligent control of heat pumps in 3– 400 single-family houses in Denmark, in collaboration with two

different R&D projects. The project runs over two heating seasons 2010/11 and 2011/12.

The obtained results are demonstrated in practice by pooling heat pumps into a virtual power plant (VPP) by an aggregator to try to shift consumption to provide regulation power, balancing and ancillary services into the power system.

Open Source control boxEnerginet.dk have developed a control and data acquisition box for retrofitting heat pump installations that can start / stop the pump and measure the power consumption, the heat produced and a range of interesting temperatures. The Control box is the basis for the management of heat pumps in the experiment.

The first resultsThe first 100 control boxes are now set up and installations are being quality tested. The first tests indicate that it is associated with challenges to retrofit equipment and that new controlling mechanisms should be implemented as part of the heat pump installation.

Initial results indicate a large spread in the calculated COP factor and this is very important for the operating economy of the heat pump. So power consumption has a significant role in relation to the awareness of the performance of the installation. Again, this indicates that the equipment for calculating the energy consumption could be incorporated into the heat pumps, so the consumer could keep up with electricity and heat consumption.

Other findings until now are that it is nearly always possible to avoid 2 hours of peak prices – even this winter in Denmark.

The socio-economic potential for Smart Grid is large, but the value for the end-user is at the moment minimal if not bundled with Energy Savings. Therefore, the rollout of Smart Grid has to be bundled with added value to the end-user to gain acceptance and support.

Kim Behnke, Head of section R&D Energinet.dkSteen Kramer Jensen, Chief Consultant, Energinet.dk

The open source control box.


Customer participation, a large scale introduction of distributed generation, the introduction of electric vehicles (EV) and the anticipated development of decentralised storage technologies call for more modern, more automated and more intelligent distribution grids in Europe (mainly through Information and Communication Technologies). These Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) can’t be integrated smoothly in the distribution grids without fundamental changes in the network design. In particular, the large-scale installation of RES Distributed Generation capacities calls for a more flexible electricity system in order to optimize RES generation intake. As part of a wider movement away from the “supply follows load paradigm” onto “the load follows supply paradigm”, Smart Grids will significantly enhance the resilience of distribution networks to intermittent intake and will serve as platform for flexible loads/demand side participation and decentralised storage. Smart Grids will lead Europe towards smart energy systems.

EURELECTRIC Distribution System Operators (DSOs) believe that there is a great need for more awareness about what the deployment of smart grids will include, in particular with a view to identifying the most important steps for policymakers and industry. With the aim of providing reference to EU Member States, EURELECTRIC DSOs Directors Gathering has therefore released its 10-Year Roadmap for Smart Grid Deployment in the EU.

The “10 Steps” paper points out what we see as milestones on the way towards new commercial customer-oriented solutions, which will contribute to a successful EU energy policy in terms of sustainability, security of supply and competitiveness. EURELECTRIC believes that with the rising integration of variable RES and later also e-mobility into the power system, increasing flexibility and establishing new commercial services will be a must.

Smart grids will enable DSOs to have real-time information about electricity flowing within their grids. DSOs will increasingly move beyond their traditional role and will become enablers for producers, service providers and customers to meet on an open market place.

EURELECTRIC recognises that implementation of smart grids is an incremental and continuous step-by-step learning process, characterised by different starting points throughout Europe. Smart grids are a steady evolution, which has to include the customer as well as DSOs, energy suppliers and producers. Implementing smart grids requires 10 steps to be taken, many of which are closely interrelated and will develop simultaneously rather than in isolation. Nevertheless, EURELECTRIC clusters them in three development phases:

A facilitation phase at both national and EU level will include (1) the development of regulatory incentives for smart grid investments and (2) market models, (3) setting standards and ensuring data protection and privacy; and (4) testing promising projects and sharing knowledge.

In the second, deployment phase, large-scale introduction of in particular “smart network management” and “smart integrated generation” functionalities in the member states will follow. This will involve: (5) rolling out smart metering, (6) monitoring and controlling the grid & distributed generation, (7) moving to integrated local & central balancing of all generation and (8) aggregating distributed energy sources.

Finally, the commercialisation phase will see new services offered by commercial parties: (9) e-mobility, heating, cooling and storage should be integrated into the system on a large scale and (10) real customer participation in the power market should be achieved. This will involve a large number of stakeholders and is expected to take longer, most probably beyond 2020.

EURELECTRIC’s 10 Steps towards Smart Grids with a look at flexible loads

Smart system of tomorrow.

To achieve ambitious European Union (EU) targets, intermittent RES (Renewable Energy Resources) such as wind and solar should represent 17 % of the EU’s total electricity consumption by 2020. Electrification of transport and heating & cooling will be also needed to further decarbonise the economy.


E-mobility, heating, cooling and storage (step 9) provide large potential for load management, which in turn, is one of the main justifications for smart grids with their objective of managing existing resources in such a way as to meet user needs in the most cost‐effective manner.

Thermal systems such as heat pumps and micro-CHP can provide some demand response and interim storage capability. Heat pumps, for example, should be used as a dispatchable load to compensate RES intermittency and perform peak-shifting:

, Switching off heat pumps could be controlled centrally in return for Heat Pump users receiving preferential tariff,

, Short switch-off of heat pump will have little effect on building temperature, while large buffer tanks in HP system can allow rather longer curtailment,

, Results of studies on this issue show that heat storage in micro-CHP and heat pumps could reach an overall efficiency around 81 %.

However, to move towards this Smart Grids vision, national regulatory barriers and lack of incentives for investments should be addressed to put European DSOs – who face large investment needs – in a position to set up this smart infrastructure. Gunnar Lorenz and Pavla Mandatova EURELECTRIC Networks Unit

On April 12th 2011, the European Commission presented its Communication on “Smart Grids: from innovation to deployment”. DG Energy supports the large-scale implementation of smart grids as a key to increase energy efficiency, support the uptake of electricity from renewable energy and the setting up of an infrastructure for electric vehicles.

Annex I.2 of the Electricity Directive requires Member States to define, not later than 3 September 2012, an implementation plan and timetable for the roll-out of smart metering systems. Given the relationship between Smart Grids and smart meters, such implementation plans would also need the development of Smart Grids, and should thus address the required regulatory incentives for the implementation of Smart Grids. The European Commission will actively monitor Member States’

progress, and provide guidelines on key performance indicators by the end of 2011. If insufficient progress is being made in the course of 2012, the Commission will consider introducing stricter regulation for the implementation of Smart Grids.

Estimates show that smart electricity grids should reduce CO2 emissions by 9 % and annual household energy consumption by 10 % in the EU.

Today, only about 10 % of European households have some sort of smart meter installed, while, according to the Electricity Directive (2009/72/EC), at least 80 % of consumers have to be equipped with smart meters by 2020.

On this occasion, Energy Commissioner Günther Oettinger stated: “We will have to address the issues that stand in the way of full implementation of smart

grids right now. We cannot afford to miss the opportunities an upgraded electricity system would offer in terms of decarbonizing our economy and providing real added value for consumers.”

As part of its strategic initiatives, the European Commission should present a legislative proposal for a regulatory framework on smart grids in December 2011. This legislation will provide a framework for the implementation of smart grids in the Member States. It will inter alia define quality criteria to which smart grids need to respond and the obligation for development of national plans.

Read more: http://ec.europa.eu/ energy/gas_electricity/smartgrids/smartgrids_en.htm

Fanny Rateau, EHPA

Europe supports smart grid implementation


Introduction

PREMIO is an innovative, open Smart Grid architecture. Its objective is to optimize the operation of Distributed Generation systems, energy storage units and curtailable loads for demand response and improved energy efficiency. This provides peak shaving, load leveling and the reduction of the CO2 emissions in the PACA region . Indeed, this area is supplied by a single 400 kV transmission line and, when a failure occurs, power is transmitted via a second 225 kV line, the capacity of which may not be sufficient. To improve reliability, particularly in the Eastern area, combining Demand Side Management as well as the integration of Distributed Resources – on a local scale – into a “Virtual Power Plant” seems to be a promising solution. The PREMIO demonstration platform implements different types of DR (see Figure 1): space heating water vessels coupled to A/W-HP to provide load shifting in dwellings; individual batteries coupled to PV panels; load shedding modules dedicated to residential and small tertiary buildings; dimmable LED lighting; ice storage for industrial & tertiary cooling applications; electricity generation system using solar thermal storage; solar heat pumps combined with hot water tanks and pellet stoves to substitute electrical heating (SUPRA).

According to the load reduction request expressed by the Upstream Operator on the one hand, and the forecasts of load reduction capacity of each DR on the other, the Control Unit dispatches ‘individual requests’ by a process of economic optimization taking into account Distributed Resources’ technical constraints and the host-customers’ comfort. An override function is nevertheless available to cancel the next or on-going request. PREMIO offers two opportunities to reduce load:

, ‘Day-ahead’: the request is sent one day prior to its implementation (17:00) and is designed to address Ancillary Service Programs, Capacity Programs and Demand bidding

, ‘Day-of’: the request is sent the day of its application (up to 15 minutes before) and is rather dedicated to Emergency Programs or Direct Load Control, but also participate to the adjustment “in real time” of the effective load reduction to the target

PREMIO is a project managed by Capenergies and is co-funded by the PACA Region (50%) with EDF as the main partner of the consortium . This article will focus on Dynamic Load Control of air/water heat pumps in six houses.

Heat Pumps and Smart GridFeedback of the first pilot project including air/water technology in FranceIn France, the market for Air/Water HP is driven both by the hardening of thermal regulation and by the refurbishment of fossil boilers in respectively new and old residential buildings. This heating system is particularly suited for dynamic load control, due to the thermal inertia of the water loop, which can be expanded through an additional buffer tank. Air/Water technology is currently being evaluated in a field test in the PREMIO demonstration project.

Figure 1: Simplified scheme of PREMIO VPP – Distributed Resources communicate with the Control Unit through gateways

Information and communication system

Low voltagetransformer(s)

Dis

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Distribution system - low voltage (230/400 V)

Generation & storage units Tertiary Residential Public lighting

PREMIOControl

Unit

Upstream Operator


Description of the installationThis DR uses hot water space heating buffer storage (plumbed in parallel) to cut off the heat pump from the power grid till three times per day without disturbing host-customer comfort. Since the HP were not sized for such a purpose, the added thermal storage units are quite small (from 100 to 200 liters). To improve storage capacity, the water tank is overheated from 8 to 10 °C prior to a shedding period. Water tank loading always precedes load shedding and this operation does not influence heat supply, which can occur simultaneously. In addition to its storage function, the water tank proceeds to the separation of the production (primary) and distribution (secondary) hydraulic circuits, which implies that heat pump flow can remain optimal. The expected reduction of start and stop cycles should also contribute to improve the equipment lifetime.

Within the framework of requests submitted by the Control Unit, the HP regulation card is temporary bypassed. Regulation is ensured by the on-site PREMIO Programmable Load Controller (PLC), which can directly control the binary on/off status of the HP. An algorithm, developed and patented by EDF R&D, calculates the optimum time of application of the modified “heating curve” to reach the required temperature set-point at the bottom of the water vessel on time. A mixing (3-way) valve, also controlled by the PLC, has been added in order to satisfy the original heating curve within the secondary loop to avoid increasing the indoor temperature. Notification of current load reduction is made available to the consumer through a LED on the electrical panel, which contains the PLC.As soon as the shedding period is over, the HP regulation card takes over the PLC.

The PLC makes two types of information available to the Control Unit:, event notification : anomaly or override requests, monitoring data such as the electrical consumption of the

overall house, the one of the heat pump and its auxiliaries, etc.

The project participants are all volunteers and, as a “reward”, have access to private monitoring data available through a

password protected website. At this stage, the dynamic load control of the HP is not combined with Critical Peak Pricing or Time Of Use rate. As there is no motivation to modify host-customers consumption behaviour, the following results on achieved load reduction relate only to heating production.

ResultsCapacity for load reduction is bound to the electrical consumption of the heating system. Figure 4 shows, for each site, the statistical laws – obtained from ten minute time step measured data over a two month period (January and February) – of daily average electrical power of the HP depending on the local ambient temperature. The possible back-up electrical heaters are taken into account.

The behaviour of the HP varies from one site to another depending on:, the characteristics of the house (levels of insulation, heated

surfaces, etc.);, the type of emitters (floor heating and/or radiators);, the heating management program (with/-out intermittence);, the mode of operation (mono-/bivalent) of the HP, its sizing

and its performances (including regulation).

Load reduction has been evaluated by subtracting the mean electrical power of the HP measured during a shedding period from the one usually drawn under the same conditions of ambient temperature and period of time, that is to say without any request from the PREMIO Control Unit. Eight models representing the HP mean electrical power were built for each system at three hourly intervals around the clock (0:00h to 3:00 h, 3:00 h to 6:00 h … until 21:00 h to 24:00 h). This approach does not take into account what happens before a load shedding period, in particular the evolution of the ambient temperature. That is why, in some cases, the calculated load reduction capacity appears to be negative. Unfortunately the available data were not sufficient to develop more complex methods. The results are shown in Figure 5. The achieved mean load reduction (dotted green line) achieved rises to 1360 W per site on average; this corresponds to 11.4 W/m2. The mean load measured during the shedding period rises to 300 W per site on average. Sometimes, there is a slight delay between the shut-down order and the actual switch-off. Nevertheless, this relatively high value reflects, to some extent, the consumption of the two circulators. HP#02 only presents a good energy balance, even if we took care to install the same efficient self-regulated circulator on the secondary circuit.

Figure 2: Details on the sequence of information exchanges

Figure 3: Scheme of the HP installation

Figure 4: Daily average electrical power of the six HP without load reduction


The duration of the shedding periods varies from 10 to 240 minutes, and on average is 65 minutes. Generally, a slight comfort degradation is apparent after 90 minutes. Figure 6 illustrates, for each site, the mean and maximal difference in room temperature observed between the beginning and two hours after the end of a shedding period longer than 1.5 hours. No project participant used the override function during the three first months of operation.

The mean indoor temperature deviation rises to 0.5 °C per site on average (dotted red line). There is no obvious relationship between comfort degradation and the level of outside temperature. The main influencing factor seems to be switch-off time. The control units, integrated into the HP, regulate the water return temperature in accordance with a heating curve. Figure 7 shows the average of the daily mean power of the six HP (dark blue), houses (light blue) as well as the room (red) and outside (green) temperatures. The results are very smooth but demonstrate that room temperatures exceed the set-point around midday and in the

afternoon. This is due to, either solar radiation, internal gains or thermal inertia. This phenomenon may explain some negative gaps observed in short-term shedding periods and supports HP switch-off during these phases, which often match periods of peak demand.

Conclusions and outlooksAlthough this experimental solution remains too expensive for large-scale deployment, the results are encouraging. This is particularly the case with load reduction capacities over one kilowatt per site (1870 W at 0 °C) and with possible switch-offs in excess of 90 minutes. This can be achieved without damaging project participants’ comfort by using small additional water storage units, typically under 200l.

The next steps would be to:, adapt the level of water tank overheating to the required

shedding period duration to improve charge cycle efficiency;, develop/improve on electrical consumption forecast

methods so as to be able to better evaluate individual load reduction capacity, as well as over consumption, once the constraint is released. This will allow integration of heat pumps in more than 2 hour load shedding scenarios, by compensating the load increase with other PREMIO Control Unit’ requests.

Looking ahead, the expected advent of the ‘Linky’ advanced smart meter in 2017 in France will offer new opportunities for flexibility. This could enable price responsive devices integrating innovative algorithms for load control and result in reduced energy bills.Anne-Sophie Coince/EDF R&D, Maxime Cassat & Carolina Tranchita/EIfER

Figure 6: Comfort degradation for shedding periods longer than 90 minutes

Figure 5: Load reduction capacity of the six HPs

Figure 7: Average HP and house daily load profile (blue left axis in W) & average room (right axis in °C) and outside temperature (stacked green left axis in °C) daily load profile


Smart Meters and Heat Pumps: A “Dynamic Duo” in the Smart Grid

What smart metering and heat pumps have in com-mon, is that they – like many other technologies – provide the most benefit when they are combined within a smart grids environment. There are, however, certain regulatory and technical conditions that need to be met to realize this potential.

Heat pumps are an ideal element of a smart home: they not only consume a much smaller portion of the energy than a conventional heating system, but in combination with an energy storage unit, they are a non-critical load regarding time-of-use. Combined with the information provided through a smart meter, they can play a critical role in saving energy, reducing the usage of fossil fuels and in helping to reduce harmful emissions.

Although heat pumps only consume around 20 to 40 % of a conventional direct electrical heating system, it is one of the biggest loads in a home. Utilities around the world already control thousands of heat pumps with traditional ripple control load management technology (among others offered by Landis+Gyr). With this currently existing solution consumers already benefit from special electricity tariffs with lower prices.

After having smart meter infrastructure available and dynamic pricing mechanism established, the consumer will also have the possibility to decide when a heat pump shall be activated. Real time price information provided by the utility on an In-Home Display (IHD), in combination with a smart meter and a smart load switch, will enable the choice of switching the pump on at the consumer’s discretion. This choice may even be automated in the future based on a fuzzy logic that learns about user behavior pattern.

Imperative to being able to capitalize on the advantages heat pumps offer and to be able to make the most out of a smart metering solution is the ability to engage in demand-side response (DR). The smart meter must not only be able to communicate between the utility and the consumer, but should also support demand-side management and energy management services in the home.

Recognizing the importance of this functionality, the Smart Meter Coordination Group (SM-CG) accompanying the smart metering standardization mandate M/441, listed six “additional functionalities” for smart metering in its report in December 2009, one of which included the functionality, “Communicating with and (where appropriate) controlling devices within the home or building”. This functionality would allow not just heat pumps but other devices in the home to be operated at either off-peak hours, thereby “filling the troughs” between peak and base load, making more effective use of generation capacity, or to be run when the availability of renewable energy generation exceeds normal demand. In this kind of scenario – heat pumps powered by renewable generation, and switched on according to signals from a smart meter – maximum use is made of all the components in the chain to the benefit of consumers and the environment.

Recent discussions on the Technical Report of the SM-CG have played with the language a little, but the idea remains the same: use the energy in the home when it is most efficient to do so.

In addition to technologies, a regulatory framework must be in place to allow for the maximum benefits of smart grid technologies, including smart meters and heat pumps, to be realized. Unfortunately, in most Member States, this supporting regulatory framework is not in place, and, consequently, investments in smart grids technologies are not being made. In most Member States, the DSO is responsible for metering, and there should be a fair cost-sharing mechanism for making investments in smart metering.

Likewise, there are a number of other regulatory hurdles, such as the ability to have individual rather than standardized load profiles for individual consumers. This would make it easier for suppliers to offer tailored products, including those that would allow for heat pumps to be activated.

Fortunately, the deficits in the legislative and regulatory framework are being recognized and discussed. In April the European Commission published its Communication on smart grids, shortly thereafter, the Council of European Energy Regulators (CEER) published a draft paper on smart metering and demand response, and we can expect a proposal on the revision of the Energy Efficiency Directive in the coming months.

In the CEER paper, the regulators recognize that the smart meter should be equipped with or connected to an open gateway, and this gateway in turn should have a standardized interface which would enable energy management solutions, such as home automation, different schemes on demand response and facilitate delivery of data directly, etc. It also allows the customer to react to price signals and adapt consumption – such as the activation of a heat pump.

Working together, smart meters and heat pumps can play a crucial role in saving energy, reducing the use of fossil fuels and making the most out of the possibilities offered by decentralized and renewable electricity production. In order to realize the maximum potential that these smart grid technologies offer, however, the smart meter must be equipped with the proper functionalities, i.e. being able to communicate into the home, and the proper regulatory framework must be in place to allow for demand response schemes to be profitable for both suppliers and end consumers. John L. Harris, Landis+Gyr (Europe) AG

12 European Heat Pump NEWS Issue 1 | March 2011

Heat pumps do talk, and they have a big story to tell.

The success of political revolutions worldwide have been mainly made possible thanks to the availability of internet communication. Following this thought in the energy sector may result in expecting big changes towards a “renewable energy revolution”. In short: knowledge is power, sharing it means revolution.

The performance of a heat pump in home environment is quite difficult to predict. Performance measured under laboratory conditions is reliable but not representative for daily use. The best way to find out is to start monitoring life performances under these specific conditions. But how should this be done to achieve comparable results and how should the collected data be used? Currently, most manufacturers have no answers to these questions. Those that do and that have access to these data, often chose not to publish it.

We believe that not publishing this data is an important missed opportunity and will most certainly slow down the evolution of the use of heat pumps – and other RES heating technologies – in the renewable energy market. Providing reliable data can enforce the confidence of heat pump believers (which is good), not sharing information is feeding the fear for the unknown with the bigger group of non-believers and helps those that want to discredit the technology.

The heat pump data is what it is, every house is different with again different behaviour of the inhabitants. Equal to the amount of published data, a huge insight will be created. This will lead to improvement of parameter settings in the control of the units. Soon this will lead to better control of the unit in function of the typical behaviour of the habitants. As a result, units will perform much better and will provide more comfort with a smaller ecological footprint. Industry interest in monitoring is increasing. The EU is supporting the IEE project SEPEMO (www.sepemo.eu) and the German industry, in cooperation with Fraunhofer ISE, has launched the 3rd stage of a nation wide field measurements.

Thercon’s www.liveheatpump.com website shows complete performance data of 5 heat pumps in daily use – there is also one condensing gas boiler to compare efficiency. Thercon is in contact with SEPEMO to ensure comparability of the measured data. The success of the website is enormous: after only 6 months already, more than 30,000 visitors have looked at more than 300,000 pages with an average visit time spent of over 5 minutes. The visitors seem to appreciate the “proof of performance” idea behind the website.

Face book for heat pumps? What is there to be seen and more important: what can we learn from “listening” to these heat pumps?

, based on efficiency, all heat pumps were cheaper to run than the condensing gas boiler. See the “Cockpit”.

, that even at – 10 °C outside the heat pump produces heat more efficiently than the best gas boiler, SPF 2.64! See “Dikkebus” on the 3th of December 2010

, SPF for air-to-water heating season, even with a very cold winter, can easily attain 4, with most of the units higher than 3.7.

, even the best inverter heat pumps not automatically have the best results in the field and vice versa. If they are used in the wrong way (read: switched on and off), are undersized (read: running constantly above nominal capacity) or are oversized (too short waiting time between 2 cycles. See “Berkelland” before and after 02/11/2010), the COP drops quite drastically. See also “Mormont

, the sun is the best friend of the air-to-water heat pump for the production of DHW (domestic hot water). See “Morlanwelz”

Thanks to the success and warm reactions from website visitors, Thercon will double its logging sites before the start of the coming heating season – i.e. September this year. This LHP II (Live Heat pump II) will also plunge in the high temperature heating with radiators, bi-valent application, swimming pool and sites with air/air heat pumps. The further evolution of the Sun/HP combination will be shown.

Each year the heat pump voices will become louder: in 2012, Thercon will launch the “low budget logging platform” so that the performance of each pump can be followed on the internet. The customer will benefit from a refund for each shared information on the internet. In this way, the user can decide on his own degree of “public exposure”. If the heat pump user would share all logging data via internet, some photos and detailed project information of his measurement tool will be refunded for up to 2/3 of the costs.

Imagine what useful data can be produced from this: the data can be filtered into user profiles, geological climate areas, insulation information, application data and thus predict the expected efficiency in each specific given new building application.

You want a greener future? Give the heat pump a voice and then listen carefully!Erik Waumans, Thercon nv

European Heat Pump NEWS 13Issue 1 | March 2011

Heat pumps: the French market should grow in 2011

After one year 2010 very difficult, the sales of heat pumps should take up again with a growth expected in 2011.

Back to 2010 results... Since the middle of 2010, sales of all categories of heat pumps are included in the national sales statistics for France. All the results are integrated within the association PAC&Clim’Info. Uniclima, which represents industrials of the sector, is the secretary of this association. Uniclima works in the sector of heat pumps with Afpac, the French association representing all types of professionals of the sector (manufacturers, engineering, research laboratories, fitters associations, installers, suppliers of energy…)

The market of Air/air heat pumps: with approximately 379,000 units external of splits and multi-splits sold at the end of December 2010, the market posts a rise of 14 % compared to the year 2009 and returns to the level of 2008 (see Figure 1).

After a second very dynamic four-monthly period (+ 30 % compared to the second four-monthly period 2009), the period September-December increased its sales by a more measured pace, with an evolution of 5 % compared to the same period of 2009.

The market of the Air/Water heat pumps dropped by 42 % over the year 2010, after having already experienced a fall of 23 % in 2009.

The market of single split heat pump experienced heavier falls than the dual split heat pump. Indeed, after a fall of 35 % in 2009, the single split heat pump market dropped by 56 % in 2010.

On the market of the dual split heat pump, after a fall of 16 % in 2009, one notes a fall of 34 % in 2010 (see Figure 2).

At the end of December 2010, it is noticeable that the single split heat pumps account for only 25% of the total market of the Air/water heat pump, against 34 % in 2009 (see figure 3).

A new market for tap water heat pumpsThe market of tap water heat pumps took off very rapidly due to a credit tax of 40% voted in 2010. For the last year, 7,260 tap water heat pumps were installed, which represents a growth of 67 % of this market.

Influence of external factors The rather low oil price during part of the year 2010 did not help the households to invest in a heat pump.

Advance notice of modification of the finance law 2011, and the famous blow of plane on the RES, did not reassure consumers.The High Temperature heat pump also experienced a 35 % fall in 2010, whereas, in 2009, this market was growing by 36 % and accounted for 30 % of the total market Air/water heat pump, against 27 % in 2009.

GSHP market is more fluctuating than the market of the Air/Water heat pump.

On the one hand, in 2007 and 2008, the total market of GSHP showed lower rises: respectively + 1 % and + 3.3 %.

On the other hand, this market experienced sharp falls thereafter: – 26 % in 2009 and – 38 % in 2010.

The GSHP High Temperature account for 28 % of the total GSHP.

Market trendsThe economic crisis is one of the prime causes of the retreat in the sales of heat pumps and reinforced this trend. Since 2009, the households pushed back or gave up their investments in the real estate and, consequently, those dedicated to their heating equipment deferring investments to purchases considered to be priority.

The price fall of fossil energies – and the liter of oil – attracted consumers towards traditional fuel boilers to the detriment of heat pumps.

Country in focus

The heat pump market in France

Figure 1: Air/Air heat pumps 2010 in France. Figure 2: Single split vs. dual split heat pumps.


The success of photovoltaics largely influenced the market of heat pumps, the target of consumers being identical! Sold like a pure financial placement, a large number of private home owners turned to equipment supposed to have the best return on investments, although its use is completely different from that of heat pumps.

The reduction – even the removal – of the tax credit also contributed to the downward sales trend of heat pumps. As a result of these successive reductions in tax credit, consumers became more and more wary of turning to a heat pump and the installers themselves returned more and more frequently to the replacement of traditional fuel boilers. The reduction in the building permits is, finally, one of the last reasons behind this retreat in heat pump sales. If the consumers were enthusiastic about installing heat pumps in their new dwelling, they hesitated to replace their heating equipment in their existing dwelling. The sales of heat pumps thus suffered from the dwindling of building permits.

2011, towards an upturn of the tradingAfter a brutal deceleration at the second quarter 2010, the whole family of heat pumps showed sign of recovery at the end of the year.The good behavior of the intended products to residential comfort and the climatic conditions of the summer 2010 let predict a faster starting of the season.The increase in building permits of 10 % at the end of 2010 can forecast possible resumption of the settings in construction in the next months in the residential and tertiary sectors.

Finally, industrials seem to once again start new investments, which can forecast at least one year 2011 at the level of 2010 in the tertiary sector.

The activity of the heat pump on water and the rise of oil noticed at the beginning of 2011 should bring about a rebound in this market.The sum of these various factors rather generates an optimistic spirit on behalf of the industrialists of the sector.

The Market in new buildingsAt the annual press conference on the French market last February 2011, the hopes rested on the revival of the permits for new buildings, which accounts for approximately 30 % of the heat pump market in France. To confirm this trend, it will be necessary to wait for the increase in the operational startups, which remain still weak in the first quarter.

The main market in existing buildingsGiven that we are not during the time of heating, the recovery of this market will be sensitive only as from next July. The amplitude of the recovery will depend mainly on the trend of the Brent oil price. If this is maintained above 120/130 $ per barrel, the recovery should be rather strong… without however matching 2009 results (120,000 heat pumps sold) or the exceptional year of 2008 (150.000 units), but rather reaching the level or a little more than the sales of 2007 (70.000 units). After the 63.000 heat pumps sold in 2010 that would correspond to quasi a clearing…

A challenging target for 2020With the target of 23 % of RES by 2020, the transposition of the RES directive in France with the program named “Grenelle de l’environnement” gives real opportunities for the heat pump market in the next 10 years. Indeed, the objective for France is to reach 2 millions of individual houses heated with heat pumps by 2020.

With the crisis in 2009 and 2010, the step for 2012 will be difficult to reach: 1.245 million of individual heat pumps installed. At the end of 2010, the cumulated market was about 500,000 heat pumps installed.

However, there are real and important signs of restart for the 2011 market.

First of all, the number of certified heat pumps is increasing: for the 1st quarter 2011, the growth is between 7 and 8 %. This shows the success of the heat pump certification in France.Secondly, the number of qualified installers is also increasing: for the 1st quarter 2011, there are more than 1,200 Qualipac installers, with a growth of 4 %.

These facts constitute a strong basis for a quality market development in France.Valérie Laplagne, Uniclima PAC&ClimInfo for data

Figure 3: Air/Water heat pumps in France 2010.


SEPEMOSEPEMO: smart grids for online efficiency measurements

Smart grids – what is it and why should we bother?

Smart grids are the latest buzz word in the energy sector in Europe. Everyone wants to take part in the smart grid, but not all have more than a holistic idea about what smart grids are all about. Can heat pumps play a role in smart grids? In this article we will take a look at the possibilities smart grids and smart meters could provide.

The definition of smart grids on Wikipedia is: A smart meter is usually an electrical meter that records consumption in intervals of an hour or less and communicates that information at least daily back to the utility for monitoring and billing purposes. Smart meters enable two-way communication between the meter and the central system. Unlike home energy monitors, smart meters can gather data for remote reporting.

If this is regarded as smart… we have a problem.Another definition by The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) is: “(An) Integrated array of technologies, devices and systems that provide and utilize digital information, communication and controls to optimize the efficient, reliable, safe and secure delivery of electricity”.

Smart Metering systems feature a number of innovations: digital technology, communications, control and better operation of networks. Smart Metering technologies will change the way that metering works completely. They provide customers with much more information on how they use energy and enable those customers to reduce their usage. Since heat pumps are quite advanced technologies, better understanding of the operating performance is an important aspect for both manufacturers and end users.

What do smart meters enable?Smart meters are in itself not so smart, but combined with smart communication protocols and an optimization agent, smart systems could be established, Figure 1. The main advantages with smart grids are that the consumer’s awareness is raised and empowered through delivery of actual consumption data. For EsCo’s, smart grids also serve to improve production planning, Customer Relationship Management

(CRM) and services, including automated billing/invoicing based on detailed metering data. They also enable new energy services for improving energy efficiency.

Today, electricity is produced exactly when the customer demands it. A smart grid makes it possible to balance production and demand.

Better chances to automate service, performance checks and alarmsThe information on efficiency would be useful for both the home owner as a status check that the heat pump unit is working properly, and with smart grids, a wide statistical material could be made available for EU statistics, giving better basis for the RES contribution from heat pumps. Integrity issues of course must be resolved for this to happen, but the possibility is there.

Access to “live” efficiency data will be key to future services, much like in the PV field, where SMA is selling access to its data to the producers of design software. Technology evolution can thereby speed up, and even better products can come faster to the market.

For HP manufacturers, performance guarantees based on the average performance of a HP in a "standard" application could be offered. A manufacturer would know, how a HP in an average four-person household in Sweden performs, they would know the standard deviation of performance in all four-person homes and could thereby guarantee performance at i.e. 90 % of the average. If you collect the data of all machines on your server this is so simple.

Requires measurements of parameters“A Smart Grid is never smarter than the quality of its measurements”. The meter (sensor) is not intelligent, but what you do with the sensor information is the important aspect. Opening the sensor for third party applications will open up for creativity, and since smart functions has a much shorter life span than the stupid sensor, updating functions could be as normal as updating apps on the smart phones. For this to happen on a wider scale, standard interface for third party application is required.

Future demandsThe European Commission’s Directorate General (DG) has given a mandate (Mandate M/441) to CEN, CENELEC and ETSI for development of an open architecture for utility meters involving communication protocols and functionalities enabling interoperability. The objective of this mandate is to harmonise European standards that will enable interoperability of utility meters (water, gas, electricity and heat), which can improve the means by which the customers’ awareness of actual consumption can be raised in order to allow timely adaptation to their demands.Figure 1. Smart systems consisting on smart meters, smart communication

and a smart treatment of measured data.

Measurement

Control

Communication Optimiziation


EHPA EVENTSEHPA General Assembly31.05.2011, 12:30–18:00 | London Paddington, UK

4th European Heat Pump Forum01.06.2011, 09:00–17:00 | London Paddington, UK

Quality Label Committee04–05.07.2011 | Lyon, FR

Executive Committee 06.07.2011 | Brussels, BE

Norms & Standards Committee 08.09.2011 | Brussels, BE

Education Committee 19–20.09.2011 | Porto, PT

Executive Committee 13.09.2011 | Brussels, BE

PROJECT MEETINGSSEPEMO project meeting07–08.06.2011| Utrecht, NL

Ground-Med intermediate conference 05–06.10.2011 | Marseille, France

OTHER EVENTSEURELECTRIC New Energy World 201113–14.06.2011 | Stockholm, SE

EUREC Agency, workshop on the FP7 and 20th anniversary14.06.2011 | Brussels, BE

EDF R&D 6th Annual Conference on Industrial Energy Efficiency: “From Research to Low CO2 Plants” 17.06.2011 | Ecuelles, FR

RETScreen Annual Conference & Training Institute20–22.06.2011 | Niagara Falls, CA

UK National Heat Pump Awards23.06.2011 | Birmingham, UK

Launch Conference “Smart Cities and Communities Initiative”29.6.2011 | Brussels, BE

23rd IIR International Congress of Refrigeration21-26.08.2011 | Prague, CZ

European Heat Pump Summit 201128-29.09.2011 | Nürnberg, DE

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Imprint European Heat Pump Association (EHPA) Editor: Thomas Nowak Renewable Energy House Rue d'Arlon 63-67 | B-1040 Brussels phone +32 24 00 1017 | fax +32 24 00 1018The opinions expressed in the articles are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the EHPA.This Newsletter is available on www.ehpa.org/publications/newsletter/latest-issues

Smart grids and Load managementSaving energy is worth 5 – 10 times as much compared to shifting energy consumption to periods with low cost. Therefore, the main objective of smart grids is not to shift loads for cheaper hourly rates. Storing energy is always done at some cost in efficiency. Thus the dynamics in prices has to be high for an overall cost saving. In the Nordic market, the dynamics are just not high enough yet, but with increasing installations of renewable energy production with intermittent operation (wind, wave, PV), expectations is that this dynamic behavior will change in the future.

SEPEMO-Build and smart gridsIn the SEPEMO project, numerous measurements on heat pumps of various heat sources (Aerothermal, Hydrothermal and Geothermal) are monitored in different climates in Europe. The results from these measurements not only give valuable information about the seasonal performance, they also give valuable information about how the heat load patterns look like in different buildings. This information will be very valuable for the ESCO’s that can benefit from this information when designing Smart grids.Roger Nordman, Anders Lindskog SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden

Figure 2. When the availability of electricity is high, the price is low, and vice versa.

This report is published as part of the project “SEasonal PErformance factor and MOnitoring for heat pump systems in the building sector” – SEPEMO-Build.Project supported by the European Commission, Intelligent Energy – Europe (IEE).Contract No: IEE/08/776/ SI2.529222

www.sepemo.eu

SEPEMO

This Newsletter is available on http://www.ehpa.org/publications/newsletter/latest-issues/

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