2010 river civilization review
TRANSCRIPT
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Farming and the Emergence
of Complex Societies10,000 1,000 BCE.
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Farming andFarming andcomplex societies?complex societies?
Where did theyWhere did they
come from?come from?
I thoughtI thought
we were stillwe were still
hunting andhunting and
gathering!gathering!
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Today10k years ago200k yrs ago
Big Era 2
and changesand changes
have alwayshave always
beenbeenand stilland still
arearepart ofpart of
human history.human history.
Big Eras 3-9Big Era 1
Farming andFarming and
complexcomplex
societies are thesocieties are the
result ofresult of
CHANGECHANGE
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200k yrs ago
Human Origins
Today10k years ago
Big Era 2
Big Eras 3-9Big Era 1
Homo erectus doing lunch
You willYou will
probably recallprobably recall
that lifethat life200,000 years200,000 years
ago life lookedago life looked
something likesomething like
this.this.
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10k years ago200k yrs ago
Human Origins
Today
Big Era 2
Big Eras 3-9Big Era 1
Homo sapiens at home
190,000 years later,190,000 years later,
around 10,000 B.C. lifearound 10,000 B.C. lifelooked more like this:looked more like this:
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1,000 years ago Today
Big Eras 4-9
10,000 years ago
Big Era 3
Big Era 2
Changes that occurred over time during the PaleolithicChanges that occurred over time during the Paleolithic
Age.Age.
1.1. Homo sapiensHomo sapiens appear.appear.2.2. Language develops.Language develops.
3.3. Habitats expand.Habitats expand.
4.4. Technologymultiplies.Technologymultiplies.
5.5. Wall painting andWall painting and
sculpture are created.sculpture are created.End of Big Era Two
(Beginning ofBig Era 3)
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Keep those changesKeep those changes
in mind, as we lookin mind, as we lookat life 9000 years laterat life 9000 years later
around1,000 B.C.around1,000 B.C.
1,000 years ago10,000 years ago Today
Big Era 3
Big Eras 4-9Big Era 2
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1,000 years ago10,000 years ago Today
Big Era 3
Big Eras 4-9Big Era 2
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Quite a few,Quite a few,
Huh?Huh?
Notice anyNotice any
Differences?Differences?
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Jot down someJot down some
notes on whatnotes on what
events you thinkevents you think
might havemight have
taken placetaken placebetween 10,000between 10,000
and 1,000 BCE.and 1,000 BCE.
HERE?HERE toto
So, how did weSo, how did we
get fromget from
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which reflects thewhich reflects theDOMESTICATIONDOMESTICATION ofof
and plantsand plantsanimalsanimals
1,000 years ago Today
Big Eras 4-9
10,000 years ago
Big Era 3
Big Era 2
One of the major changes isOne of the major changes is
reflected in this frieze on areflected in this frieze on a
wall in Mesopotamia (todaywall in Mesopotamia (todayIraq) :Iraq) :
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Have you herdHave you herdabout pastoralism?about pastoralism?
Domestication of plants and animals
was a monumental change.
It resulted in the new way ofIt resulted in the new way of
living we know asliving we know as
FARMINGFARMING
(AGRICULTURE)(AGRICULTURE)
1,000 years ago Today
Big Eras 4-9
10,000 years ago
Big Era 3
Big Era 2
which included bothwhich included both
PASTORALISMPASTORALISM
(herding sheep, goats, cattle,(herding sheep, goats, cattle,
horses, and camels),horses, and camels),
andand
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CropCrop--growinggrowing(cultivating domesticated(cultivating domesticated
plants),plants),
andand
1,000 years ago Today
Big Eras 4-9
10,000 years ago
Big Era 3
Big Era 2
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the development ofthe development of
FARMINGFARMING
COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIES
1,000 years ago Today
Big Eras 4-9
10,000 years ago
Big Era 3
Big Era 2
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MesoamericaMesoamerica
AndesAndes AmazoniaAmazonia
Eastern North AmericaEastern North America
NewGuineaNewGuinea
ChinaChina
EthiopiaEthiopia
WestWestAfricaAfrica
Fertile CrescentFertile Crescent
Between about 12,000 and 1,000 BCE, farmingBetween about 12,000 and 1,000 BCE, farming
appeared INDEPENDENTLY in a number of places,appeared INDEPENDENTLY in a number of places,
possibly in all of the places marked in red on the map.possibly in all of the places marked in red on the map.
1,000 years ago Today
Big Eras 4-9
10,000 years ago
Big Era 3
Big Era 2
Nile valleyNile valley
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Prior to farming,Prior to farming,
population size in anypopulation size in any
one area was limitedone area was limitedby the availability of wildby the availability of wild
game, grain, berries,game, grain, berries,
seeds, and nuts.seeds, and nuts.
Farming and the large,Farming and the large,relatively dependablerelatively dependable
crops it providescrops it provides
allowed forallowed for
POPULATIONPOPULATION
INTENSIFICATIONINTENSIFICATION
That meansThat means
population increasespopulation increases
in certain areas.in certain areas.
Population in thosePopulation in those
areas became bothareas became both
larger and denser.larger and denser.
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At the same time,At the same time,
farmers in somefarmers in some
places were, in spiteplaces were, in spiteof population growth,of population growth,
able to produceable to produce
SURPLUS food.SURPLUS food.
What doesWhat does
SURPLUSSURPLUS
FOODFOOD
PRODUCTIONPRODUCTION
mean for amean for a
society?society?
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SURPLUSFOODSURPLUSFOOD
PRODU
CTIO
NPRODU
CTIO
N
means that notmeans that not
everyone has to groweveryone has to grow
food or tend animals.food or tend animals.
They can take on otherThey can take on othertasks. They cantasks. They can
specialize in some nonspecialize in some non--
farming task.farming task.
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This is calledThis is called
Job Specialization.Job Specialization.
Men and women mayMen and women may
become:become:
WeaversWeavers Stone MasonsStone Masons
PottersPotters
PriestsPriests
ScribesScribes
TradersTraders
Army officersArmy officers
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So, lets have aSo, lets have aquick review of thatquick review of that
last sequence oflast sequence of
events.events.
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Domestication of Plants and AnimalsDomestication of Plants and Animals
FarmingFarming
Surplus FoodSurplus Food SpecializationSpecializationPopulationPopulation
IntensificationIntensification
Complex Society,Complex Society,
also known asalso known as
CIVILIZ
ATIO
NCIVILIZ
ATIO
N
1,000 years ago Today
Big Eras 4-9
10,000 years ago
Big Era 3
Big Era 2
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Hint, hint!Hint, hint!
You might wantYou might want
to make a noteto make a note
of these as weof these as we
go along.go along.
Civilizations have a numberCivilizations have a number
of elements in common.of elements in common.
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CivilizationCivilization
Remember it.Remember it.Write it down.Write it down.
Did you catchDid you catch
that term?that term?
Can youCan you
definedefine
it?it?
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Elements of civilization include:Elements of civilization include:
Mohenjo Daro
Hammurabis
Law Code
Its the
law
Pharaohs
1)1) AdvancedAdvancedCitiesCities
2) Complex Institutions2) Complex Institutions
(Central governments )(Central governments )
And Law codesAnd Law codes
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1)1) AdvancedAdvanced
CitiesCities
2) Complex Institutions2) Complex Institutions
(Central governments )(Central governments )
and law codesand law codes
Elements of Civilization include:Elements of Civilization include:
Can you identifyCan you identifythe societythe society
representedrepresented
by each of these twoby each of these two
writing samples?writing samples?
3) Writing and3) Writing and
record keepingrecord keeping
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3) Writing and3) Writing andrecord keepingrecord keeping
4) Specialized Jobs4) Specialized Jobs
Full-time monk
1)1)AdvancedAdvanced
CitiesCities
2) Central Governments2) Central Governmentsand law codesand law codes
Elements of Civilization include:Elements of Civilization include:
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5) Advanced5) Advanced
TechnologiesTechnologies
Chariot
4) Specialized jobs4) Specialized jobs
Bronze Sword
3) Writing and3) Writing andrecord keepingrecord keeping
1)1)AdvancedAdvanced
CitiesCities
2) Complex Institutions2) Complex Institutions(Central governments)(Central governments)
and law codesand law codes
Elements of Civilization include:Elements of Civilization include:
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Now, looking back
over this period oftime, lets review the
major changes.
1,000 years ago Today
Big Eras 4-9
10,000 years ago
Big Era 3
Big Era 2
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Domestication of Plants and AnimalsDomestication of Plants and Animals
FarmingFarming
Surplus FoodSurplus Food SpecializationSpecializationPopulationPopulation
IntensificationIntensification
Complex Society,Complex Society,
also known asalso known as
CIVILIZ
ATIO
NCIVILIZ
ATIO
N
1,000 years ago Today
Big Eras 4-9
10,000 years ago
Big Era 3
Big Era 2
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That translates into:That translates into:
FarmersFarmers
HerdersHerders
CitiesCities
Central governmentsCentral governments
ArmiesArmies
Monumental buildingsMonumental buildings
Written languageWritten language
Social hierarchiesSocial hierarchies
Complex belief systemsComplex belief systems
In 10,000 B.C. none of these existed in the world. By 1,000 B.C. they all did.In 10,000 B.C. none of these existed in the world. By 1,000 B.C. they all did.
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.
Not only has life changedNot only has life changed
culturally andculturally and
technologically, but alsotechnologically, but also
the rate of change hasthe rate of change has
accelerated.accelerated.
10k years ago
Art
200k yrs ago
Language
Big Era 2
Big Era 1
Today
Big
Eras4-9
1k years ago
Dogs, sheep. goats,horses, wheat,rice,Dogs, sheep. goats,horses, wheat,rice,
chiles,potatoeschiles,potatoesall domesticatedall domesticated
Plow farmingPlow farming
Law CodesLaw Codes
ChariotsChariots
Temple buildingTemple building
SailingtechnologySailingtechnology
CopperCopper
smeltingsmelting
AlphabetAlphabet
WheelWheel
WritingWriting
IrrigationIrrigation
RegulartraderoutesRegulartraderoutes
CalendarsCalendars
PotteryPottery
Bow & arrowBow & arrow
PyramidsPyramids
Walled citiesWalled cities
LettersandLettersand
envelopesenvelopes
360360--degreecircledegreecircle
BE3
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Make a fewMake a fewnotes andnotes and
discuss thisdiscuss this
question withquestion with
your teacheryour teacher
and fellowand fellow
students.students.
What factorsWhat factors
do you thinkdo you think
might accountmight account
for thisfor this
increasing rateincreasing rate
of change?of change?
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3,000 years ago
By 3,000 BCE, societies in Southwest Asia and Egypt
were developing elements of complex
societies(civilizations).
Are weAre we
supposedsupposed
to be takingto be taking
notes on this?notes on this?
1,000 years ago Today
Big Eras 4-9
10,000 years ago
Big Era 3
Big Era 2
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Early River ValleyEarly River Valley
CivilizationsCivilizations
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MesopotamiaMesopotamia means, The landbetween the rivers
The oldest civilization was found inthis region between the Tigris and
Euphrates Rivers in what is now Iraq.
This area was part of the Fertile CrescentFertile Crescent. Flooded yearly (unpredictable) leaving a thick mud behind called silt.
Farmers planted crops in rich soil
Resulted in plentiful harvests which allowed villages to grow
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Mesopotamian EnvironmentalMesopotamian Environmental
ChallengesChallenges UnpredictableUnpredictablefloodingflooding
No naturalNo natural
barriersbarriers Limited naturalLimited natural
resources.resources.
What problemsWhat problemswould couldwould could
things cause?things cause?
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Geographic FeaturesGeographic FeaturesEnvironmental Challenges forEnvironmental Challenges for
SumeriansSumerians Solution:Solution: DugDug irrigationirrigation
ditchesditches thatthat
carried river watercarried river waterto their fieldsto their fields
Led to production ofLed to production ofsurplus cropssurplus crops
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Geographic FeaturesGeographic FeaturesEnvironmental Challenges forEnvironmental Challenges for
SumeriansSumeriansSolution:Solution:
BuiltBuilt city wallscity walls withwithmud bricksmud bricks
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Geographic FeaturesGeographic FeaturesEnvironmental Challenges forEnvironmental Challenges for
SumeriansSumerians Solution:Solution:
TradedTraded their grain, cloth, & craftedtheir grain, cloth, & crafted
tools with people oftools with people of mtnsmtns & deserts& deserts In exchange, they received rawIn exchange, they received raw
materials like stone, wood, & metalmaterials like stone, wood, & metal
Cultural DiffusionCultural Diffusion:: process by which aprocess by which a
new idea or product spreads from onenew idea or product spreads from oneculture to another.culture to another.
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Development ofMesopotamianDevelopment ofMesopotamianCultureCulture
SumerianSumerian CityCity--StatesStates Small,Small,
independentindependentcitiescities w/w/surrounding villagessurrounding villages& farms& farms
Not unified,Not unified,
constantly at warconstantly at warw/ one anotherw/ one another
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Development ofMesopotamianDevelopment ofMesopotamianCultureCulture
RulersRulers
Military leaders that shared powerMilitary leaders that shared powerwith priestswith priests
Priests prayed to gods, controlled irrigationPriests prayed to gods, controlled irrigationsystemssystems
Ruler controlled standing armiesRuler controlled standing armies
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Military leaders eventually startedMilitary leaders eventually starteddynasties.dynasties.
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Development ofMesopotamianDevelopment ofMesopotamianCultureCulture
PolytheisticPolytheistic
Belief in more thanBelief in more thanone godone god
ZigguratZiggurat (Sumerian(Sumeriantemple)temple) was thewas thecenter of city lifecenter of city life
Priests conductedPriests conductedrituals & sacrificesrituals & sacrificesto city godsto city gods
Served as storageServed as storagefor grains, fabrics,for grains, fabrics,gemsgems
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Empire in MesopotamiaEmpire in Mesopotamia
Sargon of AkkadSargon of Akkaddefeated the citydefeated the city--statesstatesof Sumer. This createsof Sumer. This createsworlds firstworlds first empire.empire.
HammurabiHammurabi leads theleads thepeak of the Babylonianpeak of the Babylonianempireempire
Hammurabis code unifiesHammurabis code unifies
entire empireentire empire Is the oldest full originalIs the oldest full original
written text of law thatwritten text of law thatexists.exists.
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Hammurabis CodeHammurabis Code
Written inWritten inCuneiformCuneiform
282 laws that282 laws thatformed the basis offormed the basis ofthe Babylonian legalthe Babylonian legalsystemsystem
DifferentDifferentpunishments for richpunishments for rich& poor& poor
Eye for an eyeEye for an eye
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Now, looking back at
Ancient
Mesopotamia, canyou identify the
elements that made
it a complex society?
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ReviewReview
In what waysIn what wayswaswasMesopotamia aMesopotamia a
complex societycomplex society(civilization)?(civilization)?
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5) Advanced5) Advanced
TechnologiesTechnologies
3) Writing and3) Writing andrecord keepingrecord keeping
4) Specialized Jobs4) Specialized Jobs
1)1)AdvancedAdvanced
CitiesCities
2) Complex Institutions2) Complex Institutions
(Central governments)(Central governments)and law codesand law codes
Elements of Civilization include:Elements of Civilization include:
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Ancient EgyptAncient Egypt
Gift of the NileGift of the Nile
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The Geography of EgyptThe Geography of Egypt
The most important thing to theEgyptians about The Nile was the
yearly flooding.
The Nile would flood each year in thespring. With the flood it would
deposit a rich silt, or soil on eitherside of the river.
The rich soil around the Nile wascalled the Black land. The desert was
called the Red Land.
Egypt had several naturalbarriers whichhelped toprotect it from invasion
These barriers gave Egyptians a sense of security that was lacking in
much of the ancient world.
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Environmental ChallengesEnvironmental Challenges
Problems:Problems:
Low watersLow waters in Nile resultedin Nile resulted
inin faminefamine b/c of poor cropsb/c of poor crops
Flooding = destroyedFlooding = destroyed
homes & cropshomes & crops
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Environmental ChallengesEnvironmental Challenges
Deserts:Deserts:
Acted asActed as barriers between Egypt &barriers between Egypt &other landsother lands
Forced Egyptians to live on a very smallForced Egyptians to live on a very smallportion of the landportion of the land
Reduced interactionsReduced interactions with otherwith other
peoples (limited cultural diffusion)peoples (limited cultural diffusion)
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Development of Egyptian SocietyDevelopment of Egyptian Society--Religion and PoliticsReligion and Politics
Pharaohs (GodPharaohs (God--Kings)Kings)
Considered gods on Earth whoConsidered gods on Earth who
ruled overruled over govtgovt, religion, & the, religion, & themilitarymilitary
This is known as aThis is known as a theocracytheocracy
**Comparison:Comparison: MesopotamianMesopotamiankings werekings were representativesrepresentatives ofofgods, but they themselves weregods, but they themselves werenot considered godsnot considered gods
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Development of Egyptian SocietyDevelopment of Egyptian Society--Religion and PoliticsReligion and Politics
PyramidsPyramids
Egyptians believed kings had eternalEgyptians believed kings had eternalspiritsspirits
Built pyramids as tombs forBuilt pyramids as tombs forpharaohspharaohs (resting places from which(resting places from whichtheir rulers could reign forever aftertheir rulers could reign forever afterdeath)death)
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Development of Egyptian SocietyDevelopment of Egyptian Society
Achievements in Science &Achievements in Science &TechnologyTechnology
Number systemNumber system
Form of geometryForm of geometry
Columns in architectureColumns in architecture CalendarCalendar
Medical ProceduresMedical Procedures
MummificationMummification
Process ofProcess of
embalming andembalming anddrying out thedrying out thecorpse so that thecorpse so that thesoul could return tosoul could return tothe body laterthe body later
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Development of Egyptian SocietyDevelopment of Egyptian Society
Writing SystemWriting System
HieroglyphicsHieroglyphics
Like SumerianLike Sumeriancuneiform, it usedcuneiform, it usedpictures topictures torepresent ideasrepresent ideas
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By about 1000By about 1000
B.C. there wereB.C. there were
several wellseveral well--establishedestablished
civilizations incivilizations in
AfroeurasiaAfroeurasia..