2010 energy outwest reno, nevada 12-mar-10 baseload electricity quantify, address, manage 2a)...
TRANSCRIPT
Baseload Electricityquantify, address, manage
2a) Lighting baseload: effective & efficient use to shape & affect
Presenter
Todd Hoener, LEED accredited professionalEnd-use energy specialist
Renewable energy program administrator Certified home energy rater &
Light commercial energy auditor
Golden Valley Electric AssociationFairbanks, Alaska907 451 5607 w
Lighting shapes & affects baseload
Lighting is baseload electricity use Powered-up lamps Year-round behavior, choicesBut lighting is more. It’s…visual
Residential lighting profile
• Virtually 100 % of all households use electricity for lighting
• Average annual cost ~ 8 – 10 % of all household electricity
• Lighting use increases with household members & number
Comparison of light efficiency
What to consider about lighting?
Energy efficiency, performance Lower costs & reduced waste Control Comfort
Quality, ability to see Mood, e.g., SAD Sensitivity, age, eyes Health & safety
Functions & effective uses
Lamp & fixture
Lamp: Device converting electricity to light, produces lumens
Fixture: Holds lamp
Energy consumption
Watt: Standard measurement of lamp
Luminous Efficacy: Ratio of light produced to energy consumed, measured as number of lumens produced divided by rate of electricity consumption (lumens per watt)
The higher the ratio, the more efficient the light
Measured Lamp Lumens [Lumens] ÷
Measured Input Power [Watts]
Light quantity
Illumination: Distribution of light on horizontal surface (purpose of all lighting is to produce illumination)
Lumen: Measurement of light emitted by a lamp
As reference, 100-watt incandescent lamp emits about 1750 lumens.
Light quantity
Foot-candle: Intensity of illumination measured by amount of light produced by one lumen distributed over a 1-square-foot area
Recommended fc levels
Parking areas 1 to 3
Laundry 10 to 15
Hobbies & shops 100 to 200
Recreational activities 15 to 20
Kitchen w orkarea 20 to 100
Dining 10 to 30
Bedroom, makeup, grooming 30 to 50
Conversation 5 to 10
Hallw ays, stairs, public assembly 5 to 10
Storage, inactive 5 to 10
Reading & studing 50 to 100
Light quality
Color temperature: Color of light source, measured in Kelvin (K) temperature
Higher Kelvin temperatures (3600–5500 K), blue-green colors (e.g. overcast sky light), are considered “cooler” & produce higher contrast
Lower color temperatures (2700–3000 K), yellow-red colors (like flames of fire), are considered “warmer” & preferred for living spaces
Approximate color temperatures
Light quality
Color rendering: How colors appear when illuminated, generally considered more important lighting quality than color temperature
Color rendering index (CRI) is a 1–100 scale that measures light source's ability to render colors same way as sunlight
Light source with CRI of 80 or higher considered acceptable for most indoor residential applications
~ CRI for various lamps
Lamp source Color Rendering IndexSunlight 100Halogen / Incandescent 95 - 100Fluorescent (new technology) 95Standard metal halide 65Delux high pressure sodium 60"Cool white" fluorescent 50 - 55Mercury vapor 35Standard HPS 5Low pressure sodium -40
Light quality
Glare: Excessive brightness from direct light source
Glare primarily result of relative placement of lamp source and object being viewed
Types of lamps
Incandescent (includes halogen)
Fluorescent (includes compact fluorescent lamps)
High intensity discharge (HID) (includes metal halide, high-pressure sodium, mercury vapor, low-pressure sodium)
Light emitting diode (LED)
Other
Comparing lamp life costs
electricity cost per kwh= $0.15
lamp type Incand CFL
watts 60 15
life (hrs) 1,000 10,000
electricity costs ($) $90.00 $22.50
lamp cost ($) $1.00 $20.00
relamp cost ($) $9.00 $0.00
total cost ($) $100.00 $42.50
comparative cost ($) $57.50
Useful economic formulas
Simple payback on an investment (in years) == net installation costs ($) ÷ annual energy
savings ($) Simple return on investment (in
percentage, %) == annual energy savings ($) ÷ net installation
costs ($)
Lighting use
Ambient lighting: Provides general illumination for daily activities, safety and security
Defines space
Ambient lighting
Lighting use
Task lighting: Light to work by Place task light beside task, not in front Under-counter kitchen lights, table lamps,
or bathroom mirror lights For reading, paper work, food preparation,
laundry, games, hobbies, shop work Should be well diffused, coming from sides
to eliminate shadows
Task lighting
Lighting types & uses
Accent lighting: Draws attention; provides interest
Usually 3 times level of ambient light
Accent lighting
Lighting use
Natural lighting: Through windows, skylights, doors
Varies in intensity & brightness depending on time of day, season or weather
Use Low-E glazing to keep heat inside in winter & outside in summer
Most important indicators of window's performance are U-factor and solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC)
Natural lighting
Tubular skylights
Natural lighting: Through tubular skylights
Used where windows are not practical,
Reflects light through a metal or plastic tube with a highly reflective interior coating and guides sunlight to a diffuser lens mounted on interior ceiling surface
Can be used in windowless bathrooms, hallways, stairwells and closets
Zero operating cost
Natural light through tube
Matching efficiency & luminance
Cost of lighting is often evaluated by 5 criteria:
Initial cost of fixture, lamp & placement
Needed light output of fixture
Lamp replacement costs comparisons
Lumen output per input watt comparisons
Energy costs comparisons
Lighting controls
Dimmers – adjust level of light Occupancy sensors – offers automatic
switching Timers –switch at predetermined times
Before purchasing & using any lighting controls, understand type of lamp to control to narrow selection
Options vary
Maintenance & operation
Clean regularly Eliminate unnecessary light by relying on day-
lighting whenever possible Replace two bulbs with one having a
comparable number of lumens to increase lumens per watt
Place fixtures on separate switches so they can be operated independently of each other
Efficient & effective lighting
Starts with good design & energy efficient lighting
Benefits extend above & beyond efficiency & money
Poor planning presents problems
How & what to light
How much light
Remember the human element: needs & behavior
Useful lighting resources
US DOE Building Technologies Program National Lighting Bureau NAHB Green Home Building Guidelines ToolBase Services, c/o NAHB Research Center Partnership for Advancing Technology in
Housing (PATH), supported by U.S. HUD