20081 wireless communications lecture-4: evolution of cellular communication systems week 4-...

2008 1

Wireless Communications

Lecture-4: Evolution of Cellular Communication Systems

week 4- Semester-2/ 2008

Dr. Anwar Mousa

University of Palestine InternationalFaculty of Information Technology

2008 2

Basically a linear enhancement of 2G Basically a linear enhancement of 2G systems.systems.

Based on Based on twotwo parallel backbone parallel backbone

infrastructures:infrastructures:

1.1.Circuit switched nodes, Circuit switched nodes,

2.2.Packet oriented nodes.Packet oriented nodes.

MOBILE SYSTEMS MOBILE SYSTEMS EVOLUTIONEVOLUTION THIRDTHIRD GENERATION GENERATION

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This process of standard harmonization This process of standard harmonization produced three modes of operation: produced three modes of operation:

CDMA-DS (CDMA - Direct Sequence) CDMA-DS (CDMA - Direct Sequence) based on based on UMTS Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)UMTS Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)

CDMA-MC (CDMA - Multi Carrier) CDMA-MC (CDMA - Multi Carrier) based on based on CDMA2000 CDMA2000

CDMA-TDDCDMA-TDD (CDMA - Time Division Duplex) (CDMA - Time Division Duplex) based on UMTS TDD based on UMTS TDD

MOBILE SYSTEMS MOBILE SYSTEMS EVOLUTIONEVOLUTION THIRDTHIRD GENERATION GENERATION

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In general, In general, A NEW GENERATIONA NEW GENERATION is defined by the is defined by the result of technology changes over a result of technology changes over a 10–15 year10–15 year time frame. time frame.

Thus, Thus, 4G4G refers to whatever is deployed in the refers to whatever is deployed in the 2010–2015 2010–2015 period, period,

assuming 3G deployment spans the 2000–2009 period. assuming 3G deployment spans the 2000–2009 period.

However, 3G is regarded by many as being "However, 3G is regarded by many as being "a bit of a bit of a flopa flop““

so telecommunications companies are planning to roll so telecommunications companies are planning to roll out 4G earlier (possibly as early as out 4G earlier (possibly as early as 20082008). ).

MOBILE SYSTEMS MOBILE SYSTEMS EVOLUTIONEVOLUTION

FOURTHFOURTH GENERATION GENERATION

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Typically, Typically, a new standarda new standard means means a new air-a new air-interfaceinterface with with

higher datahigher data rates in the least, rates in the least, change in the way change in the way data transportdata transport is handled end-to- is handled end-to-

end.end.

The The infrastructureinfrastructure and the and the terminalsterminals will have will have almost almost all the all the standards from 2G to 3Gstandards from 2G to 3G implemented.implemented.

The infrastructure will however only be The infrastructure will however only be packet basedpacket based, all-IP, all-IP..

MOBILE SYSTEMS MOBILE SYSTEMS EVOLUTIONEVOLUTION FOURTHFOURTH GENERATION GENERATION

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The system will also serve as an The system will also serve as an Open PlatformOpen Platform where where New innovations can go with itNew innovations can go with it

Some of the standards which pave the way for 4G Some of the standards which pave the way for 4G systems aresystems are

WiMaxWiMax, , WWorldwide orldwide IInteroperability for nteroperability for MMicrowave icrowave AccAccessess WiBroWiBro, , The Koreans alternative to 3.5G or 4G cellular The Koreans alternative to 3.5G or 4G cellular

systemssystems 3GPP3GPP LTELTE 3G Partnership Project Long Term Evolution 3G Partnership Project Long Term Evolution

release 8 of the UMTSrelease 8 of the UMTS work-in-progress technologies work-in-progress technologies such as such as HSOPA.HSOPA. (HSDPA, HSUPA)(HSDPA, HSUPA)

MOBILE SYSTEMS MOBILE SYSTEMS EVOLUTIONEVOLUTION FOURTHFOURTH GENERATION GENERATION

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Contents: THIRD GENERATION SYSTEMSTHIRD GENERATION SYSTEMS

UMTS Main characteristicsUMTS Main characteristicsUMTS architectureUMTS architectureUMTS FrequenciesUMTS FrequenciesUMTS Location Based ServicesUMTS Location Based ServicesUMTS SecurityUMTS SecurityCDMA OverviewCDMA OverviewCDMA CodingCDMA CodingThe spreading processThe spreading processWCDMAWCDMA

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3 Third-Generation Mobile 3 Third-Generation Mobile SystemsSystems

Main Main FeaturesFeaturesThe main Features of The main Features of 3G3G systems, known collectively as systems, known collectively as IMT–2000IMT–2000, are , are single family of compatible standardssingle family of compatible standards

Characteristics:Characteristics: Used Used worldwideworldwide Used for all mobile Used for all mobile applicationsapplications Support both packet switched (Support both packet switched (PSPS) and circuit switched ) and circuit switched

((CSCS) data) data Offer high data rates up to Offer high data rates up to 2 Mbps2 Mbps (depending on (depending on

mobility/velocity) mobility/velocity) Offer high Offer high spectrum efficiencyspectrum efficiency

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StandardStandard HarmonizationHarmonization

Standard harmonization produced three modes of Standard harmonization produced three modes of operation:operation:

CDMA-DS (CDMA - Direct Sequence) based on CDMA-DS (CDMA - Direct Sequence) based on UMTS Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) UMTS Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)

CDMA-MC (CDMA - Multi Carrier) based on CDMA-MC (CDMA - Multi Carrier) based on CDMA2000 CDMA2000

CDMA-TDD (CDMA - Time Division Duplex) based CDMA-TDD (CDMA - Time Division Duplex) based on UMTS TDD on UMTS TDD

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UMTS -Main characteristicsUMTS -Main characteristics

The most important IMT–2000 proposals are the The most important IMT–2000 proposals are the UMTS (W-CDMA)UMTS (W-CDMA) as the as the successor to GSMsuccessor to GSM. .

To reach To reach global acceptanceglobal acceptance, 3GPP is introducing UMTS in annual , 3GPP is introducing UMTS in annual releases. releases. The first releaseThe first release (UMTS Rel. ’99), introduced in 1999, (UMTS Rel. ’99), introduced in 1999,

enhancements and transitions for existing GSM networks. enhancements and transitions for existing GSM networks.

The second releaseThe second release (UMTS Rel. ’00),(UMTS Rel. ’00), enhancements for IS–95 (with CDMA2000) and TDMA (with enhancements for IS–95 (with CDMA2000) and TDMA (with

EDGE). EDGE).

UMTS includes both UMTS includes both terrestrial terrestrial andand satellite satellite systems to systems to support universal roaming and global coverage. support universal roaming and global coverage.

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UMTS -Main characteristics UMTS -Main characteristics cont…cont…

The most significant change in Rel. ’99 isThe most significant change in Rel. ’99 is the new the new UMTS terrestrial radio access (UTRA)UMTS terrestrial radio access (UTRA),, a W–a W–

CDMA radio interface for land-based communications.CDMA radio interface for land-based communications.

UTRA supports (TDD) and (FDD). UTRA supports (TDD) and (FDD). The TDD mode is optimized for public micro and pico cells The TDD mode is optimized for public micro and pico cells The FDD mode is optimized for wide-area coverageThe FDD mode is optimized for wide-area coverage

Another newly defined UTRA mode, Another newly defined UTRA mode, multicarrier (MC),multicarrier (MC), established compatibility between established compatibility between UMTS and CDMA2000UMTS and CDMA2000. .

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Evolutionary ConceptEvolutionary Concept

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More than More than 60 3G/UMTS60 3G/UMTS networks using networks using WCDMA WCDMA technology technology are operating commercially in are operating commercially in 25 countries25 countries..

Japanese operator Japanese operator NTT DoCoMoNTT DoCoMo launched the world's launched the world's

first commercial WCDMA network in first commercial WCDMA network in 20012001..

3G/UMTS employs a 3G/UMTS employs a 5 MHz5 MHz channel carrier width channel carrier width

Operators are usually granted blocks of spectrum - typically Operators are usually granted blocks of spectrum - typically ranging from ranging from 2x10 MHz up to 2x20 MHz2x10 MHz up to 2x20 MHz..

UMTS -Main characteristics UMTS -Main characteristics cont…cont…

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UMTS supports the UMTS supports the virtual home environmentvirtual home environment (VHE(VHE) concept.) concept.

UMTS supports UMTS supports four types of traffic:four types of traffic:

Conversational class Conversational class (voice, video telephony, video (voice, video telephony, video gaming)gaming)

Streaming class Streaming class (multimedia, video on demand, webcast)(multimedia, video on demand, webcast) Interactive class Interactive class (web browsing, network gaming, database (web browsing, network gaming, database

access)access) Background class Background class (email, SMS, downloading)(email, SMS, downloading)

UMTS -Main characteristics cont…UMTS -Main characteristics cont…

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UMTS employs UMTS employs a Hierarchical Cell Structurea Hierarchical Cell Structure

MacrocellsMacrocells overlaying overlaying microcells microcells and and picocells.picocells.

Highly mobileHighly mobile traffic is operated on the traffic is operated on the macrocellsmacrocells to reduce the number of to reduce the number of handoffshandoffs. .

UMTS –Data ratesUMTS –Data rates

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Hierarchical Cell StructureHierarchical Cell Structure

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Offered Offered data ratedata rate targets are: targets are:

144 kbits/s144 kbits/s satellite and rural outdoorsatellite and rural outdoor 384 kbits/s384 kbits/s urban outdoorurban outdoor 2048 kbits/s2048 kbits/s indoor and low range outdoor indoor and low range outdoor


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The data rate supported by 3G networks depends on The data rate supported by 3G networks depends on the environment the call is being made in the environment the call is being made in

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The UMTS architecture is split into:The UMTS architecture is split into: Core (switching) networkCore (switching) network::

performing switching and transmission functions. performing switching and transmission functions. contains the databases and network management contains the databases and network management functions.functions.

UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRANUMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN):): provides channel access to mobile usersprovides channel access to mobile users performs radio resource management and signalling performs radio resource management and signalling

User EquipmentUser Equipment: : based on the same principles as the GSM MSbased on the same principles as the GSM MSContains UMTS subscriber identity module card Contains UMTS subscriber identity module card (USIM).(USIM).

UMTS architectureUMTS architecture

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GSM network GSM network architecturearchitecture

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GPRS GPRS ArchitectureArchitecture

. .

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UMTS architectureUMTS architecture

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The basic Core Network architecture for UMTS is based on The basic Core Network architecture for UMTS is based on GSM GSM network with GPRS.network with GPRS.

However, all equipment has to be modified for UMTS operation However, all equipment has to be modified for UMTS operation and services. and services.

The Core Network is divided in The Core Network is divided in circuit switched and packet circuit switched and packet switchedswitched domains. domains.

Some of the circuit switched elements are Some of the circuit switched elements are (MSC), (VLR)(MSC), (VLR) and and Gateway MSCGateway MSC. .

Packet switched elements are Packet switched elements are (SGSN)(SGSN) and and (GGSN).(GGSN).

Some network elements, like Some network elements, like EIR, HLR, EIR, HLR, and and AUCAUC are shared by both are shared by both domains.domains.

UMTS-Core NetworkUMTS-Core Network

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UMTS UMTS differs from differs from GSM Phase 2+GSM Phase 2+ mostly in the new principles for air interface mostly in the new principles for air interface transmission transmission

(W–CDMA instead of TDMA/ FDMA). (W–CDMA instead of TDMA/ FDMA).

The The UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network, based on W–UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network, based on W–CDMA )CDMA )provides the air interface access method for User Equipment.provides the air interface access method for User Equipment.

TwoTwo new network elements are introduced in UTRAN, new network elements are introduced in UTRAN,

1.1. RNC (RNC (Radio Network Controller)Radio Network Controller) The RNC is connected to a set of Node B elements, each of which The RNC is connected to a set of Node B elements, each of which

can serve one or several cells. can serve one or several cells. 2.2. Node BNode B

UMTS- UMTS- UTRANUTRAN

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The UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access System The UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access System (UTRA)(UTRA) provides at provides at least:least:

144 kbps for 144 kbps for full-mobilityfull-mobility applications, applications,

384 kbps for384 kbps for limited-mobility limited-mobility applications, applications,

2.048 Mbps for 2.048 Mbps for low-mobilitylow-mobility applications. applications.


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Existing network elements, such as Existing network elements, such as MSC, SGSN, and HLRMSC, SGSN, and HLR, can , can be extended to adopt the UMTS requirementsbe extended to adopt the UMTS requirements

but but RNC, Node BRNC, Node B, , and theand the handsetshandsets must have must have completely new designs.completely new designs.

Node BNode B is the physical unit for is the physical unit for radio transmission/receptionradio transmission/reception

with cells.with cells.

Depending on sectoring Depending on sectoring (omni/sector cells),(omni/sector cells), one or more one or more cells may be served by a Node B. cells may be served by a Node B.

UTRANUTRAN-Node B-Node B

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A single A single Node BNode B can support both can support both FDDFDD and and TDDTDD modesmodes

It can beIt can be co-located co-located with a with a GSM BTSGSM BTS to reduce to reduce implementation costs. implementation costs.

Node BNode B connects with the connects with the UEUE via the via the W–CDMA Uu radio W–CDMA Uu radio interfaceinterface

Node BNode B connects with the connects with the RNCRNC via thevia the Iub asynchronous Iub asynchronous transfer mode (ATM)–based interfacetransfer mode (ATM)–based interface..

Node B is the ATM termination pointNode B is the ATM termination point. .


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. .

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UMTS terminals (User Equipment-UMTS terminals (User Equipment-UEUE) are ) are multibandmultiband and and multimodemultimode

so that they can work with different standards.so that they can work with different standards.

UEUE has many different types of identities: has many different types of identities:

International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI)Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI) Packet Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (P-TMSI)Packet Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (P-TMSI) Temporary Logical Link Identity (TLLI)Temporary Logical Link Identity (TLLI) Mobile station ISDN (MSISDN)Mobile station ISDN (MSISDN) International Mobile Station Equipment Identity (IMEI)International Mobile Station Equipment Identity (IMEI) International Mobile Station Equipment Identity and Software International Mobile Station Equipment Identity and Software

Number (IMEISV)Number (IMEISV)

UTRAN-User EquipmentUTRAN-User Equipment

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1920-19801920-1980 and and 2110-21702110-2170 MHzMHz (FDD, W-CDMA) (FDD, W-CDMA) Paired uplink and Paired uplink and downlink, downlink,

Channel spacing is Channel spacing is 5 MHz5 MHz and raster is 200 kHz. and raster is 200 kHz. An Operator needs An Operator needs 3 - 4 channels3 - 4 channels (2x15 MHz or 2x20 MHz) to be (2x15 MHz or 2x20 MHz) to be

able to build a high-speed, high-capacity network.able to build a high-speed, high-capacity network.

1900-19201900-1920 and and 2010-20252010-2025 MHzMHz (TDD, TD/CDMA) (TDD, TD/CDMA) Unpaired,Unpaired, channel spacing is channel spacing is 5 MHz5 MHz and raster is 200 kHz. and raster is 200 kHz. Tx and RxTx and Rx are not are not separated separated in frequency.in frequency.

1980-20101980-2010 and and 2170-2200 MHz2170-2200 MHz Satellite uplink and downlinkSatellite uplink and downlink..

UMTS-FrequenciesUMTS-Frequencies

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UMTS-FrequenciesUMTS-Frequencies

TX-RX frequency separation

UTRA FDD frequency bands

2008 33

UMTS networks supports UMTS networks supports location servicelocation service features. features.

Identify and report in a standard format (Identify and report in a standard format (geographical co-ordinatesgeographical co-ordinates) ) the current location of the user's terminalthe current location of the user's terminal

Make the information available to Make the information available to the userthe user, , network operatornetwork operator, and , and service providerservice provider. .

The location is to be used for The location is to be used for lawful interceptionlawful interception, , emergency callsemergency calls, , etc., as well as the etc., as well as the positioning servicespositioning services..

UMTS Location Based UMTS Location Based ServicesServices

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Location Information consists of:Location Information consists of: Geographic LocationGeographic Location Velocity (Velocity (the combination of speed and headingthe combination of speed and heading ) ) Quality of Service information (Quality of Service information (response timeresponse time))

Specifications specify the following positioning methodsSpecifications specify the following positioning methods::

Cell coverageCell coverage based positioning method based positioning method Observed Time Difference Of Arrival (Observed Time Difference Of Arrival (OTDOAOTDOA) method) method Network assisted Network assisted GPS GPS methods.methods.

UMTS Location Based UMTS Location Based

Services, cont…Services, cont…

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OTDOA Location MethodOTDOA Location Method

20081 wireless communications lecture-4: evolution of cellular communication systems week 4-...

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