7/23/2019 2008 Mumbai Attacks

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2008-mumbai-attacks 1/21

2008 Mumbai attacks

“26/11” redirects here. For the date, see 26 November.

In November 2008, 10 Pakistani members of  Lashkar-e-Taiba, an Islamic militant  organisation, carried out aseries of 12 coordinated shooting and bombing attackslasting four days across Mumbai.[11][12][13] The attacks,which drew widespread global condemnation, began onWednesday, 26 November and lasted until Saturday, 29November 2008, killing 164 people and wounding at least308.[2][14]

Eight of the attacks occurred in   South Mumbai: atChhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, the Oberoi Trident,[15] theTaj Mahal Palace & Tower,[15] Leopold Cafe,   CamaHospital,[15] the   Nariman House   Jewish communitycentre,[16] the Metro Cinema,[17] and in a lane behindthe Times of India building and St. Xavier’s College.[15]

There was also an explosion at  Mazagaon, in Mumbai’sport area, and in a taxi at Vile Parle.[18] By the early morn-ing of 28 November, all sites except for the Taj hotel hadbeen secured by Mumbai Police and security forces. On29 November, India’s  National Security Guards (NSG)conducted 'Operation Black Tornado' to flush out the re-

maining attackers; it resulted in the deaths of the last re-maining attackers at the Taj hotel and ending all fightingin the attacks.[19]

Ajmal Kasab[20] disclosed that the attackers weremembers of Lashkar-e-Taiba,[21] among others.[22] TheGovernment of India said that the attackers came fromPakistan, and their controllers were in Pakistan.[23] On 7January 2009, Pakistan confirmed the sole surviving per-petrator of the attacks was a Pakistani citizen.[24] On 9April 2015, the foremost mastermind of the attacks, Zakiur Rehman Lakhvi,[3][4] was granted bail against suretybonds of ₨200,000 (US$2,000).[25][26]

1 Background

There have been many terrorist attacks in Mumbai sincethe 13 coordinated bomb explosions that killed 257 peo-ple and injured 700 on 12 March 1993.[27] The 1993 at-tacks are believed to have been in retaliation for the BabriMosque demolition.[28]

On 6 December 2002, a blast in a   BEST   bus nearGhatkopar station killed two people and injured 28.[29]

The bombing occurred on the 10th anniversary of thedemolition of the Babri Mosque in Ayodhya.[30] A bicy-cle bomb exploded near the Vile Parle station in Mumbai,

killing one person and injuring 25 on 27 January 2003,a day before the visit of the Prime Minister of India AtalBihari Vajpayee to the city.[31] On 13 March 2003, a dayafter the 10th anniversary of the 1993 Bombay bomb-ings, a bomb exploded in a train compartment near theMulund station, killing 10 people and injuring 70.[32] On28 July 2003, a blast in a BEST bus in Ghatkopar killed4 people and injured 32.[33] On 25 August 2003, twobombs exploded in South Mumbai, one near the Gatewayof India   and the other at Zaveri Bazaar in   Kalbadevi.

At least 44 people were killed and 150 injured.[34]

On11 July 2006, seven bombs exploded within 11 min-utes on the   Suburban Railway   in Mumbai,[35] killing209 people, including 22 foreigners[36][37][38] and morethan 700 injured.[39][40] According to the Mumbai Police,the bombings were carried out by  Lashkar-e-Taiba andStudents Islamic Movement of India (SIMI).[41][42]

1.1 Training

A group of men, sometimes stated as 24, at other times26,[43] received training in marine warfare at a remotecamp in mountainous Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir. Partof the training was reported to have taken place on theMangla Dam reservoir.[44]

The recruits went through the following stages of training,according to Indian and U.S. media reports:

•   Psychological:   Indoctrination to  Islamist  ideas, in-cluding imagery of atrocities suffered by Muslims inIndia,[45] Chechnya, Palestine and across the globe.

•   Basic Combat: Lashkar’s basic combat training and

methodology course, the  Daura Aam.

•   Advanced Training: Selected to undergo advancedcombat training at a camp near Mansehra, a coursethe organisation calls the  Daura Khaas .[45] Accord-ing to an unnamed source at the US Defense De-partment this includes advanced weapons and explo-sives training supervised by retired personnel of thePakistan Army,[46] along with survival training andfurther indoctrination.

•   Commando Training: Finally, an even smallergroup selected for specialised commando tactics

training and marine navigation training given tothe   Fedayeen   unit selected in order to targetMumbai.[47]

1

7/23/2019 2008 Mumbai Attacks

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2008-mumbai-attacks 2/21

2   2 ATTACKS 

From the students, 10 were handpicked for the Mum-bai mission.[48] They also received training in swimmingand sailing, besides the use of high-end weapons andexplosives   under the supervision of LeT commanders.According to a media report citing an unnamed formerDefence Department Official of the US, the intelligence

agencies of the US had determined that former offi-cersfrom Pakistan’s Army and Inter-Services Intelligenceagency assisted actively and continuously in training.[49]

They were given blueprints of all the four targets –  TajMahal Palace & Tower, Oberoi Trident, Nariman Houseand Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus.

2 Attacks

Main article: Timeline of the 2008 Mumbai attacks

The first events were detailed around 20:00 Indian Stan-dard Time (IST) on 26 November, when 10 men in inflat-able speedboats came ashore at two locations in Colaba.They reportedly told local  Marathi-speaking fishermenwho asked them who they were to “mind their own busi-ness” before they split up and headed two different ways.The fishermen’s subsequent report to police received littleresponse and local police were helpless.[50]

2.1 Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus

Bullet marks on the wall of the suburban terminus at CST 

The Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (CST) was attacked bytwo gunmen. Oneof them, Ajmal Kasab, was later caughtalive by the police and identified by eyewitnesses. The at-tacks began around 21:30 when the two men entered thepassenger hall and opened fire,[51] using AK-47 rifles.[52]

The attackers killed 58 people and injured 104 others,[52]

their assault ending at about 22:45.[51] Security forces andemergency services arrived shortly afterwards. Continu-

ous announcements by a brave railway announcer, VishnuDattaram Zende, alerted passengers to leave the stationand saved scores of lives.[53][54] The two gunmen fled the

scene and fired at pedestrians and police officers in thestreets, killing eight police officers. The attackers passeda police station. Many of the outgunned police officerswere afraid to confront the attackers, and insteadswitchedoff the lights and secured the gates.

The attackers then headed towards Cama Hospital withan intention to kill patients,[55] but the hospital stafflocked all of the patient wards. A team of the MumbaiAnti-Terrorist Squad led by police chief Hemant Karkaresearched the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus and then leftin pursuit of Kasab and Khan. Kasab and Khan openedfire on the vehicle in a lane next to the hospital and the po-lice returned fire. Karkare, Vijay Salaskar, Ashok Kamteand one of their officers were killed, though the only sur-vivor, Constable Arun Jadhav, was wounded.[56] Kasaband Khan seized the police vehicle but later abandonedit and seized a passenger car instead. They then ran intoa police roadblock, which had been set up after Jadhav

radioed for help.[57] A gun battle then ensued in whichKhan was killed and Kasab was wounded. After a phys-ical struggle, Kasab was arrested.[58] A police officer,Tukaram Omble was also killed when he ran in front ofKasab to shoot him.

2.2 Leopold Cafe

The Leopold Cafe, a popular restaurant andbar on ColabaCauseway in South Mumbai, was one of the first sites tobe attacked.[59] Two attackers opened fire on the cafe on

the evening of 26 November, killing at least 10 people,(including some foreigners), and injuring many more.[60]

2.3 Bomb blasts in taxis

There were two explosions in taxis caused by timerbombs. The first one occurred at 22:40 at Vile Parle,killing the driver and a passenger. The second explo-sion took place at Wadi Bunder between 22:20 and 22:25.Three people, including the driver of the taxi were killed,and about 15 others were injured.[18][61]

2.4 Taj Mahal Hotel and Oberoi Trident

Two hotels, the   Taj Mahal Palace & Tower  and theOberoi Trident, were among the four locations targeted.Six explosions were reported at the Taj hotel – one in thelobby, two in the elevators, three in the restaurant – andone at the Oberoi Trident.[62][63] At the Taj Mahal, fire-fighters rescued 200 hostages from windows using laddersduring the first night.

CNN initially reported on the morning of 27 November

2008 that the hostage situation at the Taj had been re-solved and quoted the police chief of Maharashtra statingthat all hostages were freed;[64] however, it was learned

7/23/2019 2008 Mumbai Attacks

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2008-mumbai-attacks 3/21

2.5 Nariman House   3

Bullet marks left at Leopold Cafe

The damaged  Oberoi Trident  hotel 

later that day that there were still two attackers holdinghostages, including foreigners, in the Taj Mahal hotel.[65]

A number of   European Parliament Committee on In-ternational Trade delegates were staying in the Taj Ma-hal hotel when it was attacked,[66] but none of them

were injured.[67] British Conservative Member of the Eu-ropean Parliament   (MEP)  Sajjad Karim   (who was inthe lobby when attackers initially opened fire there) and

The Wasabi restaurant on the first floor of the Taj Hotel was 

completely gutted.

German  Social Democrat  MEP  Erika Mann were hid-ing in different parts of the building.[68] Also reportedpresent was Spanish MEP  Ignasi Guardans, who wasbarricaded in a hotel room.[69][70] Another British Con-servative MEP,   Syed Kamall, reported that he alongwith several other MEPs left the hotel and went to anearby restaurant shortly before the attack.[68] Kamallalso reported that Polish MEP Jan Masiel was thought tohave been sleeping in his hotel room when the attacksstarted, but eventually left the hotel safely.[71] Kamalland Guardans reported that a Hungarian MEP’s assistantwas shot.[68][72] Also caught up in the shooting were thePresident of Madrid, Esperanza Aguirre, while checkingin at the Oberoi Trident,[72] and Indian MP N. N. Krish-nadas of Kerala and Gulam Noon while having dinner at

a restaurant in the Taj hotel.[73][74]

2.5 Nariman House

Main article: Nariman HouseNariman House, a  Chabad Lubavitch Jewish center in

Colaba known as the Mumbai Chabad House, was takenover by two attackers and several residents were heldhostage.[75] Police evacuated adjacent buildings and ex-changed fire with the attackers, wounding one. Localresidents were told to stay inside. The attackers threw

a grenade into a nearby lane, causing no casualties. NSGcommandos arrived from Delhi, and a naval helicoptertook an aerial survey. During the first day, 9 hostages

7/23/2019 2008 Mumbai Attacks

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2008-mumbai-attacks 4/21

4   3 ATTRIBUTION 

Front view of the Nariman House a week after the attacks 

were rescued from the first floor. The following day, thehouse was stormed by NSG commandos fast-roping fromhelicopters onto the roof, covered by snipers positionedin nearby buildings. After a long battle, one NSG com-

mando Havaldar Gajender Singh Bisht  and both perpe-trators were killed.[76][77] Rabbi   Gavriel Holtzberg andhis wife Rivka Holtzberg, who was six months pregnant,were murdered with four other hostages inside the houseby the attackers.[78]

According to radio transmissions picked up by Indian in-telligence, the attackers “would be told by their handlersin Pakistan that the lives of Jews were worth 50 timesthose of non-Jews.” Injuries on some of the bodies indi-cated that they may have been tortured.[79][80]

2.6 NSG raid

During the attacks, both hotels were surrounded byRapid Action Force   personnel and   Marine Comman-dos (MARCOS) and   National Security Guards  (NSG)commandos.[81][82] When reports emerged that attack-ers were receiving television broadcasts, feeds to the ho-tels were blocked.[83] Security forces stormed both ho-tels, and all nine attackers were killed by the morning of29 November.[84][85] Major Sandeep Unnikrishnan of theNSG was killed during the rescue of Commando SunilYadav, who was hit in the leg by a bullet during the res-

cue operations at Taj.

[86][87]

32 hostages were killed at theOberoi Trident.[88]

NSG commandos then took on the Nariman house, and

NSG   Commandos beginning the assault on  Nariman House by

 fast-roping onto the terrace.

a Naval helicopter took an aerial survey. During the firstday, 9 hostages were rescued from the first floor. The

following day, the house was stormed by NSG comman-dos fast-roping from helicopters onto the roof, covered bysnipers positioned in nearby buildings. NSG CommandoHavaldar Gajender Singh Bisht, who was part of the teamthat  fast-roped onto Nariman House, died after a longbattle in which both perpetrators were also killed.[76][77]

Rabbi Gavriel Holtzberg and his wife Rivka Holtzberg,who was six months pregnant, were murdered with fourother hostages inside the house by the attackers.[78] Bythe morning of 27 November, the NSG had secured theJewish outreach center at Nariman House as well as theOberoi Trident hotel. They also incorrectly believed thatthe Taj Mahal Palace and Towers had been cleared ofattackers, and soldiers were leading hostages and holed-up guests to safety, and removing bodies of those killedin the attacks.[89][90][91] However, later news reports indi-cated that there were still two or three attackers in the Taj,with explosions heard and gunfire exchanged.[91] Fireswere also reported at the ground floor of the Taj withplumes of smoke arising from the first floor.[91] The fi-nal operation at the Taj Mahal Palace hotel was com-pleted by the NSG commandos at 08:00 on 29 Novem-ber, killing three attackers and resulting in the conclusionof the attacks.[92] The NSG rescued 250 people from theOberoi, 300 from the Taj and 60 people (members of 12

different families) from Nariman House.[93] In addition,police seized a boat filled with arms and explosives an-chored at Mazgaon dock off Mumbai harbour.[94]

7/23/2019 2008 Mumbai Attacks

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2008-mumbai-attacks 5/21

3.1 Negotiations with Pakistan   5

Ajmal Kasab at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus with an AK-47 in

his hand 

3 Attribution

Main articles:  Attribution of the 2008 Mumbai attacksand Erroneous reporting on the 2008 Mumbai attacks

The Mumbai attacks were planned and directed byLashkar-e-Taiba militants inside Pakistan, and carriedout by 10 young armed men trained and sent to Mum-bai and directed from inside Pakistan via mobile phonesand VoIP.[22][95][96]

In July 2009 Pakistani authorities confirmed that LeT

plotted and financed the attacks from LeT camps inKarachi and Thatta.[97] In November 2009, Pakistani au-thorities charged seven men they had arrested earlier, ofplanning and executing the assault.[98]

Mumbai police originally identified 37 suspects—including two army officers—for their alleged involve-ment in the plot. All but two of the suspects,many of whom are identified only through aliases, arePakistani.[99] Two more suspects arrested in the UnitedStates in October 2009 for other attacks were alsofound to have been involved in planning the Mumbaiattacks.[100][101] One of these men, Pakistani American

David Headley, was found to have made several trips toIndia before the attacks and gathered video and GPS in-formation on behalf of the plotters.

In April 2011, the United States issued arrest warrantsfor four Pakistani men as suspects in the attack. Themen, Sajid Mir, Abu Qahafa, Mazhar Iqbal alias “MajorIqbal”, are believed to be members of Lashkar-e-Taibaand helped plan and train the attackers.[102]

3.1 Negotiations with Pakistan

Pakistan initially denied that Pakistanis were responsiblefor the attacks, blaming plotters in Bangladesh and Indiancriminals,[103] a claim refuted by India,[104] and sayingthey needed information from India on other bombingsfirst.[105]

Pakistani authorities finally agreed that Ajmal Kasab wasa Pakistani on 7 January 2009,[24][106][107] and registereda case against three other Pakistani nationals.[108]

The Indian government supplied evidence to Pakistanand other governments, in the form of interrogations,weapons, and call records of conversations during theattacks.[109][110] In addition, Indian government officialssaid that the attacks were so sophisticated that they musthave had official backing from Pakistani “agencies”, anaccusation denied by Pakistan.[96][106]

Under US and UN pressure, Pakistan arrested a fewmembers of Jamaat ud-Dawa and briefly put its founderunder house arrest, but he was found to be free a fewdays later.[111] A year after the attacks, Mumbai po-lice continued to complain that Pakistani authoritieswere not cooperating by providing information for theirinvestigation.[112] Meanwhile, journalists in Pakistan saidsecurity agencies were preventing them from interview-ing people from Kasab’s village.[113][114] Home Minis-ter P. Chidambaram said the Pakistani authorities hadnot shared any information about American suspectsHeadley and   Rana, but that the FBI had been moreforthcoming.[115]

An Indian report, summarising intelligence gained fromIndia’s interrogation of David Headley,[116] was releasedin October 2010. It alleged that Pakistan’s intelli-gence agency (ISI) had provided support for the at-tacks by providing funding for reconnaissance missionsin Mumbai.[117] The report included Headley’s claim thatLashkar-e-Taiba’s chief military commander, Zaki-ur-Rahman Lakhvi, had close ties to the ISI.[116] He allegedthat “every big action of LeT is done in close coordinationwith [the] ISI.”[117]

3.2 Investigation

According to investigations, the attackers travelled by seafrom Karachi, Pakistan, across the Arabian Sea, hijackedthe Indian fishing trawler 'Kuber', killed the crew of four,

then forced the captain to sail to Mumbai. After murder-ing the captain, the attackers entered Mumbai on a rubberdinghy. The captain of 'Kuber', Amar Singh Solanki, had

7/23/2019 2008 Mumbai Attacks

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2008-mumbai-attacks 6/21

6   3 ATTRIBUTION 

Police looking for attackers outside Colaba

earlier been imprisoned for six months in a Pakistani jailfor illegally fishing in Pakistani waters.[118] The attackersstayed and were trained by the Lashkar-e-Taiba in a safe-

house at Azizabad near Karachi before boarding a smallboat for Mumbai.[119]

David Headley was a member of Lashkar-e-Taiba, andbetween 2002 and 2009 Headley travelled extensively aspart of his work for LeT. Headley received training insmall arms and countersurveillance from LeT, built a net-work of connections for the group, and was chief scout inscoping out targets for Mumbai attack[120][121] having al-legedly been given $25,000 in cash in 2006 by an ISI offi-cer known as Major Iqbal, The officer also helped him ar-range a communications system for the attack, and over-saw a model of the Taj Mahal Hotel so that gunmen could

know their way inside the target, according to Headley’stestimony to Indian authorities. Headley also helped ISIrecruit Indian agents to monitor Indian troop levels andmovements, according to a US official. At the same time,Headley was also an informant for the U.S. Drug Enforce-ment Administration, and Headley’s wives warned Amer-ican officials of Headley’s involvement with LeT and hisplotting attacks, warning specifically that the Taj MahalHotel may be their target.[120]

US officials believed that the  Inter-Services Intelligence(I.S.I.) officers provided support to Lashkar-e-Taibamilitants who carried out the attacks.[122]Disclosures

made by former american intelligence contractor EdwardSnowden in 2013 revealed that the Central IntelligenceAgency (CIA) had intercepted communications betweenthe Lashkar boat and the LeT headquarters in Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK) and passed the alert on to RAWon November 18, eight days before the terrorists actuallystruck Mumbai.[123]

The arrest of   Zabiuddin Ansari   alias Abu Hamza inJune 2012 provided further clarity on how the plot washatched. According to Abu Hamza, the attacks werepreviously scheduled for 2006, using Indian youth forthe job. However, a huge cache of AK-47’s and RDX,

which were to be used for the attacks, was recoveredfrom  Aurangabad in 2006, thus leading to the disman-tling of the original plot. Subsequently, Abu Hamza fled

to Pakistan and along with Lashkar commanders, scoutedfor Pakistani youth to be used for the attacks. In Septem-ber 2007, 10 people were selected for the mission. InSeptember 2008, these people tried sailing to Mumbaifrom  Karachi, but couldn't complete their mission dueto choppy waters. These men made a second attempt

in November 2008, and successfully managed to executethe final attacks. David Headley’s disclosures, that threePakistani army officers were associated with the plan-ning and execution of the attack were substantiated byAnsari’s revelations during his interrogation.[124][125] Af-ter Ansari’s arrest, Pakistan’s Foreign Office claimed theyhad received information that up to 40 Indian nationalswere involved in the attacks.[126]

3.3 Method

The attackers had planned the attack several monthsahead of time and knew some areas well enough to van-ish and reappear after security forces had left. Sev-eral sources have quoted Kasab telling the police thatthe group received help from Mumbai residents.[127][128]

The attackers used at least three SIM cards purchased onthe Indian side of the border with Bangladesh.[129] Therewere also reports of a SIM card purchased in the US stateNew Jersey, if this is the case, then this would go backto Iraqi Intelligence Services and Al Qaeda from 9–11and Lashkar or Jemmah Ismaliyah and Egyptian IslamicJihad involvement through Pakistani ISI who had con-nections with Iraqi Intelligence from Saddam Hussein’s

old network of militants.[130] Police had also mentionedthat Faheem Ansari, an Indian Lashkar operative who hadbeen arrested in February 2008, had scouted the Mumbaitargets for the November attacks.[131] Later, the police ar-rested two Indian suspects, Mikhtar Ahmad, who is fromSrinagar in Kashmir, and Tausif Rehman, a resident ofKolkata. They supplied the SIM cards, one in Calcutta,and the other in New Delhi.[132]

Type 86 Grenades made by China’s state-owned Norincowere used in the attacks.[133]

Blood tests on the attackers indicate that they had taken

cocaine and LSD during the attacks, to sustain their en-ergy and stay awake for 50 hours. Police say that theyfound syringes on the scenes of the attacks. There werealso indications that they had been taking steroids.[134]

The gunman who survived said that the attackers had usedGoogle Earth to familiarise themselves with the locationsof buildings used in the attacks.[135]

There were 10 gunmen, nine of whom were subsequentlyshot dead and one captured by security forces.[136][137]

Witnesses reported that they seemed to be in their earlytwenties, wore black T-shirts and jeans, and that theysmiled and looked happy as they shot their victims. [138]

It was initially reported that some of the attackers wereBritish citizens,[139][140] but the Indian government laterstated that there was no evidence to confirm this.[141]

7/23/2019 2008 Mumbai Attacks

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2008-mumbai-attacks 7/21

7

Similarly, early reports of 12 gunmen[142] were also latershown to be incorrect.[109]

On 9 December, the 10 attackers were identified byMumbai police, along with their home towns in Pakistan:Ajmal Amir from Faridkot, Abu Ismail Dera Ismail Khan

from Dera Ismail Khan, Hafiz Arshad and Babr Imranfrom Multan, Javed from Okara, Shoaib from Narowal,Nazih and Nasr from   Faisalabad, Abdul Rahman fromArifwalla, and Fahad Ullah from Dipalpur Taluka. DeraIsmail Khan is in the North-West Frontier Province; therest of the towns are in Pakistani Punjab.[143]

On 6 April 2010, the Home Minister of  MaharashtraState, which includes Mumbai, informed the Assemblythat the bodies of the nine killed Pakistani gunmen fromthe 2008 attack on Mumbai were buried in a secret loca-tion in January 2010. The bodies had been in the mortu-ary of a Mumbai hospital after Muslim clerics in the city

refused to let them be buried on their grounds.

[144]

3.4 Attackers

Only one of the 10 attackers, Ajmal Kasab, survivedthe attack. He was hanged in Yerwada jail in 2012.[145]

Killed during the onslaught were:

1. Abdul Rehman Bada

2. Abdul Rahman Chhota

3. Abu Ali

4. Fahad Ullah

5. Ismail Khan

6. Babar Imran

7. Abu Umar

8. Abu Sohrab

9. Shoaib alias Soheb

3.5 Arrests

Main articles: Ajmal Kasab and Zabiuddin Ansari

Ajmal Kasab was the only attacker arrested alive bypolice.[146] Much of the information about the attackers’preparation, travel, and movements comes from his con-fessions to the Mumbai police.[147]

On 12 February 2009 Pakistan’s Interior MinisterRehman Malik said that Pakistani national Javed Iqbal,who acquired VoIP phones in Spain for the Mumbai at-tackers, and Hamad Ameen Sadiq, who had facilitated

money transfer for the attack, had been arrested.[108] Twoother men known as Khan and Riaz, but whose full nameswere not given, were also arrested.[148] Two Pakistanis

were arrested in   Brescia, Italy (East of  Milan), on 21November 2009, after being accused of providing logis-tical support to the attacks and transferring more thanUS$200 to Internet accounts using a false ID.[149][150]

They had   Red Corner Notices  issued against them byInterpol for their suspected involvement and it was issued

after the last year’s strikes.[151]

In October 2009, two Chicago men were arrested andcharged by the FBI for involvement in “terrorism” abroad,David Coleman Headley and Tahawwur Hussain Rana.Headley, a Pakistani-American, was charged in Novem-ber 2009 with scouting locations for the 2008 Mumbaiattacks.[152][153] Headley is reported to have posed as anAmerican Jew and is believed to have links with militantIslamist groups based in Bangladesh.[154] On 18 March2010, Headley pled guilty to a dozen charges against himthereby avoiding going to trial.

In December 2009, the FBI charged Abdur RehmanHashim Syed, a retired Major in the Pakistani army, forplanning the attacks in association with Headley.[155]

On 15 January 2010, in a successful snatch operationR&AW agents nabbed Sheikh Abdul Khwaja, one of thehandlers of the 26/11 attacks, chief of HuJI India opera-tions and a most wanted suspect in India, from Colombo,Sri Lanka, and brought him over to Hyderabad, India forformal arrest.[156]

On 25 June 2012, the Delhi Police arrested  ZabiuddinAnsari alias Abu Hamza, one of the key suspects in theattack at the Indira Gandhi International Airport in New

Delhi. His arrest was touted as the most significant de-velopment in the case since Kasab’s arrest.[157] Securityagencies had been chasing him for three years in Delhi.Ansari is a Lashker-e-Taiba ultra and the Hindi tutor ofthe 10 attackers who were responsible for the Mumbaiattacks in 2008.[158][159] He was apprehended, after hewas arrested and deported to India by Saudi Intelligenceofficials as per official request by Indian authorities.[160]

After Ansari’s arrest, investigations revealed that in 2009he allegedly stayed for a day in a room in Old Legisla-tors’s Hostel, belonging to Fauzia Khan, a former MLAand minister in Maharashtra Government. The minister,however, denied having any links with him. Home Min-ister P. Chidambaram, asserted that Ansari was provideda safe place in Pakistan and was present in the controlroom, which could not have been established without ac-tive State support. Ansari’s interrogation further revealedthat Sajid Mir and a Pakistani Army major visited Indiaunder fake names as cricket spectators to survey targetsin Delhi and Mumbai for about a fortnight.[161][162][163]

4 Casualties and compensation

Main article: Casualties of the 2008 Mumbai attacks

At least 164 victims (civilians and security per-

7/23/2019 2008 Mumbai Attacks

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2008-mumbai-attacks 8/21

8   5 AFTERMATH 

sonnel) and nine attackers were killed in the at-tacks. Among the dead were 28 foreign nationalsfrom 10 countries.[2][64][164][165][166] One attacker wascaptured.[167] The bodies of many of the dead hostagesshowed signs of torture or disfigurement.[168] A numberof those killed were notable figures in business, media,

and security services.[169][170][171]

According to Maharashtra chief minister Vilasrao Desh-mukh, 15 policemen and two   NSG  commandos werekilled, including the following officers:[172][173]

•   Assistant Police Sub-Inspector   TukaramOmble,[174] who succeeded in capturing a ter-rorist alive, with his bare hands.

•  Joint Commissioner of Police Hemant Karkare, theChief of the Mumbai Anti-Terrorism Squad[175]

•   Additional Commissioner of Police:   AshokKamte[175]

•   Encounter specialist Senior Inspector   VijaySalaskar[175]

•   Senior Inspector Shashank Shinde[175]

•  NSG Commando, Major Sandeep Unnikrishnan

•  NSG Commando, Hawaldar Gajendra Singh

Three railway officials of  Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus

had also been killed in the terror strikes.[176]

The casualties occurred in the following locations,

The   government of Maharashtra   announced about₹500000 (US$7,500) as compensation to the kin of eachof those killed in the terror attacks and about  ₹50000(US$750) to the seriously injured.[190] In August 2009,Indian Hotels Company  and the  Oberoi Group  receivedabout $28 million USD as part-payment of the insuranceclaims, on account of the attacks on  Taj Mahal  and  Tri-

dent , from General Insurance Corporation of India.[191]

5 Aftermath

Main article: Aftermath of the 2008 Mumbai attacks

The attacks are sometimes referred to in India as “26/11”,after the date in 2008 that the attacks began, in similarstyle to the 9/11 attacks in the United States, the 11-M at-tack in Madrid, Spain, and the 7/7 bombings in London,United Kingdom. The Pradhan Inquiry Commission, ap-pointed by the Maharashtra government, produced a re-port that was tabled before the legislative assembly more

than a year after the events. The report said the “war-like” attack was beyond the capacity to respond of anypolice force, but also found fault with the Mumbai Police

Commissioner Hasan Gafoor's lack of leadership duringthe crisis.[192]

The Maharashtra government planned to buy 36 speedboats to patrol the coastal areas and several helicopters forthe same purpose. It also planned to create an anti-terror

force called “Force One” and upgrade all the weaponsthat Mumbai police currently have.[193] Prime MinisterManmohan Singh   on an all-party conference declaredthat legal framework would be strengthened in the battleagainst “terrorism” and a federal anti-terrorist intelligenceand investigation agency, like the FBI, will be set up soonto coordinate action against “terrorism.”[194] The govern-ment strengthened anti-terror laws with UAPA 2008, andthe federal National Investigation Agency was formed.

The attacks further strained India’s slowly recoveringrelationship with Pakistan. India’s then External Af-fairs Minister   Pranab Mukherjee   (presently President

of India) declared that India may indulge in militarystrikes against terror camps in Pakistan to protect itsterritorial integrity. There were also after-effects onthe United States’s relationships with both countries,[195]

the US-led NATO war in Afghanistan,[196] and on theGlobal War on Terror.[197] FBI chief   Robert Muellerpraised the “unprecedented cooperation” between Amer-ican and Indian intelligence agencies  over the Mumbaiterror attack probe.[198] However, Interpol secretary gen-eral  Ronald Noble said that Indian intelligence agenciesdid not share any information with them (Interpol).[199]

A new National Counter Terrorism Centre (NCTC) wasproposed to be set up by the then Home Minister P. chi-dambaram as an office to collect, collate, summarise, in-tegrate, analyse, coordinate and report all informationand inputs received from various intelligence agencies,state police departments, and other ministries and theirdepartments.

5.1 Movement of troops

Pakistan moved troops towards the border with Indiavoicing concerns about the Indian government’s possibleplans to launch attacks on Pakistani soil if it did not co-

operate. After days of talks, the Pakistan government,however, decided to start moving troops away from theborder.[200]

5.2 Reactions

Main article: Reactions to the 2008 Mumbai attacksIndians criticised their political leaders after the attacks,

saying that their ineptness was partly responsible.   The

Times of India  commented on its front page that “Ourpoliticians fiddle as innocents die.”[201] Political reac-

tions in Mumbai and India included a range of resigna-tions and political changes, including the resignations ofMinister for Home Affairs Shivraj Patil,[202] Chief Min-

7/23/2019 2008 Mumbai Attacks

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2008-mumbai-attacks 9/21

9

Candlelight vigils at the Gateway of India in Mumbai 

ister Vilasrao Deshmukh[203] and deputy chief ministerR. R. Patil[204] for controversial reactions to the attackincluding taking the former’s son and Bollywood director

Ram Gopal Verma to tour the damaged Taj Hotel and thelatters remarks that the attacks were not a big deal in sucha large city. Prominent Muslim personalities such as Bol-lywood actor Aamir Khan appealed to their communitymembers in the country to observe Eid al-Adha as a dayof mourning on 9 December.[205] The business establish-ment also reacted, with changes to transport, and requestsfor an increase in self-defence capabilities.[206] The at-tacks also triggered a chain of citizens’ movements acrossIndia such as the India Today Group’s “War Against Ter-ror” campaign. There were vigils held across all of Indiawith candles and placards commemorating the victims of

the attacks.

[207]

The NSG commandos based in Delhi alsomet criticism for taking 10 hours to reach the3 sites underattack.[208][209]

International reaction for the attacks was widespread,with many countries and international organisations con-demning the attacks and expressing their condolences tothe civilian victims. Many important personalities aroundthe world also condemned the attacks.[210]

Media coverage highlighted the use of social media andInternet social networking tools, including  Twitter   andFlickr , in spreading information about the attacks. Inaddition, many Indian bloggers and  Wikipedia   offered

live textual coverage of the attacks.[211] A map of theattacks was set up by a web journalist using   GoogleMaps.[212][213] The New York Times, in July 2009,

Citizens gather outside the   Taj Mahal Palace and Tower  hotel 

demanding the government takes action.

described the event as “what may be the most well-documented terrorist attack anywhere.”[214]

In November 2010, families of American victims of theattacks filed a lawsuit in Brooklyn, New York, namingLt. Gen. Ahmed Shuja Pasha, chief of the I.S.I., as beingcomplicit in the Mumbai attacks. On 22 September 2011,the attack on the American Embassy in Afghanistan, wasattributed to Pakistan via cell phone records identical tothe attacks in Mumbai, also linked to Pakistan. The in-vestigation is on-going.[122]

6 Trials

6.1 Kasab’s trial

Kasab’s trial was delayed due to legal issues, as many In-dian lawyers were unwilling to represent him. A Mum-bai Bar Association passed a resolution proclaiming thatnone of its members would represent Kasab. However,the Chief Justice of India stated that Kasab needed alawyer for a fair trial. A lawyer for Kasab was eventu-ally found, but was replaced due to a conflict of inter-est. On 25 February 2009, Indian investigators filed an11,000-page chargesheet, formally charging Kasab with

murder, conspiracy, and waging war against India amongother charges.

Kasab’s trial began on 6 May 2009. He initially pleadednot guilty, but later admitted his guilt on 20 July 2009. Heinitially apologised for the attacks and claimed that he de-served the death penalty for his crimes, but later retractedthese claims, saying that he had been tortured by police toforce his confession, and that he had been arrested whileroaming the beach. The court had accepted his plea, butdue to the lack of completeness within his admittance,the judge had deemed that many of the 86 charges werenot addressed and therefore the trial continued.

Kasab was convicted of all 86 charges on 3 May 2010.He was found guilty of murder for directly killing sevenpeople, conspiracy to commit murder for the deaths of

7/23/2019 2008 Mumbai Attacks

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2008-mumbai-attacks 10/21

10   8 SEE ALSO 

the 164 people killed in the three-day terror siege, wag-ing war against India, causing terror, and of conspiracy tomurder two high-ranking police officers. On 6 May 2010,he was sentenced to death by hanging.[215] [216] [217][218]

However, he appealed his sentence at high court. On 21February 2011, the Bombay High Court upheld the death

sentence of Kasab, dismissing his appeal.[219]

On 29 August 2012, the Indian Supreme Court upheldthe death sentence for Kasab. The court stated, “We areleft with no option but to award death penalty. The pri-mary and foremost offence committed by Kasab is wag-ing war against the Government of India.”[220] The verdictfollowed 10 weeks of appeal hearings, and was decidedby a two-judge Supreme Court panel, which was led byJudge Aftab Alam. The panel rejected arguments thatKasab was denied a free and fair trial.[221]

Kasab filed a mercy petition with the President of India,

which was rejected on 5 November . Kasab was hangedin Pune’s Yerwada jail in secret on 21 November 2012 at7:30 am and naming the operation as operation 'X'. TheIndian mission in Islamabad informed the Pakistan gov-ernment about Kasab’s hanging through letter. Pakistanrefused to take the letter, which was then faxed to them.His family in Pakistan was sent news of his hanging via acourier.[222]

6.2 In Pakistan

Indian and Pakistani police have exchanged  DNA evi-dence, photographs and items found with the attackersto piece together a detailed portrait of the Mumbai plot.Police in Pakistan have arrested seven people, includingHammad Amin Sadiq, a homoeopathic pharmacist, whoarranged bank accounts and secured supplies. Sadiq andsix others begin their formal trial on 3 October 2009 inPakistan, though Indian authorities say the prosecutionstops well short of top Lashkar leaders.[223] In November2009, Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh said thatPakistan has not done enough to bring the perpetrators ofthe attacks to justice.[224]

An eight-member commission comprising defencelawyers, prosecutors and a court official was allowed totravel to India on 15 March 2013 to gather evidencesfor the prosecution of seven suspects linked to the2008 Mumbai attacks. However, the defence lawyerswere barred from cross-examining the four prosecutionwitnesses in the case including Ajmal Kasab.[225][226]

On the eve of the first anniversary of 26/11, a Pakistanianti-terror court formally charged seven accused, in-cluding LeT operations commander   Zaki ur RehmanLakhvi. However the actual trial started on 5 May 2012.The Pakistani court conducting trial of Mumbai attacksaccused, reserved its judgement on the application filed

by Lakhvi, challenging the report of the judicial panel,to 17 July 2012.[227] On 17 July 2012, the court refusedto take the findings of the Pakistani judicial commission

as part of the evidence. It however, ruled that if a newagreement that allows panel’s examination of witnesses,is reached, the prosecution may move an application forsending the panel to Mumbai.[228] The Indian Govern-ment upset over the court ruling, however,contendedthat evidence collected by the Pakistani judicial panel

has evidential value to punish all those involved in theattack.[229] On 21-September-2013, a Pakistani judicialcommission arrived in India to carry out the investigationand to cross examine the witnesses. This is the secondsuch visit, the one in March 2012 was not a success[230]

as its report was rejected by an anti-terrorism court inPakistan due to lack of evidence.

6.3 In the United States

The LeT operative  David Headley  (born Daood Sayed

Gilani) in his testimony before a Chicago federal courtduring co-accused Tahawwur Rana's trial revealed thatMumbai Chabad House was added to the list of targetsfor surveillance given by his  Inter Services Intelligencehandler Major Iqbal, though the   Oberoi hotel, one ofthe sites attacked, was not originally on the list.[231] On10 June 2011,   Tahawwur Rana   was acquitted of plot-ting the 2008 Mumbai attacks, but was held guilty on twoother charges.[232] He was sentenced to 14 years in federalprison on 17 January 2013.[233]

David Headley pleaded guilty to 12 counts related to theattacks, including conspiracy to commit murder in India

and aiding and abetting in the murder of six Americans.On 23 January 2013, he was sentenced to 35 years in fed-eral prison. His plea that he not be extradited to India,Pakistan or Denmark was accepted.[234]

7 Memorials

On the first anniversary of the event, the state paidhomage to the victims of the attack.  Force One—a newsecurity force created by the Maharashtra government—staged a parade from Nariman Point to Chowpatty. Other

memorials and  candlelight vigils were also organised atthe various locations where the attacks occurred.[235]

On thesecond anniversary of the event, homage was againpaid to the victims.[236]

8 See also

•  1993 Bombay bombings

•  2006 Mumbai train bombings

•  November 2015 Paris attacks

•   Phantom

7/23/2019 2008 Mumbai Attacks

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2008-mumbai-attacks 11/21

11

•   Survivor registry

•  The Attacks of 26/11

•  Westgate centre shootings

•  The Siege: The Attack on the Taj 

•   Sarah Avraham

9 References

[1] Magnier, Mark; Sharma, Subhash (27 November 2008).

“India terrorist attacks leave at least101 dead in Mumbai”.

Los Angeles Times . p. A1. Retrieved 28 November 2008.

[2]   “HM announces measures to enhance security” (Press re-

lease). Press Information Bureau (Government of India).

11 December 2008. Retrieved 14 December 2008.

[3] Masood, Salman (12 February 2009).   “Pakistan An-

nounces Arrests for Mumbai Attacks”. New York Times.

Retrieved 12 February 2009.

[4] Haider, Kamran (12 February 2009).   “Pakistan says it

arrests Mumbai attack plotters”. Reuters. Retrieved 12

February 2009.

[5]  Pakistan admits Pakistanis, LeT training camps used for

Mumbai attacks. The News Tribe (12 November 2012).

Retrieved on 2014-06-19.

[6] Nelson, Dean. (8 July 2009)   Pakistani president Asif

Zardari admits creating terrorist groups. Telegraph. Re-trieved on 2014-06-19.

[7]   Pakistan admits Mumbai terror link | The National. Then-

ational.ae (12 February 2009). Retrieved on 2014-06-19.

[8]   Press Trust of India (27 November 2008). “Army prepar-

ing for final assault, says Major General Hooda”.   The

Times of India (India). Retrieved 10 December 2008.

[9]   “India Blames Pakistan as Mumbai Siege Ends”. DW. 29

November 2008. Retrieved 15 July 2011.

[10] Star, Barbara; Black, Phil (27 November 2008).   “Who

is to blame for Mumbai attacks?".   CNN . Retrieved 28

November 2008.

[11] Friedman, Thomas (17 February 2009).   “No Way, No

How, Not Here”.   The New York Times .   Archived from

the original on 20 April 2010. Retrieved 17 May 2010.

[12]   Indian Muslims hailed for not burying 26/11 attackers ,

Sify News, 19 February 2009, retrieved 15 July 2011

[13] Schifrin, Nick (25 November 2009).  “Mumbai Terror At-

tacks: 7 Pakistanis Charged – Action Comes a Year After

India’s Worst Terrorist Attacks; 164 Die.”.   ABC News.

Retrieved 17 May 2010.

[14] Black, Ian (28 November 2008).   “Attacks draw world-

wide condemnation”.  The Guardian (UK). Archived fromthe original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 5 December

2008.

[15]  “Wave of Terror Attacks Strikes India’s Mumbai, Killing

at Least 182”. Fox News Channel. 27 November 2008.

Archived   from the original on 4 December 2008. Re-

trieved 3 December 2008.

[16] Kahn, Jeremy (2 December 2008).   “Jews of Mumbai,

a Tiny and Eclectic Group, Suddenly Reconsider Their

Serene Existence”.  The New York Times .   Archived from

the original on 6 December 2008. Retrieved 3 December

2008.

[17] Magnier, Mark (3 December 2008). “Mumbai police of-

ficers describe nightmare of attack”.   Los Angeles Times .

Archived from   the original   on 6 December 2008. Re-

trieved 3 December 2008.

[18]  “Tracing the terror route”.  The Indian Express  (India). 10

December 2008.   Archived from the original on 28 May

2009. Retrieved 9 December 2008.

[19]  “Police declare Mumbai siege over”. BBC. 29 November

2008. Archived from the original on 29 November 2008.

Retrieved 29 November 2008.

[20]   “Terrorist’s name lost in transliteration”.   The Hindu

(Chennai, India). 6 December 2008.   Archived from the

original on 8 December 2008. Retrieved 7 December

2008.

[21]   “Lashkar-e-Taiba (Army of the Pure) (aka Lashkar e-

Tayyiba, Lashkar e-Toiba; Lashkar-i-Taiba) – Council on

Foreign Relations”. Cfr.org. Archived from the original

on 8 January 2011. Retrieved 31 December 2010.

[22] Schmitt, Eric; Somini Sengupta, Jane Perlez (3 December

2008). “US and India See Link to Militants in Pakistan”.

The New York Times . Retrieved 3 December 2008.

[23] Somini Sengupta and Eric Schmitt (3 December 2008).

“Ex-US Official Cites Pakistani Training for India Attack-

ers”.  The New York Times .  Archived from the original on

9 February 2009. Retrieved 14 February 2009.

[24]   “Pakistan Continues to ResistIndia Pressure on Mumbai”.

Time. 8 January 2009.   Archived from the original on 14

January 2009. Retrieved 8 January 2009.

[25]  “Pak court grants bail to Mumbai terror attack accused

Lakhvi”. Yahoo. 9 January 2015. Retrieved 9 January

2015.

[26]   “Lakhvi gets bail, again”. Dawn, Pakistan. Retrieved 9

January 2015.

[27]   “1993: Bombay hit by devastating bombs”. BBC. 12

March 1993.   Archived from the original on 11 Decem-

ber 2008. Retrieved 12 November 2010.

[28] Monica Chadha (12 September 2006).   “Victims await

Mumbai 1993 blasts justice”. BBC.  Archived from the

original on 10 December 2008. Retrieved 12 November

2008.

[29]   “Blast outside Ghatkopar station in Mumbai, 10 killed”.rediff.com India Limited. 6 December 2002. Retrieved

19 August 2008.

7/23/2019 2008 Mumbai Attacks

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2008-mumbai-attacks 12/21

12   9 REFERENCES 

[30]   “1992: Mob rips apart mosque in Ayodhya”. BBC. 6 De-

cember 1992. Archived from the original on 7 December

2008. Retrieved 11 November 2008.

[31]   “1 killed, 25 hurt in Vile Parle blast”.  The Times of India

(India). 28 January 2003. Retrieved 19 August 2008.

[32]   “Fear after Bombay train blast”. BBC. 14 March 2003.Retrieved 19 August 2008.

[33] Vijay Singh, Syed Firdaus Ashra (29 July 2003).   “Blast

in Ghatkopar in Mumbai, 4 killed and 32 injured”.

rediff.com India Limited.   Archived from the original on

8 September 2008. Retrieved 19 August 2008.

[34]   “2003: Bombay rocked by twin car bombs”. BBC. 25

August 2003. Retrieved 19 August 2008.

[35]  “For the record: The 11/7 chargesheet”. rediff.com India

Limited. 11 July 2008. Retrieved 19 August 2008.

[36]   “India: A major terror target”.   The Times of India (India).

30 October 2008. Retrieved 11 November 2008.

[37]   http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/11/26/

india.attacks/

[38] Dwight Hamilton; Kostas Rimsa (19 November 2007).

Terror Threat: International and Homegrown Terrorists 

and Their Threat to Canada. Dundurn Press Ltd. p.

103.   ISBN 978-1-55002-736-5. Retrieved 28 Septem-

ber 2011.

[39]   “Rs 50, 000 not enough for injured”.   Indian Express

Newspapers (Mumbai) Ltd.   21 July 2006. Retrieved 11

November 2008.

[40]   Editorial – K. Jaishankar – IJCJS vol 2 issue 2 July–December, 2008. Sascv.org. Retrieved on 19 June 2014.

[41]   “India police: Indian Government spy agency behind

Mumbai bombings”. CNN. 1 October 2006. Retrieved

11 November 2008.

[42]  “Mumbai Police blames ISI, LeT for 7/11 blasts”.   The

Times of India (India). 30 September 2006. Retrieved 11

November 2008.

[43] Blakely, Rhys (2 December 2008).   “City fears five ter-

rorists are missing”.   The Times   (London). Retrieved 23

April 2010.(subscription required)

[44] Rahman, Maseeh; Jones, Sam (1 December 2008).“Rumours abound as inquiry begins its search for truth” .

The Guardian (London).  Archived from the original on 2

December 2008. Retrieved 1 December 2008.

[45] Swami, Praveen (2 December 2008). “A journey into the

Lashkar”.  The Hindu (Chennai).

[46] Schmitt, Eric; Sengupta, Somini (4 December 2008).

“New York Times, Quoting a former US defence official”.

The New York Times . Retrieved 23 April 2010.

[47] Williams, Matthias (2008-11-29).  “Militants in Mumbai

wanted an Indian 9/11”.   Reuters . Retrieved 2015-11-16.

[48] Lakshmi, Rama (3 December 2008).   “Details EmergeFrom Sole Arrested Gunman”.  The Washington Post . Re-

trieved 3 December 2008.

[49] Schmitt, Eric; Sengupta, Somini (3 December 2008).

“Ex-U.S. Official Cites Pakistani Training for India At-

tackers”.  The New York Times .   Archived from the origi-

nal on 6 December 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2008.

[50] Moreau, Ron; Mazumdar, Sudip (27 November 2008).

“The Pakistan Connection”.   Newsweek .   Archived from

the original on 6 December 2008. Retrieved 28 Novem-ber 2008.

[51]   “3 witnesses identify Kasab, court takes on record CCTV

footage”.   The Economic Times   (India). 17 June 2009.

Archived from the original on 20 June 2009. Retrieved

17 June 2009.

[52]  “Photographer recalls Mumbai attacks”.  The News Inter-

national . 16 June 2009. Archived from the original on 20

June 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2009.

[53]   “26/11 attacks: Two years on, rail announcer Vishnu

Zende has moved on”. DNA. PTI. 24 November 2010.

Retrieved 8 May 2015.

[54] Raghavendra Rao (14 December 2008). “CST announcer

who saved lives rewarded”. Indian Express.

[55]   “Judgement, THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE

AT BOMBAY], THE JUDGMENT RESERVED : 7

FEBRUARY 2011; THE ORDER IS PRONOUNCED:

21 FEBRUARY 2011”.  The Times Of India.

[56]  “Info from cop in Karkare’s jeep led to Kasab’s arrest” .

Mid Day. 3 December 2008.   Archived from the original

on 17 June 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2011.

[57]  “Mumbai gunman guilty of 'act of war'".   The National

(Abu Dhabi). 4 May 2010. Retrieved 15 July 2011.

[58]   “Jukexboxes on the Moon: Stardom is martyrdom: In-

dia arrives in the American imagination”. Triple Canopy.

Retrieved 15 July 2011.

[59] Blakely, Rhys; Page, Jeremy (1 December 2008).

“Defiant Leopold café shows that Mumbai is not afraid”.

The Times  (UK). Retrieved 19 March 2009.

[60]  “Leopold Cafe reopens amidst desolation”.  Deccan Her-

ald  (India). 1 December 2008. Archived from the original

on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 19 March 2009.

[61]   “Mumbai attack: Timeline of how the terror unfolded”.

Daily Mirror . UK. 27 November 2008.   Archived fromthe original on 28 May 2009. Retrieved 25 May 2009.

[62]  “Taj Hotel Burns, 2 Terrorists Killed”.   CNN IBN. 27

November 2008. Retrieved 27 November 2008.

[63]   “Taj Hotel Attacked”. TTKN News. 27 November 2008.

Retrieved 27 November 2008.

[64]   “Scores killed in Mumbai rampage”. CNN. 26 November

2008.   Archived from the original on 2 December 2008.

Retrieved 26 November 2008.

[65] Stevens, Andrew; Kapur, Mallika; O'Sullivan, Phil;

Turner, Phillip; Hiranand, Ravi; Wong, Yasmin; Shah

Singh, Harmeet (27 November 2008). “Fighting reportedat Mumbai Jewish center”. CNN. Archived from the orig-

inal on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 28 November 2008.

7/23/2019 2008 Mumbai Attacks

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2008-mumbai-attacks 13/21

13

[66] Charter, David (27 November 2008). “Tory MEPflees for

his life as gunman starts spraying the hotel bar with bul-

lets”.  The Times  (London). Retrieved 21 February 2008.

[67]   “EU trade delegation in Mumbai safe, delegate says”.

Deutsche Presse-Agentur. 27 November 2008. Retrieved

23 February 2009.

[68] Charter, David (27 November 2008).  “Tory MEP flees

for his life as gunman starts spraying the hotel bar with

bullets”.  The Times  (UK). Retrieved 27 November 2008.

[69]   “EU parliament staff member wounded in India

shootout”. EU business. 27 November 2008. Archived

from  the original   on 3 December 2008. Retrieved 21

February 2009.

[70]   MEP attacks EU consular reaction in Mumbai,

PHILIPPA RUNNER, 8 December 2008 @ 17:19 CET,

EUobserver 

[71]  “Relacja Polaka z piekła”  (in Polish). Reuters, TVN24.27 November 2008. Retrieved 21 February 2009.

[72]   “EU parliament staff member wounded in India

shootout”.   The Economic Times   (India). 27 November

2008. Retrieved 21 February 2009.

[73] Press Trust of India (27 November 2008).   “200 people

held hostage at Taj Hotel”. NDTV. Retrieved21 February

2009.

[74] Thomson, Alice; Rachel Sylvester (27 November 2008).

“Sir Gulam Noon, British 'Curry King': how I escaped

bombed hotel”.  The Times  (UK). Retrieved 27 November

2008.

[75] Vaakov Lappin (29 November 2008).   “Consulate: Un-

specified number of Israelis missing in Mumbai”.   The

Jerusalem Post . Retrieved 27 November 2008.

[76]  “NSG ends reign of terror at Nariman”.  The Times of In-

dia (India). 29 November 2008. Retrieved 23 February

2009.

[77]   “Siege at Nariman House ends, two terrorists killed”.  The

Hindu (Chennai, India). 29 November 2008.

[78] Daniel Trotta (28 November 2008).   “Rabbi killed in

Mumbaihad gone to serve Jews”. Reuters. Archived from

the original on 3 December 2008. Retrieved 29 Novem-ber 2008.

[79] Gee, Alastair (1 November 2009),  “Mumbai terror at-

tacks: And then they came for the Jews”, The Times  (Lon-

don), retrieved 15 July 2011

[80] Gee, Alastair, “And then they came for the Jews”, Samoa

Observer , retrieved 15 July 2011

[81] Pasricha, Anjana (27 November 2008).   “Commandos

Launch Operations to Clear Luxury Hotels Seized by

Gunmen in Mumbai”.   VOA News   (Voice of America).

Archived from the original on 17 July 2011.

[82]   “We want all Mujahideen released: Terrorist insideOberoi”.  The Times of India (India). 27 November 2008.

Retrieved 27 November 2008.

[83] Patrick Frater (30 November 2008).   “Indian journalists

in media firestorm”.   Variety.   Archived from the original

on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 1 December 2008.

[84]   “Mumbai operation appears nearly over”. CNN. 29

November 2008.   Archived from the original on 8 March

2009. Retrieved 23 February 2009.

[85]   “Oberoi standoff ends”. CNN. 28 November 2008.

Archived from the original   on 23 July 2011. Retrieved

7 March 2009.

[86]   “Terrorists had no plan to blow up Taj: NSG DG”. Rediff.

Retrieved 26 November 2009.

[87]   “NSG commando recounts gunfight withterrorists”. CNN

IBN. Retrieved 26 November 2009.

[88] Blakely, Rhys (22 December 2008). “A taste of defiance

as massacre hotel opens for high tea”.   The Times  (UK).

Retrieved 8 January 2011.

[89] Keith Bradsher and Somini Sengupta (28 November

2008).   “Commandos storm Jewish center in Mumbai”.

International Herald Tribune.   Archived from the original

on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 28 November 2008.

[90]   “Mumbai takes back control from terrorists”. TTKN Ox-

ford. 28 November 2008.   Archived from the original on

28 December 2008. Retrieved 28 November 2008.

[91]  “Gunbattle enters third day, intense firing at Taj hotel” .

28 November 2008.   Archived from the original on 1 De-

cember 2008. Retrieved 28 November 2008.

[92]   “Taj operation over, three terrorists killed”.   Hindustan

Times   (India). 29 November 2008. Archived from theoriginal  on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 29 November

2008.

[93]  “Battle for Mumbai ends, death toll rises to 195” .   The

Times of India (India). 29 November 2008. Retrieved 21

February 2009.

[94]  “Timeline: one night of slaughter and mayhem”.   Evening

Standard . 27 November 2008. Archived from the original

on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 1 December 2008.

[95] Perlez, Jane; Masood, Salman (27 July 2009).   “Terror

Ties Run Deep in Pakistan, Mumbai Case Shows”.   The

New York Times . p. A4.

[96] Schmitt, Eric; Sengupta, Somini (4 December 2008).

“Ex-US Official Cites Pakistani Training for India Attack-

ers”.  The New York Times . Retrieved 3 December 2008.

[97] Hussain, Zahid (28 July 2009). “Islamabad Tells of Plot

by Lashkar”.   The Wall Street Journal   (Islamabad). Re-

trieved 28 July 2009.

[98] Schifrin, Nick (25 November 2009). “Mumbai terror at-

tacks: 7 Pakistanis charged”. ABC News. Archived from

the original on 27 November 2009. Retrieved 1 Decem-

ber 2009.

[99] Rhys Blakely (26 February 2009).   “Pakistani Armycolonel 'was involved' in Mumbai terror attacks”.   The

Times  (London). Retrieved 26 February 2009.

7/23/2019 2008 Mumbai Attacks

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2008-mumbai-attacks 14/21

14   9 REFERENCES 

[100]   “Who are David Headley, Tahawwur Rana?". CNN IBN.

17 November 2009.   Archived from the original on 21

November 2009. Retrieved 21 November 2009.

[101] Mohan, Vishwa (7 November 2009). “Headley link traced

to Pak, 2 LeT men arrested”.  The Times of India  (India).

Retrieved 21 November 2009.

[102]   Associated Press, “Four more men charged in Mumbai

attack”, Japan Times , 27 April 2011, p. 4.

[103] Baqir Sajjad Syed and Mohammad Asghar (9 February

2009). “Investigators see Bangladesh link in Mumbai ter-

ror attacks”.  Dawn. Archived fromthe original on 28 May

2009. Retrieved 10 February 2009.

[104]   “Chidambaram asserts 26/11 originated from Pak soil”.

The Hindu (Chennai, India). 9 February 2009. Retrieved

21 February 2009.

[105] Shakeel Ahmad (16 February 2009).   “Samjhota, Mum-

bai attacks linked, says Qureshi”.   Dawn.   Archived fromthe original on 19 February 2009. Retrieved 16 February

2009.

[106] Richard A. Oppel and Salman Masood (7 January 2009).

“Gunman in Mumbai Siege a Pakistani, Official Says”.

The New York Times .   Archived from the original on 1

March 2009. Retrieved 21 February 2009.

[107] Mubashir Zaidi (7 January 2009).   “Surviving gunman’s

identity established as Pakistani”.   Dawn.   Archived from

the original on 28 May 2009. Retrieved 7 January 2009.

[108]  “Part of 26/11 plan made on our land, admits Pakistan”.

NDTV. 12 February 2009.  Archived from the original on13 February 2009. Retrieved 12 February 2009.

[109] Somini Sengupta (6 January 2009). “Dossier From India

Gives New Details of Mumbai Attacks”.   The New York 

Times .   Archived from the original on 21 February 2009.

Retrieved 14 February 2009.

[110] Anirban Bhaumik (4 January 2009).  “PC heads for US

with 26/11 proof”.  Deccan Herald   (India). Retrieved 21

February 2009.

[111] Rupert, James (28 January 2009).   “Pakistan’s Partial

Crackdown Lets Imams Preach Jihad”.   Bloomberg. Re-

trieved 6 December 2009.

[112] Praveen Swami (23 November 2009). “Missing evidence

mars Mumbai massacre probe”.  The Hindu (Chennai, In-

dia). Retrieved 15 July 2011.

[113] Reporters Without Borders (13 November 2009).  “Two

journalists held after helping media probe Mumbai at-

tacker’s background”. Reporters Without Borders. Re-

trieved 15 July 2011.

[114] Nirupama Subramanian (24 November 2009).   “Kasab’s

village remains a no-go area for journalists”.   The Hindu

(Chennai, India). Retrieved 15 July 2011.

[115] PTI (1 December 2009).   “No information on Headley,Rana from Pakistan, says Home Minister Chidambaram”.

The Times of India  (India). Retrieved 15 July 2011.

[116]   “Indian gov't: Pakistan spies tied to Mumbai siege”.

Yahoo! News. Associated Press. 19 October 2010.

Archived from   the original   on 21 October 2010. Re-

trieved 20 October 2010.

[117]   “Report: Pakistan Spies Tied to Mumbai Siege”. Fox

News Channel. Associated Press. 19 October 2010.

Archived from the original on 22 November 2010. Re-

trieved 20 October 2010.

[118]  “Slain navigator of Porbandar trawler was imprisoned in

Pak”.  The Economic Times   (India). 30 September 2008.

Archived from the original on 28 May 2009. Retrieved 15

February 2009.

[119]  “Terror boat was almost nabbed off Mumbai”.   The Eco-

nomic Times   (India). 10 December 2008. Retrieved 17

May 2010.

[120]   New York Times , 16 October 2010 “US Had

Warnings on Plotter of Mumbai Attack,”   http:

//www.nytimes.com/2010/10/17/world/asia/17headley.

html?pagewanted=1&_r=1&ref=global-home

[121] Pro Publica, 15 October 2010 “FBI Was Warned

Years in Advance of Mumbai Attacker’s Ter-

ror Ties,”   http://www.propublica.org/article/

mumbai-plot-fbi-was-warned-years-in-advance

[122] New York Times, 17 December 2010 “Top US

Spy Leaves Pakistan After His Name Is Revealed,”

http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/18/world/asia/

18pstan.html?hp

[123]   https://in.news.yahoo.com/

why-india-didnt-strike-pakistan-221055284.html

[124]   “26/11: Abu Jundal names same Pak army officers as

Headley did”.  The Times Of India. 3 July 2012.

[125]   “26/11 had been planned originally for 2006, reveals Abu

Hamza”. NDTV. 26 June 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2012.

[126]   “26/11: Pakistan says Mumbai attackers were helped by

40 Indians”.  The Times of India. 2 July 2012. Retrieved

2 July 2012.

[127] Ali, S Ahmed (30 November 2008).   “Mumbai locals

helped us, terrorist tells cops”.  The Times of India  (In-

dia). Retrieved 30 November 2008.

[128] Sheela Bhatt (27 November 2008).  “Exclusive: LeT ter-

rorist Ismail arrested in Mumbai”.  Rediff.com.  Archived

from the original on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 29

November 2008.

[129] Ishaan Tharoor (4 December 2008).  “Pakistani Involve-

ment in the Mumbai Attacks”.  Time. Retrieved 21 Febru-

ary 2009.

[130] Rhys Blakely (4 December 2008). “Mumbai gunman says

he was paid $1,900 for attack – as new CCTV emerges”.

The Times  (UK). Retrieved 21 February 2009.

[131]   “Indian 'scouted attack' in Mumbai”.   Herald Sun  (Aus-

tralia). 6 December 2008. Retrieved 21 February 2009.

7/23/2019 2008 Mumbai Attacks

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2008-mumbai-attacks 15/21

15

[132]   “Two men accused of providing SIM cards to Mumbai at-

tackers”.  CBC News. 6 December 2008.   Archived from

the original on 22 March 2009. Retrieved 21 February

2009.

[133] Chang, Gordon G. (13 August 2009).   “India’s China

Problem –".  Forbes . Retrieved 31 December 2010.

[134] Damien McElroy (3 December 2008).  “Mumbai attacks

Terrorists took cocaine to stay awake during assault”.  The

Daily Telegraph (London). Archived from the original on

9 February 2009. Retrieved 21 February 2009.

[135] Rahul Bedi (9 December 2008).  “Mumbai attacks: Indian

suit against Google Earth over image use by terrorists”.

The Daily Telegraph (London).   Archived from the origi-

nal on 11 February 2009. Retrieved 20 February 2009.

[136] Somini Sengupta and Keith Bradsher (29 November

2008).   “India Faces Reckoning as Terror Toll Eclipses

170”.  The New York Times . Retrieved 21 February 2009.

[137] Rakesh Prakash (29 November 2008).   “Please give me

saline”.   The Times of India   (India: Bangalore Mirror).

Archived from the original on 2 March 2009. Retrieved

21 February 2009.

[138] Ramesh, Randeep (28 November 2008).   “They were in

no hurry. Cool and composed, they killed and killed”.

The Guardian (UK). Archived from the original on 1 De-

cember 2008. Retrieved 29 November 2008.

[139] Balakrishnan, Angela (28 November 2008).   “Claims

emerge of British terrorists in Mumbai”.   The Guardian

(London). Retrieved 29 November 2008.

[140] Tom Morgan (28 November 2008).   “Arrested Mumbai

gunmen 'of British descent'".   The Independent   (UK).

Archived from   the original   on 1 December 2008. Re-

trieved 28 November 2008.

[141] Jon Swaine (28 November 2008). “Mumbai attack: Gov-

ernment 'has no evidence of British involvement'".   The

Daily Telegraph (London). Archived from the original on

2 February 2009. Retrieved 28 February 2009.

[142] McElroy, Damien (6 December 2008). “Mumbai attacks:

police admit there were more than ten attackers”.   The

Daily Telegraph (London). Retrieved 4 August 2009.

[143] Jeremy Kahn and Robert F. Worth (9 December 2008).

“Mumbai Attackers Called Part of Larger Band of Re-cruits”.   The New York Times . Retrieved 21 February

2009.

[144]   Bodies of nine Mumbai gunmen buried secretly in

JanReuters, Tue 6 April 2010 10:26 pm IST

[145]   “Bodies of 9 terrorists of 2611 disposed off”.

[146] Swami, Praveen (2 December 2008). “A journey into the

Lashkar”.   The Hindu   (Chennai, India).   Archived from

the original on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 5 December

2008.

[147]   “Planned 9/11 at Taj, reveals caught terrorist”. Zee News.

29 November 2008. Retrieved 21 February 2009.

[148] Kamran Haider (12 February 2009). “Pakistan says it ar-

rests Mumbai attack plotters”. Reuters. Archived from

the original on 25 June 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2012.

[149]   “Italy arrests two for Mumbai attacks”.  The Hindu (India).

21 November 2009. Retrieved 21 November 2009.

[150]  “Two Pakistanis arrested in connection with Mumbai at-tacks”. France 24. 21 November 2009. Retrieved 14

August 2011.

[151]  “Pak mum on 26/11 terror duo held in Italy”.  The Times 

of India. India. Retrieved 1 September 2011.

[152]   “Mumbai police probe David Headley’s links to 26/11 at-

tacks”.   Daily News and Analysis   (India). 8 November

2009. Archived from the original on 16 November 2009.

Retrieved 16 November 2009.

[153]  “India Plans to Try Chicago Man For Mumbai Attacks”.

The New York Times . Reuters. 8 December 2009. Re-

trieved 15 July 2011.[154] Josy Joseph (9 November 2009).  “David Headley posed

as Jew in Mumbai”.   Daily News and Analysis  (India).

Archived from the original on 12 November 2009. Re-

trieved 16 November 2009.

[155]   “FBI nails Pak Major for Mumbai attacks”.  The Economic 

Times . 9 December 2009. Retrieved 9 December 2009.

[156]   26/11 attacks handler arrested Hindustan Times , Abhishek

Sharan & Ashok Das, Delhi/Hyderabad, 18 January 2010

[157]   “Key 26/11 conspirator Abu Hamza arrested at IGI airport

in Delhi”.   IBN Live. 25 June 2012. Retrieved 25 June

2012.

[158]   “Key Mumbai terror attack handler arrested in Delhi”.

The Times Of India. 25 June 2012.

[159] Swami, Praveen (25 June 2012). “Key 26/11 terrorist ar-

rested”.   The Hindu   (Chennai, India). Retrieved 25 June

2012.

[160]   “26/11 suspect Abu Jundal in Delhi Police net – India

News – IBNLive”. Ibnlive.in.com. 28 June 2012. Re-

trieved 7 November 2012.

[161]   “Pakistan used cricket diplomacy to survey terror targets”.

The Times Of India. 30 June 2012.

[162]   “Jundal had a very safe haven in Pakistan: Chi-

dambaram”. 29 June 2012.

[163]   “Maharashtra minister denies links with Jundal, saysready

for probe”. 26 June 2012.

[164]  “Indian forces storm Jewish centre”. BBC News. 27

November 2008.   Archived   from the original on 28

November 2008. Retrieved 27 November 2008.

[165]   “One Japanese killed, another wounded in Mumbai shoot-

ings”. Channel NewsAsia.   Archived from the original on

3 December 2008. Retrieved 26 November 2008.

[166] P.S. Suryanarayana (27 November 2008). “Caught in thecrossfire, 9 foreign nationals killed”.  The Hindu (Chennai,

India). Retrieved 27 November 2008.

7/23/2019 2008 Mumbai Attacks

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2008-mumbai-attacks 16/21

16   9 REFERENCES 

[167] Stevens, Andrew; Kapur, Mallika; Shah Singh, Harmeet;

Ahmed, Saeed; Sidner, Sara; Vinci, Alessio; Sayah, Reza;

Newton,   Paula  (29 November 2008).   “Indian official:

Terrorists wanted to kill 5,000”. CNN.  Archived from

the original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 30 Novem-

ber 2008.

[168] Krishnakumar P and Vicky Nanjappa (30 November2008).   “Rediff: Doctors shocked at hostages’s torture”.

Rediff.com. Archived from the original on 5 March 2009.

Retrieved 21 February 2009.

[169] Naughton, Philippe (27 November 2008). “British yacht-

ing tycoon Andreas Liveras killed in Bombay terror at-

tacks”.  The Times  (UK). Retrieved 27 November 2008.

[170]   “Three top cops die on duty”.  The Times of India (India).

27 November 2008. Retrieved 27 November 2008.

[171]   “Indian victims include financier, journalist, actor’s sister,

police”. CNN. 30 November 2008.   Archived from the

original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 30 November2008.

[172]  “Indian forces storm Jewish centre”.   BBC News. 27

November 2008. Retrieved 27 November 2008.

[173]   “Indian victims include financier, journalist, actor’s sister,

police - CNN.com”.  CNN . 30 November 2008. Retrieved

28 April 2010.

[174]

[175]  “Three top cops die on duty”. The Times of India. 27

November 2008. Retrieved 27 November 2008.

[176]  Three rly men killed in CST encounter

[177] Sullivan, Tim; Ravi Nessman (30 November 2008).

“India terror begins with corpses on train platform”.   AP

via Yahoo! News. Retrieved 9 November 2008.

[178]   Of 58 killed at terminus, 22 were Muslims, The Times of 

India (3 December 2008)

[179] Blakely, Rhys and Jeremy Pag (1 December 2008).

“Defiant Leopold café shows that Mumbai is not afraid”.

The Times  (London). Retrieved 30 November 2008.

[180] Blakely, Rhys; Page, Jeremy (1 December 2008).

“Defiant Leopold caf shows that Mumbai is not afraid” .

The Times  (London). Retrieved 28 April 2010.

[181]  “Scores killed in Mumbai attacks”.

[182]  “Topic Galleries”.  Chicago Tribune.

[183]   http://www.taratv.com/national.php?task=full&newsid=

4384

[184]   “India under attack”.   The Economist print edition  (The

Economist). 27 November 2008. Retrieved 28 November

2008.

[185]  “Mumbai terror kills 65”.

[186]   “Encounter on at Nariman House in South Mumbai”.

[187]   http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/11/28/news/

ML-Israel-India.php

[188]   http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/politics/

slain-nsg-commando-paid-tributes-at-special-ceremony-in-delhi_

100125076.html

[189]  TERROR TAKES OVER MUMBAI. The Statesman.

[190]   “Key developments in Mumbai terror attacks”.  The Hindu

(India). 27 November 2008. Retrieved 15 July 2011.

[191]  “Taj, Oberoi get Rs 140 cr as terror insurance claims so

far”.  Business Line. 15 August 2009. Archived from the

original  on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 31 December 2010.

[192] “There was absence of overt leadership on the part of

Hasan Gafoor, the CP, and lack of visible Command and

Control at the CP’s office,” said the report prepared by for-

mer Governor and Union Home Secretary R.D. Pradhan.

PTI (21 December 2009). “Pradhan Committee finds se-

rious lapses on Gafoor’s part”.   The Hindu  (Chennai, In-

dia). Retrieved 15 July 2011.

[193] Sapna Agarwal (27 December 2008).   “No consensuson security plan even a month after Mumbai attacks”.

Business Standard . Retrieved 28 February 2009.

[194]   “PM for federal agency, better legal framework”. NDTV.

1 December 2008.   Archived from the original on 1 De-

cember 2008. Retrieved 1 December 2008.

[195]   “Mumbai attacks probed as India-Pakistan relations

strained”. CNN. 1 December 2008.   Archived from the

original on 19 February 2009. Retrieved 21 February

2009.

[196] Jeremy Page, Tom Coghlan, and Zahid Hussain (1 De-

cember 2008).  “Mumbai attacks ‘were a ploy to wreckObama plan to isolate al-Qaeda’".   The Times  (UK). Re-

trieved 21 February 2009.

[197]  “Don't look at Mumbai attacks through prism of Kash-

mir”.   Rediff News   (Rediff.com). 16 December 2008.

Archived from the original on 2 March 2009. Retrieved

21 February 2009.

[198]   “FBI chief hails India cooperation after Mumbai attacks”.

The Economic Times   (India). 3 March 2009.   Archived

from the original on 6 August 2009. Retrieved 4 August

2009.

[199]  “Interpol 'not given Mumbai data'". BBC. 23 December2008. Retrieved 1 June 2009.

[200] PTI (16 June 2009).  “Pak might soon move troops from

border with India”.  The Times of India (New York). Re-

trieved 15 July 2011.

[201]   “India directs anger at politicians after Mumbai attacks.”.

1 December 2008. Archived from the original on 28 May

2009. Retrieved 1 December 2008.

[202]   “Officials quit over India attacks”. BBC. 30 November

2008.  Archived from the original on 7 January 2009. Re-

trieved 21 February 2009.

[203] Aditi Pai (4 December 2008). “Vilasrao Deshmukh quitsas Maharashtra CM”.  India Today. Retrieved 31 Decem-

ber 2010.

7/23/2019 2008 Mumbai Attacks

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2008-mumbai-attacks 17/21

17

[204]  “Maharashtra Deputy CM RR Patil resigns”.   CNN-IBN.

1 December 2008.   Archived from the original on 2 De-

cember 2008. Retrieved 1 December 2008.

[205]   “Muslims Condemn Mumbai Attacks, Callfor Black Eid”.

Outlook . Outlook News. 4 December 2008. Retrieved 21

February 2009.

[206] Erika Kinetz (17 December 2008).  “Mumbai attack dents

business travel”. Yahoo News. Retrieved 21 February

2009.

[207]  “Be the change”.   India Today  (India Today Bureau). 9

January 2009. Retrieved 28 February 2009.

[208] Sharma, Aman (29 November 2008).   “Red tape delays

NSG by 6 hours”.   India Today.   Archived from the origi-

nal on 28 May 2009. Retrieved 15 June 2009.

[209]  “Why did NSG take 10 hours to arrive?".  The Economic 

Times   (India). 30 November 2008. Retrieved 15 June

2009.

[210] Rivers, Tom (27 November 2008).   “Mumbai Attacks

Draw Worldwide Condemnation”. Voice of America.

Archived from the original on 18 March 2009. Retrieved

1 January 2009.

[211] Claudine Beaumont (27 November 2008).   “Mumbai at-

tacks: Twitter and Flickr used to break news”.  The Daily

Telegraph  (London).   Archived from the original on 19

February 2009. Retrieved 21 February 2009.

[212] Robert Mackey (26 November 2008).   “Tracking the

Mumbai Attacks”.  The New York Times . Retrieved 28

February 2009.

[213]  “Map of Mumbai attacks”. Google Maps. 26 November

2008. Retrieved 6 February 2013.

[214] Polgreen, Lydia; Vikas Bajaj (20 July 2009).   “Suspect

Stirs Mumbai Court by Confessing”.  The New YorkTimes .

Retrieved 21 July 2009.

[215]   “26/11: Kasab guilty; Ansari, Sabauddin Shaikh acquit-

ted”.  The Times of India  (India). 3 May 2010. Retrieved

4 May 2010.

[216]  “Mumbai gunman sentenced to death”. BBC News. 6

May 2010. Retrieved 15 July 2011.

[217] Chamberlain, Gethin (3 May 2010).   “Mumbai gunman

convicted of murder over terror attacks”.   The Guardian

(London).   Archived from the original on 6 May 2010.

Retrieved 3 May 2010.

[218] Deshpande, Swati (3 May 2010).   “26/11 Kasab held

guilty 2 Indians walk free”.  The Times of India. Retrieved

4 May 2010.

[219]  “With HC order, Kasab one step closer to gallows”.   The

Times of India  (India). 22 February 2011. Retrieved 22

February 2011.

[220]   “Indian Supreme Court upholds death penalty for Kasab”.Dawn. Agence France-Presse. 29 August 2012. Re-

trieved 29 August 2012.

[221] Patnaik, Pratap (29 August 2012).   “Death Sentence for

Mumbai Gunman Upheld by India’s Supreme Court”.

Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved 29 August 2012.

[222]   “Ajmal Kasab hangedat YerwadaJail in Pune at 7:30 am”.

The Times of India. 21 November 2012. Retrieved 21

November 2012.

[223]   Officials Fear New Mumbai-Style Attack, Lydia Polgreen

and Souad Mekhennet, New York Times, 30 September

2009

[224] Fareed Zakaria, transcript of CNN interview with Man-

mohan Singh (23 November 2009).   “Pakistan has not

done enough on attacks”.   The Wall Street Journal . Re-

trieved 15 July 2011.

[225]   http://tribune.com.pk/story/371467/

2008-mumbai-attacks-indias-refusal-to-allow-cross-examination-challenge

[226]   http://nation.com.pk/national/14-Mar-2015/

pakistan-india-trade-demarches-over-lakhvi-trial

[227]   “26/11 trial: Pak court reserves decision on Lakhvi plea”.

14 July 2012.

[228]   “Mumbai terror attacks: Pak court calls judicial panel’s

report illegal”. 17 July 2012.

[229]   “26/11: Upset over Pak court ruling, India says will talk

to govt”. 17 July 2012.

[230]   Pakistani judicial panel to grill 26/11 witnesses –

Times Of India. Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com (22

September 2013). Retrieved on 2013-12-06.

[231]   How Oberoi hotel accidentally became a 26/11 target, 15June 2011 17:06 IST, Rediff.com

[232]   “Rana acquitted on terror plot”.   Deccan Herald . Re-

trieved 16 June 2011.

[233] Muskal, Michael (17 January 2013).   “Businessman

Tahawwur Rana gets 14 years for role in terrorism plots”.

The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 17 January 2013.

[234] , “Planner Of Mumbai Attacks is Given a 35-Year Sen-

tence.” The New York Times, 24 January 2013.

[235]   “Mumbai bustles but also remembers 26/11 victims”.

CNN IBN. Archived from the original on 29 November

2009. Retrieved 26 November 2009.

[236] Shah Singh, Harmeet (26 November 2010).   “India re-

members Mumbai dead”. CNN. Retrieved 31 December

2010.

10 External links

•   2008 Mumbai attacks    at the   Internet MovieDatabase  Channel 4 documentary by Dan Reed –'Terror in Mumbai'

•   Video showing the way in which Indian authori-ties fought back against the attackers.   – CNN-IBN(some Hindi, but mostly English).

7/23/2019 2008 Mumbai Attacks

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2008-mumbai-attacks 18/21

18   10 EXTERNAL LINKS 

•   Dossier of evidence collected by investigating agen-cies of India

•  List of Blogs & Bloggers who were live bloggingduring the attacks

•   “They said, kill till you die... par hum bhi insan hainyaar”. Mumbai Mirror. 14 March 2009. Retrieved22 August 2012. [Interview of captured terroristMohammed Ajmal Amir Qasab]

•   Mumbai Massacre Documentary produced by thePBS Series Secrets of the Dead

7/23/2019 2008 Mumbai Attacks

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2008-mumbai-attacks 19/21

19

11 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

11.1 Text

•   2008 Mumbai attacks Source:  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Mumbai_attacks?oldid=692606263 Contributors:  Ewlloyd, Rickyrab,Leandrod, Lquilter, IZAK, GTBacchus, Yann, Skysmith, Arwel Parry, Docu, Whkoh, Evercat, Rawr, Ptoniolo, Hydnjo, Tpbradbury, Fvw,Carlossuarez46, Branddobbe, Kizor, Moncrief, Moonbiter, PBP, Gobeirne, Kbahey, Nichalp, Joconnor, Varlaam, Ragib, Utcursch, Sohail-style, Geni, Mike R, Antandrus, Joeblakesley, Estel~enwiki, Margana, Piotrus, Doc Taxon, Kuralyov, Two Bananas, Soman, Neutrality,Ukexpat, Klemen Kocjancic, CharlieT, Lacrimosus, Mike Rosoft, Shahab, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Zoso Jade, Tsumetai, PaulAugust, ESkog, TerraFrost, JoeSmack, Diomidis Spinellis, Remember, Art LaPella, RoyBoy, Alexanderino, 23skidoo, Kizzle, Ian Mor-ris, John Vandenberg, Nesnad, Giraffedata, Rajah, Kbir1, BillyTFried, Axyjo, Djzanni, Alansohn, Omgee, Rd232, Keenan Pepper, Jeltz,Ricky81682, Andrew Gray, Riana, Julianortega, MattWade, Hohum, Ebz123, Bnguyen, Kaushik twin, Axeman89, Kitch, Tariqabjotu,Mahanga, Yousaf465, Smoth 007, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Firsfron, Woohookitty, FeanorStar7, TigerShark, LOL, Daniel Case,Ganeshk, Nemonoman, Davidkazuhiro, Scjessey, Pol098, WadeSimMiser, Trödel, Hbdragon88, GregorB, Zzyzx11, Toussaint, Richard-Weiss, Cuchullain, Dwaipayanc, Rjwilmsi, Tim!, BlueMoonlet, TAS, TexasDawg, Mitul0520, Vegaswikian, The wub, DoubleBlue, Syced,SNIyer12, Dgtljunglist, SchuminWeb, Nrmohanraj, Nihiltres, Crazycomputers, Payo, TheDJ, Puck42, Le Anh-Huy, Chobot, Peterl, No-clador, TexasAndroid, Ecemaml, Brandmeister (old), Phantomsteve, RussBot, Polluxian, Gaius Cornelius, Rsrikanth05, TheMandarin,Manxruler, Paradoja, Joshdboz, Mike Halterman, Tejas81, Howcheng, Fwc, Renata3, GHcool, Khivi, Jonen, Alex43223, Falcon9x5,Cerejota, Vlad, Cardsplayer4life, Ac101, TUSHANT JHA, Werdna, Alpha 4615, Avraham, TransUtopian, Rajeshroshan, DieWeisseRose,Sandstein, Doktorbuk, Debasish Dey, Closedmouth, Arthur Rubin, E Wing, Th1rt3en, Canley, De Administrando Imperio, GraemeL,Shyam, Hayden120, MartinUK, Otebig, Bobk, Bdve, Mardus, Nick-D, Vedant lath, Planemad, Obnoxious, A bit iffy, SmackBot, Pwt898,YellowMonkey, Hydrogen Iodide, Ominae, Ariedartin, Petercorless, Jagged 85, Millifoo, Davewild, Verne Equinox, Nickst, Sujit, Cla68,

AnOddName, Ilikeeatingwaffles, Kintetsubuffalo, Andrewkantor, Magicalsaumy, Gilliam, Brianski, Hmains, Skizzik, Ppntori, Manomo-han, Vvarkey, Jeffro77, Anwar saadat, Chris the speller, Vikramsingh, Timbouctou, SynergyBlades, Shaggorama, Havermeyer, Sandycx,Jprg1966, Hibernian, RayAYang, Afasmit, Neo-Jay, SquarePeg, DarthPanda, Scwlong, Chendy, George Ho, Shuki, Aacool,Desertrose815,XDragon, Rrburke, Leoboudv, Abhisri, AndySimpson, Fuhghettaboutit, Downwards, Vprajkumar, Legaleagle86, Shamir1, Mirak87, Tom-tom9041, WereWolf, Ibrahim92, Kendrick7, Ohconfucius, SashatoBot, Lambiam, Fertuno, Nishkid64, Yohan euan o4, Sandy amity, SerAmantio di Nicolao, Gunnala, CorvetteZ51, Mathiasrex, J 1982, Sir Nicholas de Mimsy-Porpington, NYCJosh, Goodnightmush, Boston-brahmin20, DragonFire1024, Chrisch, MaximvsDecimvs, Slakr, Hvn0413, Rock4arolla, AxG, Mamoonlodhi, SandyGeorgia, Fluppy,Igodspeed, Levineps, Iridescent, Clarityfiend, Joseph Solis in Australia, TwoHorned, Richard75, Nbdinz, I5bala, Liambwfc, Ashish20,SkyWalker, Tallen90, Godwynn, Kittoo, Kppethe, Ninetyone, Melicans, AshLin, Juhachi, Andunemir, Vrysxy, Amessbee, Timtrent,Chrisahn, Bardiak, Hemlock Martinis, Cydebot, Wiki01916, Reywas92, Gogo Dodo, Islander, Studerby, Shirulashem, NorthernThunder,Afinebalance, Rukyi, PsychoSmith, Draliasif, CieloEstrellado, Hypnosadist, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, Andri.h, Qwyrxian, 23prootie, Anupam,Aiko, Dpshaw, RodrigoCornejo, Signaleer, Tocino,Heroeswithmetaphors, DeusMP, DanGrayson, HussainAbbas,Supran, Chicgeek, Mvjs,Ozzieboy, Aarem, Sinooher, Bharatj, IndianGeneralist, Rdavi404, Spencer, Trakesht, Pixelface, Borgarde, Smcmanus, TRBlom, Gökhan,MikeLynch, Ioeth, DagosNavy, Chaitanya.lala, Aille, Ekabhishek, Skomorokh, Kprateek88, Epeefleche, Matthew Fennell, Giler, Chanaky-athegreat, Fetchcomms, Hardikmehta, Little Spike, Golozar, Sophie means wisdom, Realismadder, TAnthony, Devil.of.firewalls, Wolf-manSF, Deanb, Scanlan, Maheshkumaryadav, Insenlysen, Tobogganoggin, FDD19, Steven Walling, Sub40Hz, Avicennasis, Destynova, M

o b i, Praddy06, Winterus, Poetdancer, Boffob, Chris G, Sarega, Sue Gardner, Shadesofgrey, Mrizwankhan, Atulsnischal, Tejassawant,Alikaalex, Vigyani, Ariel., Pennywisepeter, Pruthvi.Vallabh, Munawarali, Peter2212, Jerry teps, The Telephone Company, Gammondog,Akronym, Fconaway, Matt57, J.delanoy, Pharaoh of the Wizards, Buttons to Push Buttons, Rodrigo braz, Trusilver, Shrini37, Whaatt,Egrets, Tikiwont, Gaganspidey, MrBell, Padalkar.kshitij, Anishniranam, Bobby.desai, Kuzwa, Adhishb, Dispenser, It Is Me Here, Siv 887,Collegebookworm, Novis-M, Ipigott, Cephlapod, Nwbeeson, Flatterworld, Olegwiki, Madhava 1947, Cmichael, Juliancolton, Cometstyles,Towerman86, Saurabhj, Wikimandia, Andy Marchbanks, Cs302b, Izno, Levydav, Spellcast, WWGB, Redtigerxyz, Hkrtrivedi, Naveraa,VolkovBot, TreasuryTag, ABF, Enderminh, Jeff G., BoogaLouie, Harfarhs, Epson291, Shidairyproduct, Abberley2, Zidonuke, CosmicLatte, Gauraang, Vipinhari, Uch, Wikidemon, Ryan shell, Appoose, Martin451, Broadbot, Pfaharyana, Razzsic, Nikkul, Piyush Sriva,Madhero88, Tennisnutt92, Tri400, Y, Tanhueiming, Vikrant42, Bupasival, Edkollin, Dick Shane, Arjun024, Fanatix, Cosprings, Ponyo,Thescene, Copana2002, SieBot, Mamta dhody, Chinese3126, DitzyNizzy, Vanished User 8a9b4725f8376, Arun.arumugam, Althena,Prillen, Purbo T, Xrie, Kkkishore, Flyer22 Reborn, Aravindk editing, Arbor to SJ, Parmarlaxmikant, Noble Story, Electronz, Vladimirg,BBKurt, Mankar Camoran, Faradayplank, Hello71, Lightmouse, Borfee, Hourick, Ks0stm, Aumnamahashiva, Free87 twenty jkl, Ruksh,Mxwake, MichaelIvan, Hyperionsteel, Dabomb87, Asikhi, Varanwal, LarRan, Angelo De La Paz, Kanonkas, Maharshisy, Deavenger,RegentsPark, Sfan00 IMG, ClueBot, Ninadhardikar, Leapmark, UrsusArctosL71, Artichoker, The Thing That Should Not Be, Plastik-spork, Podzemnik, King o wc, Khan.found, Wysprgr2005, Artene50, Drmies, Sevilledade, Showtime2009, Aggarsandeep, Mortartion,Peanut4, Parkwells, Myopia123, RafaAzevedo, Shovon76, Piledhigheranddeeper, Kashi0341, Cirt, ElSaxo, Jeremiestrother, Whatiknow,

Kensplanet, Manishearth, Saphius, Brewcrewer, Alexbot, Tarijanel, SBC-YPR, Jaro7788, PixelBot, Koppelius, Gtstricky, ConnorWith-Cron, Megiddo1013, LicenseFee, Jayantanth, NuclearWarfare, Cenarium, UltraEdit, Arjayay, Peter.C, Daniel Musto, Techfast50, Searcher1990, Gujubadboy, Warrior4321, PaoVac, Suyogaerospace, Joe N, Anoopan, Sushilkumarmishra, Versus22, Adsugandhi, Belasd, Truly-stand700, Liberal Humanist, Rishi.bedi, Jaxer, Local hero, Robojoey, Sabre centaur, XLinkBot, Plingsby, Burningview, Stickee, Jovian-eye, Veryhuman, Hensontauro, Ranchi.doc, SoulMusic121, TFOWR, Dr.Soft, SilvonenBot, Rvwissen, Gish347, Edgepedia, McWomble,Mcgon, Valvin, Zubair71, RyanCross, Yaik9a, GDibyendu, The Squicks, Addbot, Narayansg, Willking1979, Bloodbath 87, Roman888,Roaring Siren, Betterusername, Judycc, Ramanujanredux, Fancy-cats-are-happy-cats, Atethnekos, Binary TSO, KnowledgeHegemony-Part2, Shlokgupta, Srimanta.Bhuyan, GSMR, Unknown Supremo, Elmondo21st, Sndani, Jeanne boleyn, Adrian 1001, Smarter1, Yohannvt,Leszek Jańczuk, Raphmam, Rejectwater, Ka Faraq Gatri, Tills, Switzpaw, LaaknorBot, Chamal N, Lihaas, Alandeus, Roux, BinAl-Turki,CarTick, Nizil Shah, Chem-MTFC, CuteHappyBrute, Taopman, Na9an, Peridon, F Notebook, DubaiTerminator, Lord Gøn, Shujaaf,Steed Asprey - 171, ,

שי

1j1z2, Gail, Zorrobot, Suvosaha, Kurtis, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Fraggle81, Mulligatawny08, Azial Xarel Druda,Jason Recliner, Esq., LegalFiction, Fenrir-of-the-Shadows, Freikorp, Chevalier slv, Reenem, AnimalExtender, QueenCake, Mr T (Based),Newwikiprofile001, Ayrton Prost, Ykerzner, Hazardasd, Tempodivalse, TheBlueKnight, Jessi1989, AnomieBOT, Momoricks, Ravave,1exec1, Sanfy, YeshuaDavid, Msolution, IncidentalPoint, Grey Fox-9589, Message From Xenu, Killiondude, Powerofrussia2, Dinamic,AdjustShift, Ashish3vedi, Kingpin13, Cyanidethistles, Article3, Knowledgekid87, Ulric1313, Saroshp, Jeff Muscato, Materialscientist,

Valleyofdawn, C21K, SanjayTilaiyan, Citation bot, Bluptr, Mk17b, Gauravonomics, Neurolysis, Quebec99, LilHelpa, Aminami, Speakout-freely, Mrbobotron, Xqbot, Nishantjr, LombrizFeliz, Anders Torlind, Rohanvij86, S h i v a (Visnu), Myomelette, Capricorn42, Shashamula,MohitSingh, Estlandia~enwiki, Julius Ceasarus From Primus, Poetaris, Pontificalibus, Parthasarathy B, Fudge-o, Bombayspeaks, Coreywal-ters06, Johnxxx9, Davshul, Iceland2008x, Headlikeawhole, Thegreatestmoever, , GetLinkPrimitiveParams, Vineeth h, Laa Careon,

7/23/2019 2008 Mumbai Attacks

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2008-mumbai-attacks 20/21

20   11 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 

Acmaki, Jk4jkri, Flanker235, Indoresearch, Azimsultan, Marlinette, Aynom, Thewikimasteryo, Rshah13, Ravenx25, Danishkhan1, Bri-ansanders5, Killerbee105, Yonicca, Kernel164, Indianagainstterror, Lifeisamystery, RichieDespain, WillieLTeachIII, Sanjivthakur, Mo-hitscribe, Cyrstalgreen, Sayitaintsojoe, Bgovil, Doorvery far, GrouchoBot, Hassan9223, RamboKadyrov, Sssahilz, Plato2008, Personof no interest, Bballnets21, Packer91, Khpatil1, HONESTKNIGHT, Cruz-iglesia, SD-Kenneth, Neerav.mody, Divinelegance, Evox777,BobaFett85, Wikireader41, Primarycontrol, Iqbalhussian29, Macaroon9, Sophus Bie, UplinkAnsh, Cyfraw, Vijbooks, MerlLinkBot, Zaok-ski, Research-truth, Sensibleone, WebCiteBOT, Ankitbhatt, HotRaja, Novem Linguae, Endothermic, Flarkins, Momer148, Raheelzafar7,Shri Ramesh Bola, Michael73072, Lothar von Richthofen, 12jh900, Pdgade, Smita28, StaticVision, Expresswaytoparadise, Pushpopstack,

RS-Fighter, Mewulwe, Willard84, Zanychap, Ravendrop, Rational man, Appletush, OgreBot, Hometech, Ashok.nyamagoudar, Ampli-tude101, SpacemanSpiff, Jazzy83, Triplestop, King Zebu, RedBot, SpaceFlight89, Varmapak, Beao, Trappist the monk, LogAntiLog,Anavaman, Zvn, ThunderbirdJP, Visite fortuitement prolongée, Sunnyji 2k, Nascar1996, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Onel5969, RjwilmsiBot,Siddharth.kulk, Ahivarn, Wiki id2, Andican, Catacliff, Aircorn, WildBot, Chanvis18, DASHBot, EmausBot, Acather96, Ali aff, Going-Batty, Matorperrin, Wiktcha, Dragonz4980, Himalayanpast, Factual tom, Kkm010, ZéroBot, Zbase4, Wackywace, Prabhucharles2007,Mar4d, Claritas, Karthikjai, H3llBot, Placzers, Wayne Slam, Rahul gupta077, Tolly4bolly, StasMalyga, Mimtiyazudd, TyA, Karthikndr,Δ, Sheikh111, Shrigley, Corruct91, Rhrvat, Vinujadhav, Dutyscee, EdoBot, Sven Manguard, Rahulmohanty16, Vargasllosachange, Bi-noymadappilly, ClueBot NG, Bombeye, SynchronicityFoundation, Gareth Griffith-Jones, Jack Greenmaven, , Danieltommy, Feedintm,Korrawit, Frietjes, Mtotowajirani, AgniKalpa, Darthvaderskywalker2011, Costesseyboy, Suresh 5, Hchetan, Anupmehra, Braganca4646,Jrobin08, MikeLynch Public, Batra.vipin, Thisthat2011, HMSSolent, FatTrebla, Titodutta, DBigXray, BG19bot, Starali90, Bonsaiwiking,Noopur28, Editindiaedit, Abhisking, Emayv, MusikAnimal, Darkness Shines, Mark Arsten, SugarRat, Compfreak7, Kirananils, Ninney,Smeat75, Snowcream, ProudIrishAspie, RightOne1, Earlyriser10, Nithin.A, Minhal Mehdi, Tamravidhir, MeanMotherJr, Guanaco55,Tutelary, Jilpaan, Mrt3366, Amitbakre, Osama.mir, Jethro B, Egeymi, Orioncaspar, Soni, Jagranpost, EagerToddler39, BrightStarSky,Dexbot, BigJolly9, Yash!, Webclient101, Mogism, NFLisAwesome, Cantab12, Modyyash, TiRani, Jamesx12345, WBRSin, Manoj nair81,Brickchairbrickchair, AninditaNayak, Envigo, Stemsell, 069952497a, Reatlas, Hemant.bpl, Faizan, Epicgenius, M1921, Theo’s LittleBot, Tadadum, Aashwath 001, Just searching77, AmericanLemming, Eyesnore, Rajputbhatti, Tentinator, Evano1van, Precision123, Stal-

lion786, Jay vedak, Supersaiyen312, Stevenson7869, AcidSnow, Ugog Nizdast, My name is not dave, Ginsuloft, Mlongenbach, DrewHeath,Manul, PISCOSOUR786, Pakknight, Cheekylips, OccultZone, Stamptrader, Quartzd, Mohsin17, Lakun.patra, Skr15081997, L Manju,Pohnnyjham, Captain Cornwall, Khabboos, Orangoottan, Atifa740, Pranjaltiwari1540, Libertarian12111971, TheMagikCow, Attan1001,Krish8, Eurodyne, Nomaan Asim, Saqib, Barthateslisa, FriarTuck1981, Studio.high, FreeatlastChitchat, Abbott111, YeOldeGentleman,Human3015, Conradjagan, Goldenxenon, Prinsgezinde, Kneeta, AusLondonder, Nihlus1, Aero Slicer, Neowoodlock, OmarZafar, HIAS,Adilfarooq93, Abmang10, AbubakarTweets, Aditya8993, Brj312JXa0An1mO, Percinr1819 and Anonymous: 919

11.2 Images

• File:2008_Mumbai_terror_attack_VT_bullet_mark.jpg   Source:    https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/2008_Mumbai_terror_attack_VT_bullet_mark.jpg License:  CC BY-SA 3.0  Contributors:  Own work Original artist:  Nicholas (Nichalp)

•   File:2008_Mumbai_terror_attacks_Nariman_House_front_view_3.jpg   Source:    https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/2008_Mumbai_terror_attacks_Nariman_House_front_view_3.jpg License:  CC BY-SA 3.0  Contributors:  Own work  Original artist: 

Nicholas (Nichalp)

•   File:2008_Mumbai_terror_attacks_Oberoi_Restaurant.jpg   Source:    https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/2008_Mumbai_terror_attacks_Oberoi_Restaurant.jpg License:  CC BY-SA 3.0  Contributors:  Own work Original artist:  Nicholas (Nichalp)

•   File:2008_Mumbai_terror_attacks_Taj_Hotel_Wasabi_Restaurant_burned.jpg   Source:    https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/2008_Mumbai_terror_attacks_Taj_Hotel_Wasabi_Restaurant_burned.jpg  License:   CC BY-SA 3.0  Contributors:   Ownwork Original artist:  Nicholas (Nichalp)

•   File:3_December_2008_Gateway_protest_march_4.jpg   Source:    https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/3_December_2008_Gateway_protest_march_4.jpg License:  CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors:  Own work Original artist:  Nicholas (Nichalp)

•   File:Bombaymapconfimed_attacks.png   Source:    https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Bombaymapconfimed_attacks.png License:  CC BY-SA 2.0  Contributors:  open streetmaps with modifications http://www.openstreetmap.org/?lat=19.0072&lon=72.865&zoom=12&layers=B000FTFT Original artist:  user:geni open street maps

•   File:Cafe_leopold_damage_Mumbai_nov_2008.jpg   Source:    https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Cafe_leopold_damage_Mumbai_nov_2008.jpg License:  CC BY-SA 3.0  Contributors:  Own work (Original text:  I created this work entirely by myself.)Original artist:  Adhishb (talk)

•   File:Commons-logo.svg Source:  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License:  ?  Contributors:  ?  Original 

artist:  ?

•   File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source:  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License:   Cc-by-sa-3.0 Contributors:  ?  Original artist:  ?

•  File:Mahim_train_blast.jpg Source:   https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Mahim_train_blast.jpg License:  CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors:  originally posted to Flickr as Mahim train blast Original artist:  Manoj Nair

•   File:Mohammed_Ajmal_Kasab.jpg  Source:   https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/ce/Mohammed_Ajmal_Kasab.jpg  License: 

Fair use Contributors: 

CCTV footage at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus railway station. Taken from here Original artist: 

Government of India

•   File:Mumbai_Taj.JPG Source:  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Mumbai_Taj.JPG License:  CC BY-SA 2.5 Con-

tributors:  Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by Okino.  Original artist:  The original uploader was Nikkul at English Wikipedia

•   File:Mumbai_Terror_Protest.JPG   Source:   https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Mumbai_Terror_Protest.JPG   Li-

cense:  CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors:  Own work Original artist:  Vegpuff

•   File:Mumbai_attacks_vinu_image01-crop.jpg   Source:    https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Mumbai_attacks_vinu_image01-crop.jpg  License:  CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: 

•   Mumbai_attacks_vinu_image01.jpg Original artist: 

7/23/2019 2008 Mumbai Attacks

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2008-mumbai-attacks 21/21

11.3 Content license   21

•   derivative work: Nesnad (<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Nesnad' title='User talk:Nesnad'>talk</a>)

•   File:NSG_Air_Assault_Mumbai_Attacks.jpg   Source:   https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a0/NSG_Air_Assault_Mumbai_Attacks.jpg   License:    Fair use   Contributors:    http://www.outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?239214   Original artist:    http://www.outlookindia.com/

• File:National_Park_Service_9-11_Statue_of_Liberty_and_WTC_fire.jpg   Source:    https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/National_Park_Service_9-11_Statue_of_Liberty_and_WTC_fire.jpg   License:    Public domain   Contributors: 

https://web.archive.org/web/20021019052836/http://www.nps.gov/remembrance/statue/index.html   Original artist:    National ParkService

•   File:Portal-puzzle.svg Source:  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg License:  Public domain Contributors:  ?Original artist:  ?

11.3 Content license

•   Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0