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Emerging Technologiesfor Wastewater Treatment and In-Plant

Wet Weather Management

EPA 832-R-06-006 FEBRUARY 2008


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Emerging Technologies February 2008

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Emerging Technologies

forWastewater Treatment and

In-Plant Wet Weather Management

Prepared for:

Ofce of Wastewater Management

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Washington, D.C.

EPA 832-R-06-006

Under Contract

68-C-02-111

Prepared by:

Parsons Corporation

Fairfax, Virginia

February 2008


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Wastewater Treatment and In-Plant Wet Weather Managementii

Emerging Technologies for Wastewater Treatment and In-Plant Wet Weather

Management

EPA 832-R-06-006

February 2008

Produced under U.S. EPA Contract No. 68-C-02-111

Prepared by the Parsons CorporationFairfax, Virginia

Technical review was provided by professionals with experience in wastewater treatment.Technical reviewers of this document were:

Dr. Charles Bott, Assistant Professor, Virginia Military Institute (VMI)Dr. Sudhir Murthy, Manager, Process Development, Washington, D.C. Water and Sewer

Authority (WASA)Dr. Krishna Pagilla, Professor, Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT)Tyler Richards, Deputy Director of Operations and Environmental Services,Gwinnett County, GATom Sadick, CH2M HILLTerry Krause, CH2M HILLMark Bishop, Hazen and Sawyer

Recycled/Recyclable

Printed with vegetable-based ink on paper that contains a minimum of 50 percent post-consumer ber content, chlorine free.

Electronic copies of this handbook can be downloaded from the

U.S. EPA Ofce of Wastewater Management web site at:

www.epa.gov/owm

Cover photo credit: Veolia Water North America

Photo inserts credit: Parsons Corporation


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ii

February 2008

Preface

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) is charged by Congress withprotecting the nations land, air, and water resources. Under a mandate of environmentalaws, the Agency strives to formulate and implement actions leading to a balance betweenhuman activities and the ability of natural systems to support and sustain life. To meet thismandate, the Ofce of Wastewater Management (OWM) provides information and

technical support to solve environmental problems today and to build a knowledge basenecessary to protect public health and the environment well into the future.

This publication has been produced, under contract to the U.S. EPA, by the ParsonsCorporation, and it provides current state of development as of the publication date. It is

expected that this document will be revised periodically to reect advances in this rapidlyevolving area. Except as noted, information, interviews, and data development wereconducted by the contractor. Some of the information, especially related to embryonictechnologies, was provided by the manufacturer or vendor of the equipment or technologyand could not be veried or supported by full-scale case study. In some cases, cost data

were based on estimated savings without actual eld data. When evaluating technologies

estimated costs, and stated performance, efforts should be made to collect current andmore up-to-date information.

The mention of trade names, specic vendors, or products does not represent an actual

or presumed endorsement, preference, or acceptance by the U.S. EPA or Federa

Government. Stated results, conclusions, usage, or practices do not necessarily representthe views or policies of the U.S. EPA.


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Wastewater Treatment and In-Plant Wet Weather Managementvi

ContentsPage

5.2 Technology Assessment ..................................................................................................5-1

6. Research Needs.......................................................................................................... 6-1

6.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................6-1

6.2 Research Needs .............................................................................................................6-1

6.2.1 Upgrading Old WWTPs .....................................................................................6-1

6.2.2 Removal of Nutrients and Other Contaminants ................................................6-2

6.2.3 Use of Smart Technologies ...............................................................................6-3

6.2.4 Security of Water Systems ................................................................................6-3

6.2.5 Other Research Focus and Developments .......................................................6-4

6.2.6 Research Needs and Prioritization per

Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) ..........................................6-4

6.3 Chapter References ........................................................................................................6-4

Appendix A Trade Associations ........................................................................................A-1

A.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................A-1

A.2 Trade Associations ......................................................................................................... A-1


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List of Tables

Page

Table 1.1 Summary of Treatment Technologies

Chapter 2 Physical/Chemical Treatment Processes .................................. 1-6


Chapter 3 Biological Treatment Processes ................................................ 1-9


Chapter 4 In-Plant Wet Weather Management Processes ...................... 1-13


Chapter 5 Process Monitoring Technologies ........................................... 1-14

Table 1.5 Descriptive Evaluation Criteria .................................................................... 1-16

Table 2.1 Physical/Chemical Treatment Processes State of Development ............... 2-2

Table 3.1 Biological Treatment Processes State of Development ............................. 3-2

Table 4.1 In-Plant Wet Weather Management Processes State of Development ..... 4-2

Table 5.1 Process Monitoring Technologies State of Development ........................... 5-2

List of Figures

Page

Figure 1.1 Flow Schematic for Guide Development....................................................... 1-2

Figure 2.1 Evaluation of Innovative Physical/Chemical Treatment Technologies .......... 2-3

Figure 3.1 Evaluation of Innovative Biological Treatment Technologies ........................ 3-4

Figure 4.1 Evaluation of Innovative In-Plant Wet Weather Management

Technologies ................................................................................................. 4-2

Figure 5.1 Evaluation of Innovative Process Monitoring Technologies .......................... 5-3

List of Exhibit

Page

Exhibit 6.1 Paper from WERF Workshop on Nutrient Removal ...................................... 6-5


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A/O Anaerobic/Oxic (Phoredox)

A2/O Anaerobic/Anoxic/OxicAACE American Association of Cost Engineers InternationalABW Automatic Backwash FiltersAEBR Anaerobic Expanded Bed ReactorAGAR Attached Growth Airlift ReactorAGRS Advanced Grit Removal SystemAGSP Aerobic Granular Sludge ProcessAIZ Air Intercept ZoneAMBR Anaerobic Migrating Blanket ReactorANFLOW Anaerobic Fluidized Bed ReactorAN-MBR Anaerobic Membrane BioReactorAOP Advanced Oxidation Process

ASBR Anaerobic Sequencing Batch ReactorASCE American Society of Civil Engineersatm Atmosphere

AT3 Aeration Tank 3AWTP Advanced Wastewater Treatment PlantAWWA American Water Works AssociationBABE Bio-Augmentation Batch EnhancedBAF Biological Aerated FiltersBAR Bio Augmentation Regeneration and/or ReaerationBCFS Biological-Chemical Phosphorus and Nitrogen RemovalBCDMH 1-Bromo-3 Chloro-5,5 DiMethylHydantoinBHRC Ballasted High Rate Clarication

BioMEMS Biological Micro-Electro Machine SystemBNR Biological Nutrient RemovalBOD Biological/Biochemical Oxygen DemandBOD/N Biochemical Oxygen Demand Ratio to NitrogenBOD/P Biochemical Oxygen Demand Ratio to PhosphorusCASS Cyclic Activated Sludge SystemCCAS CounterCurrent Aeration SystemCDS Continuous Deection Separatorcfu Colony forming unitCMAS Complete Mix-Activated SludgeCMF Compressed Media Filter (WWETCO CMF)CMOM Capacity, Management, Operations, and MaintenanceCOD Chemical Oxygen DemandCSO Combined Sewer OverowCSS Combined Sewer SystemCWA Clean Water ActDAF Dissolved Air FlotationDEMON DEamMONicationDEPHANOX DE-nitrication and PHosphate accumulation in ANOXicDF Disc FilterDO Dissolved OxygenEBPR Enhanced Biological Phosphorus RemovalEDC Endocrine Disrupting Compound

List of Acronyms and Abbreviations

Acronym/

Abbreviation Denition


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ELISA Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent AssayEMS Environmental Management SystemsFBBR Fluidized Bed BioReactorFISH Fluorescence In Situ HybridizationGAC Granular-Activated CarbonGPD Gallons per daygpm/ft2 Gallons per minute per square footHANAA Handheld Advanced Nucleic Acid AnalyzerHFMBfR Hydrogen-based hollow-Fiber Membrane Biolm ReactorHFO Hydrous Ferric OxideHPO High-Purity OxygenHRC High-Rate ClaricationHRT Hydraulic Retention TimeICAAS Immobilized Cell-Augmented Activated Sludge

ICEAS Intermittent Cycle Extended Aeration SystemIFAS Integrated Fixed-lm Activated SludgeIIT Illinois Institute of TechnologyISE Ion Selective ElectrodeLOT Limit Of TechnologyIWA International Water AssociationMAB Multi-stage Activated BiologicalMABR Membrane-Activated BioReactorMAUREEN Main-stream AUtotrophic Recycle Enabling Enhanced N-removalMBR Membrane BioReactorMBRT Mobile-Bed Reactor TechnologyMFC Microbial Fuel Cell

MGD Million Gallons per Daymg/L Milligram per LiterMISS Moderate Isotope Separation SystemMLE Modied Ludzack-EttingerMLSS Mixed Liquor Suspended Solidsmph Miles per hourMSABP Multi-Stage Activated Biological ProcessMUCT Modied University of Cape TownNACWA National Association of Clean Water AgenciesNADH Nicotinamide Adenine DinucleotideNF NanoFiltrationNOB Nitrite Oxidizing Bacteria

ntu Nephelometric turbidity unitO&M Operation and MaintenanceORP Oxidation Reduction PotentialOWM Ofce of Wastewater Management (U.S. EPA)PAC Powdered Activated CarbonPAO Phosphorus Accumulating OrganismsPBDE PolyBrominated Diphenyl EtherPCR Polymerase Chain ReactionPeCOD Photo-electro Chemical Oxygen DemandPhACs Pharmaceutically Active Compounds

List of Acronyms and Abbreviations (Contd)

Acronym/



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POTW Publicly Owned Treatment WorksPPCP Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Productsppm Parts per millionPVC Poly Vinyl Chloridepsig Pounds per square inch (gauge)RAS Returned Activated SludgeRBC Rotating Biological ContactorR-DN Regeneration DeNitricationrDON Refractory Dissolved Organic NitrogenSBR Sequencing Batch ReactorSCFM Standard Cubic Feet per MinuteSHARON Single reactor High-activity Ammonia Removal Over NitriteSHARON ANAMMOX Single reactor High-activity Ammonia Removal Over Nitrite

ANaerobic AMMonia OXidation

SNdN Simultaneous Nitrication deNitricationSRBC Submerged Rotating Biological ContactorSRT Sludge Retention Time; Solids Retention TimeSSO Sanitary Sewer OverowSTRASS Similar to SHARON named after Strass, AustriaSVI Sludge Volume IndexTDH Total Dynamic HeadTDS Total Dissolved SolidsTF Trickling FilterTF/PAS Trickling Filter and Pushed Activated SludgeTF/SC Trickling Filter and Solid ContactorTMP Trans Membrane Pressure

TOC Total Organic CarbonTSS Total Suspended SolidsU.S. EPA United States Environmental Protection AgencyUASB Upow Anaerobic Sludge BlanketUCT University of Cape TownUV UltraVioletVIP Virginia Initiative PlantVIS VisibilityVMI Virginia Military InstituteVRM Vacuum Rotation MembraneWAS Waste Activated SludgeWASA Water and Sewer Authority

WEF Water Environment FederationWEFTEC Water Environment Federations Annual Technical Exhibition and ConferenceWERF Water Environment Research FoundationWPAP Water Pollution Abatement ProgramWPCF Water Pollution Control FacilityWRF Water Reuse FacilityWWEMA Water and Wastewater Equipment Manufacturers AssociationWWPF WasteWater Production FlowWWTF WasteWater Treatment FacilityWWTP WasteWater Treatment Plant

List of Acronyms and Abbreviations (Contd)

Acronym/



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Physical/Chemical Treatment Processes

Compressible Media Filtration ............................................. Innovative.............................................................. 2-5

Nanoltration ....................................................................... Innovative.............................................................. 2-7

Actio Process ................................................................... Innovative Use of Established Technology ........... 2-9

DensaDeg Process ............................................................ Innovative Use of Established Technology ......... 2-11

Microwave UV Disinfection .................................................. Innovative Use of Established Technology ......... 2-13

Blue CAT ..........................................................................Embryonic ........................................................... 2-15

Blue PRO .........................................................................Embryonic ........................................................... 2-17

CoMag .............................................................................Embryonic ........................................................... 2-19

Solar Disinfection.................................................................Embryonic ........................................................... 2-21

Biological Treatment Processes

Bioaugmentation.................................................................. Innovative.............................................................. 3-5

EXTERNAL BIOAUGMENTATION ..........................................Innovative .......................................................................3-5

Seeding from Commercial Sources of Nitriers.......................Innovative .......................................................................3-5

Tricking Filter and Pushed Activated Sludge (TF/PAS)Process ....................................................................................Innovative .......................................................................3-5

Seeding from External Dispersed Growth ReactorsTreating Reject Waters (Chemostat Type) ...............................Innovative .......................................................................3-6

In-Nitri Process .......................................................................Innovative .......................................................................3-6

Immobilized Cell-Augmented Activated Sludge (ICASS)Process ....................................................................................Innovative .......................................................................3-7

Seeding from Parallel Processes.............................................Innovative .......................................................................3-8

Seeding from Downstream Process ........................................Innovative .......................................................................3-9

IN SITU BIOAUGMENTATION ................................................Innovative .......................................................................3-9

DE-nitrication and PHosphate accumulation in ANOXic(DEPHANOX) Process ............................................................Innovative .......................................................................3-9

Bio-Augmentation Regeneration/Reaeration (BAR) Process ..Innovative .....................................................................3-10

Bio-Augmentation Batch Enhanced (BABE) Process ............ ..Innovative .............. ............. .............. .............. .............. 3-11

Aeration Tank 3 (AT3) Process ............. .............. .............. .......Innovative ....................... .............. ............. .............. ..... 3-11

Main stream AUtotrophic Recycle EnablingEnhanced N-removal (MAUREEN) Process............ .............. ..Innovative .............. ............. .............. .............. .............. 3-11

Regeneration-DeNitrication (R-DN) .......................................Innovative .....................................................................3-12

Cannibal............................................................................. Innovative............................................................ 3-15

CATABOL ......................................................................... Innovative............................................................ 3-17

Deep Shaft Activated Sludge/VERTREAT ...................... Innovative............................................................ 3-19

Integrated xed-Film Activated Sludge (IFAS)

Systems ............................................................................... Innovative............................................................ 3-21

SUBMERGED MOBILE MEDIA IFAS ......................................Innovative .....................................................................3-21

AGAR (Attached Growth Airlift Reactor) ................................Innovative .....................................................................3-21

Captor ...................................................................................Innovative .....................................................................3-21

List of Technologies

PROCESS TYPE PAGE


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Biological Treatment Processes (Contd)

LINPOR

.................................................................................Innovative .....................................................................3-21SUBMERGED FIXED MEDIA IFAS .........................................Innovative .....................................................................3-21

CLEARTEC ...........................................................................Innovative .....................................................................3-21

AccuWeb ...............................................................................Innovative .....................................................................3-22

BioMatrix .............................................................................Innovative .....................................................................3-22

HYBAS .................................................................................Innovative .....................................................................3-22

BioWeb.................................................................................Innovative .....................................................................3-22

RINGLACE ............................................................................Innovative .....................................................................3-22

Membrane BioReactor (MBR) ............................................. Innovative............................................................ 3-25

Mobile-Bed Reactor Technology (MBRT) Process .............. Innovative............................................................ 3-31

Bardenpho (Three Stage) with ReturnedActivated Sludge (RAS) Denitrication................................ Innovative Use of Established Technology ......... 3-33

Biological-Chemical Phosphorus and Nitrogen Removal(BCFS) Process................................................................... Innovative Use of Established Technology ......... 3-35

Modied University of Cape Town (MUCT) Process ........... Innovative Use of Established Technology ......... 3-37

Modied Anaerobic/Oxic (A/O) Process .............................. Innovative Use of Established Technology ......... 3-39

Trickling Filter/Solids Contactor (TF/SC) ............................. Innovative Use of Established Technology ......... 3-41

Aerobic Granular Sludge Process (AGSP) .........................Embryonic .......................................................... 3-43

ANaerobic Membrane BioReactor (AN-MBR) ....................Embryonic ...........................................................3-45

Anaerobic Migrating Blanket Reactor (AMBR

) ..................Embryonic ...........................................................3-47

DEamMONication (DEMON) .............................................Embryonic ..........................................................3-49

Hydrogen-based hollow-Fiber Membrane Biolm .............. Embryonic ...........................................................3-51Reactor (HFMBfR)

Membrane-Aerated BioReactor (MABR) .............................Embryonic ...........................................................3-53

Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) Based Treatment System ..........Embryonic ...........................................................3-55

Multi-Stage Activated Biological Process (MSABP) .........Embryonic ...........................................................3-57

Nerada .............................................................................Embryonic ...........................................................3-59

SHARON (Single reactor High-activity Ammonia

Removal Over Nitrate) .........................................................Embryonic ........................................................... 3-61

SHARON ANAMMOX (ANaerobicAMMonia Oxidation) ............................................................ Embryonic ...........................................................3-63

STRASS Process (Nitritation and Denitritationin SBR) ...............................................................................Embryonic ........................................................... 3-65

List of Technologies (Contd)

PROCESS TYPE PAGE


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List of Technologies (Contd)

PROCESS TYPE PAGE

Vacuum Rotation Membrane (VRM) ..................................Embryonic ........................................................... 3-67

In-Plant Wet Weather Management Processes

Continuous Deection Separator (CDS).............................. Innovative.............................................................. 4-3

HYDROSELF Flushing Gate .............................................. Innovative.............................................................. 4-5

Tipping Flusher ................................................................. Innovative.............................................................. 4-7

TRASHMASTER Net Capture System ............................ Innovative.............................................................. 4-9

WWETCO Compressed Media Filtration orWWETCO CMF System .................................................... Innovative............................................................ 4-11

Alternative Wet Weather Disinfection ..................................Embryonic ........................................................... 4-15

Process Monitoring Technologies

Ammonia and Nitrate Probes .............................................. Innovative.............................................................. 5-5

ChemScan N-4000 ..................................................................Innovative .......................................................................5-5

Hach Evita In Situ 5100 ...........................................................Innovative .......................................................................5-5

Myratek Sentry C-2 ..................................................................Innovative .......................................................................5-5

Hach NITRATAX ......................................................................Innovative .......................................................................5-5

NitraVis System ......................................................................Innovative .......................................................................5-5

Royce 8500 Series Multi-Parameter ........................................Innovative .......................................................................5-5

Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH)for Filamentous and Nitrifying Bacteria ............................... Innovative.............................................................. 5-9

Microwave Density Analyzer................................................ Innovative............................................................ 5-11

Microtox/Online Microtox ................................................. Innovative............................................................ 5-13

SymBio Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide(NADH) Probes....................................................................Innovative............................................................ 5-15

Online Respirometry ............................................................ Innovative............................................................ 5-17

NITROX Oxidation Reduction Potential (ORP)Probe ................................................................................... Innovative............................................................ 5-19

Biological Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems(BioMEMS) ..........................................................................Embryonic ........................................................... 5-21

Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) forPhosphorus Accumulating Organisms (PAOs) ....................Embryonic ........................................................... 5-23

Handheld Advanced Nucleic Acid Analyzer(HANNA)..............................................................................Embryonic ........................................................... 5-25

Immunosensors and Immunoassays ..................................Embryonic ...........................................................5-27

Photo-electro Chemical Oxygen Demand(PeCOD) ..........................................................................Embryonic ........................................................... 5-29


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O-1

February 2008

Overview

In 2004, there were 16,583 municipal wastewater treatment plants operating in the United

States. These plants ranged in size from a few hundred gallons per day (GPD) to morethan 800 million gallons per day (MGD). Early efforts in water pollution control began inthe late 1800s with construction of facilities to prevent human waste from reaching drinkingwater supplies. Since the passage of the 1972 Amendments to the Federal Water PollutionControl Act (Clean Water Act [CWA]), municipal wastewater treatment facilities have beendesigned and built or upgraded to abate an ever-increasing volume and diversity ofpollutants. The CWA requires that municipal wastewater treatment plant discharges meeta minimum of secondary treatment. However, in 2004, nearly 30 percent of the municipafacilities produced and discharged efuent at higher levels of treatment than the minimum

federal standards for secondary treatment.

This document provides information regarding emerging wastewater treatment and in-plant wet weather management technologies organized into four categories ofdevelopment:

1. Embryonic Technologies in the development stage and/or have been tested aa laboratory or bench scale only.

2. Innovative Technologies that have been tested at a demonstration scale, havebeen available and implemented in the United States for less than ve years, or

have some degree of initial use (i.e., implemented in less than 1 percent oftreatment facilities).

3. Established Technologies that have been used at more than 1 percent oftreatment facilities throughout the United States or have been available andimplemented in the United States for more than ve years.

4. Innovative Uses of Established Some wastewater treatment processeshave been established for years, but they are not static. In some cases, anestablished technology may have been modied or adapted resulting in an

emerging technology. In other cases, a process that was developed to

achieve one treatment objective is now being applied in different ways or to

achieve additional treatment objectives. During the operation of treatmen

systems using these established technologies, engineers, and operators havealtered and improved their efciency and performance. This document includes

established technologies that have undergone recent modications or are used in

new applications.


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This document also provides information on each technology, its objective, its description,its state of development, available cost information, associated contact names, andrelated data sources. For each innovative technology, this document further evaluatestechnologies against various criteria, although it does not rank or recommend any onetechnology over another. Research needs are also identied to guide development of

innovative and embryonic technologies and improve established ones.


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Chapter

1-1Wastewater Treatment and In-Plant Wet Weather Management

1.1 Introduction

In 2004, there were 16,583 municipal wastewater treatment plants operating in the UnitedStates. These plants ranged in size from a few hundred gallons per day (GPD) to morethan 800 million gallons per day (MGD). Early efforts in water pollution control began inthe late 1800s with construction of facilities to prevent human waste from reaching drinkingwater supplies. Since the passage of the 1972 Amendments to the Federal Water Pollution

Control Act (Clean Water Act [CWA]), municipal wastewater treatment facilities have beendesigned and built or upgraded to abate an ever-increasing volume and diversity ofpollutants. The CWA requires that municipal wastewater treatment plant discharges meeta minimum of secondary treatment. However, in 2004, nearly 30 percent of the municipafacilities produced and discharged efuent at higher levels of treatment than the minimum

federal standards for secondary treatment.

To meet the challenge of keeping progress in wastewater pollution abatement ahead ofpopulation growth, changes in industrial processes, and technological developmentsEPA is providing this document to make information available on recent advances andinnovative techniques.

The goal of this document is straight forwardto provide a guide for persons seekinginformation on innovative and emerging wastewater treatment technologies. The guidelists new technologies, assesses their merits and costs, and provides sources for furthertechnological investigation. This document is intended to serve as a tool for wastewaterfacility owners and operators.

Emerging technologies typically follow a development process that leads from laboratoryand bench-scale investigations to pilot studies and to initiate use or full-scaledemonstrations before the technology is considered established. Not all technologiessurvive the entire development process. Some fail in the laboratory or at pilot stages

others see limited application in the eld, but poor performance, complications, orunexpected costs may cause them to lose favor. Even technologies that becomeestablished may lose favor in time, as technological advances lead to obsolescence. Inshort, technologies are subject to the same evolutionary forces present in nature; thosethat cannot meet the demands of their environment fail, while those that adapt to changingtechnological, economic and regulatory climates can achieve long-standing success andsurvival in the market.

Introduction and Approach

1


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Some wastewater treatment processes have been established for many years, but thatdoes not mean that they are static. During the operation of treatment systems usingthese established technologies, engineers and operators have altered and improvedefciency and performance. In other cases, established technologies applied to one

aspect of treatment have been modied so that they can perform different objectives.

Often, better performance can be achieved by linking established processes in innovativeways. This document includes established technologies that have undergone recentmodications or are used in new applications. These technologies are evaluated in the

chapters alongside the innovative and embryonic technologies.

1.2 Approach

To develop this guide, the investigators sought information from a variety of sources,identied new technologies, prepared cost summaries, where information was available,

for all technologies, and evaluated technologies deemed to be innovative. This method isdescribed below and in Figure 1-1.

Collect Information

Identify Process

Prepare Process

Summary Sheets

Has Innovative

Modications

Prepare Process

Evaluation Matrix

ScreenEstablished

No Further Action

Embryonic

Innovative

No Further Action

Embryonic or Innovative

Screen

745043_WWT-01..ai

Figure 1.1Flow Schematic for Guide Development


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1-3

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1.2.1 InformationCollectionandNewProcessIdentication

The collection of information and identication of new technology provided the foundation

for subsequent work. To identify new treatment process technologies, investigatorsgathered information and focused on relevant Water Environment Federation (WEF) and

American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) conference proceedings, as well as monthlypublications from these and other organizations such as International Water Association(IWA).

Gray Literature Vendor-supplied information, Internet research, and consultantstechnical reports comprise the information collected in this category.

Technical Associations Investigators contacted a variety of professional andtechnical associations in the United States to identify emerging wastewater treatmenttechnologies.

Interviews and Correspondence Individuals known to the project investigation

team, including consultants, academics, and municipal wastewater treatment plantowners and operators, were consulted.

Technologies identied through search of the above sources were screened to determine

their classication as described below.

1.2.2 Initial Screened Technologies

This project focuses on emerging technologies that appear to be viable, but have not yetbeen accepted as established processes in the United States. Specic screening criteria

used to dene the state of development for processes are described in the following

paragraphs. This screening resulted in:

23 embryonic technologies

52 innovative technologies

8 established technologies with innovative modications

Embryonic These technologies are in the development stage and/or have been testedat laboratory or bench scale. New technologies that have reached the demonstrationstage overseas, but cannot yet be considered to be established there, are also consideredto be embryonic with respect to North American applications.

Innovative Technologies that meet one of the following criteria were classied as

innovative:

They have been tested as a full-scale demonstration.

They have been available and implemented in the United States for less than ve

years.

They have some degree of initial use (i.e., implemented in less than 1 percent ofmunicipalities throughout the United States).


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They are established technologies from overseas.

Established In most cases, these processes are used at more than 1 percent of full-scale facilities in North America; but there are some exceptions based upon specic

considerations. The established category may include technologies that are widely usedalthough introduced more recently in North America. Due to the extensive number ofestablished technologies and variations in each technology, only established technologiesare listed. None are described in depth in this document and Technology Summary sheetsare not provided for established technologies.

Innovative Uses of Established In some cases, an established technology suchas the UCT (University of Cape Town) process may have been modied or adapted,

resulting in an emerging technology such as the Modied UCT. In other cases, a process

like Actio was developed to remove solids from wet weather ows but is now also being

used to polish nal efuent.

The focus of this document is on Innovative Technologies along with preliminaryinformation of Embryonic Technologies. Early in the development process (the laboratorystage), data was usually insufcient to prove or disprove technology viability at full scale.

Available information on these embryonic technologies is presented in this document.Technologies on the other end of the developmental scale, those dened as established

in North America, are excluded from the detailed assessments on the assumption thatthey are proven, although still relatively new.

The differentiation between technologies established in Europe or Asia and those thathave reached similar status in the United States can be critical since technologies thathave been applied successfully in other countries have not always ourished here in the

United States. Because the viability of imported technologies is not guaranteed,established processes from overseas are classied as innovative technologies for this

project, unless they are proven in North American applications.

Some technologies fall into a gray area between the embryonic and innovativecategories. Technologies that fall into this category are incorporated into the innovativecategory. The screening assessment is summarized by chapter in Tables 1.1 through1.4.

Table 1.1 summarizes the treatment technologies for Chapter 2 Physical/ChemicalTreatment Processes.

Table 1.2 summarizes the treatment technologies for Chapter 3 BiologicalTreatment Processes.

Table 1.3 summarizes the treatment technologies for Chapter 4 In-Plant WetWeather Management Processes.

Table 1.4 summarizes the treatment technologies for Chapter 5 Process MonitoringTechnologies.


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1-5

February 2008

All the cost estimates provided in this document contain a certain degree of expertjudgment or educated guesswork concerning the various cost elements that comprisethe estimates. This is true when cost estimates are based on limited or no informationwhere in some cases little more than process type, location, and plant capacity are knownTherefore, cost estimates are at best order-of-magnitude level per American Association

of Cost Engineers (AACE) International classication. However, numerous peripherafactors that could also interfere with the accuracy of the order-of-magnitude level costestimates. Considering these facts, the reader should keep in mind that site-specic

applications and local requirements should be considered to increase the accuracy ofcost estimates provided in this document.

1.2.3 Development of Technology Summary Sheets

Technologies dened as embryonic or innovative are each summarized on an individua

Technology Summary sheet. Each process includes the following information:

Objective Description of the goal of the technology.State of Development Where and how the technology has been applied (i.e.laboratory study, demonstration scale, full scale, etc.).

Description A brief overview of the technology.

Comparison to Established Technologies Advantages and disadvantagesof innovative and embryonic technologies are compared to more commonly usedtechnologies.

Available Cost Information Approximate range of capital and operations andmaintenance costs, and assumptions made in developing them (when reliable

information was available).Vendors Name(s) Name, address, telephone numbers, web address, and othercontact information for equipment manufacturers and suppliers.

Installation(s) Name, address, telephone numbers, and other contactinformation for utilities and facilities where the technology has been used (full or piloscale).

Key Words for Internet Search Because this document is not intended toprovide a comprehensive list of vendors for these technologies, key words havebeen added to aid the reader in nding additional vendors and current product

information on the Internet.

Data Sources References used to compile the technology summary.


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Table 1.1Summary of Treatment Technologies

Chapter 2 Physical/Chemical Treatment Processes

Technology and Advancements(Listed in process ow sequence)

Applications

C-BODRemoval

PhosphorusRemoval

Nitrifcation-Ammo

nia

Removal

DenitrifcationNitrogen

Removal

SolidsLiquid

Separation(TDSan

dTSS)

TargetedContamin

ants

Removal

Disinfection

Physical/Chemical

Monitoring

BiochemicalMonitoring

Established Technologies

Air Stripping l l

Screening

Fine Screening l

Micro Screening l

Rotary Screening l

Step Screening l

Microsieves l l l

Grit Removal

Travelling Bridge l

Fine/Advanced Grit Removal System (AGRS)

HEADCELLTM l

GRITKINGTM l

PISTAGRITTM l

HYDROGRITTM l

Flocculation l

Chemical Precipitation*

Alum Addition l l

Iron Salts Addition l l

Zeolite l

High Rate Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) Treatment/Settling l

Chemically Enhanced Primary Treatment l l

Solids Contact Clarifier for P Removal l l l

Ion-Exchange l

Chemical Oxidation*

Hydroxyl Radical l l

Oxygen (Atomic and Molecular) l l

Ozone l l

Hydrogen Peroxide l l

Hypochlorite/Chlorine/Chlorine Dioxide l l

Note:

* Chemical phosphorus removal is limited by kinetic factors as well as stoichiometric factors and excessive inorganic precipitantrequirements need to be reduced.


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1-7

February 2008


Applications

C-BODRemoval

PhosphorusRemoval

Nitrifcation-Ammonia

Removal

DenitrifcationNit

rogen

Removal

SolidsLiquid

Separation(TDSan

dTSS)

TargetedContaminants

Removal

Disinfection

Physical/Chemical

Monitoring

BiochemicalMonito

ring

Established Technologies (Contd)

Advanced Oxidation Processes

Supercritical Water Oxidation l l

Catalytic Oxidation l l

Photo Catalysis (UV + TiO2) l l

Fentons Reagent (H2O2 + Ferrous Ion) l lElectodialysis l l

Filtration through Membranes

Reverse Osmosis l l l

Microfiltration l l l

Ultrafiltration l l l

Filtration through Media

Cloth Media

Disc Filter (DF) l l

Drum Filter l l

Diamond-Shaped Filters l lSilica Media (One- and Two-Stage)

Conventional Downflow l l

Deep-Bed Downflow Filters l l

Deep-Bed Upflow Continuous Backwash Filters l l

Activated Alumina Media l

Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) l l

Granular-Activated Carbon (GAC) l l l

Denitrification Filters l l l

Automatic Backwash Filters (ABW) l l

Pulsed Bed Filter l l

Disinfection

Ozone l

Chlorine/Chlorine Dioxide/Liquid Chlorine/Dechlorination l

Halogens (Bromine) l

UltraViolet (UV) Disinfection l

Table 1.1Summary of Treatment Technologies (Contd)



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Applications

C-BODRemoval

PhosphorusRemoval


Removal


Removal

SolidsLiquid

Separation(TDSan

dTSS)

TargetedContamin

ants

Removal

Disinfection

Physical/Chemical

Monitoring


Innovative Technologies

Compressible Media Filtration l l l

Nanofiltration l l l

Innovative Use of Established Technologies

Ballasted High Rate Clarification (BHRC) Processes*

Actiflo Process l l

Densadeg Process l l

Microwave UV Disinfection l

Embryonic Technologies

Blue CATTM l l l

Blue PROTM l l

CoMagTM l l

Solar Disinfection l



Note:

* Chemical phosphorus removal is limited by kinetic factors as well as stoichiometric factors and excessive inorganic precipitant

requirements need to be reduced.


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1-9

February 2008


Chapter 3 Biological Treatment Processes


Applications

C-BODRemoval

PhosphorusRemo

val

Nitrifcation-Ammo

nia

Removal


Removal

SolidsLiquid

Separation(TDSan

dTSS)

TargetedContamin

ants

Removal

Disinfection

Physical/Chemical

Monitoring



BOD Removal and Nitrification

Biolac-Aerated Lagoon l l

Complete Mix-Activated Sludge (CMAS) Process l l

Contact Stabilization l l

Conventional Extended Aeration l lCountercurrent Aeration System (CCAS) l l l

Cyclic Activated Sludge System (CASS) l l l

High-Purity Oxygen (HPO) l l

Intermittent Cycle Extended Aeration System (ICEASTM) l l l

Kraus Process l l

Oxidation Ditch/Aerated Lagoons l l

Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) l l l

Staged Activated-Sludge Process l l

Step Feed l l

Step Feed (Alternating Anoxic and Aerobic) l l l

Biological Nutrient Removal (BNR)

Bardenpho (Four Stage) l l l

BiodenitroTM l l l

Ludzack-Ettinger l l l

Modified Ludzack-Ettinger (MLE) l l l

OrbalTM Process l l l

SchreiberTM Process l l l

Simultaneous Nitrification denitrificatioN (SNdN) Process l l l

Step Feed BNR Process l l l

Wuhrman l l l

Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal (EBPR)Anaerobic/Anoxic/Oxic (A2/O) l l l l

Bardenpho (Five Stage) l l l l

Johannesburg Process l l l l

Phoredox (Anaerobic/Oxic [A/O]) l l

Phostrip l l

University of Cape Town (UCT) l l l l

Virginia Initiative Plant (VIP) l l l l


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Applications

C-BODRemoval

PhosphorusRem

oval


Removal

Denitrifcation

Nitrogen

Removal

SolidsLiquid

Separation(TDS

andTSS)

TargetedContam

inants

Removal

Disinfection

Physical/Chemic

al

Monitoring



Other Biological Processes

Fluidized Bed Bioreactor (FBBR) l l

Rotating Biological Contractor (RBC) l l

Submerged Rotating Biological Contactor (SRBC) l l

Trickling Filter (TF) l l

Anaerobic Processes

Anaerobic Attached Growth System

Upflow Packed-Bed Attached Growth Reactor l

Upflow Attached Growth Anaerobic l

Expanded-Bed Reactor (Anaerobic Expanded BedReactor [AEBR])

l

Downflow Attached Growth Process l

Anaerobic Contact Process l

Anaerobic Sequencing Batch Reactor (ASBR) l

Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) l

ANFLOW (ANaerobic FLuidized Bed Reactor) l

Biological Aerated Filters (BAF)

Biofor l l l

Biostyr l l l


Bioaugmentation

External Bioaugmentation

Seeding from Commercial Sources of Nitrifiers l l l

Trickling Filter and Pushed Activated Sludge (TF/PAS)Process

l l l

Seeding from External Dispensed Growth ReactorsTreating Reject Waters (Chemostat)

l l l

In-Nitri Process l l l

Immobilized Cell-Augmented Activated Sludge(ICASS) Process

l l l

Seeding from Parallel Processes l l l

Seeding from Downstream Process l l l


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1-11

February 2008




Applications

C-BODRemova

l

PhosphorusRemoval

Nitrifcation-Am

monia

Removal

Denitrifcation

Nitrogen

Removal

SolidsLiquid

Separation(TDS

andTSS)


Removal

Disinfection

Physical/Chemical

Monitoring

BiochemicalMo

nitoring

Innovative Technologies (Contd)

In Situ Bioaugmentation

DE-nitrification and PHosphate accumulation inANOXic (DEPHANOX) Process

l l l

Bio-Augmentation Regeneration/Reaeration (BAR)Process

l l l

Bio-Augmentation Batch Enhanced (BABE) Process l l l

Aeration Tank 3 (AT3) Process l l l

Main stream AUtotrophic Recycle Enabling EnhancedN-removal (MAUREEN) Process

l l

Regeneration DeNitrification (R-DN) Process l l l

Cannibal l l l

CATABOL l l l

Deep-Shaft Activated Sludge/VERTREAT l

Integrated fixed-Film Activated Sludge (IFAS)

IFAS Submerged Mobile Media

Attached Growth Airlift Reactor (AGAR) l l

Captor

l lLINPOR l l

IFAS Submerged Fixed Media

CLEARTEC l l

AccuWeb l l

BioMatrixTM l l

HYBASTM l l

BioWeb l l

RINGLACE l l

Membrane Bioreactor (MBR)

Tubular l l l l

Hollow-Fiber l l l l

Spiral Wound l l l l

Plate and Frame l l l l

Pleated Cartridge Filters l l l l

Mobile-Bed Reactor Technology (MBRT) Process

Kaldnes HYBAS/ Active Cell l l l

Hydroxyl-F3R l l l

GeoReactor l l l


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Applications

C-BODRemoval

PhosphorusRemo

val

Nitrifcation-Ammo

nia

Removal


Removal

SolidsLiquid

Separation(TDSandTSS)

TargetedContamin

ants

Removal

Disinfection

Physical/Chemical

Monitoring



Bardenpho(Three Stage) with Returned Activated Sludge(RAS) Denitrification l l l l

Biological-Chemical Phosphorus and Nitrogen Removal(BCFS)* l l l l

Modified University of Cape Town (MUCT) Process l l l l

Modified Anaerobic/Oxic (A/O) Process l l l l

Trickling Filter/Solids Contactor (TF/SC) l l


Aerobic Granular Sludge Process (AGSP) l l l l

ANaerobic Membrane BioReactor (AN-MBR) l l

Anaerobic Migrating Blanket Reactor (AMBR) l

DEamMONification (DEMON) Process l l l

Hydrogen-based hollow-Fiber Membrane Biofilm Reactor(HFMBfR) l l

Membrane-Aerated BioReactor (MABR) l l l l

Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) Based Treatment System l l

Multi-Stage Activated Biological Process (MSABP) l l l

Nereda l

Single reactor High-activity Ammonia Removal Over Nitrite(SHARON) l l l

SHARON ANAMMOX (ANaerobic AMMonia OXidation) l l l

STRASS Process l l l

Vacuum Rotation Membrane (VRM) System l l l



Note

* Chemical phosphorus removal is limited by kinetic factors as well as stoichiometric factors and excessive inorganic precipitant

requirements need to be reduced.


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1-13

February 2008


Chapter 4 In-Plant Wet Weather Management Processes


Applications

C-BODRemoval

PhosphorusRemoval

Nitrifcation-Ammo

nia

Removal


Removal

SolidsLiquid

Separation(TDSan

dTSS)

TargetedContamin

ants

Removal

Disinfection

Physical/Chemical

Monitoring



Dispersed Air Flotation l l

Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) l l

Enhanced Clarification/High Rate Clarification (HRC)

Ballasted Flocculation (Actiflo and Microsep) l l

Lamella Plate Settlers l l

Screening l

Vortex Separation l


Continuous Deflection Separator (CDS) l

HYDROSELFFlushing Gate l

Tipping Flusher l

TRASHMASTERTM Net Capture System l

WWETCO Compressed Media Filtrationor WWETCO CMPSystem

l l


None at this time


Alternative Wet Weather Disinfection l


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Applications

C-BODRemoval

PhosphorusRemoval

Nitrifcation-Ammo

nia

Removal


Removal

SolidsLiquid

Separation(TDSan

dTSS)

TargetedContamin

ants

Removal

Disinfection

Physical/Chemical

Monitoring



Ammonia and Nitrate Probes

ChemScan l

Myratek l

Hach Evita l

Hach NITRATAX l

NitraVis System l

Dissolved Oxygen Analyzer l

Online Cl2 Residual l

pH Probes l

Sludge Blanket Level Detector l

Solids Retention Time (SRT) Controller l

Total Suspended Solids Analyzer l


Ammonia and Nitrate Probes

ChemScan N-4000 l l

Hach Evita In Situ 5100 l l

Hach NITRATAX l l

Myratek Sentry C-2 l l

NitraVis System l l

Royce 8500 Series Multi-Parameter l l

Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) for Filamentousand Nitrifiying Bacteria

l

Microwave Density Analyzer l l

Microtox/Online Microtox l

SymBioTM

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NADH)Probes l

Online Respirometry l

NITROXTM Oxidation Reduction Potential (ORP) Probe l


Chapter 5 Process Monitoring Technologies


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1-15

February 2008


Applications

C-BODRemoval

PhosphorusRemoval


Removal


Removal

SolidsLiquid

Separation(TDSan

dTSS)


Removal

Disinfection

Physical/Chemical

Monitoring



None At This Time


Biological Micro-Electro Machine System (BioMEMS) l

FISH for Phosphorus Accumulating Organisms (PAOs) l

Handheld Advanced Nucleic Acid Analyzer (HANNA) l

Immunosensors and Immunoassays l

Photo-electro Chemical Oxygen Demand (PeCODTM) l



1.2.4 Evaluation of Technologies

Technologies dened as innovative in the initial screening were subjected to a detailed

evaluation. Each technology was evaluated with respect to the descriptive and comparativecriteria described below. Descriptive criteria include:

State of Development Describes the stage of development for each technologyranging from development to full-scale operations.

Applicability Qualitatively assesses in which market the technology is designedto be used.

EfuentReuse Discusses the reuse of treated efuent.

Benets Considers the benets gained (e.g., capital or operational savings) from

implementation of the technology.

Designations for each descriptive criterion are presented in Table 1.5.


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Criterion Designation Description

State of Development B Bench scale

P Pilot scale

I Full-scale industrial applications

M Full-scale municipal applicationsO Full-scale operations overseas

N Full-scale operations in North America

Applicability I Industrywide

F Few plants

S Primarily small plants

L Primarily large plants

Efuent Reuse Dp Direct potable

Dn Direct nonpotable

Ip Indirect potable

In Indirect nonpotable

Potential Benets C Capital savings

O Operational/maintenance

Table 1.5Descriptive Evaluation Criteria

Comparative criteria include:

Impact on Existing Facilities or Other Processes Describes whether ornot the technology requires the involvement of extensive design changes, and thedegree to which the existing facilities will be disturbed.

Complexity Considers the installation, startup, and shutdown methods for the

technology.Air/Odor Emissions Considers if the process has impacts on air and odoremissions for the facility.

Energy Considers the amount of energy required to adequately maintain theprocess and if any energy saving is possible.

Footprint Considers how the footprint helps to identify the land needed to expanda facility for increased capacity.

Retrotting Considers if the process can be used to modify old treatment plantswithout extensive reconstruction.

The above criteria compared individual technologies with other technologies in the samecategory, and were scored positive, neutral/mixed, or negative.

The criteria and ratings were applied to each innovative technology and the results arepresented in matrix format. Where available information was insufcient to rate a

technology for a criterion, no rating is given. The project team and reviewers assessedeach technology based on the limited information gathered and their collective judgment,experience, and opinions. Results of the evaluation are presented in subsequentchapters.


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1-17

February 2008

1.3 Guidance Document Format and Use

The remainder of the document is divided into chapters based upon general technologiesone chapter is dedicated to each of the following categories:



Chapter 4 In-Plant Wet Weather Management Processes


Each chapter provides an overview of the appropriate technologies, discusses the stateof development for each, presents an evaluation matrix for innovative technologies, andconcludes with a Technology Summary Sheet for each embryonic and innovativetechnology.

The technology summaries and evaluation matrices are the cornerstones of each chapterbroadly overviewing the innovative technologies. Neither the summaries nor the matricesshould be considered denitive technology assessments. Rather, they should be

considered stepping stones to more detailed investigations.

Chapter 6 discusses research needs and Appendix A contains applicable tradeassociations.

This document will be updated from time to time. Technologies were reviewed in mid-2006 to early 2007.

1.4 ChapterReferences

U.S. EPA, 2004 Report to Congress: Impacts and Control of CSO and SSOs, EPA 833-R-04-001, Ofce of Water.

U.S. EPA, Clean Watershed Needs Survey 2004 Report to Congress, EPA 832-R-07-001, Ofce of Water, 2007.


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Chapter

2-1Wastewater Treatment and In-Plant Wet Weather Management

2

Physical/Chemical Treatment Processes

2.1 Introduction

For the purpose of this report, physical and chemical treatment processes are dened as

treatment technologies that do not include any biomass in the process to achieve thetreatment objective. Physical processes remove solids from wastewater by owing

through screens or lter media, or solids are removed by gravity settling. Particles

entrapped with air oat to the surface and can be removed. Chemicals are used in

wastewater treatment to create changes in the pollutants that increase the ability toremove them. Changes may include forming oc or a heavier particle mass to improve

removal by physical processes. As a result, chemical addition and physical processesare usually employed together to provide treatment. This chapter focuses on advances inbasic physical and chemical treatment processes.

2.2 Technology Assessment

A summary of innovative, embryonic, and established technologies for physical and/orchemical treatment processes is provided in Table 2.1. A comparative evaluation among

innovative technologies is provided in Figure 2.1. Most of the physical chemical processesare established, and they are still very essential unit processes that are widely used invarious applications in wastewater treatment.

Innovative development in physical and chemical technologies includes membraneltration and compressible media lters. These technologies focus on the separation ofliquids and solids. Advanced solids separation is critical as a preliminary process stepand as an advanced treatment step to reduce suspended solids, plus nutrients and othercompounds, in the efuent. The application of these technologies has promoted the reuseof wastewater by providing a very high-quality efuent.

This chapter also discusses some of the innovative uses or unique applications of alreadyestablished technologies. For example, the Ballasted High Rate Clarication (BHRC)process is a high-rate chemical/physical clarication process that involves the formationof suspended solids onto a ballast particle with the aid of a coagulant and polymer. TheBHRC process includes the patented DensaDeg and Actio processes. Embryonictechnologies currently under development include solar disinfection and Blue PROTM forphosphorus removal. These technologies are discussed in the technology summaries inthis chapter. Chemical phosphorus removal is limited by kinetic factors as well asstoichiometric factors and excessive inorganic precipitant requirements need to bereduced.


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Table 2.1Physical/Chemical Treatment Processes State of Development


Air Stripping

Screening

Fine Screening

Micro Screening

Rotary Screening

Step Screening

Microsieves

Grit Removal

Traveling Bridge

Fine/Advanced Grit Removal System (AGRS)

HEADCELLTM

GRITKINGTM

PISTAGRITTM

HYDROGRITTM

Flocculation

Chemical Precipitation*

Alum Addition

Iron Salts Addition

Zeolite

High Rate Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) Treatment/Settling

Chemically Enhanced Primary Treatment

Solids Contact Clarifier for P Removal

Ion-Exchange

Chemical Oxidation*

Hydroxyl Radical

Oxygen (Atomic and Molecular)

Ozone

Hydrogen Peroxide

Hypochlorite/Chlorine/Chlorine Dioxide

Advanced Oxidation Processes

Supercritical Water Oxidation

Catalytic Oxidation

Photo Catalysis (UV + TiO2)

Fentons Reagent (H2O2 + Ferrous Ion)

Electodialysis

Filtration through Membranes

Reverse Osmosis

Microfiltration

Ultrafiltration


Filtration through Media

Cloth Media

Disc Filter (DF)

Drum Filter

Diamond-Shaped Filters

Silica Media (One- and Two-Stage)

Conventional Downflow

Deep-Bed Downflow Filters

Deep-Bed Upflow Continuous Backwash Filters

Activated Alumina Media

Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)

Granular-Activated Carbon (GAC)

Denitrification FiltersAutomatic Backwash Filters (ABW)

Pulsed Bed Filter

Disinfection

Ozone

Chlorine/Chlorine Dioxide/Liquid Chlorine/Dechlorination

Halogens (Bromine)

UltraViolet (UV) Disinfection


Compressible Media Filtration

NanofiltrationInnovative Use of Established Technologies

Ballasted High Rate Clarification (BHRC) Processes*

Actiflo Process

Densadeg Process

Microwave UV Disinfection


Blue CATTM

Blue PROTM

CoMagTM

Solar Disinfection

Note:

* Chemical phosphorus removal is limited by kineticfactors as well as stoichiometric factors and excessiveinorganic precipitant requirements need to bereduced.


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2-3

February 2008

Figure 2.1Evaluation of Innovative

Physical/Chemical Treatment Technologies

Process

Evaluation Criteria

Development

Applicability

Benefts

ImpactonProcesses

Complexity

Air/OdorEmissions

Reuse

Energy

Footprint

Retroftting

Compressible Media Filters I, M, N I C y y y Dn y p p

Nanofiltration I, M, N F O p y y Ip, Dp q p p

Comparative Criteria

p Positive featurey Neutral or mixedq Negative feature

Efuent Reuse

Dp = Direct potableDn = Direct nonpotableIp = Indirect potableIn = Indirect

nonpotable

Applicability

F = Few plantsI = IndustrywideL = P rimarily large plantsS = Primarily small plants

Potential Benets

C = Capital savingsI = Intense operational demandO = Operational/maintenance savingsS = Shock load capacityW = Wet weather load capacity

Statement of Development

B = Bench scaleI = Full-scale industrial applicationsM = Full-scale municipal applicationsO = Full-scale operations overseasP = PilotN = Full-scale operations in North America

Key


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2-5

February 2008

Wastewater Treatment and In-Plant Wet Weather Management 2-5

Technology Summary

Compressible Media Filtration

Objective:

Enhanced ltration where the porosity of the media canbe adjusted.

State of Development:

Innovative. This technology has gained widespread use and maybe approaching an established process.

Description:This synthetic medium was developed in Japan. The porosity of the lter bed can be adjusted by compressing the ltermedium and the size of the lter bed can be increased mechanically to backwash the lter. It is an enhanced ltration processwhere the ltration media is more effective in capturing more solids per lter volume than other media. The ltration unit isdesigned such that the porosity of the media can be adjusted and the solids can be removed by air scouring.

Comparison to Established Technologies:

Efuent to be ltered ows through the media as opposed to owing around the media as in sand and anthracite lters. Thisfeature permits higher hydraulic loadings of 30 gpm/ft2 of media and higher as opposed to other ltration systems with 2 to 6gpm/ft2.

Available Cost Information:

Approximate Capital Cost: $80,000 to $90,000 for a 3-ft by 3-ft lter operating at 0.25 to 0.55 MGD.Approximate O&M Costs: Not disclosed.

Vendor Name(s):

Fuzzy FiltersSchreiber Corporation100 Schreiber DriveTrussville, AL 35173Telephone: 205-655-7466 or 800-535-0944Email: [email protected]

Installation(s):

University of California, Davis, CA

Columbus CSO Facility, Columbus, GA

Clayton County Northeast WPCF, GA

Yountville Sanitary District, Yountville, CA

Rogersville, MO

Golden Poultry/Gold Kist, Sanford, NC

Orange County Sanitary District, Fountain Valley, CA

King County, Seattle, WA

Key Words for Internet Search:

Compressible media lter, wastewater treatment, fuzzy

Data Sources:

Metcalf and Eddy, Wastewater Engineering Treatment and Reuse, 4th Edition, 2003.

http://www.schreiberwater.com/


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2-7

February 2008


Technology Summary

Nanoltration

Objective:

Nanoltration is used as an advanced treatment systemto remove priority organic pollutants and biodegradable

organics, Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and TotalDissolved Solids (TDS), bacteria, and viruses.


Innovative.

Description:

The nanoltration process uses membranes with an operating pore size range of 0.01 to 0.2 micron in a pressure-drivenseparation. Operating pressures are 75 to 150 psig. Nanoltration is used for the removal of priority organic pollutants,biodegradable organics, TSS, bacteria, some viruses, and proteins from wastewater. It is used in certain municipal treatmentplants for disinfection purposes and softening of wastewater or it is used in process where the reuse of water is the treatmentgoal. Typically, microltration or ultraltration is used as a pretreatment process for water that is required to be treated throughnanoltration or reverse osmosis. The membranes are typically made of cellulose acetate or aromatic polyamides and arespiral wound and hollow ber.

Comparison to Established Technologies:The nanoltration process helps eliminate TSS, TDS, and other pathogens better than the ultraltration process.


Approximate Capital Cost: Not available.

Approximate O&M Costs: Not available.

Vendor Name(s):

GE Infrastructure Water and Process Technologies4636 Somerton RoadTrevose, PA 19053

Telephone: 215-355-3300www.gewater.com

Koch Membrane Systems, Inc.850 Main StreetWilmington, MA 01887Telephone: 888-677-5624Email: [email protected]

Installation(s):

Clifton Water District, CO


Nanoltration, wastewater treatment, NF

Data Sources:Metcalf and Eddy, Wastewater Engineering Treatment and Reuse, 4th Edition, 2003.

www.eurodia.com/html/index.html


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2-9

February 2008


Technology Summary

Actio Process

Objective:

Treatment of primary and tertiary efuents.State of Development:

Innovative Use of Established Technology.

Description:

The Actio process is a high-rate chemical and physical clarication process that involves the formation of suspended solidsonto a ballast particle (microsand) followed by lamellar settling. It is considered an established process for the treatment ofwet weather ows, but is also being applied to primary and tertiary efuents. The process starts with the addition of acoagulant to destabilize suspended solids. The ow enters the coagulation tank for ash mixing to allow the coagulant to takeeffect then overows into the injection tank where microsand is added. The microsand serves as a seed for oc formation,providing a large surface area for suspended solids to bond to and is the key to Actio . It allows solids to settle out morequickly, thereby requiring a smaller footprint than conventional clarication.Polymers may either be added in the injection tank or at the next step, the maturation tank. Mixing is slower in the maturationtank, allowing the polymer to help bond the microsand to the destabilized suspended solids. Finally, the settling tank effectivelyremoves the oc with help from plate settlers allowing the tank size to be further reduced. Claried water exits the process byoverowing weirs above the plate settlers. The sand and sludge mixture is collected at the bottom of the settling tank with a

conventional scraper system and pumped to a hydrocyclone, located above the injection tank. The hydrocyclone converts thepumping energy into centrifugal forces to separate the higher density sand from the lower density sludge. The sludge isdischarged out of the top of the hydrocyclone while the sand is recycled back into the Actio process for further use.Screening is required upstream of Actio so that particles larger than 3 to 6 mm do not clog the hydrocyclone.Several startup modes may be used for a full scale Actio system. If a wet weather event is expected within 7 days of aprevious wet weather event, the units should be shut down, but not put on standby. Wastewater would remain in the tanksand a wet startup would ensue at the time of the next wet weather event. In summer months, when freezing is not possible,the intermittent ush standby mode could be used; and when freezing is possible, the continuous ush standby mode shouldbe used. These standby modes should results in a successful wet method, dry startup.


Fundamentally, this process is very similar to conventional coagulation, occulation, and sedimentation water treatment

technology. Both processes use coagulant for the destabilization and occulent aid (polymer) for the aggregation of suspendedmaterials. These materials are then subsequently removed by settling for disposal. The primary technical advance made inthe Actio process is the addition of microsand as a seed and ballast for the formation of high-density ocs that have arelatively high-density microsand nucleus and are easily removed by settling. Chemical phosphorus removal is limited bykinetic factors as well as stoichiometric factors and excessive inorganic precipitant requirements need to be reduced.


Approximate Capital Cost: Not disclosed by vendor.

Approximate O&M Costs: Not disclosed by vendor.

Vendor Name(s):

Kruger USA401 Harrison Oaks Blvd.Suite 100Cary, NC 27513Telephone: 919-677-8310Fax: 919-677-0082Email: [email protected] site: http://www.krugerusa.com

Installation(s):

City of Greeneld, INLincolnton, NC

Lawrence WWTP, IN

Williamette WTP, OR

Fort Worth, TX


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Wastewater Treatment and In-Plant Wet Weather Management2-10 Wastewater Treatment and In-Plant Wet Weather Management2-10

Technology Summary

Actio Process (Contd)


Actio, Ballasted High Rate Clarication, BHRC

Data Sources:Web site owned by Kruger USA.

Keller, John, et al., Actio: A Years Worth of Operating Experience from the Largest SSO System in the U.S., WaterEnvironment Federations Annual Technical Exhibition and Conference (WEFTEC), 2005.

Ponist, Jeffrey B., David Scheiter, Ballasted High Rate Clarication Process Removes City of Greeneld, Indiana as a CSOCommunity.Sigmund, Thomas, et al., Operating Chemically Enhanced Clarication for Optimum Disinfection Performance, WEFTEC,2006.

Actio Process Diagram

Microsand and Sludge to Hyrdocyclone

Microsand

Coagulant

Coagulation Injection Maturation

Tube Settler

with Scraper

Clarified

Water

Raw

Water

Hyrdocyclone

Polymer

Sludge

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Technology Summary

DensaDeg Process

Objective:

Treatment of primary and tertiary efuents and wetweather ows.



Description:The DensaDeg process is a high-rate chemical and physical clarication process that combines sludge ballasted claricationand lamellar ltration, both established processes. The DensaDeg process starts with the addition of a coagulant to destabilizesuspended solids. The ow enters the rapid-mix tank for ash mixing to allow the coagulant to take effect then overows intothe reactor tank where sludge and polymer are added. A draft tube and mixer in the reactor allow for thorough mixing of thewastewater with the recirculated sludge and added chemicals. The sludge serves as a seed for oc formation providing alarge surface area for suspended solids to bond to and is the key to DensaDeg, allowing solids to settle out more quickly,thereby requiring a smaller footprint than conventional clarication.Wastewater ows over a weir from the reactor tank through a transition zone before entering the clarier. The clariereffectively removes the ow with help from settling tubes, allowing the tank size to be further reduced. Claried water exitsthe process by overowing weirs above the settling tubes. Sludge is collected at the bottom of the clarier with a conventional

scraper system and recirculated back to the reactor tank. Periodically, a separate sludge pump energizes and wastes a smallportion of the sludge from the system. Scum is removed from the process at the top of the transition zone by a cylindricalcollector that automatically rotates periodically.

Several startup modes may be used for a full-scale DensaDeg. If a wet weather event is expected within 6 hours of aprevious wet weather event, the units should be shut down, but not drained. After 6 hours, the units may be drained exceptfor three feet of depth in the clarier. Both of these scenarios, which would include keeping the sludge collector running whilethe system is idle, would maintain a sludge inventory and a wet startup would ensue at the time of the next wet weather event.

After 12 hours the tanks should be completely drained to prepare for a dry startup.


Fundamentally, this process is very similar to conventional coagulation, occulation, and sedimentation treatment technology.Both processes use coagulant for the destabilization and occulent aid (polymer) for the aggregation of suspended materials.These materials are then subsequently removed by settling for disposal. The primary technical advance made in theDensaDeg process is the recirculated sludge as a seed for the formation of high-density ocs for easy removal by settling.Chemical phosphorus removal is limited by kinetic factors as well as stoichiometric factors, and excessive inorganic precipitantrequirements need to be reduced.


Approximate Capital Cost: Cost estimates are dependent upon local requirements and specic applications.Approximate O&M Costs: Cost savings are linked to the relative ease of installation, operational exibility, and low-

energy consumption.

Vendor Name(s):

Inlco Degremont Inc.P.O. Box 71390Richmond, VA 23255-1930Telephone: 804-756-7600Web site: http://www.inlcodegremont.com

Installation(s):

Turlock, CA

Gainsville, GA

Toledo, OH

Halifax, Nova Scotia

Shreveport, LA


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Wastewater Treatment and In-Plant Wet Weather Management2-12 Wastewater Treatment and In-Plant Wet Weather Management2-12

Technology Summary

DensaDeg Process (Contd)


DensaDeg, High Rate Clarication, HRC

Data Sources:Web site owned by Inlco Degremont.http://www.inlcodegremont.com/separations_4.htmlSigmund, Thomas, et al., Operating Chemically enhanced Clarication for Optimum Disinfection Performance, WEFTEC,2006.

Process Diagram of the DensaDegHigh-RateClarierandThickener

Treated

Water

Raw

Water

Sludge Recirculation Thickened Sludge

Extraction

Floated MatterPolymerCoagulant

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Technology Summary

Microwave UV Disinfection

Objective:

Tertiary Disinfection of Wastewater Efuent.State of Development:


Description:

Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection transfers electromagnetic energy from a mercury arc lamp to wastewater. Electromagneticradiation, between the ranges of 100 to 400 nm (UV

2008 03 13 mtb emerging technologies

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