2007_biosecurerefsystemsforonlinesignverification

7/25/2019 2007_BiosecureRefSystemsForOnlineSignVerification

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BIOSECURE REFERENCE SYSTEMS FOR ON-LINE SIGNATUREVERIFICATION: A STUDY OF COMPLEMENTARITY

SYSTEMES DE REFERENCE DE BIOSECURE POUR LA VERIFICATION DE

SIGNATURE EN LIGNE : UNE ETUDE DE LA COMPLEMENTARITE

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I. Introduction

C>+ M+,]8&X 8Y J^'+**+9'+ -M8J/ E(8"+'6&+ :,%&,+; (9 169+ 7SSA 5&86O(95 ,>+ '&(,('%* G%:: 8Y+Ô+&,(:+ &+b6(&+; ,8 O&8G8,+ J6&8O+ %: % *+%;(95 Y8&'+ (9 ,>+ Y(+*; 8Y E(8G+,&(':# C>+ G%(9 8U`+',(W+ 8Y,>(: 9+,]8&X (: ,8 :,&+95,>+9 %9; ,8 (9,+5&%,+ G6*,(;(:'(O*(9%&F &+:+%&'> +YY8&,: (9 8&;+& ,8 (9W+:,(5%,+U(8G+,&(':)U%:+; (;+9,(,F %6,>+9,('%,(89 G+,>8;:0 Y8& ,>+ O6&O8:+ 8Y G++,(95 ,>+ ,&6:, %9; :+'6&(,F&+b6(&+G+9,: (9 ,>+ O&85&+::(95 ;(5(,%* (9Y8&G%,(89 :8'(+,F# C>(: 58%* ](** U+ %,,%(9+; ,>&865> W%&(86:(9,+5&%,+; +YY8&,:# 4G895 ,>+G0 % '8GG89 +W%*6%,(89 Y&%G+]8&X (9'*6;(95 @+Y+&+9'+ "F:,+G:0

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II. Description of systems and fusion techniques

II. 1. HMM-based approaches

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II. 1.1. Reference System 1

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5/24

Figure. 1. + "+5G+9,%,(89 =+',8&

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&+O&+:+9,: %9 %OO&8^(G%,(89 ,8 ,>+ Y(&:, 8&;+& ,(G+ ;+&(W%,(W+ %9; 0 0@ 0 %9; :,%9; &+:O+',(W+*F Y8&

O%,> ,%95+9, %95*+0 O%,> W+*8'(,F G%59(,6;+0 *85 '6&W%,6&+ &%;(6: %9; ,8,%* %''+*+&%,(89 G%59(,6;+# 4]>(,+9(95 *(9+%& ,&%9:Y8&G%,(89 (: Y(9%**F %OO*(+; ,8 +%'> ;(:'&+,+),(G+ Y69',(89 :8 %: ,8 8U,%(9 3+&8 G+%9%9; 69(, :,%9;%&; ;+W(%,(89 Y69',(89 W%*6+:#

(

$(W+9 ,>+ O%&%G+,+&(3+; +9&8**G+9, :+, 8Y :(59%,6&+: 8Y % 6:+&0 % '89,(9686: *+Y,),8)&(5>, QII ]%:'>8:+9 ,8 G8;+* +%'> :(59+&r: '>%&%',+&(:,(':i ,>(: G+%9: ,>%, +%'> O+&:89r: :(59%,6&+ (: G8;+*+; ,>&865>

% ;86U*+ :,8'>%:,(' O&8'+::0 '>%&%',+&(3+; UF % 5(W+9 96GU+& 8Y :,%,+: ](,> %9 %::8'(%,+; :+, 8Y ,&%9:(,(89O&8U%U(*(,(+:0 %9;0 (9 +%'> 8Y :6'> :,%,+:0 % '89,(9686: ;+9:(,F G6*,(W%&(%,+ $%6::(%9 G(^,6&+# M8

,&%9:(,(89 :X(O: U+,]++9 :,%,+: %&+ O+&G(,,+;# C>+ Q(;;+9 I%&X8W I8;+* -QII/ (: +:,(G%,+; UF

6:(95 ,>+ E%6G)_+*'> (,+&%,(W+ %*58&(,>G#$(W+9 % ,+:, :(59%,6&+ O%&%G+,+&(3+; %: O -](,> % ;6&%,(89 8Y

$= ,(G+ :%GO*+:/ %9; ,>+ '*%(G+; (;+9,(,F O&+W(86:*F +9&8**+; %: 0 ,>+ :(G(*%&(,F G%,'>(95 :'8&+ $

.*85 - t /

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II.2. Approaches based on Distance measures

C>(: :+',(89 ;+%*: ](,> ,]8 %OO&8%'>+: U%:+; 89 ;(:,%9'+ G+%:6&+ Y69',(89:# H9+ (: U%:+; 89 ,>+'8GO%&(:89 8Y % ,+:, :(59%,6&+ ,8 % &+Y+&+9'+ UF %9 4;%O,+; B+W+9:>,+(9 D(:,%9'+ 8Y ,]8 '>%&%',+& :,&(95:j.Ak0 '%**+; @+Y+&+9'+ "F:,+G 7 -@+Y7/ %9; ;+W+*8O+; UF ,>+ V9(W+&:(,F 8Y I%5;+U6&5# C>+ 8,>+& (: %;(:,%9'+ G+%:6&+ U+,]++9 ,]8 Y+%,6&+ W+',8&: &+O&+:+9,(95 ,>+ ,+:, %9; ,>+ &+Y+&+9'+ :(59%,6&+:

&+:O+',(W+*F UF % :+&(+: 8Y :,%,(:,('%* Y+%,6&+:0 '%**+; @+Y+&+9'+ "F:,+G? -@+Y?/#


7/24


C>+ U%:(: Y8& ,>(: %*58&(,>G (: ,>+ ,&%9:Y8&G%,(89 8Y ,>+ ;F9%G(' >%9;]&(,(95 :(59%*: -O8:(,(890

O&+::6&+ %9; W+*8'(,F 8Y ,>+ O+9/ (9,8 % '>%&%',+& :,&(95 %9; ,>+ '8GO%&(:89 8Y ,]8 '>%&%',+& :,&(95:%''8&;(95 ,8 ,>+ B+W+9:>,+(9 ;(:,%9'+ G+,>8; UF =# L# B+W+9:>,+(9 j7k# C>(: ;(:,%9'+ G+%:6&+ ;+,+&G(9+:

% W%*6+ Y8& ,>+ :(G(*%&(,F 8Y ,]8 '>%&%',+& :,&(95:# C8 5+, ,>(: '>%&%',+& :,&(95:0 ,>+ 89*(9+ :(59%,6&+:%GO*+ ;%,% G6:, U+ ,&%9:Y+&&+; (9,8 % :+b6+9'+ 8Y '>%&%',+&: %: ;+:'&(U+; UF "'>(GX+ u %*# j.Ak# 2&8G,>+ &%] ;%,% 8Y ,>+ ]&(,(95 -O+9 O8:(,(89 %9; O&+::6&+/ ,>+ O+9 G8W+G+9, '%9 U+ (9,+&O8*%,+; %9; 8,>+&:(59%*: '%9 U+ ;+,+&G(9+; :6'> %: ,>+ W+*8'(,F# L9 8&;+& ,8 ,&%9:Y+& % :(59%,6&+ (9,8 % :,&(950 ]+ 6:+ ,>+*8'%* +^,&+G% -G(9(G6G0 G%^(G6G/ 8Y ,>+ Y69',(89 '6&W+: 8Y ,>+ O+9 G8W+G+9,# _+ 9%G+ ,>+8''6&&+9'+ 8Y :6'> %9 +^,&+G+ W%*6+ %: %9 #@#1*# 498,>+& ,FO+ 8Y +W+9, (: ,>+ 5%O %Y,+& +%'> :+5G+9, 8Y,>+ :(59%,6&+# 4 :+5G+9, (: ,>+ :(59%* U+,]++9 ,>+ O+9);8]9 %9; ,>+ :6U:+b6+9,*F Y8**8](95 O+9)6O#">8&, :+5G+9,: %&+ %98,>+& ,FO+ 8Y +W+9,:# L, (: 98, O8::(U*+ Y8& :>8&, :+5G+9,: ,8 ;+,+&G(9+ +^,&+G+

O8(9,: U+'%6:+ ,88 Y+] ;%,% %&+ %W%(*%U*+# C>+:+ +W+9,: '%9 U+ :6U;(W(;+; (9,8 :(95*+ O8(9,: %9; :+5G+9,:Y&8G ]>('> ,>+ :,&8X+ ;(&+',(89 -+#5# Y&8G *+Y, ,8 &(5>,/ '%9 U+ ;+,+&G(9+;# _+ %9%*F3+ ,>+ O+9 G8W+G+9,

:(59%*:0 +^,&%', ,>+ Y+%,6&+ +W+9,: %9; %&&%95+ ,>+G (9 ,+GO8&%* 8&;+& 8Y ,>+(& 8''6&&+9'+: (9 8&;+& ,8

%'>(+W+ % :,&(95)*(X+ &+O&+:+9,%,(89 8Y ,>+ :(59%,6&+# 49 8W+&W(+] 8Y ,>+ ;+:'&(U+; +W+9,: (: &+O&+:+9,+;(9 C%U*+ LL#

Table II.C>+ O8::(U*+ +W+9, ,FO+:Table II."#$ /,FF+)#1*$ *0A#$ /E+@+1#2#1*$ A8&, +W+9,:m ;(&+',(89:i 0 00 0 0 0 0

4, ,>+ ,&%9:Y8&G%,(89 8Y ,>+ :(59%,6&+ :(59%*: ,>+ +W+9,: %&+ +9'8;+; ](,> ,>+ '>%&%',+&: 8Y ,>+ '8*6G9

v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b6(&(95 ,>+ ;+Y(9(,(89 8Y :'8&+: Y8& +;(, 8O+&%,(89: 89 ,>8:+ '8GU(9%,(89 +W+9,:# L9%;;(,(890 % 98&G%*(3%,(89 8Y ,>+ :,&(95 *+95,>: (: %*:8 &+b6(&+; U+'%6:+ ,>+ *+95,>: 8Y ,>+ :,&(95: '%9 U+;(YY+&+9, %, ,>+ U(8G+,&(' %6,>+9,('%,(89 UF Y*6',6%,(89: 8Y ,>+ U(8G+,&(' (9O6,# L9 ,>(: %OO&8%'>0 %9%;;(,(89%* 98&G%*(3%,(89 8Y ,>+ ;(:,%9'+ (: O+&Y8&G+; ;6+ ,8 ,>+ O8::(U(*(,F 8Y ;(YY+&+9, *+95,>: 8Y ,>+ ,]8

:,&(95 :+b6+9'+:#

C>+ :(59%*: 8Y ,>+ O+9 G8W+G+9, %&+ &+O&+:+9,+; UF % :+b6+9'+ 8Y '>%&%',+&: 98]# ",%&,(95 86, Y&8G,>+ %::6GO,(89 ,>%, :(G(*%& :,&8X+: >%W+ %*:8 :(G(*%& :,&(95 &+O&+:+9,%,(89:0 % U(8G+,&(' %6,>+9,('%,(89U%:+; 89 :(59%,6&+: '%9 U+ '%&&(+; 86, UF 6:(95 ,>+ B+W+9:>,+(9 D(:,%9'+#

C>+ B+W+9:>,+(9 D(:,%9'+ ;+,+&G(9+: ,>+ :(G(*%&(,F 8Y ,]8 '>%&%',+& :,&(95: UF ,>+ ,&%9:Y8&G%,(89 8Y89+ :,&(95 (9,8 ,>+ 8,>+& 89+ UF 6:(95 8O+&%,(89: 89 ,>+ (9;(W(;6%* '>%&%',+&:# 28& ,>(: ,&%9:Y8&G%,(89 %

:+b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i


8/24

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:G%**+& ;(:,%9'+QU+,]++9 GH%9; G%;+98,+: 5&+%,+& :(G(*%&(,F ,>%9 % *%&5+& ;(:,%9'+#


@+Y+&+9'+ "F:,+G ? -@+Y?/ (: U%:+; 89 % :+&(+: 8Y :,%,(:,('%* Y+%,6&+: :>8]9 U+*8]0 %9; (: 6:+;O&(9'(O%**F ,8 O&8W(;+ % :(GO*+ 989)8O,(G(:+; U%:+*(9+ Y8& O+&Y8&G%9'+ '8GO%&(:89 %5%(9:, ,>+ G8&+>(5>*F ,69+;0 >(5> O+&Y8&G%9'+ :F:,+G:# C>+ Y+%,6&+: &+O&+:+9, ,>+ O&8O8:+; :+, Y8& % ;+W+*8O(95:,%9;%&; ](,>(9 ,>+ U(8G+,&(': '8GG69(,Fm % O&8'+:: ]>('> &+b6(&+: O+&Y8&G%9'+ '>%&%',+&(:,(': ,8 U++:,%U*(:>+;#

C>+ Y+%,6&+: +^,&%',+; Y&8G +%'> :(59%,6&+ ]+&+i%/ C>+ :,%9;%&; ;+W(%,(89 8Y %** :%GO*+; w W%*6+: h O&(8& ,8 &8,%,(89U/ C>+ :,%9;%&; ;+W(%,(89 8Y %** :%GO*+; T W%*6+: h O&(8& ,8 &8,%,(89'/ .SSS ^ x. y C>+ '8&&+*%,(89 '8+YY('(+9, 8Y w %9; T W%*6+: ,8 ,>&++ :(59(Y('%9, ;(5(,:z;/ C>+ ,8,%* :(59%,6&+K:(59 ,(G+ (9 G(**(:+'89;:+/ C>+ ,8,%* (9)'89,%', :(59%,6&+K:(59 ,(G+ -28&'+ -2/ {S/ (9 G(**(:+'89;:

Y/ C>+ G+%9 8Y %** :%GO*+; 28&'+ -2/ W%*6+: ]>('> %&+ 5&+%,+& ,>%9 S5/ C>+ :,%9;%&; ;+W(%,(89 8Y %** :%GO*+; 2 W%*6+: ]>('> %&+ 5&+%,+& ,>%9 S>/ C>+ G+%9 8Y %** :%GO*+; 43(G6,> -43/ %95*+: (9 ;+5&++:

(/ C>+ :,%9;%&; ;+W(%,(89 8Y %** :%GO*+; 43 %95*+: (9 ;+5&++:`/ C>+ G+%9 8Y %** :%GO*+; J*+W%,(89 -J*/ %95*+: (9 ;+5&++:X/ C>+ :,%9;%&; ;+W(%,(89 8Y %** :%GO*+; J* %95*+: (9 ;+5&++:*/ .SSS ^ x. y C>+ '8&&+*%,(89 '8+YY('(+9, 8Y 43 %9; J* %95*+: ,8 ,>&++ :(59(Y('%9, ;(5(,:zG/ C8,%* 96GU+& 8Y O+9 ;8]9 O+9 6O :+b6+9'+:9/ P+9 ;(:,%9'+ (9 w)% (: ;(W(;+; UF ,>+ O+9 ;(:,%9'+ (9 ,>+ T)%^(:

C>+ +&+i^ | &+Y+&+9'+ :,%,(:,(':F | :%GO*+ :,%,(:,(':( | Y+%,6&+ 96GU+&9 | ,8,%* 96GU+& 8Y Y+%,6&+:

L9 ,>(: G+,&('0 ,>+ 96G+&%,8& &+O&+:+9,: ,>+ ;(::(G(*%&(,F %9; ,>+ ;+98G(9%,8& 98&G%*(3+: ,>(:;(::(G(*%&(,F# C>+&+Y8&+ ,>+ &+:6*, ](** 9+W+& +^'++; 89+ %9; ,>+&+ ](** U+ 98 :'%*(95 +YY+',#

8:+ %6,>+9,('(,F ](** U+ Y869; 86, % O8:,+&(8&(/# C>+ G+,&('O&8W(;+: % Y(9%* ;(:,%9'+ &+:6*,0 ]>('> (: (9 ,>+ &%95+ S ,8 .# LY :6'> ;(:,%9'+ (: *8]+& ,>%9 ,>+ W%*6+ 8Y ,>+;+'(:(89 ,>&+:>8*; ,>+ '*%(G+; (;+9,(,F (: %''+O,+;0 8,>+&](:+ (, (: &+`+',+;#


9/24

II. 3. Fusion Techniques

C>+ (9;(W(;6%* :F:,+G :'8&+: %&+ '8GU(9+; 6:(95 % :(GO*+ 4&(,>G+,(' I+%9 @6*+ -4I@/ %Y,+&O+&Y8&G(95 % 98&G%*(3%,(89 8Y ,>+:+ :'8&+:# L9;++;0 ,>+ %(G 8Y 98&G%*(3%,(89 (: ,8 8U,%(9 '8GO%&%U*+:'8&+: (9 8&;+& ,8 %,,%(9 588; &+:6*,: ,>&865> :(GO*+ Y6:(89 &6*+:# C]8 ,FO+: 8Y 98&G%*(3%,(89 %&+ :,6;(+;i,>+ Y(&:, 89+ (: U%:+; 89 ,>+ I(9)I%^ 98&G%*(3%,(89 j\k %9; ,>+ :+'89; 89+0 '%**+; E%F+: 98&G%*(3%,(8906:+: % O8:,+&(8&( '*%:: O&8U%U(*(,(+: jZk#

C>+ pX,16X(3Y 1+ G+%9 -/ %9; :,%9;%&; ;+W(%,(89: -/ 8Y U8,>

,>+ '*(+9, %9; (GO8:,8& ;(:,&(U6,(89: (9 ,>+ ,&%(9(95 ;%,%U%:+0 %9; :+,i 2W (GO6 % (GO%9;XW '*\% '*#L9;++;0 %::6G(95 ,>%, 5+96(9+ %9; (GO8:,8& :'8&+: Y8**8] $%6::(%9 ;(:,&(U6,(89:0 Ra} 8Y ,>+ W%*6+: *(+ (9

,>+ j k (9,+&W%*m Y8**8](95 ,>(: G8;+*0 86& '>8('+ 8Y 2%9;XO+&G(,: ,8 '8W+& G8:, 8Y ,>+

:'8&+:# =%*6+: >(5>+& ,>%9X8& *8]+& ,>%9 2%&+ ,>&+:>8*;+;# C>(: 98&G%*(3%,(89 G%O: ,>+ :'8&+ (9 ,>+jS0.k (9,+&W%*#

2(9%**F0 ](0#$ 1+&+ M8^9+, M8`9 %&+ ,>+ '*(+9, %9; (GO8:,8& O&(8&:0 %9; A8$_^9 %9; A8$_`9%&+ ,>+ '*(+9, %9; (GO8:,8&*(X+*(>88;:# 8:+O%&%G+,+&: %&+ +:,(G%,+; 89 ,>+ ,&%(9(95 ;%,%U%:+# 4::6G(95 (9;+O+9;+9'+ U+,]++9 ,>+ ,]8 :'8&+:$H%9;$%0 %9; Y8**8](95 jZk0 ]+ '8GO6,+ ,>+ %&(,>G+,(' G+%9 8YM8^_$H9%9;M8^_$%97

III. Experimental Setup

III. 1. MCYT brief description and the associated protocol for each system

III. 1. 1. MCYT Signature Database

C>+ 96GU+& 8Y +^(:,(95 *%&5+ O6U*(' ;%,%U%:+: 8&(+9,+; ,8 ,>+ O+&Y8&G%9'+ +W%*6%,(89 8Y &+'859(,(89

:F:,+G: (9 H9)*(9+ "(59%,6&+ (: b6(,+ *(G(,+;# C>+ I


10/24

1 8Y ,>+ O+9 ](,> &+:O+', ,8 ,>+ ,%U*+,0 %9; %*,(,6;+ %95*+ 1 8Y ,>+ O+9 ](,> &+:O+', ,8 ,>+ ,%U*+,# C>+:%GO*(95 Y&+b6+9'F (: :+, ,8 .SS Q3# C>+ '%O,6&+ %&+% (: Y6&,>+& ;(W(;+; (9,8 ?\#a GG -](;,>/ .\#a GG->+(5>,/ U*8'X: ]>('> %&+ 6:+; %: Y&%G+: Y8& %'b6(:(,(89#

X

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0 200 400

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0 200 400 600 0 200 400 600

X

Y

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0 100 200 300

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0 200 400 0 200 400

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0 100 200 300

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0 100 200 0 200 400

Figure 3. "(59%,6&+: Y&8G I+ ,]8 *+Y, :(59%,6&+: %&+ 5+96(9+ %9; ,>+ 89+ 89 ,>+ &(5>, (: % :X(**+; Y8&5+&F# P*8,: U+*8] +%'> :(59%,6&+'8&&+:O89; ,8 ,>+ %W%(*%U*+ (9Y8&G%,(890 9%G+*Fi O8:(,(89 ,&%`+',8&(+:0 O&+::6&+0 %9; O+9 %3(G6,> %9;%*,(,6;+ %95*+:#

Figure 3. G,51(*.)#$ /# 4( ]($# X^L; '


11/24

C>+ :(59%,6&+ '8&O6: '8GO&(:+: 5+96(9+ %9; :>%O+)U%:+; >(5>*F :X(**+; Y8&5+&(+: ](,> 9%,6&%* ;F9%G(':#L9 8&;+& ,8 8U,%(9 ,>+ Y8&5+&(+:0 +%'> '89,&(U6,8& (: &+b6+:,+; ,8 (G(,%,+ 8,>+& :(59+&: UF ]&(,(95 9%,6&%**F0](,>86, %&,(Y%',: :6'> %: U&+%X: 8& :*8];8]9:# C>+ %'b6(:(,(89 O&8'+;6&+ (: %: Y8**8]:# V:+& 1]&(,+: % :+,

8Y a 5+96(9+ :(59%,6&+:0 %9; ,>+9 a :X(**+; Y8&5+&(+: 8Y '*(+9, 1).# C>(: O&8'+;6&+ (: &+O+%,+; A G8&+ ,(G+:(G(,%,(95 O&+W(86: 6:+&: 1)70 1)?0 1)A %9; 1)a# C%X(95 (9,8 %''869, ,>%, ,>+ :(59+& (: '89'+9,&%,+; (9 %

;(YY+&+9, ]&(,(95 ,%:X U+,]++9 5+96(9+ :(59%,6&+ :+,:0 ,>+ W%&(%U(*(,F U+,]++9 '*(+9, :(59%,6&+: Y&8G;(YY+&+9, %'b6(:(,(89 :+,: (: +^O+',+; ,8 U+ >(5>+& ,>%9 ,>+ W%&(%U(*(,F 8Y :(59%,6&+: ](,>(9 ,>+ :%G+ :+,# 4:% &+:6*,0 +%'> :(59+& '89,&(U6,+: ](,> 7a 5+96(9+ :(59%,6&+: (9 a 5&86O: 8Y a :(59%,6&+: +%'>0 %9; (: Y8&5+;7a ,(G+: UF a ;(YY+&+9, (G(,%,8&:# C>+ ,8,%* 96GU+& 8Y '89,&(U6,8&: (9 I+&+Y8&+ ,>+ ,8,%*

96GU+& 8Y :(59%,6&+: O&+:+9, (9 ,>+ :(59%,6&+ ;%,%U%:+ (: ??S aS | .ZaSS0 >%*Y 8Y ,>+G 5+96(9+:(59%,6&+: %9; ,>+ &+:, Y8&5+&(+:#

"8G+ :(59%,6&+: :%GO*+: Y&8G I8]9 (9 2(56&+ ?#

III. 1. 2. Individual systems Evaluation Protocol

C>+ Y(&:, Y(Y,F -aS/ ]&(,+&: 8Y ,>+ I88:(95 ,>+ U+:, '8GU(9%,(898Y O%&%G+,+&:0 8& ,>+ U+:, ,8O8*85F 8Y ,>+ :F:,+G (9 ,>+ '%:+ 8Y QII)U%:+; %OO&8%'>+:# C>+ &+G%(9(95

7lS O+&:89: %&+ '89:(;+&+; %: ,>+ JW%*6%,(89 "+,#

L9 ,>+ JW%*6%,(89 "+,0 ,>+ Y(&:, Y(W+ 5+96(9+ :(59%,6&+: 8Y +%'> ]&(,+& (9 ,>+ I 8,>+& '*(+9, 8Y ,>+ JW%*6%,(89 "+,/ %&+ 6:+; Y8&

,+:, O6&O8:+:#

III. 2. Description of the Fusion Protocol and the different experiments

III. 2.1. Protocol

4: G+9,(89+; (9 "+',(89 LLL#.#70 ,>+ Y(&:, aS ]&(,+&: 8Y ,>+ I+ Y8**8](95 ~I+ &+G%(9(95 7lS 6:+&: %: JW%*6%,(89 "+,#

C>+ JW%*6%,(89 "+, (: :O*(, (9,8 ,]8 O%&,: 8Y +b6%* :(3+ -.AS O+&:89:/ ;+:(59%,+; &+:O+',(W+*F ,>+ 26:(89B+%&9(95 "+, -c"G/ %9; 26:(89 C+:, "+, -c;G/# C>+ Y(&:, (: 6:+; ,8 '8GO6,+ 98&G%*(3%,(89 Y%',8&: ,>%, %&+

%OO*(+; ,8 ,>+ 26:(89 C+:, "+,0 (9 8&;+& ,8 ,+:, ,>+ Y6:(89 :F:,+G#

_+ >%W+ '>8:+9 % %95(95 ,>+(& &8*+:0 ,>%, (: -c"GWG%: c;GWGH9# "+W+&%* :O*(,:G6:, U+ '89:(;+&+; ,8 &+;6'+ ,>+ U(%: +YY+', &+*%,+; ,8 89+ O%&,('6*%& :O*(,#

28& +%'> :O*(,0 (9:,+%; 8Y '8GO6,(95 +&&8& &%,+: -24@0 2@@/ (9 +%'> 8Y ,>+ ,]8 :,+O: %U8W+ ;+:'&(U+;-",+O .i -c"GWGH: c;GWG%9 %9; ",+O 7i -c"GWG%: c;GWGH9/0 ]+ '8GO6,+ 5*8U%* +&&8& &%,+: -24@0 2@@/89 ,>+ ]>8*+ JW%*6%,(89 "+,# C>(: ]%F0 Y8& % 5(W+9 W%*6+ 8Y ,>+ ;+'(:(89 ,>&+:>8*;0 % :(95*+ '86O*+ 8Y+&&8& W%*6+: -24@0 2@@/ (: %::8'(%,+; ,8 +%'> :O*(, 8Y ,>+ ;%,%U%:+# C>+90 Y8& +%'> :O*(,0 UF W%&F(95 ,>+W%*6+ 8Y ,>+ ;+'(:(89 ,>&+:>8*;0 ]+ 8U,%(9 % DJC '6&W+ j.Zk#

_+ '89:(;+& aS ;(YY+&+9, :O*(,: *+%;(95 ,8 aS DJC '6&W+:# 28& +%'> W%*6+ 8Y ,>+ ;+'(:(89 ,>&+:>8*;0 ]+%*:8 '8GO6,+ %9 %W+&%5+ +&&8& &%,+ 8W+& ,>+ aS :O*(,: -+&&8& &%,+: %&+ ;(&+',*F %W+&%5+;/#


12/24

III. 2.2. Experiments

L9 86& +Ô+&(G+9,: ]+ :,6;F '8GU(9%,(89: 8Y O%(&: 8Y :F:,+G: %9; '8GO%&+ ,>+G ,8 ,>+ Y86& (9;(W(;6%*

:F:,+G: >+&+ O&+:+9,+; (9 8&;+& ,8 >%W+ :8G+ (9:(5>, 89 :F:,+G:c '8GO*+G+9,%&(,F# C>+9 ,>+ U+:,'8GU(9%,(89: 8Y ,]8 :F:,+G: %&+ '8GO%&+; ,8 ,>+ '8GU(9%,(89 8Y %** ,>+ Y86& :F:,+G:0 %9; %*:8 ,8 ,>+

'8GU(9%,(89 8Y ,>+ ,>&++ @+Y+&+9'+ "F:,+G:# C]8 :'>+G+: %&+ :,6;(+; (9 ,>+ Y8**8](95i 89+ '89:(;+&(95U8,> :X(**+; %9; &%9;8G Y8&5+&(+: :(G6*,%9+86:*F0 ,>+ 8,>+& '89:(;+&(95 89*F :X(**+; Y8&5+&(+:#

III. 3. Systems optimization on the Development Set

C>(: "+',(89 (: ;+W8,+; ,8 ,>+ 8O,(G(3%,(89 8Y :F:,+G: 89 ,>+ D+W+*8OG+9, "+,0 9%G+*F I('>'89W+&, %9 89*(9+ >%9;]&(,(95 :(59%* (9,8 % :,&(95# L, (: W+&F ;(YY('6*, ,8 (GO&8W+ 8& ,8 +9*%&5+ ,>+:+ &6*+:,8 % 5(W+9 :+,# 28& ,>(: &+%:890 (, ]%: '>8:+9 98, ,8 ,69+ ,>+ %*58&(,>G ,8 I+ :F:,+G ]%: O+&Y8&G+; (9 8&;+& ,8G+%:6&+ ,>+ :F:,+Gc: O+&Y8&G%9'+ 89 ,8,%**F 69:++9 ;%,%#

L9 ,>(: "+',(890 ]+ &+O8&, '89Y(56&%,(89 +Ô+&(G+9,: 8Y H9)*(9+ "(59%,6&+ "F:,+G A 89 ,>+D+W+*8OG+9, "+,# C>+ ,]8 +Ô+&(G+9,: ;+:'&(U+; (9 ,>+ Y8**8](95 %&+ &+*%,+; ,8 ,>+ '89Y(56&%,(89 8Y ,>+Y69',(89%* Y+%,6&+ :+, %9; ,>+ G8;+*(95 '8GO*+^(,F0 &+:O+',(W+*F#

III.3.1. System 4 Optimization on MCYT-50: Functional Feature Set

C>+ '89Y(56&%,(89 Y8& ,>+ Y69',(89%* Y+%,6&+ +^,&%',(89 +Ô+&(G+9, (: U%:+; 89 ,>+ O&+W(86: ]8&X&+O8&,+; (9 j.\k# C>+ G8;+*(95 '8GO*+^(,F (: Y(^+; ,8 A QII :,%,+: %9; l $%6::(%9 G(^,6&+: O+& :,%,+#C&%(9(95 ;%,% 8Y +%'> 6:+& '89:(:, 8Y a ,&%(9(95 :(59%,6&+:0 +%'> 89+ Y&8G % ;(YY+&+9, %'b6(:(,(89 :+,#@+:6*,: %&+ 5(W+9 %: ,>+ %W+&%5+ (9;(W(;6%* JJ@ Y8& %** ,>+ aS :(59+&: (9 ,>+ D+W+*8OG+9, "+,0'89:(;+&(95 %** ,>+ :X(**+; Y8&5+&(+: %W%(*%U*+ Y8& +%'> 6:+ J%'> (9;(W(;6%* JJ@ (: '8GO6,+; Y8**8](95,>+ 8O+&%,(89%* O&8'+;6&+ (9,&8;6'+; (9 j.lk# @+:6*,: Y8& ;(YY+&+9, Y69',(89%* :+,: %&+ :>8]9 (9 2(56&+ A#

_+ Y(&:, 8U:+&W+ ,>%, %*,>865> O+9 (9'*(9%,(89 :(59%*: >%W+ :>8]9 ;(:'&(G(9%,(W+ '%O%U(*(,(+: (9 8,>+&

]8&X: j.Rk0 ,>+ (9'*6:(89 8Y ,>+:+ ,]8 Y69',(89: ]8&:+9: ,>+ W+&(Y('%,(89 O+&Y8&G%9'+ (9 ,>+ "(59%,6&+"F:,+G A# L9 O%&,('6*%&0 %W+&%5+ JJ@ ;+'&+%:+: Y&8G .S#?\} ,8 A#aA} ]>+9 O&+::6&+ :(59%* (: (9'*6;+;,8 ,>+ U%:(' O8:(,(89 ,&%`+',8&F (9Y8&G%,(890 U6, (9'&+%:+: ,8 Z#7l} %9; A#lA} ]>+9 %3(G6,> %9; %*,(,6;+:(59%*: %&+ &+:O+',(W+*F '89:(;+&+;#

L9 2(56&+ A ]+ %*:8 :>8] ,>+ W+&(Y('%,(89 O+&Y8&G%9'+ Y8& %9 (9'&+%:(95 96GU+& 8Y +^,+9;+; Y69',(89:0

'8GO6,+; 8W+& ,>+ U%:(' :+, x3:0:Az# L9 O%&,('6*%&0 ]>+9 O%,> ,%95+9, %95*+ 0 O%,> W+*8'(,F G%59(,6;+0 *85 '6&W%,6&+ &%;(6:@ 0 %9; ,8,%* %''+*+&%,(89 G%59(,6;+ %&+ O&85&+::(W+*F (9'*6;+;0 7#a\}0

.#RR}0 .#AA}0 %9; S#Zl} %W+&%5+ JJ@: %&+ 8U,%(9+;# C>+ :+, '8GO8:+; UF ,>+:+ \ Y69',(89:

(

0 0 0 0 0 03 0 A @ ( ](** U+ &+Y+&&+; ,8 %: w# C>+ W+&(Y('%,(89 O+&Y8&G%9'+ &+:6*, Y8& ,>+ Y(9%* Y69',(89%*'89Y(56&%,(89 8Y "F:,+G A '89:(:,(95 8Y ,>+ \ Y69',(89: (9 w%9; ,>+(& Y(&:, 8&;+& ,(G+ ;+&(W%,(W+: w(:%*:8 O*8,,+; (9 2(56&+ A#


13/24

Figure 4. 269',(89%* 2+%,6&+ J^,&%',(89 +^O+&(G+9,:# =+&(Y('%,(89 O+&Y8&G%9'+ &+:6*,: Y8& :X(**+;

Y8&5+&(+: %&+ 5(W+9 Y8& W%&(86: Y69',(89 :+,: (9'*6;(95i O8:(,(89 ,&%`+',8&(+: %9; 0 O&+::6&+ A0

%3(G6,> 0 %*,(,6;+ 0 O%,> ,%95+9, %95*+ 0 O%,> W+*8'(,F G%59(,6;+ 0 *85 '6&W%,6&+ &%;(6:@ 0 ,8,%*

%''+*+&%,(89 G%59(,6;+ %9; ,>+(& Y(&:, 8&;+& ,(G+ ;+&(W%,(W+:( #Figure 4. D3A+),#1'#$ /E#3*)('*,+&+ a ,&%(9(95 :(59%,6&+: Y&8G ,>+ Y(&:, %'b6(:(,(89 :+,0 %9; ,+:, ](,>,>+ &+G%(9(95 89+:# @+:6*,: %&+ 5(W+9 %: ,>+ %W+&%5+ (9;(W(;6%* JJ@ Y8& ,>+ aS 6:+&: (9 ,>+ :(59%,6&+

;+W+*8OG+9, '8&O6: '89:(;+&(95 %** ,>+ :X(**+; Y8&5+&(+: 8Y +%'> 6:+&0 %: (9 ,>+ O&+W(86: Y69',(89%* :+,+^O+&(G+9,# C>+ ,8O8*85F 8Y ,>+ QII (: Y(^+; ,8 *+Y,),8)&(5>, ,&%9:(,(89: ](,>86, :X(OO(95 :,%,+:# C>+

G8;+*(95 '8GO*+^(,F (: &+*%,+; ,>+9 ,8 ,>+ 96GU+& 8Y :,%,+: =%9; 96GU+& 8Y $%6::(%9 G(^,6&+: O+& :,%,+X# =+&(Y('%,(89 O+&Y8&G%9'+ &+:6*,: %&+ 5(W+9 (9 C%U*+ LLL#

2&8G C%U*+ LLL0 ]+ Y(&:, 8U:+&W+ ,>%,0 Y8& % Y(^+; 96GU+& 8Y :,%,+:=:,>+ 5&+%,+& ,>+ 96GU+& 8Y G(^,6&+:O+& :,%,+ X: ,>+ *8]+& ,>+ +&&8& 69,(* ,>+ G(9(G6G +&&8& (: &+%'>+;# "(G(*%&*F0 Y8& % Y(^+; 96GU+& 8YG(^,6&+: O+& :,%,+ X0 ,>+ 5&+%,+& ,>+ 96GU+& 8Y :,%,+: =,>+ *8]+& ,>+ +&&8& 69,(* ,>+ G(9(G6G +&&8& (:&+%'>+;# _+ %*:8 8U:+&W+ ,>%, ,>+ U+:, '89Y(56&%,(89 8Y "F:,+G A Y&8G %** ,>+ ,+:,+; (9:,%9'+: (:= | 70X| ?7#


14/24

Table III.4W+&%5+ JJ@ Y8& :X(**+; Y8&5+&(+: -(9 }/ Y8& ;(YY+&+9, QII '8GO*+^(,F '89Y(56&%,(89:# =|96GU+& 8Y :,%,+:0X| 96GU+& 8Y $%6::(%9 G(^,6&+: O+& :,%,+#

Table III.DDd 2+ &+:6*,: Y&8G %9%*F3(95 O%(&: 8Y :F:,+G: %9; '8GO%&+ ,>+G ,8 ,>+ Y86&(9;(W(;6%* :F:,+G: (9 8&;+& ,8 O&8W(;+ %9 (9:(5>, 89 :F:,+G:c '8GO*+G+9,%&(,F# C>+ U+:, '8GU(9%,(89: 8Y,]8 :F:,+G: %&+ '8GO%&+; ,8 ,>+ '8GU(9%,(89 8Y %** ,>+ Y86& :F:,+G:0 %9; %*:8 ,8 ,>+ '8GU(9%,(89 8Y ,>+,>&++ @+Y+&+9'+ "F:,+G:#

C>+:+ '8GO%&(:89: %&+ O+&Y8&G+; (9 ,]8 Y&%G+]8&X:i Y(&:,0 '89:(;+&(95 U8,> &%9;8G %9; :X(**+;Y8&5+&(+: :(G6*,%9+86:*F0 %9; ,>+9 '89:(;+&(95 89*F :X(**+; Y8&5+&(+:# L9 ,>+ Y(&:, '%:+0 89*F % I(9)I%^98&G%*(3%,(89 (: O+&Y8&G+;m (9 ,>+ :+'89;0 I(9)I%^ %9; E%F+: 98&G%*(3%,(89: %&+ '8GO%&+;# L9;++;0

]>+9 '89:(;+&(95 U8,> &%9;8G %9; :X(**+; Y8&5+&(+:0 E%F+: 98&G%*(3%,(89 %::8'(%,+; ](,> % $%6::(%9%::6GO,(89 8Y ,>+ '*(+9, %9; (GO8:,8& ;(:,&(U6,(89: (: 98, ]+** :6(,+;0 U+'%6:+ 8Y ,>+ (GO8:,8& ;(:,&(U6,(89

:>%O+# C>+&+Y8&+0 ]+ '89:(;+& (9 ,>(: '%:+ % I(9)I%^ ,8 O+&Y8&G % &+:'%*(95 8Y :'8&+:#

IV.1. Individual systems comparison

L9 C%U*+ L=0 ,>+ Y86& (9;(W(;6%* :F:,+G:c -@+Y. Y8& @+Y+&+9'+ "F:,+G .0 @+Y7 Y8& @+Y+&+9'+ "F:,+G70@+Y? Y8& @+Y+&+9'+ "F:,+G ? %9; "F:A Y8& "F:,+G A/ O+&Y8&G%9'+ %&+ O&+:+9,+; %, ,>+ Jb6%* J&&8& @%,+-JJ@/ O8(9,# 28& G8&+ (9:(5>,0 ]+ %*:8 &+O8&, ,>+ O+&Y8&G%9'+ 8Y ,>+ ,]8 G8;6*+: 8Y @+Y. :F:,+G0;+98,+; UF @+Y.)B(X Y8& ,>+ :F:,+G 5(W(95 %: 86,O6, ,>+ B(X+*(>88; "'8&+0 %9; @+Y.)=(, Y8& ,>+ :F:,+G5(W(95 %: 86,O6, ,>+ =(,+&U( "'8&+#


15/24

Table IV. L9;(W(;6%* :F:,+G:c O+&Y8&G%9'+ %, ,>+ JJ@ O8(9, '89:(;+&(95 U8,> &%9;8G %9; :X(**+;Y8&5+&(+:#Table IV. M#)F+ =(,+&U( "'8&+ -U8,> ;+:'+9;+; Y&8G ,>+ :%G+ Q(;;+9 I%&X8WI8;+*/0 ,>%, (: ,>+ @+Y+&+9'+ "F:,+G .# L, (: ]8&,> 98,(95 Y(&:, ,>%, ,>(: :'8&+ 98&G%*(3%,(89 (: (9,&(9:(' ,8,>+ :F:,+G %: +^O*%(9+; (9 "+',(89 LL#.#.m %*:80 (, (: % O+&:89%*(3+; :'8&+ 98&G%*(3%,(89 U+'%6:+ (, 89*F+^O*8(,: (9Y8&G%,(89 Y&8G ,>+ '*(+9,c: +9&8**G+9, :(59%,6&+:#

C>(: &+:6*, (: Y8**8]+; UF ,>+ O+&Y8&G%9'+ 8Y "F:,+G A0 %*:8 U%:+; 89 % Q(;;+9 I%&X8W I8;+*# L, (:

(9,+&+:,(95 ,8 98,('+ ,>%, "F:,+G A0 ]>8:+ 86,O6, :'8&+ (: ,>+ B85)*(X+*(>88; 8Y ,>+ ,+:, :(59%,6&+ 5(W+9,>+ G8;+*0 ;8+: U+,,+& ,>%9 @+Y.c: B(X+*(>88; "'8&+ %*89+ -@+Y.)B(X (9 C%U*+ L=/ %9; %*:8 ,>%9 @+Y.c:

=(,+&U( "'8&+ %*89+ -@+Y.)=(, (9 C%U*+ L=/#

IV.2. Individual systems combination

L9 C%U*+ =0 ]+ :>8] &+:6*,: 8Y '8GU(9%,(89: 8Y :F:,+G: &+O8&,(95 ,>+ Jb6%* J&&8& @%,+ -JJ@/ 8W+& aS:O*(,: 8Y ,>+ ;%,%U%:+0 :(9'+ % 98&G%*(3%,(89 -I(9)I%^/ 8Y :'8&+: (: O+&Y8&G+; U+Y8&+ Y6:(95 ,>+ :'8&+: 8Y;(YY+&+9, :F:,+G:# _+ %*:8 &+O8&, ,>+ :,%9;%&; ;+W(%,(89 8W+& :6'> aS :O*(,: %, ,>+ JJ@ O8(9, ,8 +W%*6%,+,>+ '89Y(;+9'+ 8Y &+:6*,:#

Table V.P+&Y8&G%9'+ 8Y "F:,+G:c '8GU(9%,(89 %, ,>+ JJ@ O8(9, %Y,+& I(9)I%^ 98&G%*(3%,(89#Table V.M#)F+ ,]8 :F:,+G: U%:+; 89 QII: -@+Y.y"F:A/# L9 Y%',0 ,>+ :,%9;%&; ;+W(%,(89 8Y +&&8&:8W+& aS :O*(,: 8Y ,>+ ;%,%U%:+ :>8]: ,>%, ,>+ ;(YY+&+9'+ U+,]++9 ,>+ ,]8 (: 98, :(59(Y('%9,i (9;++;0 ,>+;(YY+&+9'+ U+,]++9 ,>+ G+%9 JJ@ 8W+& aS ,&(%*: Y8& U8,> '8GU(9%,(89: 8Y :F:,+G: (: 8Y ,>+ :%G+ 8&;+& 8YG%59(,6;+ ,>%9 ,>+ :,%9;%&; ;+W(%,(89: &+O8&,+; (9 U8,> '%:+:# C>+&+Y8&+0 ]+ G%F '89'*6;+ ,>%, ,>+ ,]8

'8GU(9%,(89: 8Y :F:,+G: %&+ +b6(W%*+9,#


16/24

28& G8&+ (9:(5>,0 2(56&+ a :>8]: ,>+ &+*%,(W+ O+&Y8&G%9'+ 8Y ,>+ (9;(W(;6%* :F:,+G: %9; ,>+ ,]8 U+:,'8GU(9%,(89:i %** ,>+ Y86& :F:,+G: %9; ,>+ ,]8 QII)U%:+; %OO&8%'>+:# _+ '89Y(&G ,>%, ,>+ Y6:(89 8YU8,> QII)U%:+; %OO&8%'>+: (: +b6(W%*+9, ,8 ,>%, 8Y ,>+ Y86& :F:,+G: Y8& %9F W%*6+ 8Y ,>+ ,>&+:>8*;#

Figure 5. DJC '6&W+: 8Y ,>+ Y86& L9;(W(;6%* :F:,+G: %9; ,>+(& 7 U+:, '8GU(9%,(89:#Figure 5. ^%, 89+ 8Y ,>+ ,]8 '8GU(9%,(89:

(: :(59(Y('%9,*F U+,,+& ,>%9 ,>+ 8,>+&i -@+Y.)=(, y "F:A/ &+%'>+: .#aa} 8Y JJ@ ]>(*+ -@+Y.)B(X y "F:A/:>8]: % >(5>+& JJ@ -7#..}/# L, :++G: (9;++; ,>%, ,>+ ,]8 B(X+*(>88; (9Y8&G%,(89 Y&8G U8,> QII)U%:+;:F:,+G: %&+ *+:: '8GO*+G+9,%&F ,>%9 "F:Ac: B(X+*(>88; %9; @+Y.c: =(,+&U( "'8&+# C>(: '%9 U+ +^O*%(9+;UF ,>+ Y%', ,>%, ,>+ =(,+&U( "'8&+ '8&&+:O89;: ,8 %98,>+& *+W+* 8Y ;+:'&(O,(89 8Y :(59%,6&+: ,>%9 ,>+ 89+,>%, '>%&%',+&(3+: ,>+ B(X+*(>88;# L9;++;0 ,>+ =(,+&U( "'8&+ '8&&+:O89;: ,8 %9 (9,+&G+;(%,+ *+W+* 8Y;+:'&(O,(890 ,>%, 8Y O8&,(89: 8Y ,>+ :(59%,6&+ ,>%, %&+ ,>+ 86,'8G+ 8Y ,>+ :+5G+9,%,(89 O+&Y8&G+; UF ,>+,%&5+, G8;+* 89 ,>+ :(59%,6&+# C>+ B(X+*(>88; (: %9 %W+&%5+ 8W+& ,>+ ]>8*+ :(59%,6&+ 8Y W+&F *8'%*p:'8&+:q0 9%G+*F +G(::(89 O&8U%U(*(,(+:# C>(: %W+&%5(95 +YY+', (9,&8;6'+:0 (9 Y%',0 % '+&,%(9 *8:: 8Y *8'%*(9Y8&G%,(89m (, (: ]>F ,>+ =(,+&U( "'8&+ ,>%, X++O: *8'%* (9Y8&G%,(89 %, ,>+ *+W+* 8Y :+5G+9,: (: :8

'8GO*+G+9,%&F# L, >+*O: O%&,('6*%&*F ,>+ :F:,+G ,8 ;(:'&(G(9%,+ (GO8:,8&: ]>+9 ,>+ *+95,> 8Y ,>+ (GO8:,8&:(59%,6&+ (: ;(YY+&+9, Y&8G ,>+ %W+&%5+ *+95,> 8Y ,>+ '*(+9,c: :(59%,6&+:i (9;++;0 ,>+ G8&+ ,>+ &+:O+',(W+*+95,>: 8Y '*(+9,c: %9; (GO8:,8&:c :(59%,6&+: %&+ ;(YY+&+9,0 ,>+ G8&+ ,>+(& &+:O+',(W+ :+5G+9,%,(89:

O+&Y8&G+; UF ,>+ '*(+9,c: G8;+* ](** U+ ;(YY+&+9,0 %9; ,>6: ,>+ G8&+ ,>+ ;(:'&(G(9%,(89 '%O%U(*(,(+: 8Y ,>+:F:,+G %&+ +9>%9'+;#

4*:80 Y8& '8GO%&(:89 O6&O8:+:0 ]+ :,6;(+; ,>+ '8GU(9%,(89 8Y ,>+ ,]8 :'8&+: Y&8G @+Y. -@+Y.)B(X y

@+Y.)=(,/ %Y,+& % I(9)I%^ 98&G%*(3%,(89 %: ,>+ 8,>+& '8GU(9%,(89: '89:(;+&+;# _+ :++ (9 C%U*+ = ,>%,%9F '8GU(9%,(89 8Y "F:Ac: B(X+*(>88; :'8&+ ,8 89+ 8Y ,>+ ,]8 :'8&+: Y&8G ,>+ 8,>+& QII0 @+Y.)B(X 8&@+Y.)=(,0 5(W+: % U+,,+& &+:6*, ,>%9 '8GU(9(95 @+Y.)B(X %9; @+Y.)=(,0 %: ;89+ (9 @+Y.# C>(: '%9 U++^O*%(9+; UF ,>+ Y%', ,>%, ,>+ ,]8 QII)U%:+; :F:,+G: +^,&%', ;(YY+&+9, (9Y8&G%,(89 Y&8G % :(59%,6&+0 %9;G8;+* :6'> (9Y8&G%,(89 (9 % ;(YY+&+9, ]%F0 %*,>865> U8,> QII: >%W+ ,>+ :%G+ ,FO+ 8Y ,8O8*85F -B+Y,),8)@(5>, ](,> 98 :X(O:/0 %9; ,>+ :%G+ G8;+* Y8& ,>+ +G(::(89 O&8U%U(*(,F -$%6::(%9 G(^,6&+/# C>+ ,]8

QII: ;(YY+& (9 :8G+ 8Y ,>+ Y+%,6&+: +^,&%',+; Y&8G ,>+ :(59%,6&+ -@+Y. 6:+: G8&+ *8'%* :>%O+)&+*%,+;


17/24

Y+%,6&+: ]>+&+%: "F:A 6:+: G%(9*F ;F9%G(' (9Y8&G%,(89/0 ,>+ 96GU+& 8Y :,%,+: -@+Y. 6:+: % W%&(%U*+96GU+& 8Y :,%,+: %''8&;(95 ,8 ,>+ '*(+9,c: +9&8**G+9, :(59%,6&+: ]>+&+%: "F:A 6:+: 89*F 7 :,%,+:/0 %9; ,>+96GU+& 8Y $%6::(%9 '8GO89+9,: O+& :,%,+ -A (9 ,>+ '%:+ 8Y @+Y. %9; ?7 (9 ,>+ '%:+ 8Y "F:A/# 2(56&+ Z

:>8]: ,>+ '8&&+:O89;(95 DJC '6&W+: ,>%, '89Y(&G ,>+:+ &+G%&X: Y8& %9F W%*6+ 8Y ,>+ ,>&+:>8*;i ,>+&++^(:,: (9 Y%', % ,%95(U*+ '8GO*+G+9,%&(,F 8Y ,>+ ,]8 QII)U%:+; :F:,+G:#

Figure 6.DJC '6&W+: 8Y QII)U%:+; :F:,+G: %9; ,>+(& O8::(U*+ %::8'(%,+; '8GU(9%,(89:#Figure 6.^+ &+*%,(W+ b6%*(,F 8Y ,>+ ,]8 QII)U%:+; %OO&8%'>+:0 '+&,%(9*F "F:Ac: B(X+*(>88;:'8&+ (: % U+,,+& :F:,+G ,>%9 @+Y.c: B(X+*(>88; "'8&+ %*89+0 U6, @+Y.c: =(,+&U( "'8&+ (: W+&F +YY+',(W+

]>+9 '8GU(9+; ,8 ,>+ B(X+*(>88; (9Y8&G%,(890 O%&,('6*%&*F (9 (9'&+%:(95 ,>+ ;(:'&(G(9%,(89 '%O%U(*(,(+: 8Y,>+ :F:,+G ,8 (GO8:,8&:#

2(9%**F0 2(56&+ \ :>8]: ,>+ O+&Y8&G%9'+ 8Y ,>+ Y6:(89 8Y ,>+ ? @+Y+&+9'+ "F:,+G: -@+Y.y@+Y7y@+Y?/

'8GO%&+; ,8 ,>+ Y6:(89 8Y U8,> QII)U%:+; %OO&8%'>+: -@+Y.y"F:A/# _+ 98,('+ ,>%,0 '*8:+ ,8 ,>+ JJ@O8(9,0 '8GU(9(95 ,>+ ,]8 QII)U%:+; %OO&8%'>+: -@+Y.y"F:A/ *8]+&: ,>+ +&&8& &%,+ UF % Y%',8& 7'8GO%&+; ,8 '8GU(9(95 ,>+ ? @+Y+&+9'+ "F:,+G:#

L9 ,>+ Y8**8](950 ]+ '8GO%&+ ,>+ U+:, '8GU(9%,(89 8Y QII)U%:+; :F:,+G: -@+Y.y"F:A/ ,8 ,>+'8GU(9%,(89 8Y ;(:,%9'+)U%:+; :F:,+G:#

IV.2.2. Comparison to the combination of distance-based systems

_>+9 '8GU(9(95 ;(:,%9'+)U%:+; :F:,+G: -@+Y7y@+Y?/0 &+:6*,: %&+ :(59(Y('%9,*F (GO&8W+; -&865>*F 8Y%&869; aS} %, ,>+ JJ@ O8(9,/ '8GO%&+; ,8 U8,> (9;(W(;6%* :F:,+G:c &+:6*,: -a#.a} &+*%,(W+*F ,8 R#.l}

Y8& @+Y7 %9; ..#.} Y8& @+Y?/# C>(: '%9 %*:8 U+ :++9 (9 2(56&+ \ :>8](95 ,>+ '8&&+:O89;(95 DJC '6&W+:#_+ '89'*6;+ ,>%, ,>+:+ ,]8 :F:,+G: ,>%, %&+ :(GO*+ %9; *+:: '8GO6,%,(89%**F +^O+9:(W+ '8GO%&+; ,8QII)U%:+; %OO&8%'>+:0 ]>+9 O6, ,85+,>+&0 5(W+ :,%,+)8Y),>+)%&, O+&Y8&G%9'+# C>(: (: %9 (9,+&+:,(95&+:6*,# HY '86&:+0 QII)U%:+; %OO&8%'>+: %&+ '+&,%(9*F '8GO6,%,(89%**F G8&+ ;+G%9;(950 U6, ,>+F %&+G8&+ Y(9+i ,>(: (: %OO%&+9, ]>+9 ]+ &+'%** ,>%, ,>+ '8GU(9%,(89 8Y ,>+ ,]8 QII: -@+Y.y"F:A/ 5(W+ %&+:6*, ,>%, (:0 %, ,>+ JJ@ O8(9,0 &865>*F A ,(G+: U+,,+& ,>%9 ,>+ &+:6*, 8U,%(9+; UF ,>+ '8GU(9%,(89 8Y ,>+


18/24

,]8 ;(:,%9'+)U%:+; %OO&8%'>+: -@+Y7y@+Y?/0 %: :>8]9 (9 C%U*+ =# C>(: '%9 U+ '89Y(&G+; (9 2(56&+ \]>+9 '8GO%&(95 ,>+ DJC '6&W+: 8Y -@+Y7y@+Y?/ :F:,+G ,8 -@+Y.y"F:A/ :F:,+G#

Figure 7.DJC '6&W+: 8Y ,>+ ;(:,%9'+)U%:+; :F:,+G: %9; ,>+(& '8GU(9%,(89 '8GO%&+; ,8 ,>+'8GU(9%,(89 8Y QII)U%:+; :F:,+G: %9; ,>+ ? @+Y+&+9'+ "F:,+G:#

Figure 7.^+: ,8 ;(:,%9'+)U%:+;%OO&8%'>+:# C>+ U+:, &+:6*, (: 8U,%(9+; UF Y6:(95 @+Y. ](,> @+Y7 -@+Y.y@+Y7/0 %*,>865> ,>+ (GO&8W+G+9,8U,%(9+; &+*%,(W+*F ,8 @+Y. %*89+ (: &%,>+& *8] -7#?a} '8GO%&+; ,8 7#R?} %, ,>+ JJ@ O8(9,/# 2(56&+ l:>8]: (9;++; &+:6*,: 8U,%(9+; UF '8GU(9(95 @+Y7 ,8 ,>+ ,]8 QII)U%:+; :F:,+G: :+O%&%,+*F0-@+Y.y@+Y7/ %9; -@+Y7y"F:A/0 '8GO%&+; ,8 ,>+ '8GU(9%,(89 8Y ,>+ ,]8 QII)U%:+; :F:,+G:-@+Y.y"F:A/ %9; ,>+ (9;(W(;6%* :F:,+G: (9W8*W+;#

H9 ,>+ 8,>+& >%9;0 ]>+9 Y6:(95 "F:,+G A ](,> @+Y7 -@+Y7y"F:A/0 ,>+ &+*%,(W+ (GO&8W+G+9, ](,>&+:O+', ,8 "F:,+G A %*89+ (: :(59(Y('%9, -7#Z7} '8GO%&+; ,8 A#.Z} %, ,>+ JJ@ O8(9,/# C>(: &+:6*, (:

'89Y(&G+; (9 2(56&+ l# L, (: (9,+&+:,(95 U+'%6:+ (, :>8]: ,>+ O8]+& 8Y Y6:(89 i '+&,%(9*F0 Y6:(89 %*]%F:(GO&8W+: &+:6*,: :(9'+ (, %;;: %9 +^,&% ;(G+9:(89 ,8 86& ;(:'&(G(9%,(89 O&8U*+G0 :+O%&%,(95 '*(+9,: Y&8G(GO8:,8&:m U6,0 (9 :8G+ '%:+:0 (9 ]>('> '8GO*+G+9,%&(,F +^(:,: U+,]++9 :F:,+G:0 % :F:,+G ,>%, (: *+::

;(:'&(G(9%9, -@+Y7 (9 ,>(: '%:+/ (GO&8W+: ,>+ 8,>+& -"F:A (9 ,>(: '%:+/ 8Y %U86, aS}# C>(: (: 98, 8U:+&W+;(9 ,>+ -@+Y.y@+Y7/ '8GU(9%,(89 O&8U%U*F U+'%6:+ Y+] +^,&% (9Y8&G%,(89 (: U&865>, UF ,>+ +;(,);(:,%9'+

%OO&8%'> %Y,+& ,>+ (9,&(9:(' Y6:(89 8Y @+Y.0 B(X+*(>88; "'8&+ ](,> =(,+&U( "'8&+#


19/24

Figure 8.26:(89 8Y @+Y7 :F:,+G ](,> QII)U%:+; %OO&8%'>+:#

Figure 8.c.$,+ Y6:(89 8Y QII)U%:+; %OO&8%'>+: ,8 ,>+ 8,>+& ;(:,%9'+)U%:+; %OO&8%'> -@+Y?/0 ,>+'8GU(9%,(89 8Y @+Y? ](,> @+Y. 5(W+: U+,,+& &+:6*,: ,>%9 ](,> "F:,+G A -7#ll} '8GO%&+; ,8 ?#aa} %, ,>+JJ@ O8(9,/# 2(56&+ R :>8]: ,>+ '8GO%&(:89 8Y ,>+:+ '8GU(9%,(89: U+,]++9 ,>+G %9; ,8 ,>+ (9;(W(;6%*

:F:,+G:0 %9; (9 O%&,('6*%& ,8 ,>+ '8GU(9%,(89 8Y ,>+ ,]8 QII)U%:+; %OO&8%'>+:# H9 ,>+ 8,>+& >%9;0 ,>+&+:6*,(95 :F:,+G -@+Y.y@+Y?/ (: *+:: ;(:'&(G(9%9, ,>%9 @+Y. '8GU(9%,(89 ](,> ,>+ 8,>+& ;(:,%9'+)U%:+;%OO&8%'> -@+Y.y@+Y7/# L9;++;0 @+Y7 (: %9 +*%:,(' ;(:,%9'+ %OO*(+; 89 :,&(95: +9'8;(95 ,>+ :(59%,6&+: -,+:,%9; &+Y+&+9'+/0 ]>(*+ @+Y? (: :(GO*+&i % ;(:,%9'+ G+%:6&+ 98&G%*(3+; ,8 ,>+ jS0.k (9,+&W%*/ %OO*(+; 89Y+%,6&+: +^,&%',+; 89 ,>+ :(59%,6&+:#

Figure 9.26:(89 8Y @+Y? :F:,+G ](,> QII)U%:+; %OO&8%'>+:#

Figure 9.c.$,


20/24

L9 ,>+ Y8**8](95 :+',(890 ]+ :,6;F ,>+ '%:+ (9 ]>('> 89*F :X(**+; Y8&5+&(+: %&+ '89:(;+&+;# L9 ,>(: '%:+0 (98&;+& ,8 O+&Y8&G E%F+: 98&G%*(3%,(890 O&+W(86:*F ;+:'&(U+; (9 "+',(89 LL#?0 ]+ %::6G+ ,>%, ,>+ '*(+9, %9;(GO8:,8& :'8&+ ;(:,&(U6,(89: %&+ $%6::(%9#

IV.3. Effects of normalization

L9 ,>+ Y8**8](950 ,>+ :%G+ %OO&8%'> ](** U+ X+O, ,8 O&+:+9, &+:6*,:i '8GU(9%,(89: 8Y '86O*+: 8Y :F:,+G:

%&+ Y(&:, '8GO%&+; ,8 ,>+ Y86& (9;(W(;6%* :F:,+G:m ,>+90 %: U+Y8&+0 ,>+ U+:, '8GU(9%,(89: 8Y ,]8 :F:,+G:%&+ '8GO%&+; ,8 ,>+ '8GU(9%,(89 8Y %** ,>+ Y86& :F:,+G:0 %9; %*:8 ,8 ,>+ '8GU(9%,(89 8Y ,>+ ,>&++@+Y+&+9'+ "F:,+G:#

Table VI. L9;(W(;6%* :F:,+G:c O+&Y8&G%9'+ %, ,>+ JJ@ O8(9, ]>+9 89*F :X(**+; Y8&5+&(+: %&+

'89:(;+&+;Table VI.M#)F%, &+O8&,+; (9 C%U*+ L=0]>('> (: % 98&G%* O>+98G+9890 :(9'+ ,>+ ,%:X (: G8&+ ;(YY('6*, Y8& :F:,+G: ]>+9 '89:(;+&(95 89*F :X(**+;Y8&5+&(+:#

L9 C%U*+ =LL0 ,>+ Jb6%* J&&8& &%,+ -JJ@/ &+O8&,+; (: ,>+ %W+&%5+ JJ@ 8W+& aS :O*(,: 8Y ,>+ ;%,%U%:+#_+ %*:8 &+O8&, ,>+ :,%9;%&; ;+W(%,(89 8W+& :6'> aS :O*(,: %, ,>+ JJ@ O8(9,# C]8 :'8&+ 98&G%*(3%,(89: %&+'89:(;+&+; (9 ,>(: '%:+i I(9)I%^ %9; E%F+: 98&G%*(3%,(890 U8,> O&+W(86:*F ;+:'&(U+; (9 "+',(89 LL#?#

Table VII.P+&Y8&G%9'+ 8Y :F:,+G:c '8GU(9%,(89 ](,> :X(**+; Y8&5+&(+: %, ,>+ JJ@ O8(9, %Y,+& I(9)I%^%9; E%F+: 98&G%*(3%,(89Table VII.M#)F


21/24

-.S#l?}/# L9;++;0 ]>+9 89*F :X(**+; Y8&5+&(+: %&+ 6:+;0 ,>+ ;(:'&(G(9%,(89 '%O%U(*(,(+: 8Y @+Y.)=(, %&++9>%9'+;# "F:,+G: U%:+; 89 ;(:,%9'+ G+%:6&+: Y8**8]0 ](,> %9 +&&8& &%,+ (9'&+%:+ 8Y % Y%',8& 7 8Y ,>+ U+:,;(:,%9'+)U%:+; :F:,+G -@+Y7/ ](,> &+:O+', ,8 "F:,+G A#

+ 98&G%*(3%,(89 :'>+G+ 6:+;0 ,>+ '8GU(9%,(89 8Y ,>+ ,]8 QII)U%:+; %OO&8%'>+: -@+Y.y"F:A/ %9; ,>+ '8GU(9%,(89 8Y %** ,>+ :F:,+G: -@+Y.y@+Y7y@+Y?y"F:A/ %&+ ,>+

U+:, :F:,+G:0 ]>%,+W+& ,>+ 98&G%*(3%,(89 :'>+G+ (:# 4*:80 C%U*+ =LL :>8]: ,>%, '89:(;+&(95 ,>+ :,%9;%&;;+W(%,(89 8Y ,>+ +&&8&:0 ,>+ Y6:(89 8Y %** :F:,+G: (: +b6(W%*+9, ,8 ,>+ '8GU(9%,(89 8Y ,>+ ,]8 QII)U%:+;%OO&8%'>+: -@+Y.y"F:A/ (9 U8,> 98&G%*(3%,(89 :'>+G+:#

C>+ '8GU(9%,(89 8Y @+Y.c: =(,+&U( "'8&+ ](,> "F:Ac: B(X+*(>88; :'8&+ -@+Y.)=(, y "F:A/ &+G%(9: %588; :F:,+Gm ]>+9 6:(95 I(9)I%^ 98&G%*(3%,(89 (, (: +b6(W%*+9, ,8 ,>+ U+:, :F:,+G: ]>+&+%: ]>+9 6:(95E%F+: 98&G%*(3%,(89 :'>+G+ (, (: *+:: +YY('(+9, ,>%9 ,>+ '8GU(9%,(89 8Y %** :F:,+G:#

4** 8,>+& '8GU(9%,(89: %&+ Y%& U+>(9;0 %U8W+ a#7} 8Y Jb6%* J&&8& @%,+m (9 O%&,('6*%&0 &8]: (9 C%U*+ =LLU+*8] ,>+ '8GU(9%,(89 8Y @+Y. %9; @+Y7 :F:,+G: -@+Y.y@+Y7/ 5(W+ ]8&:+ &+:6*,: ,>%9 @+Y. %*89+#

V. Conclusions

C>(: (9,+5&%,+; ]8&X 8Y Y86& (9:,(,6,(89: 8Y ,>+ E(8"+'6&+ M+,]8&X 8Y J^'+**+9'+ (: % Y(&:, :,+O ,8]%&;:% J6&8O+%9 +W%*6%,(89 O*%,Y8&G Y8& H9)*(9+ "(59%,6&+ i ,>&++ @+Y+&+9'+ "F:,+G: >%W+ U++9 O&+:+9,+;0](,> %98,>+& :F:,+G 8Y %9 (9:,(,6,(89 8Y ,>+ M+,]8&X0 V9(W+&:(;%; P8*(,N'9('% ;+ I%;&(; -VPI/ (9 "O%(9#@+Y+&+9'+ "F:,+G: %&+ &+:O+',(W+*F %9 QII)U%:+; %OO&8%'> +^O*8(,(95 Y6:(89 8Y ,]8 '8GO*+G+9,%&F:'8&+: Y&8G L9:,(,6, M%,(89%* ;+: CN*N'8GG69('%,(89: -LMC/ (9 2&%9'+ j.Sk0 %9 +;(,);(:,%9'+ '8GO%&(95:,&(95: ;+:'&(U(95 ,>+ &+Y+&+9'+ %9; ,+:, :(59%,6&+: O&8O8:+; UF V9(W+&:(,F 8Y I%5;+U6&5 -4I"B/ (9$+&G%9F j.Ak0 %9; % :(GO*+ ;(:,%9'+)U%:+; G+,>8; '86O*+; ](,> % :+&(+: 8Y :,%,(:,('%* Y+%,6&+: Y8&

U%:+*(9+ '8GO%&(:89 ](,> % 989)8O,(G(:+; (GO*+G+9,%,(89 U%:+; 89 :,%9;%&;(:+; Y+%,6&+:# C>+ Y86&,>:F:,+G +W%*6%,+; (: %*:8 U%:+; 89 QII:0 89 % '*%::('%* B(X+*(>88; :'8&+ j.k# E8,> QII)U%:+;%OO&8%'>+: ]+&+ +W%*6%,+; (9 "=+ 2(&:, L9,+&9%,(89%* "(59%,6&+ =+&(Y('%,(89 + (9;(W(;6%* :F:,+G: %9; :+W+&%* 8Y ,>+(& '8GU(9%,(89: ]+&+ +W%*6%,+; 89 ,>+ *%&5+:, +^(:,(95 H9)

*(9+ ]+:,+&9 "(59%,6&+ ;%,%U%:+0 ,>+ :(59%,6&+ O%&, 8Y ,>+ I+ Y(&:, ,(G+ ,8 86& X98]*+;5+ ,>%, :8 G%9F :F:,+G:0 '8W+&(95 % *%&5+ :'8O+ 8Y %OO&8%'>+:0 %&+ +W%*6%,+;

89 :6'> % *%&5+ ;%,%U%:+# L9;++;0 "=+: %&+ '8GU(9+; ,8 :,6;F:F:,+G:c '8GO*+G+9,%&(,F#

H6& :,6;F 8Y ,>+ '8GU(9%,(89 8Y :6'> :F:,+G: ]%: '%&&(+; 86, UF G+%9: 8Y % '%&+Y6* :,%,(:,('%*O&8,8'8*0 7)Y8*; ('> O+&G(,,+; 6: ,8 +W%*6%,+ '89Y(;+9'+ 89 &+:6*,:# C]8'89Y(56&%,(89: ]+&+ '>8:+9 Y8& +W%*6%,(89i 89+ '89:(;+&(95 :X(**+; %9; &%9;8G Y8&5+&(+: :(G6*,%9+86:*F0

%9; ,>+ 8,>+& '89:(;+&(95 89*F :X(**+; Y8&5+&(+:#

C>+ G%`8& ,+9;+9'(+: 8U:+&W+; 89 (9;(W(;6%* :F:,+G: %&+ ,>+ Y8**8](95i ,>+ U+:, :F:,+G (: @+Y+&+9'+"F:,+G .0 U%:+; 89 ,>+ Y6:(89 8Y ,]8 :'8&+:0 ,>+ B(X+*(>88; "'8&+ %9; ,>+ =(,+&U( "'8&+0 U8,> ;+:'+9;+;Y&8G % QII# L, (: Y8**8]+; UF "F:,+G A ,>%, O+&Y8&G: U+,,+& ,>%9 ,>+ :F:,+G U%:+; 89*F 89 ,>+B(X+*(>88; "'8&+ 8Y @+Y+&+9'+ "F:,+G .# "F:,+G: U%:+; 89 ;(:,%9'+ G+%:6&+: Y8**8]0 ](,> %9 Jb6%*J&&8& @%,+ (9'&+%:+ 8Y % Y%',8& 7 8Y ,>+ U+:, ;(:,%9'+)U%:+; :F:,+G -@+Y+&+9'+ "F:,+G 7/ ](,> &+:O+', ,8"F:,+G A#

+G+ (:0 ,>+ '8GU(9%,(89 8Y

,>+ ,]8 QII)U%:+; %OO&8%'>+: %9; ,>+ '8GU(9%,(89 8Y %** ,>+ :F:,+G: %&+ ,>+ U+:, :F:,+G:# C>+F %&+Y8**8]+; UF ,>+ '8GU(9%,(89 8Y =(,+&U( "'8&+ 8Y @+Y+&+9'+ "F:,+G . ](,> "F:,+G Ac: B(X+*(>88; :'8&+m

G8&+8W+&0 ,>(: :F:,+G U+'8G+: +b6(W%*+9, ,8 ,>+ U+:, :F:,+G: ]>+9 O+&Y8&G(95 I(9)I%^ 98&G%*(3%,(89


22/24

](,> :X(**+; Y8&5+&(+:# C>(: &+:6*, (: (9,+&+:,(95m (9;++;0 :6'> ,]8 :'8&+: O&8W+; ,8 U+ W+&F'8GO*+G+9,%&F# 4** 8,>+& '8GU(9%,(89: %&+ Y%& U+>(9;#

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