2007 its annual research report

By Dr Susan Grant-Muller

The Institute for Transport Studies (ITS) had afurther successful year in 2007 with a significantand diverse body of high quality researchcommissioned. The international reputation ofresearch at ITS was reflected in a particularly highnumber of invitations for keynote and invitedpresentations in Europe and further afield. Thiswas matched by an increasing programme of visitsby leading international researchers to ITS. Thefive research groups at ITS (Traffic NetworkModelling, Transport Safety, Economics andBehavioural Modelling, Transport Policy, andTransport and the Environment) have continued togrow in response to the continued high profile oftransport on the national and internationalagendas. For further details, please contact DrSusan Grant-Muller, Director of Research (tel:+44(0)113 3436618, email: [email protected]).

ITS currently maintains two major researchfacilities, namely the University of Leeds DrivingSimulator (UoLDS) and the Instrumented City(IC). Since 1994, driving simulators have beenused by researchers at ITS to undertake highquality research into driver behaviour andtransport safety. The newly developed, £1mUoLDS, operational since September 2006,allows such research to be performed inaccurately controlled and repeatable laboratoryconditions. UoLDS is one of most advancedworldwide in a research environment andincorporates an eight degrees of freedom motionsystem. Only five driving simulators existworldwide with equivalent or superior motioncharacteristics. Lateral accelerations aresimulated by sliding the whole vehicle cab anddome configuration along a railed gantry.Similarly, the whole gantry slides along tracks tocreate longitudinal acceleration cues. The 10mlong rails and tracks allow 5m of effective travel ineach direction. In addition, sustained cues areprovided by a standard 2.5t payload, electricallydriven hexapod. The motionbase enhances thefidelity of the simulator by proving realistic inertialforces to the driver during braking and cornering.It also provides lifelike high frequency heave,

allowing the simulation of road roughness andbumps. Unlike many other simulators, especiallyin the UK, UoLDS continues to develop using in-house expertise. In a research environment, wherea wide range of studies are frequently undertaken,maintaining the ability to tailor virtual scenariosand experimental data collection to the exactrequirements of a particular investigation istremendously valuable. For more informationplease contact Hamish Jamson, UoLDS Manager(email:[email protected]).

The Instrumented City is a suite of researchfacilities dedicated to transport and environmentissues. The facility has been supported by twomajor infrastructure awards (JIF and SRIF2)totalling in excess of £3 million. The IC boasts anextensive range of state-of-the-art traffic, vehicleemission, meteorological, noise and air pollutionmonitoring instrumentation. These complimentaryfacilities allow researchers to study traffic flowand congestion – emission generation – dispersingair flows – atmospheric chemistry - noise and airpollution simultaneously. The uniquecharacteristic of the IC is the multidisciplinaryapproach, bringing together researchers from thedisciplines of traffic engineering, dispersionmodelling, atmospheric chemistry and noise.Many of the facilities are portable and can beemployed in projects across the UK, including:Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR)Systems, Instrumented Vehicles, an On-board‘Real-World’ Vehicle Emission Instrument (CO,CO2, HCs at 1Hz), a Remote Sensing Device thatmeasures vehicle emissions as they ‘drive-through’ a test site, meteorological, noise and airquality (CO, NOX, PM10, PM2.5, particle numbercount) instruments. Semi-permanentinstallations, which provide high quality noveldatasets for inter-disciplinary and collaborativeUK research projects, include two metropolitansites (one junction and one nearby section ofroad). These collect synchronous data on trafficflows, route journey times, vehicle emissions,dispersive in-street air-flows, noise and airpollution. The original foundations of theInstrumented City were dedicated links with theLeicester and Nottingham City Council AreaTraffic Control (ATC) centres. Thesecommunication links have been in place for over adecade, collecting high time resolution data fromdense detector networks, allowing theInstrumented City to amass a truly unique historicdatabase of traffic flows, congestion and signaltimings. Further details are available via the ICwebsite: www.its.leeds.ac.uk/facilities/icity/. If youare interested in exploring research possibilities,data collection services, equipment hire or simplyto find out more, please contact Dr James Tate, ICManager (email: [email protected]).

The latest version of SATURN, version 10.8, wasreleased to maintained users in April 2008. Therelease of SATURN v10.8 reflects the ongoingdevelopment work to provide both newfunctionality and enhance the existing product.Some of the new features include procedures toestimate marginal external costs of congestion tosupport the design of road pricing schemes aswell as completion of the new Origin BasedAssignment algorithm for Multiple User Classes.Looking ahead over the next 12 months,development continues apace on the Multi-Coreversion of SATURN (SATURN-MC) that allow usersto take advantage of the latest multi-processordesktop PCs coupled with strengthening the linksbetween SATURN and Geographical InformationSystems. This ongoing development work willreinforce the SATURN software as the de-factostandard for highway equilibrium assignmentwithin the UK and overseas markets. Alsoproduced by the Institute and distributed byAtkins Highways and Transportation is theDRACULA microsimulation package. DRACULAshares a common network format with SATURN,allowing easy transfer of data between the twopackages. DRACULA represents completetransport trip mechanisms, from a choice of whereand when to travel, to the choice of mode and thesimulation of the entire journey by motorisedmeans at a microscopic (individual vehicle) level.DRACULA Version 2.4 was released in spring2007. For further details of DRACULA pleasecontact Dr Ronghui Liu, Senior Research Fellow(email: [email protected]).

Pedro Abrantes joined as Lecturer in PublicTransport, a former ITS Masters student andAssistant Lecturer at the University of Porto,Portugal. Accent, the market research agency,sponsored a new Research Fellowship; Dr VenkataPhani Chintakayala from the Indian Institute ofTechnology Kharagpur was appointed as theAccent Fellow in Stated Preference, workingjointly for ITS and Accent. Dr Agachai Sumalee,Assistant Professor at Hong Kong PolytechnicUniversity, returned to a part-time position asSenior Research Fellow in Network Analysis andOptimisation. Professor Margaret Bell left ITS totake up a new post as Professor of Transport andthe Environment at the University of Newcastle.Dr Catherine Woodham left to take up a newteaching post in Sheffield.

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Support Staff Changes

ITS said farewell to Ferri Ghahri-Saremi who, aftermore than twenty years of dedicated IT support asNetwork Manager, left to take a well earnedretirement. Richard Bettie stepped up to the roleof Institute IT Officer. A new Faculty ofEnvironment Research Office was created, led bySheila Mathison in a new role of Faculty ResearchManager. Emma Holden, Gordon Aickin, AngelaJackman and Adrian May were appointed to newroles in that office and Carole Murray as ITS’ newResources Coordinator. Frances Race left ITS totake up a new post in the Nuffield Institute forHealth and was replaced by Steven Rowley asDepartmental Support Assistant. OtherDepartmental Support staff changes includedLynn Armistead as Institute Coordinator and JulieHipkin as Institute Facilitator. Robin Marsh movedinto a new role of Marketing and BusinessDevelopment and Joanne Davies to StudentSupport Manager and Team Leader for the StudentSupport Office. Jo Moran took over as TaughtPostgraduate Courses Administrator and CallissaBrent moved to a new role as Admissions and CPDCoordinator. David Lewis moved into the StudentSupport Office as Taught Programmes Assistant.

Pedro Abrantes organised the 1st Public TransportConference hosted by ITS on 18th October 2007where he also presented a paper on the Design ofMulti-modal Public Transport Networks.

Dr Richard Batley continued on the ‘InnovativeMethods’ Programme Committee of the EuropeanTransport Conference (ETC).

Professor Peter Bonsall was a member of theDepartment for Transport’s (DfT) Expert Panel onthe effectiveness of Individual Travel Planning(ITP) and acted as external auditor for ITPprogrammes in Darlington and Peterborough – andfor Liverpool’s City Centre Movement Strategy. Hewas the first invited discussant on EconomicsNobel Laureate Daniel McFadden’s paper on ‘Therelevance of the social and behavioral sciences totransportation policy and decision-making’ at the11th World Conference on Transport Research(Berkeley, USA).

Dr David Carslaw was invited to talk at aninternational colloquium on airport air quality helpat Manchester Metropolitan University on 12thApril 2007 – ‘Safeguarding Airport Air Quality:Angles of Approach’. He presented recent workfunded by Defra that was carried out together withKarl Ropkins. He was also invited to participate ina workshop organised by the International CivilAviation Organisation (ICAO) in Montreal, Canadafrom 29-31st October 2007. The workshop wastitled ‘Assessing Current Scientific Knowledge,Uncertainties and Gaps Quantifying ClimateChange, Noise and Air Quality Aviation Impacts’and the outcomes will be used to help ICAOaddress the many impacts that aviation has on the

environment and in particular help developmethods to consider the inter-dependencies andtrade-offs between the different issues.

Professor Oliver Carsten gave the keynote addressto the Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietyEurope Chapter annual conference inBraunschweig, Germany, 24-26th October 2007.

Dr Haibo Chen was appointed as Council Memberof the Transport Systems Engineering Committeeof the Systems Engineering Society of Chinacommencing from 1st July 2007; VisitingProfessor at Central South University, Changsha,China, from 1st May 2007; Member of theInternational Academic Committee for the SixthInternational Conference on Traffic andTransportation Studies, 5-8th August 2008,LanZhou, China. He also hosted a visit byProfessor Xiamiao Li from Central SouthUniversity, China from May to November 2007.

Dr Richard Connors was invited to take up a 3-month position as Visiting Professor at the Centrefor Collaborative Research, University of Tokyo. Hejoined the Applied Methods Committee for the2008 European Transport Conference and wasinvited to give a presentation at the 2008European Consortium for Mathematics in Industryorganised by the IMA.

Professor Joyce Dargay was invited to present apaper on her work with the National Travel Surveyat the Economic and Social Data ServiceGovernment Annual Research Conference on 1stNovember at the British Academy, and on herwork (with Kevin Reilly and Dan Johnson at theUniversity of Leeds) on regional productivitydifferentials at the VML Quarterly Workshop onEarnings on 26th November at the Office forNational Statistics. She also presented a paperentitled ‘Car ownership in Greece and UK: acomparison based on pseudo panel analysis’ withP. Vythoulkas of the Technical University ofAthens at the COST355 meeting in Madrid in Mayand gave an invited seminar on modelling carownership and energy use at Surrey EnergyEconomics Centre at the University of Surrey.Joyce was also invited to participate in theInternational Transport Forum’s Joint TransportResearch Centre's Round Table entitled ‘OilDependence: Is Transport Running Out ofAffordable Fuel?’ in Paris in November. She wasalso invited to Stockholm by the Committee onEnergy Efficiency in Sweden to advise oneconometric estimation of the effects of policymeasures on energy efficiency in the transport,residential and industrial sectors in Sweden.

Professor Gerard De Jong gave invited lectures atthe University of Amsterdam, University ofAntwerp and Post-Academic courses. He was aninvited member of the expert panel on carownership (London) and Chair of plenary sessionsat the European Transport Conference 2007.

Dr Tony Fowkes gave a talk on 27th April 2007 ata Department for Transport workshop in London

on the basis for ‘The Current Treatment ofProductive Use of Travel Time Savings’. Dr Fowkesalso gave a talk entitled ‘The Leeds FreightTransport Model (LEFT) as an example of simplestrategic planning models of the future’ at the‘Transport Modelling Second Annual Forum’ inBirmingham on 20th June 2007.

Dr Susan Grant-Muller stepped down as leader ofthe Transport Policy Group at the end of 2007 inorder to take on the role of Director of Research.She has been appointed as an Associate Editor ofthe new European Transport Research ReviewOpen Access Journal (ETRR) to be launched bythe European Conference of Transport ResearchInstitutes organisation. She has also joined theAssociation for European Transport’s (AET)European Transport Policy and ResearchProgramme Committee.

Dr Astrid Guehnemann gave a presentation at theSecond International Conference on FundingTransportation Infrastructure ‘Infrastructurefunds: Lessons learnt from experiences inEuropean countries and the US’ in Leuven,Belgium, 20-21st September 2007.

Helen Harwatt was invited to attend an Expertworkshop, led by David Quarmby, as part of theRSA’s CarbonLimited project – exploring PersonalCarbon Trading (PCT), 14th February 2007.

Frances Hodgson was invited to give apresentation on ‘Gender equality in transport’ withJeff Turner (UEL), to Economic and SocialResearch Council/Royal Statistical Society/GenderStatistics Users Group seminar on 'Developingindicators and official statistics to monitor thenew public duty to promote gender equality', on12th April 2007.

Hamish Jamson was Advisory Committee andScientific Review Committee Member of theFourth International Driving Symposium onHuman Factors in Driver Assessment, Trainingand Vehicle Design. Stevenson, Washington, USA,9-12th July 2007.

Dr Samantha Jamson attended the 20th ICTCT(International Cooperation on Theories andConcepts in Traffic Safety) in Valencia. The aim ofICTCT is to achieve a deeper understanding ofproblems in the area of traffic safety, to harmonisefuture research activities and to provide for meansfor optimal utilisation of research results fromdifferent countries. ITS will be hosting ICTCT inOctober 2009, along with the associated two-daytraffic safety course for young researchers.

Dan Johnson joined the ‘Freight’ ProgrammeCommittee of the European Transport Conference.

Andrew Koh was on the Scientific Committee ofthe IEEE World Congress of EvolutionaryComputation 2007. He presented a paper‘Solving Transportation bilevel programs withDifferential Evolution’.

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James Laird was invited to give a presentation onOption Values in Rural Transport Appraisal to theHighland Rail Partnership meeting on the 4thSeptember 2007.

Dr Ronghui Liu gave an invited seminar, entitled‘the state-of-art in traffic microsimulationmodelling’, at the Faculty of Transportation,Chang-An University, Xian, China, on 19th April2007.

Professor Peter Mackie continued as an Eddington‘friend’ of the Department for Transport andchaired an expert seminar on NATA-Refresh. InOctober, he attended the first Round Table of thenew Organisation for Economic Cooperation andDevelopment (OECD) International TransportForum (ex ECMT) in Boston on macro, meso andmicro methods of transport infrastructureplanning.

Professor Mike Maher joined ITS in February2007, as Professor of the Mathematical Analysisof Transport Systems. In November/December hemade a three-week visit to Hong Kong, fundedthrough the Royal Society international short visitsscheme. He spent time at four universities whilstthere: HK University of Science & Technology(with Professors Hong Lo and Hai Yang), theChinese University (Dr Janny Leung), HKUniversity (Professor SC Wong and Dr Becky Loo),and HK Polytechnic University (Professor WilliamLam and Dr Agachai Sumalee), discussingtransport modelling research with staff andresearch students and giving seminars on hiscurrent research. He also attended and presenteda paper in a plenary session at the 12thInternational Conference of the HK Society ofTransportation Studies.

Bryan Matthews presented at the 39th AnnualConference of the University Transport StudiesGroup in January 2007: ‘Rail InfrastructureCharging in Europe - Current practices and thelatest research’. In October he organised the visitof Professor Ken Small, of the University ofCalifornia at Irvine, to ITS for a seminar and seriesof research discussions. Then in December, Bryanorganised a high profile international conferencein Brussels focused on the findings of GRACE andthe future direction of European transport pricingpolicy.

Dr Greg Marsden was invited to give talks to theInstitutions of Highways and TransportationYorkshire Branch Annual Meeting in October2007; the British Retail Consortium SustainableDistribution Conference (February 2008) and theCOST356 Action on Towards the Definition of aMeasurable Environmentally SustainableTransport in Oslo. He acted as advisor to theTransport Select Committee Inquiry into the DraftLocal Transport Bill and continues to be a memberof the Independent Transport Commission and theUK Sustainable Development Panel, contributingevidence on their Aviation consultation.

Professor Tony May presented a paper in Lyon atthe end of March on ‘The European Policy onSustainable Transport for Urban Areas’. He waselected President of the World Conference onTransport Research Society at its conference inBerkeley in June, where he presented three papersand led the work of the Special Interest Group onUrban Transport. Tony spent a month in Singaporeas SMRT Professor of Transport Policy at NanyangTechnological University in Singapore. Hesubsequently gave lectures in Takamatsu andNagoya in Japan, and the second Martin WachsDistinguished Lecture on Transportation Policy atUCLA.

Dr Natasha Merat was invited to present theresults of the AIDE project to the ISO/WG8 groupduring a workshop held at the UNI ISO offices inMilan. The feasibility of using the PeripheralDetection Task (PDT) as a tool for safetyassessment of IVIS and ADAS was discussed atthis meeting.

Dr Dave Milne supervised a road-pricingexperiment for Channel 4’s Dispatchesprogramme – ‘Bottleneck Britain’. The programmeassessed what a policy of ‘pay as you drive’ mightmean for typical drivers and compared this topeople’s preconceptions.

Dr Gordon Mitchell was appointed to the regionalsteering group of the Chartered Institution ofEnvironmental Management and Assessment(IEMA). Invited talks were given on urban diffusewater pollution to the National Water Summit,Olympia Conference Centre, and theUKWIR/DEFRA conference on Potential Solutionsto Meet Water Framework Directive Goals; and onenvironmental forecasting to the ESRC ResearchMethods Festival, Oxford University.

Frank Montgomery was appointed Chair of IHT(Institute of Highways & Transportation)Education Board, and external examiner for theMSc Transportation Planning & Engineeringcourse at Southampton University.

Dr Anil Namdeo was invited to give a presentationat the ADMS User Group Meeting on 10th Octoberin Birmingham: ‘Emissions and dispersionmodelling of road user charging initiatives inLeeds’. He was invited guest editor for theInternational Journal of Environment and WasteManagement, Special Issue, Urban Air Pollution,Volume 9, Number 2 (to be published 2009). Hewas also invited reviewer of conference papers forthe ITS 6th European Congress and Exhibition,Aalborg, Denmark, January 2007.

Professor Chris Nash was a judge at the Instituteof Railway Operators essay competition; the awardwas made at their annual lunch on 13th April. On19th July, he gave a presentation on European railreform at a workshop on regulation at the CatholicUniversity of Milan. He also visited InformationTechnology Service at Monash University to givethe 2007 Ogden Transport Lecture. In Japan,Professor Nash spoke at two seminars organised

by the Institute of Transportation Economics tocelebrate the 60th anniversary of the journalTransportation and Economy.

Matthew Page gave an invited presentation on ITSwork on cycling and walking entitled ‘Estimatingthe demand and valuing the benefits’ to a meetingorganised by the Irish Sustainable DevelopmentCouncil (Comhar) on ‘Cycling and Walking in IrishTransport Policy’ on 21st June 2007 in Dublin.Matthew Page gave an invited talk to the localgraduate and student branch of the Institution ofHighways and Transportation (IHT) entitled ‘IsPersonal Carbon Trading the best way to achievethe UK targets for reductions in carbonemissions?’ pointing out some of the drawbacks ofthis idea on 25th June 2007 in Leeds.

Dr Simon Shepherd was invited to give a seminarat the Hong Kong University of Science andTechnology by Professor Hai Yang about Europeantransport policy under scarcity of oil supply.

Dr Andrew Smith was invited to present theresults of an econometric cost modelling exerciseto a seminar held by the UIC (International Unionof Railways) entitled ‘10 years of Benchmarking:1996-2005’ (25th October 2007). The researchis being funded by the Office of Rail Regulation(ORR), in order to feed into the 2008 PeriodicReview of Network Rail’s finances. Dr AndrewSmith was invited to speak at an OxfordUniversity, Transport Studies Unit Seminarentitled ‘European Rail Policy: A New Era?’ inSeptember 2007. Dr Smith presented his work on‘UK experiences of rail restructuring andprivatisation’. He also presented his work onpassenger rail franchising in the UK to theChartered Institute of Logistics and Transport(CILT) in February 2007.

Dr James Tate led the seminar ‘Towards integratedtraffic microsimulation and instantaneousemission models’, on 18th April 2007 at theDepartment of Statistics and OperationsResearch, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya,Barcelona, Spain.

Dr Miles Tight was invited to attend an Expertworkshop, led by David Quarmby, as part of theRSA’s (Royal Society for the encouragement ofArts, Manufactures and Commerce)CarbonLimited project – exploring PersonalCarbon Trading (PCT), 14th February 2007.

Paul Timms was invited by the government of NewZealand to talk about transport utopias in July2007. He was also invited by the government ofEl Salvador to talk about transport modelling inSeptember 2007.

Professor Mark Wardman completed his term asDirector of Research at the end of 2007 prior totaking over as Director of ITS. He served as amember of an academic advisory panel forYorkshire Water's consumer willingness to paystudy, and advisor to the Dutch value of time andreliability study (phase 1) to EFTEC (Economics


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for the Environment Consultancy) on the UnitedUtilities consumer willingness to pay study. Healso became a member of the Editorial AdvisoryBoard of the Journal of Choice Modelling.

Professor David Watling hosted ShoichiroNakayama (Kanazawa University, Japan) for ashort visit in January, as part of an on-going link,Dr Nakayama now having a visiting appointmentwith ITS.

Academic visitors during 2007 were Dr ElisabeteArsenio from LNEC, Lisbon, Portugal; Dr GyengChul Kim from Seoul Development Institute ofSeoul; Professor Baohua Mao from Beijing JiatongUniversity; Dr Anna Mezyk from TechnicalUniversity of Radom, Poland; Mr Tsubota Takahirofrom Department of Civil Engineering, Universityof Tokyo and Ms Ellen Tangkudung fromDepartment of Civil Engineering, University ofIndonesia. New visiting appointments were DrMin-Keong Chong from National University ofSingapore and Dr Shoichiro Nakayama fromGraduate School of Natural Science andTechnology, Kanazawa University, Japan. Otheron-going visiting appointments are Professor KenGwilliam; Dr John Parkin from Bolton Institute; DrDerek Quinn; Jonathan Tyler from PassengerTransport Networks and Dr Tom Van Vuren fromMott MacDonald.

Six PhDs were awarded in 2007: ChandraBalijepalli, ‘Stochastic Process Models forDynamic Traffic Assignment’; Hui (Lucy) Lu, ‘Theeffects of stated preference design on bias inresponses’; Hien Nguyen, ‘Saturation flow andvehicle equivalence factors in traffic dominated bymotorcycles’; Nasir SK Rana, ‘The contribution ofteleworking to Travel Demand Management’; P(Tom) Sillaparcharn, ‘National TransportModelling: General approach and application toThailand’; Minh Tran Huu, ‘Modelling buspriorities in a motorcycle-dominatedenvironment’.

Other than those awarded degrees in 2007, theresearch students registered and their researchtopics were: Muhammad Adnan, ‘Traffic NetworkModeling within Activity Based Paradigm’; RobertS Bain, ‘Privately Financed Roads in Britain—APolicy Assessment’; Hazel Baslington, ‘HealthyTravel and Child Socialisation: Policy implicationsfor social and cultural change’; Zahara Batool,‘Building of transport model for the metropolitan'sof Pakistan’; Ofelia Betancor, ‘Pricing externalitiesin air transport markets: a case study of MadridBarjas Airport’; Anzir Boodoo, ‘Walking as anintegral part of sustainable transport policy’;Simon Brown, ‘Customer optimised integrated

asset management’; Anna Clark, ‘Optimalcongestion pricing schemes includingheterogeneous users and time of day variability’;Kaushali Dave, ‘Applying multicriteria equationfuzzy logic in choice modelling’; Pelle Envall,‘Accessibility planning: a chimera?’; Agha FaisalHabib Pathan, ‘Traveller Choice of InformationSources’; Helen Harwatt (formerly Watters),‘Tradable carbon permits: their potential to reduceCO2 from the transport sector’; James Jackson,’Appraisal Methods for Railways ServicingPeripheral Areas’; Hamish Jamson, ‘The Effects ofVarying Characteristics of Driving SimulatorDesign on their Validity as Research Tools’; SanjayJamuar, ‘Evaluation of Car Park Policies’;Charlotte Kelly, ’ An investigation into the effectsof moving house on people's mobility levels’;Andrew Koh, ‘Particle swarm optimisation fortransport planning’; Christian Kramer, ‘ApplyingEnvironmental Capacity-Building Theory toAnalyse Barriers to Sustainable TransportPolicies’; Fumio Kurosaki, ‘An analysis of verticalseparation of railways’; James Laird, ‘Modellingthe Economic Impact of Transport Projects inSparse Networks and Peripheral Regions’; HediMaurer, ‘Development of a policy framework forestimating emissions from freight transport’;Daniel McGehee, ‘The Biodynamics of Pre-ImpactBracing: Towards Smart Airbags and SmarterDummies’; Rico Merkert, ‘Towards the efficientorganisation in Europe - a transaction costperspective’; Helen Muir, ‘The Influence of Areaand Person Deprivation on Pedestrian Casualties’;John Nellthorp, ‘Transport investment, pricing anduse of resources’; Guido Paglione, ‘Urbandistribution centre: a new methodology to assessthe policy support’; Rahman Pilvar, ‘Investigationinto Road and Rail Alignment OptimisationTechniques’; Fayyaz Qadir, ‘IncorporatingReliability into Network Modelling and PolicyAnalysis’; Katherine Robertshaw, ‘Visual Control ofLocomotion’; Manoj Singh, ‘Competition inintermodal rail transport: The case of Indianrailways’; Janos Szabo, ‘Extreme value theory andair pollution’; Giovanni Tabacco, ‘Essays inIndustrial Organisation in the US Airline Industry’;Nigel Tapley, ‘Nonlinearities in discrete choiceattribute valuations’; Fitsum Teklu, ‘Modelling anintegrated urban public transport systemincluding Informal Operators’; Sotirios Thanos,‘Valuation of Aircraft Noise Annoyance: Acomparison of approaches in the context of airportclosure’; Nikolaos Thomopoulos, ‘Incorporatingregional equity concerns in appraisal of largetransport infrastructure projects’; Phillip Wheat,‘Application (and development of) cost modellingand efficiency methods to transport problems’;Noor Zaitun Yahaya, ‘The development of an ultra-fine particle model for motor vehicles in arestricted area’.

Field operational test support action (FESTA)European Commission from November 2007 toMay 2008Professor Oliver Carsten, Kathryn Chorlton, Dr

Frank Lai, Dr Yvonne Barnard, John Nellthorp,Grant holder: Dr Samantha JamsonCollaborating partners: 20 Partners across Europe

Within the Information and CommunicationTechnologies (ICT) Priority, Field Operational Tests(FOT) will be the subject of one of the first calls inChallenge 6: ICT for Mobility, EnvironmentalSustainability and Energy. The FOTs will comprisea comprehensive program of research to assessthe impacts of ICT systems on driver behaviour,both in terms of individual (safety) benefits andlarger scale socio-economic benefits. FESTA willprovide such support by designing a handbook ofgood practice. The handbook will provideapplicants to subsequent ICT calls, as far aspossible (given the range of near-market ICTsystems), practical guidance to allow them todevelop compelling FOT projects that address theCommission’s desire for an integrated andcoordinated program of research.

The FESTA handbook will cover issuesconcerning all aspects of the time-line andadministration of an FOT, such that advice will beprovided regarding aspects from needs analysis atthe commencement of an FOT all the way throughto the integration of the acquired data andestimation of socio-economic benefits at the end.

Low cost engineering measures to reduce fatigue-related accidents.Highways Agency, from October 2007 toDecember 2008Grant Holder: Dr Natasha MeratCollaborating Partners: TMS Consultancy, NorthYorkshire Police

This project will use the University of LeedsDriving Simulator to identify a number of low-costengineering measures for reducing fatigue relatedaccidents. This study is part of a wider field ofresearch intended to contribute to improvingsafety on the highway network and is a naturalprogression from previous research commissionedby the HA with regard to driver fatigue. Theproject is managed by Parsons Brinckerhoff (PB).

EASYEPSRC 2007-2009Hamish Jamson, Dr Samantha Jamson, TonyHorrobin, Dr Natasha Merat, Dr Frank Lai, KathrynChorlton, R Auclan, Grant Holder: Professor OliverCarsten

This project will examine how some of the newAdvanced Driver Assistance Systems that areenvisaged by the car manufacturers, will affectsafety. Currently the most advanced assistancesystem on the market is Adaptive Cruise Control(ACC) which automates the task of car following.ACC is particularly designed for motorways, butcan also be used on rural and even urban roads. Ithas deliberate limitations, in that it cannot dealwith situations requiring severe braking and thatthe ACC radar cannot detect stationary objects.The car manufacturers plan to extend thecapability of ACC so that it can handle most

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forward situations. They also plan to provide lanekeeping systems which will automate lateralcontrol of a vehicle (i.e. steering), once againparticularly for motorway driving. The combinationof longitudinal and lateral control will provide asituation in which a large part of the driving taskis automated. As a consequence, there is a riskthat drivers will no longer feel a need to payattention to the road and traffic environment, andtherefore may not be aware of impending risk.They may also lose track of when manual controlhas been resumed, e.g. on exiting from themotorway, and therefore be slower in respondingwhen required to brake or steer.

This project will conduct a systematicevaluation of driver performance and safetyawareness as they experience increasingly greaterautomation of the driving task. The major tool forthis work will be the new driving simulator at theUniversity of Leeds, which has a complex motionbase to provide gravitational feel to the drivers. .

The initial set of experiments will be designedto identify any safety related problems that resultfrom driving in a semi-automated vehicle. A widerange of drivers will be used, with the majorfactors in their selection being age, gender andtrust in automation. Having identified theproblems, a second set of experiments will focuson solutions to those problems, i.e. on ways inwhich driver alertness and awareness can beenhanced. The results are intended to provideguidance to those governmental organisations thatare planning to use new driver assistance systemsto increase road capacity and safety. They are alsointended to lead to better design of new productsby the vehicle manufacturers.

Speed Limit AdherenceCommission for Integrated Transport andMotorists Forum from July 2007 to June 2008Dr Samantha Jamson, Dr Frank Lai, KathrynChorlton, Nusrat Walid, Dr David Carslaw, Dr PaulGoodman, Professor Mark Wardman, GrantHolder: Professor Oliver Carsten

The overall aim of this project is to predict theeffects of a voluntary Intelligent Speed Adaption(ISA) system across the entire road network interms of reducing deaths and injuries on the UKroads and reducing carbon emissions, otherpollutants and fuel consumption. Five elements inthe study are identified: (replace numbers withbullets)

• estimating the reductions in the number of people killed or injured (both seriously and slightly) in road accidents that would arise through raising the levels of adherence to speed limits through the introduction of a voluntary ISA system;

• estimating the reductions in carbon emissions, other pollutants (including noise) and fuel consumption that would arise through the introduction of a voluntary ISA system;

• assessing the other benefits e.g. journey

time reliability that would also arise through the introduction of a voluntary ISA system;

• carrying out cost-benefit analyses based on the cost of introducing an ISA system compared to accident savings and reduced carbon emissions, other pollutants and fuel consumption;

• making recommendations on how a greater take-up of ISA on a voluntary basis can be encouraged.

Conflict StudyDepartment for Transport from May 2007- July2008Grant Holder: Professor Oliver Carsten

The primary objective is to investigate whetherthere are relationships between accidentsrecorded and conflicts observed at junctions andother features on the highways network, such thatthe conflict data could be used to identifyimprovement schemes. Also to study the potentialimpact of Conflict Study techniques as part ofRoute Management to:

• supplement the accident data used in an Accident Investigation and Prevention (AIP) approach

• monitor effectiveness of a safety improvement scheme after implementation

• establish a ‘level of risk’ where safety problems are reported, but without significant accident data

The aims are to:• establish reliable relationships between

accident and conflict data, pertinent to different situations on the HA network

• widen the scope of previous work to consider specific junction types and links, not just priority junctions

• compare actual accident data with prediction using conflict study and SafeNET software, which is now applicable to rural as well as urban roads

• test the use of Conflict Study techniques and determine suitability for use by Road Safety Engineers for assessing safety at specific locations on the network

• develop guidelines on the use and methodology applicable for Conflict Studies.

Improved driver comprehension at roadworksHighways Agency from January 2007 toDecember 2007Hamish Jamson, Tony Horrobin, Kathryn Chorlton,Grant holder: Dr Samantha JamsonCollaborating partners: WSP Group PLC

HA’s customer satisfaction surveys consistentlyshow that the quality and consistency of signing ofroadworks is an important issue to drivers. Themain aim of the project was to establish whichroadwork scenarios have the most severeimplications for both driver and roadworker safetyand identify the types of signage in these

scenarios that can cause confusion or anxiety todrivers. After testing some novel alternatives in astatic environment and conducting focus groupswith drivers who regularly encounter roadworks,we modelled the key roadworks scenarios in theUniversity of Leeds Driving Simulator. Fortydrivers negotiated several sets of roadworks withvarying amounts and types of signage and theirbehavioral response recorded. In addition, drivers’emotional reactions were monitored usingmeasurements of heart rate and galvanic skinresponse. Drivers demonstrated anger and anxietyat a number of the scenarios and this translatedinto poorer driver performance. We successfullymediated this effect, to some extent, with novelsigning which indicated to drivers the correctcourse of action earlier in the roadwork scenario.

Driver behaviour considerations during theimplementation of Variable Speed Limits at RoadWorks Mott McDonald, from March 2006 to August2007Grant Holder: Dr Natasha Merat

This was a small piece of work which provided asummary of the research conducted to date ondrivers’ attitude towards, and understanding of,Variable Speed Limits (VSL). A list ofrecommendations was then made about theissues which should be considered for any ‘driverbehaviour’ considerations related to theimplementation and use of Variable Speed Limits(VSL) at road works.

Interaction between speed choice and roadenvironmentDepartment for Transport from February 2006 toAugust 2007Collaborating partners: Vehicle Safety ResearchCentre, Loughborough UniversityDr Samantha Jamson, Dr Frank Lai, HamishJamson, Tony Horrobin, Grant holder: ProfessorOliver Carsten

This project aims to identify the most effectivespeed reducing measures for a selection of urbanand rural environments. This will be achieved byfurthering our understanding as to how driverschoose their speed (consciously or not) and whatsensory cues we might use to alter this. Aliterature review has identified potentialapproaches to increase drivers’ perceived risk andhence achieve speed reduction. Potentialtreatments will then be designed, for both ruraland urban environments. Expert assessment willbe carried out to identify candidate treatments,which are most likely to be effective andpersistent, to be tested in the University of LeedsDriving Simulator. The most successful treatmentsidentified in the review will be assessed for boththeir effectiveness and persistence. Approximately20–25 treatments across both rural and urbanenvironments will be tested including urban andrural arterials and low standard rural lanes. Thebest performing two or three treatments for eachproblem from the simulator trials will, for thepersistence study, be located at three or four


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locations in a long-duration experimental drive.Information on speed choice over the repeatingsections will permit the identification oftreatments that are durable.

Attitudes to New TechnologiesDepartment for Transport from January 2006 toDecember 2007Collaborating partners: ACCENTDr Samantha Jamson, Kathryn Chorlton, DrNatasha Merat, Grant holder: Professor OliverCarsten

This project used an extensive programme ofqualitative research to explore public acceptabilityof new and emerging technologies. Thesetechnologies, such as Automatic Number PlateRecognition and Electronic Vehicle Identificationcan potentially improve road safety and security;however these benefits can be offset by lack oftrust and understanding by the general public.The project aimed to support policy makers byundertaking focus groups using relevantdeliberative material, sourced from the press andinterest groups. Analyses will be undertaken toestablish how the deliberative materials influencepublic perceptions to aid the understanding ofpublic resistance to and acceptance of emergingtransport-related technologies.

Adaptive Integrated Driver-vehicle InterfacE(AIDE)EU Sixth Framework from 2004 to 2008Volvo Technology Corporation (coordinator);European Commission Joint Research Centre;Netherlands Organisation for Applied ScientificResearch (TNO); Institute of Communications andComputer Systems, Greece (ICCS); and 23 otherpartnersDr Samantha Jamson, Dr Natasha Merat, Dr FrankLai, Hamish Jamson, Grant Holder: ProfessorOliver Carsten

The general objective of the AIDE IntegratedProject is to generate the knowledge and developmethodologies and human-machine interfacetechnologies required for safe and efficientintegration of ADAS, IVIS and nomad devices intothe driving environment. Specifically, the IP isdesigning, developing and validating a genericAdaptive Integrated Driver-vehicle InterfacE(AIDE) that employs innovative concepts andtechnologies in order to: (1) maximise theefficiency, and hence the safety benefits, ofadvanced driver assistance systems, (2) minimisethe level of workload and distraction imposed byin-vehicle information systems and nomad devicesand (3) enable the potential benefits of new in-vehicle technologies and nomad devices in termsof mobility and comfort, without compromisingsafety. The AIDE concept will be implemented,demonstrated and validated in three different testvehicles: a city car, a luxury car and a heavy truck.ITS is involved in two sub-projects of AIDE: SP1,Behavioural Effects and Driver-Vehicle-Environment Modelling; and SP2, Evaluation andAssessment Methodology.

A Theoretical Approach to Deriving Practical RoadPricing Cordons with Investment in CapacityEPSRC from September 2005 to September 2008PhD Studentship: Anna Clark, Researchers: DrAgachai Sumalee, Andrew Koh, Project Manager:Dr Simon Shepherd, Grant Holders: ProfessorAnthony May, Professor David Watling.

The project follows on from our previous EPSRCproject into cordon design. The principal aim ofthe project is to advance methodologies foridentifying optimal cordon designs and chargestructures with optimal changes in capacity takinginto account the needs of practitioners. The firststage concentrated on implementing a constraintcutting algorithm approach as described byLawphongpanich and Hearn (2004) to solve theoptimal toll level for a given set of links and wehave extended it to incorporate investment incapacity. This has been implemented in Matlaband proved successful on small networks. Resultshave been presented to UTSG and HKST. As thisapproach presented problems with larger networkswe will employ a sensitivity based approach to thesame problem. The second stage of the project isnow nearing completion and looks at location oftolls and capacity changes in parallel extendingour previous work with genetic algorithms. Thisapproach has been applied successfully to thenetwork of Edinburgh and we will be extending itto deal with multiple user classes. In parallel wedeveloped a short-cut approach to cordon locationwhich has been included in the Department forTransport’s webtag guidance and which wepresented at WCTR in Berkeley CA. Finally,collaboration with Professor Erik Verhoef from FUAhas enabled us to look at the theoretical first bestcase for capacity and tolls on a network and we arecurrently working with him on an extension to thesecond-best case where not all links are includedin the optimisation.

Platform Grant: Towards a Unified TheoreticalFramework for Transport Network and ChoiceModellingEPSRC from January 2004 to December 2007Dr Paul Timms, Dr Richard Batley, Dr AgachaiSumalee, Dr Richard Connors, Dr SimonShepherd, John Nellthorp, Dr Gerard Whelan,Grant holders: Professor David Watling, ProfessorAndrew Daly, Professor Anthony May

In the spirit of Platform Grant funding, this projectsupported a range of strategic, speculative andnetworking activities, adding value to our widerportfolio of research projects and aiding in staffretention by supporting the careers of researchstaff. Broadly the research agenda was concernedwith beginning the search for a consistenttheoretical under-pinning to the typically disparatefields of transport network modelling, travel choicemodelling and economic appraisal of transportschemes. Many speculative studies wereundertaken, examples including a retrospective ofthe philosophical foundations of transport

modelling, an exploration of the equivalencebetween RUM (Random Utility Model) and non-RUM choice paradigms, and a linking of prospecttheory to network modelling for the purposes ofmodelling uncertainty/unreliability. Networkingactivities included several extended visits of up toa year to and from leading Japanese transportgroups; a series of workshops with transport groupsfrom leading Italian universities; and culminated inour establishing and organising the FirstInternational Symposium on Dynamic TrafficAssignment in Leeds in 2006, now established asan international conference series. Finally, thegrant supported the group’s development intoareas that were new for them, such as publictransport assignment and activity-based modelling,and served as a platform for developing a range ofsuccessful research funding bids for follow-onresearch.

Effects of Station Enhancement on Rail DemandATOC, with University of Southampton andACCENT, from June 2007 to November 2007Phani Kumar Chintakayala Grant Holder: ProfessorMark Wardman

There are uncertainties as to the effects ofimproving station facilities on the demand for railtravel, and indeed whether any demand increasesare subsequently offset through decay effects. Thisstudy has used a dual approach to estimate theimpact of station facilities. Tickets sales data hasbeen analysed to detect any effects on demandfrom a range of improvements. The ITScontribution, in conjunction with Accent, has beento conduct a wide-ranging SP study, covering alarge number of facilities. The valuations of thesefacilities are then used to enhance and refine thedemand model estimated to ticket sales data.Modest demand increases are seen to result fromstation enhancements but with subsequent decayeffects.

CATRIN (Cost Allocation of TransportInfrastructure) European Commission Sixth Framework from May2007 to April 2009Dr Andrew Smith, Dr Jeremy Toner, Phillip Wheatand Pedro Abrantes, Grant Holder: Professor ChrisNash

This is a follow up project to the GRACE project,again involving a collaboration of Europeanpartners. The focus of the research is to developfurther the methodologies for estimating marginalinfrastructure costs across modes, and to generatenew results. The work is ultimately aimed atinforming transport pricing, and will draw on themost recent theoretical microeconomic literaturein respect of pricing rules (e.g. game theoreticapproaches). A particular focus in CATRIN will beimproved knowledge regarding differential pricingfor different vehicle / locomotive types. The workinvolves both economic and engineering input (seehttp://www.catrin-eu.org/index.php).

ECONOMICS AND BEHAVIOUR MODELLING

NETWORK MODELLING


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Bus Soft FactorsDepartment for Transport from March 2007 toDecember 2008Collaborating Partners: Faber Maunsell Mark Wardman, Joyce Dargay, Nicolas IbanezGrant Holder: Jeremy Shires

An investigation into how bus soft factors impactupon demand for bus travel for both bus users andnon-users. Unlike previous studies in this area thefocus is not purely on the valuation of specific softfactors but on how they combine to influence busdemand and how they interact with factors such asincome and lifestyle choices. A large amount ofqualitative work has been carried out to dateincluding focus groups which has helped informthe design of a series of stated preferenceexperiments which are due to be piloted in spring2008.

London Fares ElasticitiesMVA Ltd / ATOC from March 2007 to August 2007Professor Mark Wardman, William Lythgoe GrantHolder: Dr Joyce Dargay

The main objective of this study is to investigatethe effects of the change in the fare structurebrought about by the zonalisation of non-seasontickets. The study is to be limited to trips to Zones1 and 2 from Zones 4, 5 and 6, since these haveexperienced the greatest fare changes. Specificpoints to be addressed are:

• The effect on the demand for rail travel, by both previous rail users and new patrons (modal shirt and generation/suppression)

• The extent of resulting substitution between different ticket types

• The effect on different journey types (commuting, business, leisure)

• The effect on station choice• Whether the response is related to the level

of the fare change, rather than the percentage change

The study will be based on both econometricanalysis and new market research which willpermit the consideration of attitudinal factors.

Revealed Preference Study to Assess Impact ofReliability on Passenger Rail DemandDepartment for Transport from October 2006-March 2007Professor Mark Wardman, Dr Joyce Dargay, JeremyShires, Dr Nicholas Ibanez, Professor Gerard deJong, Nusrat Walid, Grant holder: Dr RichardBatley

This study involved both econometric and discretechoice analyses, with the aim of eliciting distinctbut complementary insights, at aggregate anddisaggregate levels respectively, on the demandimpacts of reliability.

The discrete choice analysis was supportedprincipally by a Stated Preference experiment,involving a choice between two rail service optionsexhibiting different fares, journey times and levels

of reliability. The experiment was applied to 12specific single-leg O-D journeys, yielding around14,000 choice observations. These data wereapplied to model specifications based essentiallyon the ‘mean vs. variance’ approach, but extendedto include a variable representing lateness atdestination. We estimated reliability multipliers forbusiness and commuting of 1.19-2.85, theseincreasing to 1.32-7.34 for leisure.

The econometric analysis was based on 248specific O-D pairs for the period 2002-2007,contrasting flows which had been subject tosignificant changes in reliability, with flows whichhad not experienced such changes. In respect ofthis sample, we collated ALM and APM data atservice group level, as well as TOC-level PPM data.These reliability data were combined with demandand revenue data from LENNON, generalisedjourney times from MOIRA, as well as furthersocio-economic-demographic variables from ONS.Following previous work on rail demand, a constantelasticity demand model was specified, andestimated by GLS. We found that the estimatedreliability coefficients were significant and of thecorrect sign, but reliability was found to have onlya marginal effect on rail demand. Although seasontickets appeared to be slightly more sensitive tochanges in reliability, the differences in theelasticities for ALM and APM (ranging from -0.03to -0.06) across the different ticket types wereinsignificant. The elasticity for PPM, however, wassignificantly greater for reduced (0.25) and seasontickets (0.27) than for full-fare tickets (0.09).

Green LogisticsEPSRC from June 2006 to June 2010.Collaborating Partners: Cardiff University, Heriot-Watt University, Lancaster University, University ofSouthampton, University of WestminsterDr Anthony Fowkes, Daniel Johnson, Dr S Shen,Damian Stantchev, Grant Holder: Dr AnthonyWhiteing

This four year research project into thesustainability of logistics systems and supplychains is being undertaken by a consortium of sixUK universities supported and steered by a rangeof project partners including the Department forTransport, Transport for London and CILT(UK). Themain focus is on the use of freight transport withinthe supply chain, and how this can be made moreenvironmentally sustainable. The project consistsof a set of twelve interlinked work modules,investigating (inter alia) opportunities for modalshift, problems associated with logistics operationsin urban areas, the environmental sustainability ofreverse logistics, the sustainability of homedelivery operations and opportunities for improvedscheduling of road freight. A major aim of theproject is to develop enhanced methodologies forresearch into sustainable logistics, to assist infuture policy formulation in this important field.

M6 TollFaber Maunsell from April 2006 to September2007Dan Johnson, Dr Tony Fowkes Grant Holder:

Professor Mark Wardman

The 43 km three lane M6 Toll road is the UnitedKingdom’s first toll motorway and provides thesetting for this research. This study has developeda range of stated preference and revealedpreference models to better understand thechoices made by passengers and freight usersbetween different routes amongst which one is atolled route. A major program of surveys wasconducted on car, LGV and HGV users basedaround the time savings offered by the M6 Tollroad. The findings indicate different valuations oftravel time by type of time, traffic conditions, roadtype, journey duration and a range of socio-economic factors. Stated preference modelsvalidated well against revealed preference models,although the sensitivity to toll varied according tothe context for the toll variation. The opportunitywas also taken to distribute the questionnairesused in the Department for Transport’s 1994 valueof time study to those out of scope for this study todetermine how the valuation of time and theresponse to tolls varies over time. The findingsindicate, in line with other such studies, littleincrease in the value of time over time.Nonetheless, there is evidence to suggest that thesensitivity to toll is reducing over time.

GRACE (Generalisation of Research on Accountsand Cost Estimation) European Commission Sixth Framework from July2005 to 2007Bryan Matthews, Professor Peter Bonsall, DanielJohnson, Jeremy Shires, Dr Andrew Smith, PhillipWheat. Grant Holder: Professor Chris Nash

The project involves a consortium of 15 partners in11 countries. The aim is to provide new evidenceon the costs of transport infrastructure use for allmodes of transport, and on the consequences ofcharging these costs to users.

The first part of the work concentrated on neweconometric studies of road and rail, and airportinfrastructure costs, new estimates of congestionand environmental costs and an examination ofports and inland waterways. Previous work ontransport accounts in helping to measure andmonitor costs has been extended and updated.Later work examined the reactions of users tocomplex charging systems, sought to generalizeresults and to model the economic impact ofimproved charging systems.

IMPRINT-NETEuropean Commission Sixth Framework, from July2005 to July 2008 Collaborating Partners: ISIS (Italy), TNO INro(Netherlands), TUD (Germany) and BUTE(Hungary)P Wheat, J Laird, B Matthews, B Menaz GrantHolder: Professor Chris Nash

IMPRINT-NET is about enhancing the linksbetween research and policy in the area oftransport pricing. Accordingly, the state of theassessment must cover:


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a) the knowledge accrued so far as a result of research projects

b) the past history and current state of policy developments

c) the lessons learned from previous initiatives linking pricing research with transport policy formulation.

It intends to effectively build upon theexperience accrued and the lessons learned fromits predecessors, namely the CAPRI ConcertedAction in FP4 and the IMPRINT-EUROPEThematic Network in FP5. IMPRINT-NET has beendesigned to retain the most effective features of itspredecessors, while introducing a number ofimportant innovations, both in substance and inorganization.

DIFFERENT - User Reaction and EfficientDifferentiation of Charges and TollsEU DGTREN from May 2005 to May 2008Collaborating Partners: Transport ResearchInstitute, Napier University (TRi) – project leaders;EIT; ESI-VU; ILiM; ISIS; TRT;TUD; CERAS;DITS;ECOPLAN; SINTEF; UM-TEMM Dr Bill Lythgoe, Bryan Matthews, Batool Menaz,Philip Wickham, Grant Holder: Professor PeterBonsall

This project uses literature, case studies and newanalyses to investigate the use of differentiatedcharges to internalise the externalities of transportand examines the implications that differentiationhas for revenues and behavioural response. ITS’smain roles in this project have been to contributeto the psychological investigation of behaviouralresponse, to lead the work on rail charges and onrecommendations for road user charges, and tostudy the implications of co-implementation ofurban and inter-urban charges and the impactsthat differentiated charges might have on modalsplit. ITS have been responsible for the design andimplementation of a questionnaire survey of roadusers, of a laboratory-based investigation of drivers’engagement with, and responses to, differentiatedpricing and of an elasticity-driven multimodalmodel of traveller behavior under different tax-subsidy-charging scenarios. Our work on thepsychological factors affecting behaviouralresponse to complex charges has throwninteresting new light on the role of ‘need forcognition’ and on the relationship with attitudes topricing per se. Our rail-sector work has used casestudies in Austria, Britain, France, Germany, Italyand Sweden to explore the mechanisms by whichdifferentiated rail infrastructure charges induceoperational and behavioural responses from trainoperators.

Consumer Response to Complex Prices Department for Transport from May 2005 toJanuary 2008Collaborating Partners: BMRB and MVAGrant Holder: Professor Peter Bonsall

This work was commissioned following a review,conducted for the Department for Transport by ITS,of previous evidence on consumers’ response to

complex or highly differentiated prices. The projecthad two main phases; the first qualitative and thesecond quantitative. The qualitative phase involvedfocus groups and in-depth interviews exploringpeople’s general attitudes to prices and methods ofpayment, and their specific response touncertainty or complexity in prices. Its findingsincluded evidence of a widespread tendency todisengage from the process of evaluating prices,widespread lack of knowledge about the cost ofindividual car journeys and a tendency to considerthe cost as an ‘irrelevant’ consideration. Thequantitative phase involved the specification,development and trialling of a questionnaire whichcould establish the prevalence and incidence ofthese attitudes but, more specifically, could assistin the specification of more realistic models of theperformance of road pricing schemes. Variants onthe questionnaire have been implemented invarious cities in the UK and Europe and havesupported the development of discrete choicemodels which offer some explanation of the factthat responses to new charges often differ fromwhat might be expected on the basis ofconventional elasticities. Further use of thequestionnaire, or of variants on it, is stronglyrecommended.

Rail Research UKEPSRC from April 2003 to July 2009Daniel Johnson, Dr Andrew Smith, Phillip Wheat,Grant Holders: Professor Chris Nash and ProfessorMark Wardman

Rail Research UK is the British universities railresearch group; it is led by the Universities ofBirmingham and Southampton and we are alsoworking with Imperial College London andLoughborough University on these projects.

We are currently involved in two projects. Thefirst is on systems costs modeling, where we haveundertaken econometric modeling of trainoperating costs, and tested a range of hypothesisabout the way in which policy on franchising,including franchise length, geographical coverageand the willingness to renegotiate influence costs.The second is the value of reliability, where we willbe building on previous work for the Departmentfor Transport.

Real Productivity DifferentialsDepartment for Transport from March 2007 toApril 2008Daniel Johnson, James Laird, Professor PeterMackie, Grant Holder: Professor Joyce Dargay

The Department for Transport is looking toimprove their currently used approach forestimating real productivity differentials at a sub-regional level by groups of industries in the UK.The productivity differentials are used to measurethe benefits of employment opportunitiesrelocating to more productive areas. The relevantproductivity differentials for this purpose are thosearising purely from the features of location,particularly agglomeration effects. For this reasonit is necessary to isolate these effects from

productivity differentials related to differences inworkforce and firm characteristics. The primaryobjective of the research is to identify the realproductivity differentials by area and industrialsector after controlling for human capitalattributes (such as age, experience,qualifications), occupation, job characteristicsand firm characteristics.

Analysis of Fast Response Nitrogen DioxidesAir Quality Consultants/DEFRA from January2007 to June 2007Karl Ropkins, Grant Holder: Dr David Carslaw

ITS together with Air Quality Consultants havecompleted a research project considering themeasurement of nitrogen oxides close to thenorthern runway of Heathrow, on behalf of Defra.The project developed and applied someinnovative techniques based on chemometrics toanalyse over 5,500 individual aircraft plumes.This research showed for the first time howemissions from aircraft vary by aircraft and enginetypes and airline and provided many new insightsinto aircraft emissions. This research has beenpublished in Environmental Science andTechnology and highlighted in their science news(see http://pubs.acs.org/subscribe/journals/esthag-w/2008/feb/science/cc_aircraftemissions.html forthe news item and a copy of the paper). D.CCarslaw, K. Ropkins, D. Laxen, S. Moorcroft, B.Marner, M.L. Williams. Environmental Scienceand Technology, 42, No. 6, (2008), 1871-1876.

MESSAGE (Mobile Environmental Sensing SystemAcross a Grid Environment)EPSRC and the Department for Transport fromOctober 2006 to September 2009Collaborating Partners: support from nineteenindustrial organisationsConsortium of five universities led by ProfessorJohn Polak (Imperial College London), ProfessorMargaret Bell (Newcastle), Professor Phil Blythe(Newcastle), Dr Haibo Chen (Leeds), ProfessorPeter Landshoff (Cambridge), Professor MichaelMcDonald (Southampton).

The project involves developing new techniquesfor collecting, managing, interpreting andmodelling data on environmental quality and itsrelationship to transport. It aims to bring about astep change improvement in the data and analysismethods available for the measurement andmanagement of traffic pollution. More specifically,it will address key scientific challenges in the fieldof transport and environmental monitoring, usingdata derived from transportable sensors which canmeasure local environmental factors such aspollutants from vehicles, and develop a flexibleand reusable sensor and communicationsinfrastructure to support a wide range ofscientific, policy-related and commercial uses andapplications for the resultant data (e.g. pollutionat the level of the individual) and to demonstrate

TRANSPORT ENVIRONMENT ANDINFORMATICS


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the operation and utility of this infrastructure in arange of case study applications (e.g. mounted ona fleet of buses and individuals as they moveabout). The Leeds and Newcastle team will beresponsible for the deployment and validation of anew class of low cost wireless sensors in andaround the road environment in Gateshead,Headingley and Leicester, and the use of the datafrom the sensors to improve the calibration andvalidation of existing emissions and dispersionmodels.

York Low Emissions ZoneDEFRA from 2006 to 2007Collaborating Partner: City of York CouncilDr Karl Ropkins, Stephen Peacock, Colin Oates,Ben Broadbent, Stephen Dreschler, Grant Holder:Dr James Tate

Tailpipe emissions of vehicles as they drive-through a test site can now be measured byRemote Sensing Devices (RSD). Theseinstruments scan the exhaust plume trailing avehicle as it drives through a test-site. TheInstrumented City RSD system, manufactured bywww.esp-global.com/ is able to characterise CO,CO2, HC and NO emissions from 1000’s ofvehicles per day. Simultaneous measurements ofvehicle speed and acceleration, alongside a staticimage of the vehicle license plate areautomatically captured. RSD systems are a highlyeffective tool for the characterisation of localvehicle fleets, the evaluation of implementedtraffic management strategies and vehicle impactreduction technologies, as well as theidentification of atypical vehicles, e.g. highemitter or gross polluter vehicles.

This Project involved running the InstrumentedCity RSD system at a suitable single location, inthe City of York. Data collection was completed inApril 2007. Data analysis and interpretation hascharacterised the age/ type/ emissioncharacteristics of the vehicle fleet. The variabilityin emissions, with particular attention paid to theproportion and significance of high-emitters, wasillustrated. The potential impact of a York LEZscheme at the survey location was also quantified.Scenarios included: All pre-EURO I vehiclesexcluded, All pre-EURO II vehicles excluded, andAll pre-EURO II HCV/ Buses excluded.

MoSeS: Modelling and Simulation for e-SocialScienceESRC from 2005 to 2008Dr Haibo Chen, Professor Jie Xu, Professor JustinKeen, Professor Martin Clarke, Professor PhilRees, Grant Holder: Dr Mark Birkin (School ofGeography, University of Leeds)

The overall vision which underpins this project isthe creation of a Research Centre with a focus onModelling and Simulation as a Node on the UK e-social science programme. The objectives of theproject are directed towards a researchprogramme which is centred on the representationof the entire UK population as individuals andhouseholds, together with a package of modelling

tools which allows specific research and policyquestions to be addressed. More specifically, itaims to create a synthetic model of the whole UKpopulation; demonstrate a forecasting capabilityfor the population model; and develop case studyapplications with specific reference to transport,business and health, including evaluation ofwider-ranging policy scenarios. For the transportapplication, two scenarios have been identifiedand developed using system dynamics andtransport planning models, respectively. The firstscenario is to build a macroscopic model at aregional level (and the national level if possible) toevaluate the transport impact (e.g. journey time,journey distance and environmental factors)caused by the changes of population distribution,family composition and car ownership etc, and toassess how such changes influence thedevelopment of sustainable transport systems inthe future. The second scenario is to establish amesoscopic transport analytical model at a city-wide scale, which can be used to analyse thechange of travel behaviour (e.g. demand, tripdistribution, modal split and assignment) as aresult of changes in population distribution,business and healthcare services.

Sustainability Of Land Use and Transport In OuterNeighbourhoodS (SOLUTIONS) EPSRC from April 2004 to September 2008Collaborating Partners: Dr Tony Hargreaves,Professor Marcial Echenique, The Martin Centre,University of Cambridge: Professor Hugh Barton(UWE), Dr Stephen Marshall (ICS), John Nelson,TORG, University of NewcastleDr Anil Namdeo, Grant Holder: Dr Gordon Mitchell

The principle research questions that SOLUTIONSintends to answer are how far, and by what means,can towns and cities be planned so they aresocially inclusive, economically efficient andenvironmentally sustainable. In particular, howshould peri-urban areas, where most people live,be developed to accommodate current highgrowth levels in the most sustainable manner? Toanswer these questions an integrated case studyapproach is being undertaken in partnership withlocal planning authorities and a wide range ofother stakeholders. The research examines theinteraction between strategic (whole city) andlocal (neighbourhood) levels using land usetransport interaction modelling andneighbourhood design methods. Alternativedesigns of land use dispositions and transportconfigurations are being combined to formdistinct archetypes of development at strategicand local scales. The alternatives are beinganalysed through a combination of quantitativeand qualitative procedures to estimate the likelyoutcome in terms of people's opportunities andbehaviour. The resulting forecasts provide thebasis for an assessment that quantifies criteriathat encompass the impacts in the economicefficiency of the area studied, its social equityimplications, and environmental sustainability.

To date, a series of development scenarios havebeen agreed with stakeholders, and implemented

within a land use transport interaction (LUTI)model for London and the Wider SE region (usingthe MEPLAN LASER model). An evaluationframework has also been developed inconsultation with stakeholders, and a series ofmodel tools have been refined to allow interfacewith the LUTI model. For some of the evaluationcriteria new assessment procedures havedeveloped (e.g. a regional building stock energymodel based on commercial floorspace andresidential dwelling type profiles). FinalisedLASER model outputs for the London studybecame available in early 2008, and are currentlyundergoing sustainability appraisal throughapplication of the appraisal framework andsupporting models. The final outputs of theresearch will include a report describing the effectof alternative growth accommodation strategies onsustainability of London and the Wider SE to2030, and practical guidance for thedevelopment of more sustainable cities, focusedon outer city regions.

Future Urban Technologies Undertaking Researchto Enhance Sustainability (FUTURES)EPSRC from April 2004 to March 2009Collaborating partners: Energy and ResourcesResearch Institute (ERRI), University of Leeds,Transport Research Group, University ofSouthampton, Institute of Sound and VibrationResearch, University of Southampton, Unit forTransport & Society, University of the West ofEngland, Bristol, Centre for Human ServiceTechnology, University of Southampton,Intelligence, Agents, Multimedia Group,University of Southampton, Transport ResearchLaboratory (TRL)Dr Paul Goodman, Grant holder: ProfessorMargaret Bell

ITS, in collaboration with ERRI of the LANTERNproject, is engaged with the core project ofFUTURES namely: Environment Assessment ofNew Vehicle Technology with ImprovedConfidence. FUTURES is one of four transportresearch consortia within the EPSRC's Towards aSustainable Urban Environment Programme. Theproject, following on from an initial scoping study,is a five-year research programme to investigateand promote the role of new technologies inachieving sustainable urban mobility. FUTURESwill address the ways in which new transport-related technologies will be able to contribute to asustainable urban environment. There is no singlescenario or vision which describes the extent towhich various communications, location,detection, materials, power train, vehicle andcomputing technologies can contribute to asustainable urban environment. Travellers canhave their urban mobility needs met in effectiveand efficient ways through a mixture ofconventional and novel services, utilisingadvanced vehicle and related technologies andtele-services. Understanding and quantifying theopportunities involves social, environmental,traffic, mobility, location/communication, vehicle,goods and operational issues, from a range ofdisciplines. The FUTURES consortium is


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comprised of six main research groupings in fourinstitutions. The consortium possesses acollective and complementary expertise and trackrecord in the understanding, development,application and opportunities of transport andtransport-related technologies. It also harnessesan understanding of people, systems and vehicleswhich FUTURES believes are the three key‘actors’ in the use of new technologies to pursuesustainable urban mobility. The overriding priorityof the consortium is to conduct high qualityresearch. More information on SUE FUTURES isavailable on the ITS iC website.

RETEMM (Real World Traffic EmissionsMonitoring and Modelling)EPSRC from October 2003 to September 2007Collaborating Partners: Energy & ResourcesResearch Institute (University of Leeds), CityCouncils of York, Leeds, FordDr Haibo Chen, Dr Karl Ropkins, Dr PhillipSkelton, Dr James Tate, Grant holder: ProfessorMargaret Bell

The RETEMM EPSRC project is a collaborativeventure between the ITS and ERRI Departmentsat the University of Leeds. The project isresearching real-world, regulated and unregulatedemissions at a low time resolution. This is beingachieved using novel in-vehicle emissionmeasurements and co-ordinated enginedynamometer tests. The effect of vehicle age/technology, bio-fuels, cold-starts and driverbehaviour on exhaust emissions is beinginvestigated, with the findings informingintegrated traffic and emission modelling tools.Making best use of LANTERN and SRIF2 fundedinfrastructure, a significant co-ordinated surveycampaign has taken place at the Leeds test site,including: static traffic monitoring (flow,classification, fleet composition and age, journeytime), local meteorology, roadside air qualityconcentrations and instrumented vehicle data. Afleet of six instrumented vehicles (equipped with ablend of driver behaviour, fuel, tail-pipe and GPSdevices) circulated the test site in a range oftraffic conditions (busy, quiet, congested).Outputs to date include: review of vehicleemission measurement technologies, assessmentof the real-world emission characteristics from apassenger car using a bio-fuel, evaluation of atraffic management strategy in Leeds to promotethe smooth progression of vehicles, assessment of‘cold-starts’ on emissions from passenger car inreal-world conditions, a study of the impact ofvehicle technology and driver behaviour on tail-pipe emissions. More information on RETEMM isavailable on the ITS iC website.

Airport evaluation methodology studyLNEC (Portugal) September 2007 to December2007John Nellthorp, Dr Astrid Guehnemann, Dr JamesTate, Professor Chris Nash, Grant holder Dr SusanGrant-Muller

LNEC were commissioned by the PortugueseMinistry of Public Works, Transport andCommunications to investigate the options for asite for a new international airport in Lisbon. ITShas provided advice to the evaluation methodologyfor the airport sites, in particular in the area oftreatment of externalities.

M42 ATM Highways Agency through Mott Macdonald fromSeptember 2002 to August 2008Professor Peter Bonsall, Dr Haibo Chen, Dr JamesTate, Grant holder: Dr Susan Grant-Muller

The Active Traffic Management project forJunctions 3A-7 of the M42 is one of theHighways Agency’s largest and most significantimplementation of ATM to date. ITS has advisedon the assessment approach for establishingwhether operational regimes have had asignificant impact. During the period the hardshoulder running phase was introduced and theproject is now drawing towards the final stages ofreporting.

MIME (Market Based Impact Mitigation for theEnvironment)European-Commission Directorate General forEnergy and Transport from 2007 to 2010Collaborating Partners: Boeing Research andTechnology Europe, Spain; SINTEF, Norway;QINETIQ, UK; Eurocontrol Experimental Centre;ENV-ISA, France; Technical University of Munich,Germany. Dr Astrid Guehnemann, Charlotte Kelly, HelenHarwatt, Grant Holder: Dr Miles Tight

Airlines and airports will likely face an increasingnumber of noise impact constraints in the future.There are already at least 128 airports worldwidewith some type of noise surcharges, and thesituation that the air transport industry facesregarding noise-related environmental constraintson future growth is very grave. As has been shownin other industries, there are conditions underwhich a market-based mechanism usingtransferable permits can be used to provideimproved control over environmental impacts,and at the same time, allow efficient businessoperations. MIME is aimed at discoveringwhether, and how, such mechanisms can be usedto improve environmental noise control in airtransport.

Assessing Sensitiveness to Transport (ASSET)EU Sixth Framework from April 2007 to October2009Dr Miles Tight, Mary Kimble, Grant Holder: DrAstrid Güehnemann

The aim of the project is to develop the scientificand methodological capabilities to implementEuropean policies aiming at balancing theprotection of environmentally Sensitive Areas(SA) with the provision of an efficient transportsystem. Although the concept of sensitive areashas been repeatedly evoked in the context of EUtransport policies, there is to date no scientific

and no political agreement on a definition, nor isthere an agreed approach to address the specificconcerns associated to transport related SA(TSA).

Therefore, the first part of the project willprovide a set of sensitiveness criteria to identifyTSA and apply these in a mapping of TSAs acrossthe EU, allowing for the identification andprioritisation of critical sustainability issuesgeared to the development of the Trans-EuropeanTransport Networks (TEN-T). The second part ofthe project concentrates on analysing policyinstruments with regard to their applicability todifferent categories of TSA and the identificationof adequate policy packages with a focus onmarket-based instruments. The proposedmethodology and the policy instruments will beassessed in detail in 10 case studies covering (i)mountainous areas, (ii) urban/metropolitan areas,(iii) natural/protected areas, and (iv) coastalareas, as well as different modes, types of trafficand geographical situations. Finally, policy andoperational guidelines for TSA will be developed,notably building on the cross site evaluation ofthe case studies.

The project involves a consortium of 11partners in 9 countries, thus covering all relevantdisciplines (natural scientists, economists,transport policy, social policy experts) and a widegeographical scope in Europe. For moreinformation visit: www.asset-eu.org

TRKCEuropean Commission from February 2007 toAugust 2009Collaborating partners: IABG (Germany), ISIS(France) DITS (Italy) CDV (Czech Republic)Batool Menaz, Damian Stantchev, Dr AnthonyWhiteing, Dr Paul Timms, Phi Wickham, GrantHolder: Professor Anthony May

The overarching goal of the TRKC is todisseminate and promote the results of transportresearch conducted in the EU FrameworkProgrammes for research and technologicaldevelopment, in the European Research Area(ERA) beyond. The three key objectives are toenhance and maintain the web-based TRC,providing structured ad timely access toinformation on EU, national and internationaltransport research activities and results; toprovide focused aggregated analysis of transportresearch results against a thematic structure andemerging policy priorities; and to stimulateinnovation in transport by accelerating theapplication of research results through extendednetworking.

In achieving these objectives, the TRKC willgather data on research organizations,programmes and projects in a structured way,using the existing ‘Reporting Scheme’ andsupported by a network of geographicalsubcontractors and a TRKC Support Group acrossthe ERA.

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European Union COST 358: Pedestrians’ QualityNeeds. Networking grant from November 2006 toNovember 2010.Grant Holder: Dr Miles Tight

The main objective of this project is networkingand the development of high quality collaborativeresearch proposals in the area of pedestriansquality needs. The study will focus of threeperspectives, functionality of the pedestrianenvironment, perception of that environment bythe users and durability. The project aims toprovide an essential contribution to systemsknowledge of pedestrians’ quality needs, thusstimulating structural and functionalinterventions, policy making and regulation tosupport an improved pedestrian environmentacross the EU and other involved countries. Theproject involves experts in this field from 26countries in Europe and elsewhere.

CityMobilEuropean Commission from May 2006 to April2011Collaborating Partners: TNO, ETRA, CRF, INRIA,DLR, Robosoft, TRG, CSST, TRW Conekt, IKA,SINTEF. DITS, GEA, POLIS, Rups, Frog, TML,ISIS, Technion, RATP, Roma, ITR, ATS, GVA,FCVARE, ENQ, UNIHelen Muir, Charlotte Kelly, Dr Simon Shepherd,Dr Greg Marsden, Dr Astrid Guehnemann, DrRonghui Liu, Dr Samantha Jamson, Dr NatashaMerat, Grant Holder: Professor Anthony May

CityMobil involves examining the impacts thatnew transport technologies (mainly PRT, cybercarsand high-tech buses) can have on improving thesustainability of European cities, and how thesemodes can be integrated into existing transportsystems. ITS is involved in four out of the five sub-projects, including managing a sub-project toinvestigate how new technologies would fit into arange of future scenarios. Further work beingundertaken by ITS includes: constructing strategic(MARS) and microsimulation (DRACULA) modelsto assess the future impacts of new technologiesin four European cities; developing and applying aframework for evaluating new modes; aiding theco-ordination of links between CityMobil and thePRT system construction at Heathrow Airport; andusing the University of Leeds Driving Simulator toassess the human factors issues associated withtransfer of control between manual driving andfull automation. http://www.citymobil-project.eu/

CURACAO (Coordination of Urban Road UserCharging Organisational Issues) European Commission from April 2006 to March2009.Collaborating Partner: TTRDr David Milne, Andrew Koh Grant Holder:Professor Anthony May

CURACAO is a three year project funded by theEuropean Commission to provide support to citiesinterested in introducing road pricing schemes. Itsoverall objective is to promote and support fair

and more efficient pricing of road usage in urbanareas. CURACAO is not undertaking researchitself, but reviewing the results of research andpractice and collating these to provide advice tocities related to the questions which they areraising. ITS leads the Scientific Committee, whichis producing an annual state of the art report. Thisreport reviews evidence on each of the mainissues of concern to cities: policy objectives;design methods and technology; prediction andappraisal; impacts on the economy, equity and theenvironment; acceptability and transferability.While the report focuses on European findings,the opportunity is being taken to seek expertadvice from those involved in road pricingelsewhere in the world.

Transport policy appraisal and the development ofa city scale carbon emissions accounting tool. Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research IIfrom April 2006 to March 2008.Collaborating Partners: Transport Studies Group,Department of Civil and Building Engineering,University of LoughboroughHelen Harwatt, Dr Paul Timms, Grant holder DrMiles Tight

Our role in this research is to develop anemissions accounting tool which will permit theestimation of carbon emissions from transportactivity in London and potentially other cities andregions. The project will assess current and futureemissions up to 2050, taking account ofprojected changes in vehicle use, economicdevelopment, demography and land-use.Emissions will be estimated for both a business asusual scenario and simulating the carbonreduction effects of a range of potential policymeasures. Emissions from both freight andpersonal transport will be considered. Thisresearch is part of a wider effort looking at theimpact of London on climate change (and theimpact of climate change on London) moregenerally and will interact with other aspects ofthe Tyndall Cities research theme which will belooking at land-use and demographic change,flood risk and economic well-being.

IMPACT (IMplementation Paths for ACTion -towards sustainable mobility)MISTRA (The Swedish Foundation for StrategicEnvironmental Research) From January 2006 toDecember 2008.Collaborating Partners: Lund University. TrafficPlanning, Lund University, Environmental andEnergy Systems Studies, Lund University, PoliticalScience, Lund University, Environmental Strategy,Institute of Transport Economics Norway (TØI),National Environmental Research Institute ofDenmark (NERI), Trivector Traffic ABPelle Envall, Mary Kimble, Grant holder: Dr MilesTight

The project started in 2006 and aims to developmodels and tools for the support of sustainabilityoriented decision-making and implementation inthe transport sector. The problem, as we see it, isthat very few of the good intended solutions are

put into practice. IMPACT claims that this is dueto the lack of knowledge of implementationprocesses in relationship to the multi-level andmulti-actor governance system of which suchpolicies are a part and multiplicities of actors. Theoverall IMPACT vision is to determine ways tomake it happen. The primary concern of theproject is initiatives which are motivated from aclimate change perspective, but we are alsointerested in effects on congestion, othertransport externalities with consequences forhealth and environment, economy and socialequity. The project will examine a range ofmeasures from mobility management to transitionof fuel and vehicle technologies and will includepolicy initiatives on national as well as local levelsand consider the effects on both personal traveland freight transport. Our work is looking at a casestudies related to the implementation of high levelnational strategic transport planning in the UKand also the implementation of high quality cyclefacilities on the Ørestad region of Copenhagen.

Public Attitudes to Climate ChangePeople Science and Policy LTD, Department forTransport, from 2006 to 2008Helen Watters, Mary Kimble, Dr Ann Jopson, DrMiles Tight, Nusrat Walid, Helen Muir, GrantHolder: Dr Gregory Marsden

The aim of this project is to explore whether theprovision of (scientific) information influencestravel behavior and if so, to explore whetherdifferent social groups are more or less affected bydifferent pieces of information. The Departmentfor Transport has three broad objectives ofexploring public understanding of, andengagement with, climate change, identifying andexploring further the barriers and incentives tobehavioral change which could result in reducedimpact of personal travel behavior on climechange and within this, to explore the role ofinformation provision to implore public awareness,understanding and attitudes towards travelbehavior and climate change and potential forinfluencing behavioral change.

The project has now completed its interventionphase which has seen five groups of around 30people meeting on five separate occasions todiscuss climate change, transport and the role ofindividuals, business and government in tacklingthe problem. Four travel diaries have beencollected across the project period and twopsychographic questionnaires. The final stages inthe project will bring together the discourse fromthe group meetings with the data on attitudes andtravel behaviour change to consider theimplications for the three research objectives.

Connected LivesESRC from 2005 to 2008Andrew Clark (LSSI), Grant holder(s): FrancesHodgson and Nick Emmel (Sociology and SocialPolicy)

The Connected Lives project is concerned withunderstanding the interrelations of social


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networks, mobilities, communities,neighbourhoods and health. The project draws ona number of perspectives from transport studies,geography and sociology and explores the use ofqualitatively driven mixed methods, includingparticipatory mapping, mobile methods andqualitative interviews. The Connected Livesproject is a project of the Real Life Methods nodeof the ESRC National Centre for ResearchMethods. www.reallifemethods.ac.uk/connected

TRANSLINK (Transportation Research Links forSustainable Development)European Commission Asia-Link programme fromAugust 2005 to July 2008.Collaborating Partners: Department ofInfrastructure, Royal Institute of Technology(KTH), Sweden, University of Indonesia,Indonesia, University of MARA,Malaysia.Dr Nick Marler, Dr Paul Timms, Grant Holder: DrMiles Tight

The quality of the transport system is a majorfactor in economic development. Transportationresearch provides the knowledge, skills and toolsto implement efficient transport policies, systemsand services. This three year project is apartnership between two European and two South-East Asian universities with the overall aim topromote sustainable urban development in thelatter region through development of their humanresources. The main target groups are thetransport research staff at the Malaysian andIndonesian universities who will be trained inresearch methodology and supervision.Institutional assistance will also be providedaiming at the creation of a transport PhDprogramme in their departments. The expectedoutcome is that the Asian universities will havestaff with the skills and experience to developtheir research programmes further, to the futurebenefit of their students, the transport planningprofession and sustainable development in theircountries.

Optimal incentive structures for integratedtransport strategies EPSRC from June 2005 to June 2007Charlotte Kelly, John Nellthorp, Nusrat Walid, DrAstrid Güehnemann, Grant Holder: Dr GregoryMarsden

This two-year research study into the impacts ofthe targets and performance rewards in theEnglish local transport plan performanceincentives regime has recently been completed.The research studied the likely impacts of thecurrent system and considered whether, ifdesirable, other incentive regimes might workbetter.

The research brought together information frominterviews, questionnaires, a theoretical modeland a laboratory experiment to establish the likelyimpacts of a range of reward systems. The keyfindings are that: i) Linking performance rewardsto target setting will lead to competition between

authorities. Performance rewards can lead to moreambitious target setting. The targets are notnecessarily met but, designed right, the systemwill lead to greater levels of achievement againstthe key indicators in the system than if noperformance rewards are available; ii) If allauthorities have an equal chance of submittingexcellent plans and achieving them then thereshould be fewer rewards on offer and the rewardsshould be larger. If not, the case for a largernumber of prizes is stronger; and iii) The Englishsystem has had a substantial management cost totry to establish a level playing field betweenauthorities. However, this has only been possible(and even then not uniformly accepted) for anarrow sub-set of indicators. Our work suggeststhat splitting the contest into several smaller poolsof more evenly-matched authorities would haveonly a small negative impact on the incentives thesystem produces.

The overall system is designed along the correctprinciples but is not implemented as well as itcould be. Whilst there appear to be benefits fromthe scheme including authorities striving for andachieving more, there are some serious issues thatmust be kept in mind if the system is to avoid theside effects

Policy, Economics and Appraisal in Transport(PEAT)European Commission from September 2004 toAugust 2008Grant holder: Dr Susan Grant-Muller

The PEAT training site is one of a small number ofhighly prestigious training sites funded under theEU FP6 Marie Curie training and mobilityprogramme. It provides a comprehensive researchtraining environment covering the theoretical,methodological and contextual research issueswithin the field of Policy, Economics andAppraisal for the transport network of today andtomorrow. Eight full time scholarships wereawarded, each for a 3 year period of study towardsPhD at ITS and Fellows are now in the latterstages of their research and training. In additionto the main work of research, a total of 33conference and journal papers have beenproduced by Fellows and disseminated at a rangeof international conferences.

DISTILLATE (Design and Implementation SupportTools for Integrated Local Land use, Transport andthe Environment)EPSRC from April 2004 to March 2008Collaborating Partners: TRL; Heriot-WattUniversity, University of York and UniversityCollege LondonMatthew Page, Dr Simon Shepherd, Dr GregMarsden, Dr Ann Jopson, Charlotte Kelly, JeremyShires, Batool Menaz, Grant holder: ProfessorAnthony May

DISTILLATE is one of 14 research programmesfunded under EPSRC’s Sustainable UrbanEnvironment programme. Its principal objective isto develop ways of overcoming the barriers to

effective development and delivery of sustainableurban transport and land use strategies. It isbased on the Scoping Study, which highlightednine priority research needs, of which seven werefunded in the main programme. The seven areunderstanding the barriers to delivery; generatingstrategy and scheme options; establishing a set ofcore indicators and targets; supporting effectivecollaboration; overcoming financial and otherimplementation barriers; enhancing predictivemodels; and improving appraisal methods. Theseare being pursued, in conjunction with 15 localauthority partners, through a combination ofresearch and case study trials. Detailed surveys ofthe barriers experienced by local authorities havebeen carried out and literature reviews on optiongeneration, selection and use of indicators,organisational barriers and funding and a review ofmodelling capabilities have been completed. Anumber of ‘products’ are being developed in eacharea with local authorities and will help them toovercome the barriers identified. All results areavailable on the website: www.distillate.ac.uk.

ABRANTES, P.; PIMENTEL, M. (2007) Development of the Portuguese National TransportModel: Issues in Modelling Long Distance Travel.NECTAR Conference, Porto, Portugal, 2007

AGUS, E.L.; YOUNG, D.T.; LINGARD, J.J.N.;SMALLEY, R.J.; TATE, J.E.; GOODMAN, P.S.;TOMLIN, A.S. (2007) Factors influencing particlenumber concentrations, size distributions andmodal parameters at a roof-level and roadside sitein Leicester, UK. The Science of the TotalEnvironment, 386(1-3), pp.65-82

ANDREWS, G.E.; OUNZAIN A.; LI, H.; BELL,M.C.; TATE, J.E.; ROPKINS, K. (2007) The Useof a Water/Lube Oil Heat Exchanger andEnhanced Cooling Water Heating to IncreaseWater and Lube Oil Heating Rates in PassengerCars for Reduced Fuel Consumption and CO2Emissions During Cold Start. 2007 InternationalFuels and Lubricants Conference, Kyoto, Japan

ASANO M.; SUMALEE, A.; KUWAHARA M.;TANAKA S. (2007) Dynamic Cell-Transmission-Based Pedestrian Model with MultidirectionalFlows and Strategic Route Choices. 6th AnnualTransportation Research Board Meeting, 21-25thJanuary 2007, Washington DC, USA

BALIJEPALLI N.C.; WATLING, D.P.; LIU, R.(2007) Doubly Dynamic Traffic Assignment:Simulation Modelling Framework andExperimental Results. Transportation ResearchRecord, 2029, pp.39-48

BALIJEPALLI, N.C.; WATLING, D.P.; LIU, R.(2007) Doubly Dynamic Traffic Assignment:Simulation Modelling Framework andExperimental Results. Annual Meeting of theTransportation Research Board, Washington DC,January 2007

PUBLICATIONS


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BASLINGTON, H. (2007) Travel socialisation: asocial theory of travel mode behaviour. EuropeanTransport Conference 2007, 17–19th October,Leiden, The Netherlands

BATLEY, R.P. (2007) On ordinal utility, cardinalutility, and random utility. Theory and Decision,64(1), pp.36-63

BATLEY, R.P. (2007) Marginal valuations of traveltime and scheduling, and the reliability premium.Transportation Research. Part E: Logistics andTransportation Review, 43(4), pp.387-408

BATLEY, R.P.; IBANEZ, J.N.; WARDMAN, M.R.;SHIRES, J.D.; WHELAN, G.A. (2007) A discretechoice study to assess the impact of reliability onpassenger rail demand. European TransportConference 2007, 17–19th October, Leiden, TheNetherlands

BEALE J.R.; BONSALL, P.W. (2007) Marketing inthe bus industry: A psychological interpretation ofsome attitudinal and behavioural outcomes.Transportation Research Part F: TrafficPsychology and Behaviour, 10(4), pp.271-287

BONSALL, P.W. (2007) Modelling Response toInformation Systems and Other ITS Innovations.In: Hensher, D A and Button, K J (eds.)Handbook of Transport Modelling, SecondEdition, Elsevier, pp.481-496

BONSALL, P.W. (2007) Does IndividualisedTravel marketing really work? Results of astatistical audit. European Transport Conference2007, 17–19th October, Leiden, TheNetherlands

BONSALL, P.W. (2007) The Relevance of Socialand Behavioural Sciences to Transport Policy andDecision Making. 11th World Conference onTransport Research, Berkeley, USA, 24-28th June2007

BONSALL, P.W.; SHIRES, J.D. (2007) Estimatingthe robustness of questionnaire results: lessonsfrom a mixed-mode survey of expectations fortele-working and business travel. 11th WorldConference on Transport Research, Berkeley,USA, 24-28th June 2007

BONSALL, P.W.; SHIRES, J.D.; LINK, H.;BECKER, A.; PAPAIOANNOU, P.;XANTHOPOULOS, P. (2007) Complex charging inGermany and the UK – An assessment ofMotorists’ comprehension and the impact on theirdriving behaviour. European Transport Conference2007, 17–19th October, Leiden, TheNetherlands

BONSALL, P.W.; SHIRES, J.D.; MAULE J.;MATTHEWS, B.; BEALE J.R. (2007) Responsesto complex pricing signals: Theory, evidence andimplications for road pricing. TransportationResearch. Part A: Policy and Practice, 41(7),pp.672-683

BONSALL, P.W.; SHIRES, J.D.; NGODUY, D.;LINK H.; BECKER A.; PAPAIOANNOU P.;XANTHOPOULOS P. (2007) Optimal Complexityof Prices for Transport Infrastructure. Deliverable6 of GRACE (Generalisation of Research onAccounts and Cost Estimation) funded by theEuropean Union FP6

BRUNDELL-FREIJ K.; KOH, A T M; MAY A.D.;MCCLEOD, K.; MILNE, D.S.; TRETVIK, T.;TRICKER, R.; SCHADE J. (2007) 'CURACAO:State of the Art Review' Deliverable D2 for theCURACAO project, funded by the EuropeanUnion FP6

CARSLAW, D.C.; BEEVERS S.D.; BELL, M.C.(2007) Risks of exceeding the hourly EU limitvalue for nitrogen dioxide resulting fromincreased road transport emissions of primarynitrogen dioxide. Atmospheric Environment,41(10), pp.2073-2082

CARSLAW, D.C.; BEEVERS S.D.; TATE, J.E.(2007) Modelling and assessing trends in traffic-related emissions using a generalised additivemodelling approach. Atmospheric Environment,41(26), pp.5289-5299

CARSLAW, D.C.; CARSLAW N. (2007) Detectingand characterising small changes in urbannitrogen dioxide concentrations. AtmosphericEnvironment, 41(22), pp.4723-4733

CARSLAW, D.C.; HARRISON, R.M. (2007) Motorvehicles and the pollution of the air: 100 yearson. The Lancet, 370(9591), pp.936

CARSTEN, O.M.J. (2007) Did we need a long-term study of driving with Intelligent SpeedAdaptation or would the earlier short-term studieshave been sufficient? Department for TransportBehavioural Research in Road Safety conference,December 2007

CARSTEN, O.M.J. (2007) From Driver Models toModelling the Driver: What Do We Really Need toKnow About the Driver? In: Cacciabue, P. Carolo(ed.) Modelling Driver Behaviour in AutomotiveEnvironments: Critical Issues in DriverInteractions with Intelligent Transport Systems,Springer, pp.105-120

CHEN, H.; NAMDEO, A.K.; BELL, M.C. (2007) Classification of Road Traffic and RoadsidePollution Concentrations for Assessment ofPersonal Exposure. Environmental Modelling andSoftware, 23(3), pp.282-287

CHEN, N. (2007) Modelling Demand for RailTransport with Dynamic Econometric Approaches.International Review of Business ResearchPapers, 3(2), pp.1

CLARK, S.D. (2007) Estimating local carownership models. Journal of TransportGeography, 15(3), pp.184-197

CLARK, S.D. (2007) Accessibility mapping forservices in West Yorkshire. Yorkshire and HumberRegional Review, (17.1), pp.24-26

CONNER, M.T.; PARKER, D.; LAWTON, R.J.;CHORLTON, K.; MANSTEAD, A.S.R.;STRADLING, S. (2007) Application of the theoryof planned behaviour to the prediction ofobjectively assessed breaking of posted speedlimits. British Journal of Psychology, 98(3),pp.429-453

CONNORS, R.D.; SMITH M.J.; WATLING, D.P.(2007) Bilevel optimisation of prices in networkequilibrium models. In: B. Heydecker (ed.)Mathematics in Transport, Elsevier, Oxford,pp.27-44

CONNORS, R.D.; SUMALEE A.; WATLING, D.P.(2007) Sensitivity analysis of the variabledemand probit stochastic user equilibrium withmultiple user-classes. Transportation Research.Part B: Methodological, 41(6), pp.593-615

CONNORS, R.D.; SUMALEE, A. (2007) NetworkEquilibrium under Cumulative Prospect Theory.12th Hong Kong Society of Transport StudiesConference, Hong Kong

CONNORS, R.D.; WATLING, D.P.; SUMALEE, A.(2007) Practical obstacles in the sensitivityanalysis of traffic equilibria. In: B. Heydecker(ed.) Mathematics in Transport, Elsevier, Oxford,pp.397-411

CORTES, P.; MUNUZURI, J.; IBANEZ, J.N.;GUADIX, J. (2007) Simulation of freight traffic inthe Seville inland port. In Simulation ModellingPractice and Theory 15, pp.256-271

DALY, A.J. (2007) Properties of Random UtilityModels of Consumer Choice. In: B. Heydecker(ed.) Mathematics in Transport, Elsevier

DALY, A.J.; SILLAPARCHARN, P. (2007) NationalModels. In: Hensher, D.A. and Button, K.J. (eds.)Handbook of Transport Modelling, 2nd Edition,Elsevier Science

DALY, A.J.; TONER, J.P. (2007) New insights intoissues in the design. Annual Universities’Transport Study Group Conference, Leeds,January 2007

DARGAY, J.M. (2007) The demand forinternational air travel in the UK. AnnualUniversities’ Transport Study Group Conference,Leeds, January 2007

DARGAY, J.M. (2007) The effect of prices andincome on car travel in the UK. TransportationResearch. Part A: Policy & Practice, 41(10),pp.949-960

DARGAY, J.M.; GATELY D.; HUNTINGTON, H.(2007) Price and Income Responsiveness ofWorld Oil Demand, by Product. Energy ModelingForum, EMF OP 61, Stanford University, USA


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DARGAY, J.M.; GATELY D.; SOMMER M. (2007) Vehicle Ownership and Income Growth, Worldwide:1960-2030. The Energy Journal, 28(4)

DARGAY, J.M.; HANLY M. (2007) Volatility of carownership, commuting mode and time in the UK.Transportation Research. Part A: Policy & Practice,41(10), pp.934-948

DARGAY, J.M.; JØRGENSEN, F. (2007) Inferringprice elasticities of car use and moral costs ofdriving without a license, TransportationResearch. Part A: Policy & Practice, 41(1),pp.49-55

DARGAY, J.M.; VYTHOULKAS P. (2007) Carownership in Greece and UK: a comparison basedon pseudo panel analysis. COST355 Meeting,Madrid, 9-11 May 2007

DAWSON, R.; HALL, J.; BATTY, M.; BARR, S.;BRISTOW, A.L.; CARNEY, S.; EVANS, E.P.;KOHLER, J.; TIGHT, M.R.; WALSH, C.; FORD, A.(2007) A blueprint for the integrated assessmentof climate change in cities. Tyndall Centre forClimate Change Research, Working Paper 104

DE JONG, G. (2007) A model of mode andshipment size choice on the Swedish commodityflow survey. Annual Universities’ Transport StudyGroup Conference, Leeds, January 2007

DE JONG, G.; BEN-AKIVA M. (2007) A micro-simulation model of shipment size and transportchain choice. Transportation Research. Part B:Methodological, 41(9), pp.950-965

DE JONG, G.; BEN-AKIVA M.; BAAK, J. (2007) A micro-model for logistics decisions in Norwayand Sweden calibrated to aggregate data In:European Transport Conference 2007, 17-19thOctober, Leiden, The Netherlands

DE JONG, G.; DALY, A.J.; PIETERS M.; VAN DERHOORN A.I.J.M. (2007) The logsum as anevaluation measure: review of the literature andnew results. Transportation Research. Part A:Policy & Practice, pp.1

DE RUS G.; NASH, C.A. (2007) In whatcircumstances is investment in High Speed Railworthwhile? Working Paper 590, Institute ofTransport Studies, University of Leeds

DUTTON A.G.; PAGE, M. (2007) The THESISmodel: An Assessment tool for the transport andenergy provision in the hydrogen economy.International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 32(12),pp.1638-1654

EMMERSON, K M; CARSLAW, N.; CARSLAW,D.C.; LEE, J.D.; MCFIGGANS, G.; BLOSS, W.J.;GRAVESTOCK, T; HEARD, D.E.; HOPKINS, J.;INGHAM, T.; PILLING, M.J.; SMITH, S.C.;JACOB, M.; MONKS, P.S. (2007) Free radicalmodelling studies during the UK TORCHCampaign in Summer 2003. AtmosphericChemistry and Physics, 7(1), pp.167-181

ENVALL, P. (2007) City-wide pedestrian planningtools: how can we get there? 11th WorldConference on Transport Research, Berkeley,USA, 24-28th June 2007

FOWKES, A.S. (2007) The design andinterpretation of freight stated preferenceexperiments seeking to elicit behaviouralvaluations of journey attributes. TransportationResearch. Part B: Methodological, 41(9),pp.966-980

FOWKES, A.S.; JOHNSON, D.H.; HYMAN, G.;FISHER, D.; IBANEZ, J.N. (2007) Results fromthe UK Department for Transport’s 2006 M6 TollResearch Project Freight Study. EuropeanTransport Conference 2007, 17–19th October,Leiden, The Netherlands

FOX J.; DALY, A.J.; MILLER S.; VAN VUREN T.;COOMBE D.; HYMAN G. (2007) ManchesterMotorway Box: post survey research on inducedtraffic effects. European Transport Conference2007, 17–19th October, Leiden, TheNetherlands

GORDON A.; DALY, A.J.; BATES J.J.;OLADEINDE, F. (2007) Modelling time periodchoice in large-scale hierarchical demandmodels: some problems and a solution. EuropeanTransport Conference 2007, 17–19th October,Leiden, The Netherlands

GRANT-MULLER, S.M.; LAIRD, J.J. (2007) Costof congestion. European Transport Conference2007, 17–19th October, Leiden, TheNetherlands

GRANT-MULLER, S.M.; LAIRD, J.J. (2007) Costsof Congestion: Literature Based Review ofMethodologies and Analytical Approaches.Scottish Executive web publication,http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2006/11/01103423/0

GUEHNEMANN, A.; KOSKENOJA, P. (2007) Infrastructure funds: Lessons learnt fromexperiences in European countries and the US In:Second International Conference on FundingTransportation Infrastructure, Leuven (Belgium)20-21st September 2007 edited by Center forEconomic Studies, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven

HESS S.; DALY, A.J.; ROHR C.; HYMAN G.(2007) On the development of time period andmode choice models for use in large scalemodelling forecasting systems. TransportationResearch. Part A: Policy & Practice, 41, pp.802-826

HESS S.; POLAK J.; DALY, A.J.; HYMAN G.(2007) Flexible substitution patterns in models ofmode and time of day choice: new evidence fromthe UK and the Netherlands. Transportation,34(2), pp.213-238

HOLGUIN, V.; XU, N.; PREZIOSI, M.; DE JONG,G.; MAURER, H.H. (2007) An experimental

economics investigation of shipper-carrierinteractions on the choice of mode and shipmentsize in freight transport In: European TransportConference 2007, 17–19th October, Leiden, TheNetherlands

HOLLANDER Y.; LIU, R.; MACKIE, P.J. (2007) Application of a departure time choice model in acost-benefit analysis. European TransportConference 2007, 17–19th October, Leiden, TheNetherlands

IBANEZ, J.N. (2007) On the compatibility ofprobabilistic choice systems with random utilitymaximization. Working Paper 592, Institute ofTransport Studies, University of Leeds

IBANEZ, J.N. (2007) Utility theory in hierarchicaland heteroscedastic logit models. 11th WorldConference on Transport Research, Berkeley,USA, 24-28th June 2007

IBANEZ, J.N. (2007) General profile constructionin choice designs. Annual Universities’ TransportStudy Group Conference, Leeds, January 2007

IBANEZ, J.N. (2007) Análisis de decisiones detransporte mediante modelos de preferencias ydiseño de experimentos. In: Díaz de Santos (ed.)Ingeniería de Organización: modelos yaplicaciones, Madrid, pp.191-240

IBANEZ, J.N.; TONER, J.P.; DALY, A.J. (2007) Optimality and efficiency requirements for thedesign of stated choice experiments. EuropeanTransport Conference 2007, 17–19th October,Leiden, The Netherlands

JAHANSHAHI K. (2007) Comparative study ofthe interaction between land use and transport.Annual Universities’ Transport Study GroupConference, Leeds, January 2007

JAMSON A.H.; WHIFFIN P.; BURCHILL P. (2007) Driver Response to Controllable Failure of Fixedand Variable Gain Steering. International Journalof Vehicle Design, 45(3), pp.361-378

JAMSON S.L.; JAMSON A.H. (2007) Safetyimplications of a pedestrian protection system:the driver's point of view. International Journal ofVehicle Design, 45(3), pp.397-410

JAMSON, A.H. (2007) Driving Me Round theBend: Behavioural Studies Using the NewUniversity of Leeds Driving Simulator In: 2ndMotion Simulation Conference, DLR,Brauwschweig, Germany, 19-20th September2007

JAMSON, A.H.; HORROBIN, A.J.; AUCKLANDR.A. (2007) Driving: Whatever Happened to theLADS? Design, development and preliminaryvalidation of the new University of Leeds DrivingSimulator. Driving Simulation Conference NorthAmerica 2007 University of Iowa, Iowa, USA 12-14th September 2007


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JAMSON, A.H.; LAI, F.C.H.; CARSTEN, O.M.J.(2007) Potential Benefits of an Adaptive ForwardCollision Warning System. TransportationResearch. Part C: Emerging Technologies.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2007.09.003

JAMSON, A.H.; MERAT, N. (2007) TheEffectiveness of Safety Campaign VMS Messages- A Driving Simulator Investigation. 4thInternational Driving Symposium on HumanFactors in Driver Assessment, Training, andVehicle Design 9-12th July 2007, Stevenson,Washington, USA

JAMSON, S.L.; WARDMAN, M.R.; BATLEY, R.P.;CARSTEN, O.M.J. (2007) Developing a drivingSafety Index using a Delphi stated preferenceexperiment. Accident Analysis and Prevention .

JOHNSON, D.H.; WHITEING, A.E.; FOWKES,A.S. (2007) LEFT: The Right Approach toAggregate Strategic Freight Transport Modelling?Annual Universities’ Transport Study GroupConference, Leeds, January 2007

JOPSON, A.F. (2007) Appraisal as a barrier to thedevelopment of sustainable urban transport. 11thWorld Conference on Transport Research,Berkeley, USA, 24-28th June 2007

JOPSON, A.F.; MARSDEN, G.R.; ENVALL, P.(2007) Using Transport Planning to Tackle SocialExclusion. 11th World Conference on TransportResearch, Berkeley, USA, 24-28th June 2007

JOPSON, A.F.; PAGE, M.; MENAZ, B. (2007) Appraisal and Decision Making for SmallSustainable Urban Transport Measures. 11thWorld Conference on Transport Research,Berkeley, USA, 24-28th June 2007

KELLY, C.E.; TIGHT, M.R.; PAGE, M.; HODGSON,F.C. (2007) Techniques for assessing thewalkability of the pedestrian environment.Walk21, Toronto. 2007

KIMBLE, M.G.; TIGHT, M.R.; GUDMUNDSON, H.(2007) The effectiveness of national transportstrategies as a means to promote thedevelopment of more sustainable transportsystems. European Transport Conference 2007,17–19th October, Leiden, The Netherlands

KOH, A T M (2007) Solving Transportation Bi-Level Programs with Differential Evolution.Proceedings of the IEEE World Congress onEvolutionary Computation 2007, Piscataway, NewJersey: IEEE

KOH, A T M (2007) An Adaptive DifferentialEvolution Algorithm Applied to Highway NetworkCapacity Optimisation. 12th On-Line WorldConference on Soft Computing

KOH, A T M; SHEPHERD, S.P. (2007) A GeneticAlgorithm for Combined Capacity Investment andCordon Location. 22nd European OperationsResearch Society Conference, Prague, Czech

Republic 9-11th July 2007

KOH, A T M; SHEPHERD, S.P.; SUMALEE, A.(2007) Second best toll and capacityoptimisation in networks. 12th Internationalconference of Hong Kong Society forTransportation Studies, 8-10th December 2007

KOH, A.; SHEPHERD, S.P.; SUMALEE, A. (2007) Second best toll and capacity optimisation innetworks. UTSG 3-5th January 2007

KURAUCHI F.; SUMALEE, A.; TAMURA, H.; UNO,N. (2007) Bilevel Programming Problem forAnalysing Capacity Vulnerability in aTransportation Network under Limited Damage.Third International Symposium on TransportationNetwork Reliability (INSTR), Delft, TheNetherlands

LAIRD, J.J. (2007) Commuting costs and theirwider economic impact. University TransportStudies Group conference, Harrogate, 3-5thJanuary 2007

LAIRD, J.J.; GEURS, K.; NASH, C.A. (2007)Option and non-use values and rail appraisal.European Transport Conference 2007, 17–19thOctober, Leiden, The Netherlands

LAIRD, J.J.; NASH, C.A.; SHEPHERD, S.P.(2007) Cordon charges and the use of revenue –a case study of Edinburgh. In: de Palma, A,Lindsey, R and Proost, S (eds.) Investment andthe use of tax and toll revenues in the transportsector, 19 , Elsevier Science, pp.161-187

LAUTHEP, P.; SUMALEE, A.; LAM, W.H.K.;CONNORS, R.D. (2007) Second-order capacityreliability evaluation for transportation networkunder uncertain travel demand. 12th Hong KongSociety of Transport Studies Conference, HongKong

LI, H.; ANDREWS, G.E.; DAHAM, B.; BELL, M.C.;TATE, J.E.; ROPKINS, K. (2007) Impact of TrafficConditions and Road Geometry on Real WorldUrban Emissions using a SI Car. In: Society ofAutomotive Engineers (ed.) SP-2089: Emissionmeasurement and testing 2007, Society ofAutomotive Engineers, pp.441-58

LI, H.; ANDREWS, G.E.; KHAN A.A.; SAVVIDISD.; DAHAM, B.; BELL, M.C.; TATE, J.E.;ROPKINS, K. (2007) Analysis of DrivingParameters and Emissions for Real World UrbanDriving Cycles using an on-board MeasurementMethod for a EURO 2 SI car. 2007 InternationalFuels and Lubricants Conference, Kyoto, Japan

LI, H.; ANDREWS, G.E.; SAVVIDIS, D.; DAHAM,B.; ROPKINS, K.; BELL, M.C.; TATE, J.E. (2007)Study of thermal characteristics, fuelconsumption and emissions during cold start forSI car real world urban driving. 2007International Fuels and Lubricants Conference,Kyoto, Japan

LIU, R.; SINHA S. (2007) Modelling urban busservice and passenger reliability. InternationalSymposium on Transportation Network Reliability,The Hague, July 2007

LIU, R.; WANG J. (2007) A general framework forthe calibration and validation of car-followingmodels along an uninterrupted open highway. In:Heydecker B. (ed.) Mathematics in Transport,Elsevier, pp.111-124

LU, H. (2007) The impact of perception on theincentive to bias in SP responses. UniversityTransport Studies Group conference, Harrogate,3-5th January 2007

LUCAS, K.; MARSDEN, G.R.; BROOKES, M.;KIMBLE, M.G. (2007) An assessment andcritique of capabilities for examining the long-term social sustainability of transport and land-use strategies. Transportation Research Record,(2013), pp.30 -37

MACKIE, P.J.; HOLLANDER, Y.; LIU, R. (2007) Estimating Traveller Costs with a Departure TimeChoice Loop. European Transport Conference2007, 17–19th October, Leiden, TheNetherlands

MACKIE, P.J.; KELLY, C.E. (2007) TransportAppraisal in other countries: lessons for the NATARefresh. Report for the Department of Transport

MACKIE, P.J.; SMITH N.J. (2007) RoadTransport Infrastructure- Business Models, Trendsand Prospects. In: OECD (ed.) Infrastructure to2030: Mapping Policy for Electricity, Water andTransport, 2, Paris, pp.463-495

MAHER, M.J. (2007) Reserve capacity for a setof closely-spaced intersections. In: B. Heydecker(ed.) Mathematics in Transport, Elsevier, pp.321-331

MAHER, M.J. (2007) Monte Carlo trafficsimulation models: can we use them foroptimisation? In: Transportation Systems:Engineering & Management. Proc. 12thInternational conference of the Hong KongSociety for Transportation Studies, 8–10thDecember, 2007, Hong Kong

MAHER, M.J. (2007) Modelling signalisedroundabouts using TRANSYT. UniversitiesTransport Study Group conference, Leeds, 3-5thJanuary 2007

MARSDEN, G.R.; JOPSON, A.F.; CATTAN, M.;WOODWARD, J. (2007) Transport and OlderPeople: Integrating Transport Planning Tools withUser Needs. 11th World Conference on TransportResearch, Berkeley, USA, 24-28th June 2007

MARSDEN, G.R.; KELLY, C.E.; KIMBLE M.G.;NELLTHORP, J.; LUCAS K. (2007) Progress inassessing the sustainability of transportstrategies. 11th World Conference on TransportResearch, Berkeley, USA, 24-28th June 2007


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MARSDEN, G.R.; KIMBLE, M.G.; NELLTHORP, J.(2007) The impacts of a sustainability appraisalon transport strategy selection. Annual UniversityTransport Studies Group conference, Harrogate,3-5th January 2007

MARSDEN, G.R.; NELLTHORP, J.; KELLY, C.E.(2007) Target setting and performanceincentives: - A practical and theoreticalassessment of English local transport strategiesIn: 11th World Conference on TransportResearch, Berkeley, USA, 24-28th June 2007

MARUYAMA T.; SUMALEE, A. (2007) Efficiencyand equity comparison of cordon- and area-basedroad pricing schemes using a trip-chainequilibrium model. Transportation Research PartA: Policy and Practice, 41(7), pp.655-671

MARZANO V.; DALY, A.J. (2007) Addressinghomoskedasticity in invariant random utilitymodels. European Transport Conference 2007,17-19th October, Leiden, The Netherlands

MATTHEWS, B. (2007) Rail InfrastructureCharging in Europe - current practices and thelatest research. University Transport StudiesGroup conference, Harrogate, 3-5th January2007

MAURER, H.H. (2007) Reshaping freightdemand modelling – A new approach for transportpolicy & the environment. European TransportConference 2007, 17-19th October, Leiden, TheNetherlands

MAURER, H.H. (2007) Using strategic supplychain management software in the context offreight demand modeling. 39th Annual UTSGConference, 3-5th January 2007, Harrogate (UK)

MAY, A.D.; JOPSON, A.F.; GAWTHORPE, S.L.;KELLY, C.E.; COOK, A.; TANNER, G. (2007) Option generation tools for sustainable urbantransport strategies. 11th World Conference onTransport Research, Berkeley, USA, 24-28th June2007

MAY, A.D.; MATTHEWS, B. (2007) ImprovingDecision-Making for Sustainable Urban Transport.In: Stephen Marshall and David Banister (eds.)European Research towards Integrated Policies,Elsevier, pp.335-361

MAY, A.D.; MUIR H.; SHEPHERD, S.P.; WAGNERP. (2007) Assessing the impact of newtechnologies in urban areas. 11th WorldConference on Transport Research, Berkeley,USA, 24-28th June 2007

MAY, A.D.; PAGE, M.; HULL A. (2007) Decisionsupport tools for sustainable urban transport.11th World Conference on Transport Research,Berkeley, USA, 24-28th June 2007

MENACHOF, D.A.; GIBSON, B.J.; HANNA, J.B.;WHITEING, A.E. (2007) An Analysis of the Valueof Supply Chain Management Periodicals.

Logistics Research Network Annual Conference2007. 5-7th September 2007, Hull, UK

MERAT, N.; JAMSON, A.H. (2007) Multisensorysignal detection: A tool for assessing driverworkload during IVIS management In: FourthInternational Driving Symposium on HumanFactors in Driver Assessment, Training andVehicle Design, Portland, USA. 2007

MERKERT, R. (2007) A transaction costperspective on the organization of Europeanrailways. 11th World Conference on TransportResearch, Berkeley, USA, 24-28th June 2007

MERKERT, R. (2007) Der Fall der ‘Strategic RailAuthority’ als Beispiel inkonsistenter britischerVerkehrspolitik. Zeitschrift furVerkehrswissenschaft, 78(1), pp.1-34

MERKERT, R. (2007) Network Rail - Britishlessons for the German rail infrastructuremanager? Internationales Verkehrswesen, 59(5),pp.195-199

MILLER S.; DALY, A.J.; FOX J.; KOHLI S. (2007) Destination sampling in forecasting: application inthe PRISM model for the UK West MidlandsRegion. Association for European Transport,European Transport Conderence 2007.Noordwijkerhout

MUIR, H. (2007) An investigation into therelationship between pedestrian casualties anddeprivation. 39th Annual Universities TransportStudy Group Conference, Leeds, 3-5th January

NAMDEO, A.K.; MITCHELL, G. (2007) Anempirical study of estimating vehicle emissionsunder cordon and distance based road usercharging in Leeds, UK. Environmental Monitoringand Assessment online first:http://www.springerlink.com/content/x254132hk5687k03/

NASH, C.A. (2007) Reform of EuropeanPassenger Railways – where do we stand? In:Rosario Marcario, Jose Viegas and David Hensher(eds.) Competition and Ownership in LandPassenger Transport. Selected papers from the9th international conference (Thredbo 9), LisbonSeptember 2005, Elsevier Science, pp.95-114

NASH, C.A. (2007) Infrastructure charging –theory and practice. In: Elke Schaenzler andJohannes Ludewig at CER (eds.) Community ofEuropean Railway and Infrastructure Companies:Competition in Europe’s rail freight market, EurailPress, Brussels, pp.37-49

NASH, C.A. (2007) Alternative approaches torailway reform – European experience. Thredbo10, Australia

NASH, C.A.; ALEXANDERSSON, G. (2007)Workshop E: Institutional Configuration andFramework as a driver for system performance.In: Rosario Marcario, Jose Viegas and David

Hensher (eds.) Competition and Ownership inLand Passenger Transport. Selected papers fromthe 9th international conference (Thredbo 9),Lisbon September 2005, Elsevier Science,pp.751-757

NASH, C.A.; SMITH, A.S.J. (2007) PassengerRail Franchising - British Experience.CompetitiveTendering for Passenger Rail Services,OECD/ECMT, Paris, pp.7-34

NASH, C.A.; SMITH, A.S.J. (2007) ModellingPerformance: Rail. In: Hensher, D.A. and Button,K.J. (eds.) Handbook of Transport Modelling.Second Edition, Elsevier

NELLTHORP, J.; BRISTOW A.L.; DAY, B. (2007) Introducing Willingness-to-pay for Noise Changesinto Transport Appraisal: An Application of BenefitTransfer. Transport Reviews, 27(3), pp.327-353

NELLTHORP, J.; MARSDEN, G.R. (2007) TheFunding Game: Performance Incentives for LocalTransport Plans In: 39th Universities’ TransportStudy Group Conference

NGODUY, D. (2007) Operational effects ofacceleration lane on main traffic flow atdiscontinuities. Transportmetrica

NGODUY, D. (2007) Applicable filteringframework for online multiclass freeway networkestimation. Physica A - Statistical and TheoreticalPhysics, 387, pp.599-616

NGODUY, D. (2007) Real-time multiclass trafficflow modelling- English M25 freeway case study.12th Hong Kong Society for TransportationStudies Conference, Hong Kong

NGODUY, D.; LIU, R. (2007) Multiclass firstorder simulation model to explain non-lineartraffic phenomena. Physica A: StatisticalMechanics and its Applications, 385(2), pp.667-682

NGODUY, D.; ZUURBIER F.S.; HOOGENDOORNS.P. (2007) Comparison of Numerical Solutionsfor Multiclass LWR Traffic Flow Model. 9th TRAILCongress, Rotterdam 2007

NGODUY, D.; ZUURBIER F.S.; HOOGENDOORNS.P. (2007) Fast and Reliable Numerical Solutionfor Multiclass LWR Traffic Flow Model. AnnualMeeting of Transportation Research Boards,Washington D.C. 2007

NGUYEN Q.H. (2007) Different Models ofSaturation Flow in Traffic Dominated byMotorcycles. 39th Annual Universities TransportStudy Group Conference, Leeds, 3-5th January

NGUYEN, Q.H.; MONTGOMERY, F.O. (2007)Saturation Flow and Vehicle Equivalence Factorsin Traffic Dominated by Motorcycles In: 86thAnnual Meeting of Transportation ResearchBoard, Washington D.C. January, 2007


tec 2007

PAGLIONE, G.; BATLEY, R.P.; IBANEZ, J.N.(2007) Theoretical issues in the development of aRandom Utility Model of Inter-Agency choice,with an application to city logistics. EuropeanTransport Conference 2007. 17–19th October,Leiden, The Netherlands

PAGLIONE, G.; BATLEY, R.P.; IBANEZ, J.N.;WHITEING, A.E. (2007) Cooperation to reducethe environmental impact of urban logistics:developing a random utility model of inter-agencychoice between different city logistics strategy.Logistics Research Network Annual Conference2007. 5-7th September 2007, Hull, UK

PARKIN J.; WARDMAN, M.R.; PAGE, M. (2007) Models of Perceived Cycling Risk and RouteAcceptability. Accident Analysis and Prevention,(39), pp.364-371

PFAFFENBICHLER P.C.; SHEPHERD, S.P.(2007) Technology versus demand regulation - strategicmodelling of transport, land use and energyscenarios. The European Council for an EnergyEfficient Economy (ECEEE) Summer Study,France

PUTRANTO L.S.; GRANT-MULLER, S.M.;MONTGOMERY, F.O. (2007) Characteristics ofprivate car and motorcycle ownership inIndonesia. EAST conference, September 2007,Dalian, China

RODRIGUES, V.S.; STANTCHEV, D.S.; POTTER,A.; NAIM, M.M.; WHITEING, A.E. (2007)Establishing a Transport Operation FocussedUncertainty Model for the Supply Chain In: 14thInternational Annual EuroMA Conference,Managing Operations in an Expanding Europe,Ankara, Turkey, 17-20th June 2007

ROPKINS, K.; QUINN R.K.; BEEBE J.; LI H.;DAHAM B.K.; TATE, J.E.; BELL, M.C.; ANDREWSG.E. (2007) Real-world comparison of probevehicle emissions and fuel consumption usingdiesel and 5% biodiesel (B5) blend. Science ofthe Total Environment, 376(1-3), pp.267-284

SHEPHERD, S.P.; KOH, A. (2007) Designing roadpricing cordons. 39th Annual UniversitiesTransport Study Group Conference, Leeds, 3-5thJanuary

SHEPHERD, S.P.; KOH, A.; MAY, A.D. (2007)How to design effective road pricing cordons In:11th World Conference on Transport Research,Berkeley, USA, 24-28th June 2007

SHEPHERD, S.P.; PFAFFENBICHLER, P.C.;EMBERGER, G. (2007) Improving thecapabilities and use of strategic decision makingtools. 11th World Conference on TransportResearch, Berkeley, USA, 24-28th June 2007

SILLAPARCHARN, P. (2007) Treatment ofUncertainty in National Transport Models -General Approach and Application to Thailand.

39th Annual Universities Transport Study GroupConference, Leeds, 3-5th January

SILLAPARCHARN, P. (2007) Vehicle OwnershipModelling: a Case Study of Thailand. Annualmeeting of the Transport Research Board,Washington D.C., 2007

SILLAPARCHARN, P. (2007) Trip GenerationModelling - General Approach and Application toThailand. 12th (Thai) National Convention on CivilEngineering (Phissanoloke 2007)

SILLAPARCHARN, P. (2007) Destination andMode Choice Modelling - General Approach andApplication to Thailand In: Proceedings of the12th (Thai) National Convention on CivilEngineering (Phissanoloke 2007)

SILLAPARCHARN, P. (2007) National TransportDemand Modelling - General Approach andApplication to Thailand. 11th World Conferenceon Transport Research, Berkeley, USA, 24-28thJune 2007

SINGH, M. (2007) Competition in Rail Freight.The Case of Indian Railways In: 11th WorldConference on Transport Research, Berkeley, USA,24-28th June 2007

SINGH, M. (2007) Competition in Rail Freight.Can it Work in an Integrated Environment. 39thUTSG conference, 3 -5th January, 2007,Harrogate, Leeds

SMITH, A.S.J.; WHEAT, P.E. (2007) AQuantitative Study of Train Operating CompaniesCost and Efficiency Trends 1996 to 2006:Lessons for Future Franchising Policy. EuropeanTransport Conference 2007, 17-19th October,Leiden, The Netherlands

STEWART K.; MAHER, M.J. (2007) Minimalrevenue network tolling: system optimisationunder stochastic assignment with elastic demand.In: B. Heydecker (ed.) Mathematics in Transport,Elsevier, pp.45-57

SUMALEE, A. (2007) Multi-concentric optimalcharging cordon design. Transportmetrica, 3(1),pp.41-71

SUMALEE, A.; ZHONG, R. (2007) Stochastic CellTransmission Model: Traffic State Estimation andControl Under Uncertainties In: 12th Hong KongSociety of Transport Studies Conference, HongKong

TAPLEY, N. (2007) Non-Linearities in DiscreteChoice Attribute Valuations. 11th WorldConference on Transport Research, Berkeley, USA,24-28th June 2007

TAPLEY, N.; WARDMAN, M.R.; GUNN H.F.;HYMAN G. (2007) Inter-temporal variations invalues of time in Great Britain. EuropeanTransport Conference 2007. 17–19th October,Leiden, The Netherlands

TAPLEY, N.; WARDMAN, M.R.; WHELAN G.A.(2007) Nonlinearities in Discrete Choice AttributeValuations: A Case Study in Transport-RelatedChoices. 11th World Conference on TransportResearch, Berkeley, USA, 24-28th June 2007

TEKLU F.; SUMALEE A.; WATLING, D.P. (2007) AGenetic Algorithm Approach for Optimising TrafficControl Signals Considering Routing. Computer -Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, (22),pp.31-43

TEKLU, F. (2007) A Markov process model forfrequency-based transit assignment with strictcapacity constraints. 39th Annual UniversitiesTransport Study Group conference 3-5th January,2007, Harrogate, Leeds

TEKLU, F.; WATLING, D.P.; CONNORS, R.D.(2007) A Markov Process Model for Capacity-constrained Transit Assignment. In: G.Heydecker; Richard E. Allsop (ed.) Transportationand Traffic Theory 2007,: Proceedings of the17th International Symposium on Transportationand Traffic Theory (ISTTT Series), Elsevier ,pp.483-505

THANOS, S.; WARDMAN, M.R.; BRISTOW A.L.(2007) Aircraft Noise Monetary Values for Athensfrom Stated Choice Experiments In: Conferenceof the European Association of Environmental andResource Economists (EAERE 2007),Thessalonica, Greece, 27-30th June 2007

THOMOPOULOS, N.; GRANT-MULLER, S.M.;TIGHT, M.R. (2007) Can equity be included inappraisal of large transport infrastructureprojects? A review of past European practice andprinciples In: NECTAR Conference 9-12th May2007, Porto, Portugal

THOMOPOULOS, N.; TAKAMA, T. (2007) Roaduser charging in UK National Parks: the case ofDerwent valley in the Peak District NationalPark.11th World Conference on TransportResearch, Berkeley, USA, 24-28th June 2007

TIGHT, M.R.; VICAT, A.; BRISTOW, A.L.;PRIDMORE, A.M.; MAY, A.D. (2007) Anexploration of household response to personaltravel carbon reduction targets. InternationalJournal of Sustainable Transportation, 1(3),pp.143-159

TIMMS, P.M. (2007) Transport utopia: a need fornew models. ‘Transport – The Next 50 Years’International Conference, Christchurch, NewZealand, 25-27th July 2007

TIMMS, P.M. (2007) Metaphor, Rhetoric,Narrative and Aesthetics in Transport Modelling.39th Annual Universities Transport Study Groupconference 3-5th January 2007, Harrogate,Leeds

TRAN HUU, M. (2007) BRT in ASIA: How Does ItWork In Motorcycle Environment In: ManagingCongestion - Technical Conference, Institute of


tec 2007

Transportation Engineers, San Diego, CaliforniaUSA. 2007

TRAN HUU, M. (2007) Bus Rapid Transit InMotorcycle Environment: How Approach InSATURN Can Be Used? 39th Annual UniversitiesTransport Study Group conference 3-5th January2007, Harrogate, Leeds

TRAN HUU, M.; MONTGOMERY, F.O.; TIMMS,P.M. (2007) Modelling Bus Lane Priorities InMotorcycle Dominated Environment WithSATURN In: TRB Annual meeting 86th,Transportation Research Board, Washington DC,USA

TSENG, Y.; VERHOEF E; DE JONG, G.;KOUWENHOVEN M.; VAN DER HOORN A.I.J.M.(2007) A pilot study into the perception ofunreliability of travel times using in-depthinterviews. Association of European Transport,European Transport Conference 2007, 17-19thOctober, Leiden, The Netherlands

UCHIDA K.; SUMALEE A.; WATLING, D.P.;CONNORS, R.D. (2007) A Study on NetworkDesign Problems for Multi-modal Networks byProbit-based Stochastic User Equilibrium.Networks and Spatial Economics, 7(3), pp.213-240

VAN DER LOOP J.T.A.; DE JONG, G.; WILLIGERS,J. (2007) Evaluation of motor carrier safetyinspection programs. 11th World Conference onTransport Research, Berkeley, USA, 24-28th June2007

VARSCHEN, C.; SPAHN, M.; LISCHKE, A.;KNITSCHKY, G.; LENZ, B.; GUEHNEMANN, A.(2007) Ein gekoppeltes Wirtschafts- undGueterverkehrsnachfragemodell unterVerwendung empirischer Daten (An integratedeconomic and freight demand model usingempirical data). In: C. Nobis, B. Lenz (ed.)Wirtschaftsverkehr: Alles in Bewegung?(Commercial Transport: All on the move?), 14,Verlag Meta-GIS Infosysteme, Mannheim,pp.193-209

WARDMAN, M.R. (2007) To Generalize Your Costor Not? 11th World Conference on TransportResearch, Berkeley, USA, 24-28th June 2007

WARDMAN, M.R.; DARGAY, J.M.; TONER, J.P.(2007) Modelling Approaches to Support RailFares Regulation in Scotland. 11th WorldConference on Transport Research, Berkeley,USA, 24-28th June 2007

WARDMAN, M.R.; LYTHGOE, W.F.; WHELAN,G.A. (2007) Rail Passenger Demand Forecasting:Cross-Sectional Models Revisited. In: Scott M.Dennis and Wayne K Talley (eds.) RailroadEconomics - Research in TransportationEconomics, 20, Elsevier Science

WARDMAN, M.R.; TIGHT, M.R.; PAGE, M. (2007) Factors influencing the propensity to cycle towork. Transportation Research. Part A: Policy &Practice, 41(4), pp.339-350

WARDMAN, M.R.; WHELAN G.A.; VAUGHAN B.;MURPHY P.A.; HYMAN G. (2007) Modelling theDemand for Toll Roads in the UK. Association ofEuropean Transport, European TransportConference 2007, 17-19th October, Leiden, TheNetherlands

WARDMAN, M.R.; WHELAN, G.A.; PRESTONJ.M. (2007) Strategic Forecasting of RailPassenger Demand in Great Britain. 11th WorldConference on Transport Research, Berkeley,USA, 24-28th June 2007

WARDMAN, M.R.; WHELAN, G.A.; VAUGHAN B.;MURPHY P.A.; HYMAN, G. (2007) PresentationalIssues in the Analysis of Motorists' SP RouteChoice Data. Association of European Transport,European Transport Conference 2007, 17-19thOctober, Leiden, The Netherlands

WATTERS, H.M.; TIGHT, M.R. (2007) The role oftrading in carbon emissions for the transportsector. Report for the Comission for IntegratedTransport (CfIT)

WATTERS, H.M.; TIGHT, M.R.; BRISTOW, A.L.(2007) Achieving low carbon city transportsystems: a case study based on London.Association of European Transport, EuropeanTransport Conference 2007, 17-19th October,Leiden, The Netherlands

WESTMORELAND, E.J.; CARSLAW N.; CARSLAW,D.C.; GILLAH, A.; BATES, E. (2007) Analysis of

air quality within a street canyon using statisticaland dispersion modelling techniques.Atmospheric Environment, 41 (39), pp.9195-9205

WHALLEY L.K.; FURNEAUX K.L.; GRAVESTOCKT; ATKINSON, H.M.; BALE C.; INGHAM T.;BLOSS W.J.; HEARD, D.E. (2007) Detection ofiodine monoxide radicals in the marine broundarylayer using laser induced fluorescencespectroscopy. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry,58(1), pp.19-39

WHEAT, P.E.; SMITH, A.S.J. (2007) AQuantitative Study of Train Operating CompaniesCost and Efficiency Trends 1996 to 2006:Lessons for Future Franchising Policy In: TenthEuropean Workshop on Efficiency andProductivity Analysis, Lille, France. 2007

WHELAN, G.A.; BATLEY, R.P.; SHIRES, J.D.;WARDMAN, M.R. (2007) Optimal fares regulationfor Britain's railways. Transportation Research.Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review

WHELAN, G.A.; WARDMAN, M.R.; LYTHGOE,W.F. (2007) Examining the Influence of Socio-Demographic Change on Rail Demand.Association of European Transport, EuropeanTransport Conference 2007, 17-19th October,Leiden, The Netherlands

WHITEING, A.E.; JOHNSON, D.H.; WRIGHT C.;GARRATT, M. (2007) Modelling Freight Flows onthe Betuwe Line. Second InternationalConference on Funding TransportationInfrastructure, Leuven (Belgium), 20-21stSeptember 2007

WICKHAM, P.A. (2007) Proposition structure inframed decision problems: A formalrepresentation. Working Paper 591, Institute ofTransport Studies, University of Leeds

ZONDAG B.; GEURS K.; DE JONG, G.; DE BOKM.; PIETERS M. (2007) Accessibility evaluation:there's more than just summing up travel costreductions. Association of European Transport,European Transport Conference 2007, 17-19thOctober, Leiden, The Netherlands

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