2004.v smith.dino lice
DESCRIPTION
Did dinosaurs have lice?TRANSCRIPT
Did dinosaurs have lice?
Vince Smith, Tom Ford, Kevin Johnson*,Paul Johnson & Rod Page
University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK*Illinois Natural History Survey, USA
• Collected Eckfeld maar nearEifel, Germany
• Middle Eocene (Middle Lutetian,44.3±0.4 Ma)
• First fossil louse
• Completes ordinal representationof fossil insects
• Excellent preservation
• Phylogenetic affinities withmodern feather lice
Fossil Lice
Wappler, Smith & Dalgleish,Proc.R.Soc., 2004.
Fossil Lice
Wappler, Smith & Dalgleish,Proc.R.Soc., 2004.
Fossil Lice
Wappler, Smith & Dalgleish,Proc.R.Soc., 2004.
Fossil Lice
Wappler, Smith & Dalgleish,Proc.R.Soc., 2004.
Fossil Lice
Psocoptera
Menacanthus /Menopon - complex
Ricinidae
Laemobothriidae
Boopiidae
Austromenopon- complex
Dennyus- complex
Colpocephalum- complex
Wappler, Smith & Dalgleish,Proc.R.Soc., 2004.
Fossil Lice
• Parasite of Anseriformes orCharadriiformes
• Crown group position• Suggests lice are very old• Points to a long coevolutionary
history with birds• Useful molecular calibration point
Psocoptera
Menacanthus /Menopon - complex
Ricinidae
Laemobothriidae
Boopiidae
Austromenopon- complex
Dennyus- complex
Colpocephalum- complex
Wappler, Smith & Dalgleish,Proc.R.Soc., 2004.
Approaches To Dating
i. Test for molecular clock
Approaches To Dating
i. Test for molecular clock
ii. Establish calibration points- Crown group fossils
i. Test for molecular clock
Approaches To Dating
i. Test for molecular clock
ii. Establish calibration points- Crown group fossils
- R8s (Sanderson, 2003)iii. Apply rate smoothing
- Penalized likelihood- Cross validation100
75
50
25
0
i. Test for molecular clock
Approaches To Dating
i. Test for molecular clock
ii. Establish calibration points- Crown group fossils
- R8s (Sanderson, 2003)iii. Apply rate smoothing
- Penalized likelihood- Cross validation100
75
50
25
0
100
75
50
25
0
iv. Multiple approaches!- Bottom up
i. Test for molecular clock
Approaches To Dating
i. Test for molecular clock
ii. Establish calibration points- Crown group fossils
- R8s (Sanderson, 2003)iii. Apply rate smoothing
- Penalized likelihood- Cross validation100
75
50
25
0
100
75
50
25
0
iv. Multiple approaches!- Bottom up- Top down - cospeciation dates
i. Test for molecular clock
Approaches To Dating
i. Test for molecular clock
ii. Establish calibration points- Crown group fossils
- R8s (Sanderson, 2003)iii. Apply rate smoothing
- Penalized likelihood- Cross validation100
75
50
25
0
100
75
50
25
0
iv. Multiple approaches!- Bottom up- Top down - cospeciation dates
30
20
10
0
v. Compare ages30
20
10
0
100
75
50
25
0
Bot
tom
Up
Top Dow
n
35 ma
30 ma
i. Test for molecular clock
Phthiraptera
Phthiraptera
18s rRNA COI (1st & 2nd pos.)
ML(GTR+I+G)
ML(TVM+I+G)
0.1 0.1
CrustaceaDictyoptera
Hemiptera
Psocoptera
Lepidoptera
Diptera
CrustaceaOdonata
DictyopteraPlecoptera
Hemiptera
Psocoptera
ColeopteraRaphidiodea
MegalopteraNeuroptera
Hymenoptera
TrichopteraLepidoptera
SiphonapteraMecoptera
Diptera / Strepsiptera
Thysanoptera
EF1-α Wingless
ML(GTR+I+G)
ML(GTR+I+G)
0.1 0.1
Phthiraptera
Phthiraptera
Trichoptera
Lepidoptera
SiphonapteraMecoptera
Coleoptera
Hymenoptera
Diptera
Hemiptera
Thysanoptera
Odonata
Hymenoptera
Diptera
Lepidoptera
Coleoptera
Thysanoptera
Hemiptera
Crustacea
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
18s rRNA COI EF1-α Wingless
Insect Phylogeny (unsmoothed)
Ages Fixed Age Constraints
~185 ma~260 ma ~250 ma~295 ma(280-300 ma) (235-300 ma) (200-250 ma) (185-240 ma)
18s rRNA COI EF1-α Wingless
0100200300
Hym
enopteraD
ipteraLepidoptera
Coleoptera
ThysanopteraLIC
EH
emiptera
Hem
ipteraD
ipteraLepidoptera
0100200300400500
LICE
0100200300400
Lepidop.C
addisFleas
Mecop.
FliesH
ymenop.
Coleop.
LICE
Bugs
ThripsO
donata
0100200300400
Strepsip.Flies
Fleas/Mecop.
Tric./Lep.H
ymenop.
Neurop.
Beetles
LICE
BugsB
ark Lice
Insect Phylogeny (rate smoothed)
Cospeciation Events
Constraints
Min. Age 44 ma
Louse Fossil
Combined ML
0.1
(18s, COI, EF1-α)
Am
blyceraIschnocera
Anoplura
Rhyn.
Louse Phylogeny (unsmoothed)
Cospeciation Events
Constraints
Combined ML
0.1
(18s, COI, EF1-α)
Am
blyceraIschnocera
Anoplura
Rhyn.
Louse Phylogeny (unsmoothed)
Dove-LouseCospeciation
Age Fixed 19.8 ma
Cospeciation Events
Constraints
Combined ML
0.1
(18s, COI, EF1-α)
Rhea/Ostrich-Louse Cospeciation
Age Fixed 60 ma
Am
blyceraIschnocera
Anoplura
Rhyn.
Louse Phylogeny (unsmoothed)
Cospeciation Events
Constraints
Combined ML
0.1
(18s, COI, EF1-α)
Am
blyceraIschnocera
Anoplura
Rhyn.
Louse Phylogeny (unsmoothed)
Primate-LouseCospeciation
Age Fixed 4.5 ma
Ricinus spLaemobothrion atrumAustromenopon elliottiTrinoton querquedulaeHolomenopon spDennyus hirundinisMachaerilaemus spColimenopon urocoliusDocophoroides brevisFulicoffula longipilaBovicola spFelicola subrostratusNeotrichodectes spGeomydoecus spPectinopygus sulaePectinopygus brevicornisPectinopygus punctatusPectinopygus variusAnatoecus icterodesTrichophilopterus babakotophilusColumbicola columbaeColumbicola passerinaeStruthioliperus nanduStruthiolipeurus struthionisCraspedorrhynchus spDegeeriella fulvaAustrophilopterus subsimilusColilipeurus coliusCampanulotes comparGoniodes spNaubates spPerineus nigrolimbatusHaematomyzus elephantsPediculus humanus var capitisPediculus schaeffiEchinophthirius horridus bPolyplax spinulosaHaematopinus tuberculatusHaematopinus suisHaematopinus pacochoeriHoplopleura trispinosaHoplopleura spPterophthirus imitansLinognathoides marmotaeLinognathoides marmotae bNeohaematopinus sciuriNeohaematopinus sciuri b
0100200
Louse Phylogeny (rate smoothed)
Combined ML(18s, COI, EF1-α)
Am
blyceraIschnocera
Anoplura
Rhyn.
~190 ma(150-225 ma)
KT
Result very sensitiveto smoothing
parameter used
Host Implications
Paleocene
Cretaceous
LateCretaceous
EarlyCretaceousLateJurassic
157ma ±
146ma ±
97ma ±
65ma ±
Modern Birds
‘Ratites’and
tinamousNeognathae
Neornithes
Archaeopteryx
Paleognathae
Tertiary ‘big bang’ model formodern bird evolutionsensu Feduccia, 1995
Figure adaptedfrom Feduccia,
1995
010
020
0
‘Big bang’ followed bya ‘big switch’?
Modern birds much older- Gondwanic origin?
Revised classic modelsensu Cracraft, 2001
KT
Modern Birds
Host Implications
Figure adaptedfrom ???, Science,
????
2-300ma ?
Summary
• Lice are old (150-300ma)• Major radiation of lice before the KT (65ma)• Modern birds & lice have a very long
coevolutionary history
• Origin of lice associated with origin of feathers?
• Recent threopod dinosaurs probably had lice?
• Molecular clocks run fast at times of rapidradiation?
Caveats
Acknowledgements
• Wellcome Trust