©2002 skycross. all rights reserved. antenna design for wireless products kerry greer vice...

©2002 SkyCross. All Rights Reserved.

Antenna Design For Wireless Products

Kerry GreerVice President of Engineering

SkyCross Inc.February 25, 2002

leading wireless innovation™ COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL©2002 SkyCross. All Rights Reserved.leading wireless innovation™ Page 2

Topics

• Antenna Evolution

• Changing Wireless Marketplace

• Issues Driving Antenna Design

• Antenna Physics

• Antenna Performance Specifications

• External Antennas

• Embedded Antennas

• Advanced Wireless Device Antenna Concepts


Antenna Evolution

• Antennas Have Always Been the Part That Makes a Wireless Device Wireless

• Have Traditionally Been External, Connectorized Components- Misunderstood, considered “black magic”

- Gangly, obtrusive

- Added on at the end of the design

• Antennas for Mobile Devices Have Evolved Since Their Introduction- Whips Retractables Stubbies Embedded


Changing Market

• Antennas are Slowly Becoming More and More Integral, as More and More Devices are Adding Wireless Capability

• OEMs/Consumers Are Demanding More from Their Wireless Devices- Smaller

- More functionality

- More power

- Improved performance

• FCC Mandate That All Cell Phones Have E-911 Capability


Wired/Wireless Networks of Today

Mobile DataDevices

PC / Server

BroadbandInternetServicePCS

MobileNetwork

Ethernet

Cable

GPS

DigitalCamera

DVD/TV/VCR

Printer

Real-TimeVideo

PCSDevice

Auto

DSL

USB

RCA

Mobile Devices

Wired Devices


Future of the Wired/Wireless World

Mobile DataDevices

PC / Server

BroadbandDigital Data(Fiber/FWA)

BTWPAN

3GWWN

802.11WLAN

OC3WAN

GPS

DigitalCamera

DVD / HDTV

PrinterReal-Time

Video

Auto

ConsumerPOS

SODA

3G MobileDevices

Black: Multi-ModeOrange: Single Mode

Wireless Legend


Issues Facing Antenna Design

• Traditional Cost vs. Performance Tradeoffs

• Three Different Groups Have Three Different Sets of Priorities (OEMs Service Providers Consumers)

• Antenna Considerations (OEM Priority)1) Cost

2) Size

3) Performance

4) Multiple operation modes


How Much is Better Performance Worth?

Churn in the US exceeds 200% of new subscribers

83,924

103,418

123,740

144,804

166,158

187,679

25,17734,127

43,30953,577

64,80176,948

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

180000

200000

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Churning Total Subscribers

Cost to sign-up new customer $350 - $400

43% of Subscribers Change Carrier Because of Coverage Problems*

Source: Cahners in-stat

Poor Coverage is worth: (43,309)*($350)*(0.43) = $6.5M / yearPoor Coverage is worth: (43,309)*($350)*(0.43) = $6.5M / year

* Source: Yankee Group

20 million newsubscribers


1. Cost

• Antennas are Viewed as Components, with Traditional Price Points:- External whip/monopole assemblies: $1 - $2

- Internal/embedded antennas: ~$0.50

• OEMs Very Reluctant to Consider Higher-priced Antennas for Existing Applications- Regardless of Performance Gains

• Alternative: Provide Multiple Functionality- Example: 3 antennas in 1 (Cell/PCS/ISM)

- $3 for 1 multi-band antenna is better overall choice than 3 separate antennas for $1 each


2. Reduced Size

• With the Evolution of Wireless Devices the Antenna has Been Forced to Reduce in Size

• Some Size Reduction Has Been Natural Result of Physics as Frequencies Increase- Example: commercial radio broadcast television

analog cellular digital PCS wireless data

• But Further Reduction in Size Introduces New Complexities- Must continue to increase performance

- But, must maintain a minimum certain size in order to meet bandwidth and energy requirements


3. Performance

• Better Performance is Usually Achieved by Increased S/N in the Wireless Link- Performance improvements can be realized

by higher gain antenna (if beam is properly focused)

• Example: Want horizontal beam for cell phone, zenith beam for GPS

• Increased Gain Can be Used in Different Ways- Better cell coverage area

• Increase cell size / range• Given all mobiles at max power, then

less dropouts- Less battery power

• Given strong signal area, then reduced Tx Battery

• Especially critical in CDMA networks- Some combination of above

Reduce Battery Size

R1

Reduce Dropouts

R1R2

Increase Cell Coverage


4. Multiple Operating Frequencies/ Modes

• RF Spectrum is Allocated by Governments Worldwide

• Operating Modes and Frequencies Are Not the Same Thing- Example: US “Tri-mode” cell phone is really a

dual-mode/dual-frequency phone• AMPS at 800, digital at 800, and digital at 1900 MHz

GPS

1550 1610

ISM

2400 2500

PCS/IMT-2000

1710 1990 22002110

ISM2

5725 5875

UNII

5150 53502335

AudioCellular/GSM

806 960470

Dig TV


Antenna Physics

• Antenna is Fundamentally a Transmission Line- Electrical energy is converted to Electromagnetic

Radiation

• f = c/- as frequency goes up, wavelength gets shorter

• Loosely Speaking, Radiation Occurs Anywhere There is a Change in an Electric Current’s Velocity (Speed and/or Direction)- Consequently, antennas come in all forms of

curved, bent and folded metal shapes designed to alter current velocity or density


Antenna Performance Specifications

• Antenna is Traditionally Evaluated for Performance Under These CriteriaA. FrequencyB. Gain / directivityC. Return Loss / VSWRD. Bandwidth E. Impedance

• Today Additional Antenna Performance Parameters Must be EvaluatedF. EfficiencyG. Volumetric size


A. Frequency of Operation

• Electromagnetic Spectrum Is Measured in Terms of Frequency

• Most Antennas Transceive Over a Narrow Frequency Range Which Is Usually ~10% of the Center Frequency

• For Antennas, This Includes Both the Uplink and Downlink Frequencies (if duplex)- Example: (US PCS Tx and Rx) = 1850 MHz to 1990

MHz


B. Gain & Directivity

• Combined parameter that characterizes the actual performance achievable in a “real” antenna

• Antenna gain is expressed as the ratio of the power transmitted by an antenna in a given direction and the power that would be transmitted in that direction by a perfectly efficient isotropic radiator (spherical) in that direction- Isotropic is uniform 0dBi, by

definition

Perfectly Efficient Isotropic Radiator

(3D Sphere)


Units of Antenna Gain - dBi

<0 dBi

> 0 dBi

• Ratios of power are often expressed in decibels (dB) and are a comparison to some other known reference value. For instance, power referred to 1 watt is indicated as dBw. In the case of antennas, the unit is dBi since the reference measurement isrelative to an isotropic radiator (i for isotropic)

• dBi = 10 x log(Pa/Pi), where Pa is the power transmitted by the antenna in a given direction,and Pi is the power that would be transmittedby a perfectly efficient isotropic (spherical)radiator in that same direction

• Gain values >0dBi indicate that the antenna emits more power in that direction than the theoretically perfect isotropic radiator. Values < 0 dBi indicate that the antenna emits less power in the given direction


Peak Gain

• Peak gain is the value of the gain in the direction in which the most power per unit area (flux) at a fixed distance or the most power per unit of solid angle is radiated by the antenna

• A narrow beam antenna will have a peak gain much greater than 0dBi, assuming it is a highly efficient radiator

• A broad beam or omni-directional antenna will have a peak gain around 0 dBi, because its power is spread out over a large area of the radiation sphere

Peak


Average Gain

• As with peak gain, average gain for an antenna is also expressed in dBi, because it is referenced to a perfectly efficient isotropic radiator

• The highest possible average gain for an antenna is 0 dBi, because the total power emitted by an antenna can never be greater than the total power emitted by a perfectly efficient radiator. This assumes the averaging is done over the entire 4 steradian volume—the entire sphere

• Often average gain is expressed only over a portion of the sphere, such as a 2D planar cut in azimuth


C. Return Loss / VSWR

• Difference between the power input to and the power reflected back from a discontinuity in a transmission circuit

• In a perfectly matched transmission system, there are no standing waves and the Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (a ratiometric measure of the crest to null of the voltage standing on the line) is 1:1

• Antennas having VSWR less than 3:1 are acceptable for receive applications and low power transmission,with 2:1 being very good


D. Bandwidth of Operation

• Amount of Spectrum Needed for a Particular Communications Channel or Group of Channels - Defined in units of frequency and is computed as the

difference between an upper and lower band edge limit- Example: (PCS)

• 1990 – 1850 = 140 MHz BW• 140 / 1920 (center) = 7.3 % BW

- Channel Bandwidth is usually much less than total allocated bandwidth

• Narrowband Antennas - Operate only on the band of frequencies for which the device

was intended• Broadband Antennas

- Tend to perform less effectively than narrowband antennas but provide multiple frequency integration


E. Input Impedance

• Antenna Input Impedance Is Traditionally Specified at 50 Ohms for Most Antenna Devices- Many not necessarily be optimal, but provides

easy test / debug via standard coax test equipment

- OEMs have begun to consider lower impedances, primarily driven to better match the output of the transmitting power amplifier (which is where most of the battery power is consumed)

• 75 Ohms Typical for Video Equipment


F. Efficiency

• Direct Measure of How Well an Antenna Transforms Onboard Electrical Energy Into Transmitted Signal Energy - 100% efficient antenna would theoretically convert

all input power into radiated power, with no loss to resistive or dielectric elements

- Most all antennas in use exhibit at least 50% efficiency, with 70%-80% being very good designs


G. Volumetric size

• Volumetric Size of the Best-designed Antenna Is Ultimately Limited by Theoretical Considerations That Depend on the Maximum Bandwidth Over Which the Antenna Must Operate - Some antennas exhibit a smaller occupied

volume for a given degree of performance


Wireless Device Antenna Choices

Loop

Patch Monopole MLA

PIFA


Monopole Type Patterns

This Antenna Has Gain of About 1 dBi Gain From 75 to 120 Degrees of Elevation (Referenced From Zenith

Above)

• Monopole Pattern Is a Torus-shape

• PIFA and Loop Patterns Are Similar, Only Beam Is Directed in Different Ways


Patch Pattern

This Antenna Has Gain of About 4 dBi Peak Gain Focused in One

Direction

• Patch Pattern Is Uni-directional

• Projects a Cone Upward From the Surface of the Patch


MLA and Other Patterns

• Meander Line Antenna (MLA) - Has both monopole and patch radiating modes,

depending on operating frequency

• Monopole, Loop, PIFA and MLA May All Have Similar Beam Patterns- Depending on the size of the antenna relative to

the wavelength of the signal, loop


Embedded Antenna Considerations

• Include Antenna Designer as Part of the Design Team from Beginning

• Critical Considerations- Identify all frequency bands (GPS later ?)- Identify multiple-frequency RF front-end architecture

• Number of antenna feed points• Diplexers, Tx/Rx paths, filtering needed

- Identify orientation• Desired beam pattern under consumer usage scenario• Problem: PDA is used as both handheld and desktop

- Plan and allocate for internal volume needed to achieve desired level of performance

- Identify upfront the grounding scheme and adjacent metal surfaces


Multi-band or Wideband?

• How Many Antennas are Needed for a 4-Band Device?- Ex: 800, 1575, 1900,

2450 MHz• Multiple Band Antennas

- A 2-band is feasible, 3-band or more is difficult to achieve adequate BW in all needed bands

• Wideband Antennas- More aesthetic- Easier to manufacture- Needs detailed systems

work to determine filtering,interference and isolationissues

Wideband Antenna VSWR


Advanced Concepts in Antenna Design

• Higher Data Rate Wireless Links

• Diversity Combining

• Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Systems

2G 2.5G 3G

GSM

TDMA

CDMA

GPRS

1xRTT HDR CDMA 2000

N-CDMA

EDGE


• The Convergence of Wireless Access and Broadband Internet Surfing Has Created a Demand for Low BER, High Datarate Wireless Systems

• Interference Dominates System Capacity Implying That Increasing Radiated Power at the Source Is Not the Solution

• The Electromagnetic Spectrum Is Limited and Efficient Usage Is Required From a Economic Perspective

Higher and Higher Datarates


The Road Ahead

• Improved Spectral Efficiency Is Achievable in Environments of Interest for Commercial Wireless Services- Multipath characteristics of the channel determine the

improvement in spectral efficiency- Published test results indicate that very small separation

provides measurable improvements at mobile terminals

• As a Result, Multiple Antenna Diversity Is Being Introduced Into the Standards for Mobile 3G Systems (UMTS, EDGE) As Well As Indoor Systems (802.11 WLAN)


Diversity Methods

• To Mitigate These Problems, Diversity Techniques are Being Developed- Spatial Diversity is a widespread technique based on the use of an

array of sufficiently spaced antennas at either transmitter or receiver- Polarization Diversity takes advantage of existence of statistical

independence of different polarization states as a wave is scattered in the environment

- Pattern Diversity uses the antenna itself to select angularly diverse components of the scattered wave to mitigate fading and increase SNR

- Temporal Diversity exploits the multidimensionality of the channel to improve SNR

- MIMO uses antenna arrays at both transmitter and receiver—multipath propagation can actually be exploited to establish multiple parallel channels


Diversity Improvements

• There is Strong Evidence That One or More Forms of Diversity can Improve the Channel Performance of a Radio by Several dB- Cho, et al. 7 to 8 dB gain due to polarization

• A combination of height (spatial) and polarization diversity provide a robust scheme

- Braun, et al. 9 dB with a two antenna configuration- Dietrich, Stutzman,et al. Also 5 to 7 dB- Many other references in

• Bibliography at GLOMO Project VPI


Directional (Pattern)

• To Date, WLAN OEMs Have Not Exploited Directional- Traditional WLAN systems have relied on spatial only- Why not use 2 different WLAN antennas with higher peak

gains focused in different directions?• Example: 1 antenna omni-directional, 1 antenna patch diversity

combines to better total hemi-spherical coverage• “Smart Antennas”

- Discriminate multi-path components- Process them separately

• Butler Matrix- If the signals from different directions can be processed

separately, co-channel interference can be suppressed- Improve transmission quality and/or capacity- Can reduce delay spread


Wireless Device Considerations for MIMO

• Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output (MIMO)- Diversity Transmit and Diversity Receive

• Size Limited, Two Antennas Is About the Maximum Allowable in a Handheld Device

• Can Use Embedded Antenna as the Second One• Can Exploit Polarization Diversity

- Second polarization for the whip antenna- Dual polarization antenna for the hidden antenna

• Treat Polarization Terms as Spatial Term• Beam-formed Elements Again Treat Them as

Spatial Terms and Process the Same Way

©2002 skycross. all rights reserved. antenna design for wireless products kerry greer vice...

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