2002 sino-african shp training workshophrcshp.org/shp/en/pdf/2002/autumndetail.pdf · he 2002...

2 SHP News, Autumn, 2002

2002 Sino-African SHP Training Workshop


he 2002 Sino-African SHP Training Workshop was held from 10 May to 18 June 2002 atHangzhou Regional Center for Small Hydro Power(HRC). Attended altogether 9 partici-

pants from 5 African countries, i.e. Burundi, Nigeria, South African, Tanzania and Tunisia. This isthe second training workshop on SHP that HRC conducted for African countries. Last Oct andNov HRC held the SHP training for participants from Africa where the majority of the populationhas no access to electricity yet. Meanwhile, it is abundant in hydro power resources in Africa andaround 10% of its hydro power potential has been harnessed according to the statistics available.

This training workshop was sponsored by Chinese Ministry of Foreign Trade and EconomicCooperation, as one of the technical collaborative projects among the developing countries. Allthe lodging, boarding, training, pocket money and the domestic transportation fees were borne bythe Chinese government. This is part of the Chinese contribution to South-South cooperation.

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ost of the teachers were fromHRC, with some professors or

experts invited from Nanjing. Thesubjects included procedures of SHPdevelopment, feasibility study, hydro-logical analysis, low-cost civil struc-ture, turbo-generator units and auxil-iary, electric equipment design, op-eration, maintenance, SHP policy as-pects etc. Such special topics as thestatus of hydro power resources inChina, SHP technical refurbishment,rubber dam, the pumped storage sta-tions, foreign trade practices, letterof credit, export credit etc were alsointroduced and considered by theparticipants as beneficial.

In the hardware construction,HRC updated its facilities for the in-ternational participants early this year.The class room was decorated andliving rooms renovated. New equip-ment including CD-writer and new ad-vanced computer were purchased forthe use of the participants.

tudy tour was arranged toShengzhou, Linai, Ningbo,

Xiaoshan and Deqing where the par-ticipants visited some SHP stations

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were arranged by HRC. Participantswere able to enjoy the natural beautyof some scenic spots in Hangzhou.The basketball match between theChinese players and the African par-ticipants offered a glimpse of tena-cious spirit manifested by the Afri-can participants. Also, two days werespent in the developing city, the larg-est city and port of China—Shang-hai. With the opening and reformingpolicy set forth by the Chinese gov-ernment some 20 years ago, tremen-dous changes have taken place in thatcity. A great number of skyscraperspop up, with its modern and conve-nient transportation network. Partici-pants naturally exhilarated to be insuch a modern city like Shanghai.Many of the participants commented:‘We certainly did not expect thatChina is so much developed. Wethought this is not in Shanghai, butin New York. Before we came to China,we had a delusion that China was apoor and backward country. Thebuildings there were shabby and in-decent. People were suffering fromhunger. China has set a very goodexample for the other developingcountriers like those in Africa to fol-low in its economic development’.

RC is committed to stimulatingthe development of SHP-a re

newable and environmentally soundenergy by conducting SHP trainingprograms each year. In 2003 HRC willimplement at least two small hydropower training workshops includingone for African countries and the ex-act time of implementation will be an-nounced later this year. It is hopedthat more hydro power resourcescould be tapped in future so that theliving standard of the local peoplecould be improved and their localeconomy could be boomed in thenumerous African countries.


of various development types, com-bining the techniques of low-cost civilstructures and appropriate automa-tion controlling equipment. Visitswere paid to Linhai Machinery Worksand Linhai Electric Machine Workswhere participants were able to seethe whole process of the hydropowerequipment manufacturing. Director ofLinhai Machinery Works, Mr.Hupointed out: “there is so far no exportof our electrical equipment to the Af-rican countries. However, the poten-tial of SHP in African countries is infact huge. It is expected that the SHPcooperation between China and Af-rica could be set up, either in ourequipment export or establishingjoint venture firms in African conti-nent.” Visit was also paid to KvaernerHangzhou Power Equipment Co Ltd,a joint venture set up in 1996 betweenKvaerner Energy a.s. in Norway andHangzhou Electric Equipment Worksin Hangzhou, China.

Participants went to Ningbo,visiting a pumped storage station withinstalled capacity of 80 MW. This sta-tion was put into operation at the endof 1997 and was designed by HRC inthe past few years. It has a big role to

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play for the station to provide energyto the grids at the peak hour and itsfinancial record all these years afterthe commissioning is also impressive.

t the end of the training work-shop, HRC provided a forum for

the exchange of SHP experience andtechnology. The African participantswere earnest to prepare and to offertheir presentations. Altogetheraround 5 presentations were made bythe participants, introducing the SHPdevelopment status, experiences andlessons learnt in the practice of de-veloping SHP in their own countries.For instance, the presentation by theNigerian participants gave a detaileddescription of what is required con-cerning the country’s SHP develop-ment status, experience and poten-tial of SHP international cooperation.Nearly all of the African friends wereable to adopt the Power Point to givethe presentation. Some of their pre-sentations are being considered to beissued at the quarterly SHP Newsthat HRC edits and publishes.

n addition to training and studytours, sightseeing programs at

the weekends and sports competition

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Good morning !Dear colleagues,

I am honored to be with you thismorning. You all came far away fromAfrica to Hangzhou! On behalf of allHRC staff, I’d like to extend my warmwelcome to you for attending the 2002Sino-African SHP Training Work-shop.

This training workshop has beensponsored by Chinese Ministry ofForeign Trade and Economic Coop-eration, as part of China’s contribu-tion to South-South Cooperation orTCDC activities. TCDC means tech-nical cooperation among the devel-oping countries, to share the exper-tise, the facilities and the financialcost among the developing countries.

HRC has been active in promot-ing the global SHP development inthe past years and you have becomepart of this process! So far 589 inter-

Speech at opening ceremony of 2002Sino-African SHP training workshop

national participants from over 60countries attended the training pro-grams that HRC conducted. Our SHPmissions for SHP feasibility study,design or construction supervisionhave been implemented over 30 coun-tries in the world.

Recently, I have been appointedby the Chinese government as Direc-tor of HRC and I will do my best withmy colleagues including you-our Af-rican friends committed to promotingthe SHP construction in the develop-ing countries.

China is vast and rich in hydro-power resources, accounting for 680mil kW, of which 380 mil kW is theexploitable resources. The SHP ex-ploitable resource is around 87 milkW. However, the installed capacityof SHP exploited only reachedaround 30% of the total exploitableSHP resource. The three batches of

constructing over 600 counties ofprimary rural electrification programin China have been completed. Now,Chinese government has decided toset up 400 rural electrification coun-ties during 2000 and 2005 as the fourthbatch. With the increase of SHP in-stalled capacity and the developmentof local grids, the SHP in China hasbecome a new and proven industrywith unique features. In the recentyears, the State advocates reducingthe electricity price for the rural farm-ers and reforming the electricity sup-ply as a commodity into market ori-ented operation. A series of favor-able policies that the Chinese centraland local governments adopted tostimulate the exploitation of SHPhave resulted in the large-scale SHPconstruction, rural grid improvement,SHP station technical renovation andcultivated the market of SHP technol-ogy and equipment.

China and the African countriesbelong to the developing countries.With the holding of Sino-African Fo-rum in Beijing two years ago, Sino-African ties have been strengthenedconsiderably. In 2001, the first Sino-African SHP training workshop wasrun at HRC and altogether 9 partici-pants attended. It is much expectedthat with your active participation,more SHP cooperative projects couldhopefully be set up between HRCand the African countries.

Participants, Hangzhou is a well-known city of long standing in Chinaand it served as capital of China for


Dr. Chen Shengshui, Director of HRC


Good morning !Dear Colleagues,

I am pleased to be here to givean opening address to this importanttraining workshop specially desig-nated for our African friends, whichshows the sincere friendship betweenChina and African countries. I’d also,together with our Director Dr. Chen,express my congratulations to you foryour participation in the workshop.

I believe that most of you are

Opening address to 2002 Sino-African SHP training workshop

SHP-professionals, but I wonder ifyou are well aware of the history andprospect of international cooperationin the SHP sector. As the former Di-rector of HRC, I’d like to take this op-portunity to tell you some storiesabout this subject.

These stories include historicalbackground and three milestone meet-ings for SHP international coopera-tion. Up to mid –1970s, the electricenergy supply in the world was

mainly from fossil fuel generation,only about 1/5 from hydropower. Inearly 1970s, the price escalation ofpetrol pushed people to focus atten-tion on new and renewable sourcesof power production. These revital-ized the worldwide interest for SHPdevelopment which has almost beengiven up during the past several de-cades. Since then, both developedand developing countries paid impor-tance to the development of SHP. Aseries of international conferencehave been held for exploring waysand means of strengthening the in-ternational cooperation in the SHP-sectors. Here I’d only mention 3 mile-stone meetings:

The 1st one is the Kathmandu Meet-ing organized by UNIDO in 1979 inNepal’s capital Kathmandu. This wasthe 1st international meeting after theoil crisis in 1970s, and was attendedby 68 representatives from 23 devel-oping countries (including Africans)and 10 developed countries and sev-eral UN’s organizations. One of theimportant results of this meeting was

Mr. Zhu Xiaozhang, Honorary Director of HRC

over 200 years in the Chinese history.With the implementation of reformand opening policy during the past20 years in China, tremendouschanges have taken place around thecity. Apart from your study of SHPtechnology to serve your own coun-try in the promotion of SHP develop-ment after going back, you’ll have

chances to see and experience whatis going on in Hangzhou and in theother Chinese coastal areas.

Over one month study here atHRC is not long, however, I do hopeyou could benefit from the exchangeof SHP experience and technology,and strengthen the international co-operation of SHP among various

countries. We share the same objec-tive: To stimulate the exploitation ofSHP which is a renewable and envi-ronmentally sound energy appropri-ate for the vast rural areas in the de-veloping countries.

Finally, I wish your study fruit-ful and your stay pleasant!



the “Kathmandu Declaration”. It wasappealed that: “Exchange of informa-tion, knowledge and experience is feltto be of basic importance for promo-tion of this SHP technology, not onlybetween developed and developingcountries, but also among the devel-oping countries themselves”. Thisstatement indicated the earliest con-cept of South-South cooperation,which has then been expanded in avery broad way and deep senses,during the past 2 decades. As youhave seen, our training workshop hereis just a kind of South-South coop-eration project called TCDC program.OK, back to the Kathmandu Declara-tion which further stressed: “The Par-ticipants of the Meeting thereforedecide to underline the need for thestrengthening of international coop-eration in a systematic, efficient andeffective manner”.

The 2nd one was a similar meetingheld in Hangzhou, China and Manila,Philippines in 1980 also organized byUNIDO. Together with the 1st meet-ing, it also strongly recommended thesetting up of a center or centers ofexcellence relevant to SHP.

The 3rd one I want to inform you isthe UNCNRSE held in 1981 in Nairobi,the Capital of Kenya in Africa. Thisgrand conference was directly orga-nized by the UN Secretariat and at-tended by 124 countries with 1400delegates in which 90 were leaders atminister level or higher. According tothe “Program Action” of the Confer-ence, a series of centers of excellencefor new & renewable, including R+D,demonstration, dissemination, train-ing and information were anticipatedto be set up.

Thus, HRC has just been estab-lished from this background under

the sponsorship of Chinese govern-ment and UNDP/UNIDO.

Due to time limitation, I couldnot mention too much here. Anyhow,a lot of conferences and activities forinternational cooperation have thenbeen held over the past 20 years. Inthe mean time, there was also relevantexpansion of SHP-market worldwide,especially in the equipment supplyand project construction sectors,which has correspondingly been ex-tended from only relying on westerndeveloped countries into South-South Cooperation. Today as we arefacing globalization of economy, theworldwide cooperation for SHP de-velopment would surely from an im-portant sector. This is especially trueas for as technical aspect is consid-ered. I assume you are well aware thatcommon consensus has been at-tained internationally that SHP is anappropriate technology instead ofadvanced one. As an appropriatetechnology, SHP is most properly forand could easily be managed by de-veloping countries. In fact, rich expe-rience has already been accumulatedin some developing countries. Asyou have just heard from our Direc-tor, Dr. Chen’s introduction aboutChina’s success on SHP develop-ment, and after listening to all the lec-tures in the up-coming workshop, Ihope you will understand that Chinais an excellent example in this field. Idon’t want to repeat too much in thisconnection, but I have to point outthat the SHP technology in China ismature and proven, which is wrappedup through construction of more than40,000 SHP-stations. Furthermore, asChina’s SHP-technology is also plen-tiful and versatile, it is suitable forother developing countries. Ofcourse, what I mean “suitable” heremainly indicates those pure techni-cal issues, such as:

indigenous material for dam con-struction;

reasonable standard for powerplant design;

reliable and cost-effective produc-tion of turbine-generators with rea-sonable efficiency level;and environmentally friendly con-sideration of reservoir construction,etc.

For those social, economic andadministrative issues, I believe youwill certainly differentiate what is suit-able and what is not suitable to yourcountries, according to our differentpolitical, economic and social sys-tems.

Finally, I’d stress that followingthe tendency of globalization ofeconomy and China’s entry intoWTO, it is predictable that the eco-nomic and technical cooperation inthe SHP-sector between China andAfrican countries will have morespace to expand and bilateral tradewill also be further promoted. Ourcolleagues participated in this work-shop will be expected to act as abridge and initiators for the futurecooperation. I will be glad to offer mycontribution to you with respect toknowledge, experience and informa-tion that may be of help to your busi-ness. For this purpose, I will give apresentation of international coop-eration for SHP development to youby end of this workshop. As a fol-low-up action after that, we may sittogether to explore the potentials ofour future cooperation and discussrelevant issues that may be of con-cerns to both sides and hopefully,even make certain commitment of in-tention on some specific items.

I’d finish my address today andthank you for your attention.



Small Hydro Power in Nigeria

In partial fulfillment of the re-quirement for the completion of thetraining course on SHP, this presen-tation is made to briefly introduceour representative countries, theavailability of SHP in our countries,training experience and possibleareas of co-operation in SHP. Theimportance of SHP projects (to beinitiated in our countries) cannot beoveremphasized. This renewableapproach to power supply is a lu-crative and promising future pros-pect of energy development that de-serves a closer attention. As we de-liberate along we will discover a fewsuggestions that would add moreflesh to the entire presentation.

1 BRIEF INTRODUCTION OFNIGERIA

he total area of Nigeria is923,770 square kilometers,

bounded in the east by Cameroun(1690 km) and in the west by BeninRepublic (773 km) and in the north byNiger Republic (1497 km) and Chad(8 km )bringing the total land bound-aries to 4,047 km.

There are two seasons : the wetseason which runs from May throughOctober and the dry season whichprevails from November to April.

Messr Idris Mohammad (Na-

tional Electric Power Author-

ity, Nigeria)

Ikpo Kalu Ochu(Electrical In-

spectorate Services, Federal

Ministry of Power & Steel, Ni-

geria)

are 3 tiers of Government , namelyexecutive, legislative and the judiciary.Members of the national assembleyare elected from their constituenciesby the electorates.

Nigeria is rich in tourism attrac-tions. The Temperate climate duringthe two seasons affords tourist maxi-mum comfort from the outstandingmoderately cold plateau state (tempbetween 12 and 20 ) to the shinynorthern and southern state ( tempbetween 18 and 37 ) . Some tour-ists attractions and where the couldbe located in Nigeria are as follows.(1) Obudu cattle ranching in Cross

River state( East)(2) Olumo rock in Abeokute ,

Ogunstate ( West)(3) Osun shrine in Oshogbo, Osun

state (West)(4) Ikogusi warm and cold water

spring (Mid West)(5) Argungu fishing festival , Kebbi

state ( North)(6) Yankari games reserve Baauchi

state (North)(7) National Museum at Onikan ,

Lagos state (West)(8) Kainji/ Jebba/ Shiroro dams

Niger state (North Central)(9) Mambila plateau – Taraba state

(North East)(10) National Theatre at Iganmu,

Lagos state (West)(11) Usman DanFodio tomb, Sokoto

state ( North)There are about 7 major cities in

Nigeria with average population of 5million people in each . Hospitalityindustries are ridily available , fromthe luxurious Hilton and Sherotonhotels to the tourist – class hotels.All tourist hotels offer a choice ofmodern hotels with state-of-art com-munications facilities.


Nigeria is rich with several high-lands, lowlands, rivers, mountains,plateaux, with various vegetationsfrom one season to another. Promi-nent among the rivers are River Nigerand River Benue. About 65% of thepopulation earn their living from theland , mainly as subsistence farmers .Agriculture has been the mainstay ofthe national economy until the dis-covery of crude oil in the late 50’s.Petroleum has become the backboneof the nation’s economy with Nigeriaas the sixth largest producer of oil inthe world.

Nigeria is a multi-ethnic secularstate with a great variety of languagesspoken in the country. There areabout 230 tributes with over 250dialets in Nigeria. The three major trib-utes are the Housas (north), Igbos(East) and the Yorubas(West). En-glish is the official languages in Ni-geria.

Nigeria is the GMT+ 1 hour timezone , with twelve months of 30 days( September, April, June, November)31 days (January, March, May, Au-gust, October, December)and 28 daysfor February (or 29 days during leapyears).Nigeria uses 220 voltsnorminal AC voltage at 50Hz fre-quency.

Nigeria’s population is esti-mated at 124 million with averagegrowth rate of 3.05% and the capitalcity of Nigeria is ABUJA . The headof state , commander in chief of thearmed forces of Nigeria is ChiefOlusegun Obasanjo. There are 36state in Nigria apart from the Federalcapital territory. Nigeria practices thepresidenatial system of government.Elections are held every 4 years fornew leaders to emerge. Next Nigeriaelection is due by the year 2003. There

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The local currency in Nigeria isthe Naira made up of 100 Kobo = 1.There are denominations of ( 500, 200,100, 50, 20, 10 and 5) naira notes. Visi-tors may import unlimited amount offoreign currency , providing declara-tions of such currency is made tocustoms officials on arrival. Visitorsare able to change unused Nigeriancurrency back to the foreign currencyof their choice before departure at theairport in company of currency dec-laration form and receipt for exchangetransactions.

2 AVAILABILITY OF SHP STA-TIONS IN OUR COUNTRY

hough our report is suppose tobe in small hydro power which

is not available in our country wehave taken Shiroro hydro power as acase study.

Shiroro hydro electric power sta-tion is one of the 7 power stations inNigeria. It belongs to national elec-tric power authority( NEPA), whichis situated in Niger state, 550m downstream of the confluence of KadunaRiver with its tributary , the DinyaRiver about 60km north –east ofMinna , the state Capital.HISTORY

he story of the hydro electricproject in Nigeria dates back to

1951 when with the growth of indus-tries and rapid urbannisation the de-mand for electricity was rising fasterthan the suppler. The decision to builda dam across , river Kadnna in thearea of Shiroro –a small farmers vil-lage near minna in niger state thatgives its name to the gorge where theproject is located –has its origin inthe survey carried out in 1951 andrelevant to the exploitation of the en-ergy potential of the Nigeria river sys-tem. As a result of the reports of thesurvey, the niger dam project com-mittee (made up of representatives of

the Federal government , the govern-ment of the former northern Nigeriaand the former electricity corporationof Nigerai) recommended that an ini-tial development near Kurwasa fol-lowed by development at Shiroro andJebba would be most beneficial toNigeria. The Shiroro power station inthe Kaduna river is of 600 MW.

The final design of the wholeproject was prepared for NEPA bychas T main international inc. of Bos-ton Mass , USA who were also re-sponsible as Engineers for the super-vision of all the contracts required forits implementation while the contractsfor the construction of the civil workswas awarded by NEPA to an Italianfirm TORNO SPA towards the end of1978.

Other components of the projectwhere awarded to different compa-nies , which included the Austrian firmVOESt ALPINE for the supply andinstallation of the hydraulic turbineand governs , INGRA RADEKONCAR of the federal republic ofYugoslavia for the supply and instal-lation of the generator and exciationsystem, MITSUI/TOSHIBA of Japanfor the generator –transformers andGEC of UK for the projective relayand control equipment . High volt-age switchgear and other switchgearequipment where supplied by Si-emens AG of the Republic of Ger-many while CEI of Italy handled elec-trical installation and auxillary plantItems. A Spannish company, BYNSAsupplied the project cranes. In a simi-lar vein both the power intake andspillway gates together with the as-sociated electro-hydraulic controlequipment were suppl ied byTampella of Finland.DAM

he Dam is of a rock-fill type andstands 115m high above the

original river bed-elevation, across

Shiroro gorge for a crest length of 700metres. The width of the dam at itstoe is over 300 metres whilst its crest,which accommodates a service roadis 7.5m wide. The crest of the damhas a heavy re-inforced concreteparapet wall, more than 5 m high,which is also designed to protect topof the dam from the waves that willbuild up in the lake under wind pres-sure. POWER INTAKE

he 60m high reenforced concretetower of the power in take with a

44m by 15m rectangular plain is lo-cated on the right bank in the proxim-ity of the spillway’s structure. At thebottom the are four openings 5.50 mwide and 10m high through which,and a transition area in the concretestructure , the water from the reser-voir enters the circular penstock tobe finally conveyed to the turbinesin the power house. The bottom ofthe tower has 1.5m diameter water re-lease out let to maintain the flowwhen the turbines are not turning tobe used by people living along riverdown stream from the dam.

The intakes can be short bymeans of gates operated by hydrau-lic hoists located on the chamber ofthe top of the tower which is acces-sible from the dam crest, through asteel bridge.SPILL WAYS

he spillway is at the right abut-ment of the dam and is a re-

inforced concrete structure about100m long on its center line, whichincludes 4 openings 15m wide and16.65m high. The openings are con-trolled by means of hydraulically op-erated tainter gates. The capacity ofthe spillways is 7,500 cubic metres persecond. Downstream from thestructure a concrete chute 50m wideand 360m long built within the rightbank , takes the spilled water to the


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bucket at its end and finally into theplunge pool which has been providedby the excavating the existing riverbed. PENSTOCKS

he penstocks are made up ofsteel barrel with a diameter of

6.3m and have a total developedlength of 1,400m in four lines of vary-ing individual lengths , the totalweight is 4000 tons. The penstocklines, partly horizontal and partly in-clined are fully encased in reinforcedconcrete.POWER HOUSE

he main building of the powerhouse, which is 100m long and

about 40m wide house the 4150MW units. It is a massive rein-forced concrete structure most of itwithin the rock with a structural steelsuperstructure which supports theroof as well as the rails of the 210 tonsover head traveling cranes used forthe erection of the turbines and gen-erators and for their major mainte-nance. The maximum height of thebuilding from the foundation level tothe roof top is 51m. From the powerhouse the water flows back into theriverbed a downstream from the dam,through steel lined draft tubes andeight opening which can be short bymeans of the gates , controlled byanother gantry crane of 30 ton capac-ity.INSTALLED CAPACITY

hiroro hydro power has a totalcapacity of 600MW from the 4

generating units rated at 150MWeach at a head of 97m, each unit com-prise of a vertical francis hydraulicturbine unit controlled by an electrohydraulic governor. The turbinedrives a synchronous generator ofsalient pole construction having a netoutput of 150MW. The generator isexcited by a static self excitation sys-tem. The speed of rotation for the unit

is 150 rpm. These turbine generatorsare capable of independent operation.GENERATION

ower is generated at 16kV volt-age levels. A generator-trans-

former steps up the voltage to 330kVlevel for connection to national gridvia the agency of a 330kV switch yard.The national grid constitutes a powerpool to which all the power stationsand load centers are connected. Thestations annual energy generation is2230GWh. This accounts for a plantutilization of about 42%.TRANSMISSION

hiroro power station has 4200 MVA, 16-330kV power trans-

formers through which 4 short spanfeeders. Fed two(2) 330kV buses 1 and2. In between these buses 1 & 2 are abreaker and half system comprisingof SF6 circuit breaker and motor op-erated disconnect switches (Isola-tors). From the 2 buses emerge 4330kV feeders(2) between Shiroro andJebba and (2) between Shiroro andKaduna. The arrangement of thebuses allow for multiple sources ofpower utilizing the 4 lines. Provisionfor double circuit to Abuja has beenmade and partially equipped for fu-ture supply to Abuja at 330kV. Withinthe switch yard there is a provisionof 2 150MW , 330/132/33 kV autogrid transformers for the provision ofthe following transmission voltagelevels.a) 132 kV transmission lines

i)Double circuit 132 kV to Minnawhich also supplies Suleja, Abuja andBida.

ii) Single circuit 132 kV ShiroroTeg ina wh ich a l so supp l i e sContagora substation.b) 33 kV transmission lines

i) Single circuit from Shiroro toGwada and Kuta.

ii) 33 kV supply to 2 15 MVA33/11 kV transformers.

c) 11 kV distribution networki) 2 11 kV feeders to the

power station for power station aux-iliaries.

ii) 1 11 kV feeder to the seniorcamp.

iii) 1 11kV feeder to the op-erators and junior camps with T-offto Zumba resettlement village.

iv) 1 11kV feeder to theswitchyard auxiliaries.

v) 11 kV Supply to the supple-mentary National Control Center.SPECIAL FEATURES OF SHIRORO

a) The station runs on 4 NoFrancis Turbines which are suites forthe medium head reservoir operationof Shiroro lake.

b) Quick start from cold andquick load pick-up are also specialfeatures of the machine in the Shiroropower station.

c) Each of the 4 Shiroro machinescan boost power supply to the Na-tional Grid by 150 MW in just 6 min-utes.

This is one of the most impor-tant special features of Shiroro powerstation which makes the station vitalin handling emergencies resultingfrom sudden increases in load demandor sudden loss of the machine in an-other station.UNIQUE ACHIEVEMENTS ANDAWARD WINNING PERFORMANCE

a) Shiroro power station has re-mained the most reliable power sta-tion in the country’s electricity net-work.

b) Shiroro power station oper-ates at 100% capacity.

c) Its units are the fastest inboosting power supply to the Na-tional Grid.

d) In emergencies National Elec-tric Power Authority (NEPA) of Ni-geria falls balk on Shiroro power sta-tion for bulk production of electric-ity.


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e) It generates 25% of Nigeriaelectricity demand.IMPACT OF THE DAM ON ITS EN-VIRONMENT

lthough the power stationproject involves the relocation

of families, it also offers benefits tothe local communities. The creationof the dam led to the change of cli-matic condition in and around the lakearea. It modified the relative tempera-ture of the catchment area resultingin cold/warm zone in the Shiroro lo-cal government area. The northernarea where the lake is situated has acolder temperature than the southernpart of the local government. 1) ECONOMIC & SOCIAL IM-PACT

a) The dam and the switchyardconstitutes a tourist centre wherepeople from all works of life visit fortourism during holidays and week-ends.

b) The presence of the dam hascreated job opportunities at variouslevels for the indigenes and non-in-digenes as well.

c) The indigenes feel a sense ofbelonging by way of contributing tonational development through powergeneration from Shiroro power sta-tion.

d) The station represents aunique engineering firm for studentson excursion and provides a goodtraining ground for industrial train-ing of students of engineering andallied courses of study.

e) The station contributes imme-diately towards science education byproviding higher institutions with in-structional materials like old trans-formers, electric motors, pumps e.t.c..

f) The construction of Shirorodam has resulted in improved rev-enue generation for the state and lo-cal government through taxis fromcivil servants and various levies fromother settlers.

2) FISHINGFishing activities around Shiroro

dam on the river Kaduna was almostnone existent before the creation ofthe dam. After the construction ofthe dam , fishing has since com-menced resulting in more than fortyfishing villages located along thebanks of river Kaduna and its majortributaries mainly rivers Munye,Sarkinpawa, Dinya and Guni. The cre-ation of the dam has attracted immi-grants from distant areas such as Edostate, Sokoto state, Borno state, andeven Niger and Mali countries out-side Nigeria.

The construction of Shiroro damhas therefore given rise to the follow-ing.

a) Commercial fishing activity.b) Improved nutritional value on

the diet of the villagers.c) Alternative commercial activi-

ties and source of income instead ofthe usual farming activity alone .

d) Improved social status sinceadditional income is generated .

e) Improved social interactionwith the immigration of people fromfar and wide settling among the localpeople.3) AGRICULTURE

Before the impounding of thelake, the vegetation of the land alongthe Kaduna river was mainly sa-vanna, with patches of few woodlands along its tributaries of Guni,Muye, e.t.c. . However , the construc-tion of the dam has improved the fol-lowing agricultural activities in largescales.

a) Livestock production.b) Fadama farming.c) All year round farming by irri-

gation from the lake.d) Normal raining season farm-

ing, the major crops grown in the lakecatchment area include maize, rice,yam, cassava,millet, potatoes andguinea corn. The Fadama area yields

the following crops : sugarcane, veg-etables, tomatoes, pepper, e.t.c. .

3 EXPERIENCE DURING THETRAINING COURSE ON SHP INCHINA1) LECTURESTECHNOLOGY

mall hydro-power is a new tech-nology which has not been

praticed in our country. During thetraining the technological aspect ofSHP were thoroughly taught and un-derstood. Areas covered under SHPwere hydrology, geology, power, pro-tection, control , construction andmetering systems. All these aspectswere taught by different research en-gineers/specialists in details theoreti-cally and later followed by practicalexplanation during site visit outsideHRC training center.

The Automation of electricalenergy is also an important aspectthat was taught. This automationmade technology easier operationally,though it has a disadvantage of cre-ating unemployment in the country.Since research is the back bone ofany developing country, redundantworkers caused by automation canbe transferred to reaserch centers inorder to discover more technologiesor improve on the existing ones.INTERNATIONAL TRADE

he main aim of this training istechnical cooperation which

cannot be achieved without interna-tional trade among developing coun-tries. During the training some of theinternational trade terms were high-lighted and explained in details. Theseterms assist both the import /buyerand the exporter or seller. Some ofthese terms are FOB,FCA,CPT,CIP,etc. All these terms are provided toguide both the importer and exporter,so when ever our country is ready toimport something from China, wehave been taught during this train-


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ing how to make use of these terms.If these terms are properly defined byboth the importer and exporter at thebeginning of the business the wouldbe no difficult in resolving dispute ifit occur at the end of the business.For example if CPT(carriage paid todestination) agreement is made andexporter failed to pay for the carriage,CPT term would be refered to and lawwill be enforced on the exporter tofulfill the agreement.GENERAL

There are other experiences ortrainings acquired during this courseperiod apart from technology and in-ternational trade experience.

During the site seeing, it wasdiscovered that Chinese governmentconverted some wonders of naturein and outside Hangzhou to recre-ational and tourist centers. This at-tracts many people within China andother parts of the world to come astourists or for recreation. It also pro-vides revenue for the government andjob opportunities for the citizens.There are natural places like those ofChina in our country which could beutilized in the same way or even bet-ter. From the knowledge we have ac-quired through the training, this willbe conveyed to our country and simi-lar recreational centers shall be con-structed. Some of these places areWest Lake, Fish/Animal zoo, whererocks were excavated to house ani-mals and fish. There are other placesvisited outside Hangzhou where foot-path was provided over a long hill ofabout 2km which also has water fallsat different elevations. This alsobrings revenue to the government asone of the recreational and touristcentre in China.2) NEW DIMENSIONS

mall hydro construction has ledto new dimensions in the field

of technology . Presently there is noSHP in our country, but from the

knowledge acquired we have seenthe importance of SHP and some newdimensions taken by China in the fieldof technology. Some of these new di-mensions include pumped storagepower stations, used to balance loadsat base and peak periods . This couldalso be used to maintain generationat low water head in the dam by pump-ing water from the down stream tothe upstream of the dam.

The decentralization of powercontrol and independent power sta-tions practiced in China is also some-thing that brings about the stabilityof power supply in the country. Thisis possible because of the construc-tion of many SHP stations at differ-ent localities to supply particular orspecific communities. This will pre-vent a whole nation from experienc-ing total blackout due to failure froma station or line. SHP can be as manyas possible because it is pollution freeand has lower maintenance coststhan others.3) WELFARE IN CHINA

n the area of welfare, HRC hasdone a lot to make us comfort-

able at all times both in and outsideHRC. Site seeing was regularly orga-nized from time to time in and outsideHangzhou city. The co-ordinators ofthe course were always ready to ac-cept our complaints. Whenever werequired anything outside HRC pre-mises, they would describe the placeto us and many times accompany usto the place. None of the HRC staffhas ever frowned at us despite ourcontinues request of one thing oranother, instead they laughed andjoked with us, thereby making us toalways fill at home. We shall reallymiss all of our co-ordinators after de-parture to our various countries, be-cause they treated us like their ownbrothers especially messrs Pan,Yan,Shen,and Zhao. We promise to con-tinue communicating with them after

returning to our respective countries,and probably make a visit /businesstrip to China via HRC.4) RECOMMENDATIONS

he knowledge acquired duringthe training on SHP has exposed

us to many fields of technology. Thefollowing recommendations aretherefore important for our countryto be implemented.

a) Construction of SHP projects toimprove the stability of power supply.

b)Construction of pumped stor-age hydro power stations to minimizenon-generation due to water shortage .

c) Decentralization of nationalcontrol centre to minimize total black-out due to loss of a unit or line.

d) Construction of independentSHP stations at different localities to sup-ply particular or specific communities.

e) Sending personnel to devel-oped or developing countries to par-ticipate in the construction of SHPstations.

4 POSSIBLE AREAS OF CO-OP-ERATION ON SHP BETWEENOUR TWO COUNTRIES

he training programme on SHPin China can be described as an

eye opener. The availability of themuch needed electrical energythrough SHP exploitation in Chinaprovides a great lesson to be learntby an inquiring mind. The need to pre-serve our much treasured forests andwild life by providing alternativemeans of fuel for daily domestic uses,the need to pull our resources to-gether to fight desert encroachmentin the northern part of our countrythrough construction of SHP dams,and the need to establish cottage in-dustries in the rural areas as abun-dant SHP energy will be readily avail-able, thereby decreasing rural-urbandrift make it abundantly necessarythat areas of possible co-operation


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between our two countries should bediligently sought and established.This measure will in the nearest fu-ture make Nigeria benefit from thegains of SHP projects that is beingenjoyed by China presently.1) CO-OPERATION THROUGHEDUCATIONInformation dissemination

he two countries can co-oper-ate to a great extent depending

on the level of information that isavailable to both the government andthe governed. Information on avail-ability of small hydro power alterna-tives and its gains will normally rouseattentions especially if the presentmeans of power supply is unsatisfac-tory.

Creating awareness through themedia or radio/TV adverts, newslet-ters and publications will greatly af-ford everyone an opportunity to com-pare and contrast, and thereby makepositive contributions towards theestablishment of SHP protects in thecountry.

Educational materials in form ofjournals, correspondence coursesand possible integration of SHPcourses in the curriculum of Nigerianhigher institutions will greatly en-hance co-operation on SHP betweenthe two countries. 2) TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION

pecia l technical t ra in ingprogramme may be signed be-

tween the two countries wherebytechnical personnel will be sent toChina from Nigeria to be trained onthe rudiments of SHP technical know-how. These trained personnel subse-quently work closely with expertsfrom China in the course of consult-ing, planning, construction and ex-ecution of SHP projects in Nigeria.This aspect of possible co-operationwill also involve equipment supplyand maintenance. Since China hasfully developed and automated the

manufacture, operation and controlof SHP technology, it becomes a loteasier to also train some team of tech-nical personnel from Nigeria withinthe same industries in China.

There is possibility of systematictechnology transfer in the area of SHPexploitation in Nigeria from China sincethe latter has a complete and compre-hensive package of this lucrative re-newable energy. Provision of spareparts , useful result-oriented solutionsand proper maintenance culture will notpose any problem. China is fullyequipped and appears ready for anyproposals from our country.3) GOVERNMENT POLICIES

he government of Nigeria isknown for polices that are both

people oriented and intergovernmen-tal-friendly. As a democratic govern-ment , the welfare of the governedconstitutes the major aspect of thegovernment’s programme. Provisionof steady and uninterrupted powersupply has been one of the outstand-ing feats the present governmentseeks to achieve. Introduction of suchpolicies in China (to the governmentof Nigeria) that created enabling en-vironment for SHP projects and sup-ply to thrive is a very useful tool thatcan bring about real co-operation onSHP.

The policies of government ofNigeria greatly favour foreign invest-ments in Nigeria. Chinese governmentcan fully use this opportunity to investon SHP in Nigeria and become a majorshareholder. This will be a most desir-able venture in Nigerian economy.Chinese government stands to gaina lot form this joint venture co-opera-tion.4) ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION

oods and services abound inChina of which our two govern-

ments can co-operate,SHP projectbeing a priority presently. Economicliberalization in Nigeria opens doors

for this exchange of goods and ser-vices between the two countries.

The volume of economic trans-action between the two counties willfurther increase public confidence infuture areas of co-operation, this timearound, on small hydro power gen-eration.

More bilateral agreements couldbe advocated between the two coun-tries on such areas as project execu-tions, intermediate technology devel-opment or other aspects of technicalco-operation.5) CONTINUITY OF CO-OPERA-TION

he consolidation and suste-nance of the different possible

areas of co-operation between thetwo countries so far discussed willfurther create greater opportunities.This means that the co-operation en-joyed by the present generation willbe transferred to the next. This con-tinuous co-operation will graduallytransform into inter-governmental co-operation of unimagined proportion.

This will bring about lots of mu-tual benefits between the two countries.

5 CONCLUSION

hina has gone a long way inestablishing an SHP industry

and its subsidiaries. The prospectsare very high for China to exploit theabundant opportunities for con-structing SHP stations in Nigeria.

The Nigerian Government at-taches a lot of priority to stable andun-interrupted power supply. Thesetwo Governments can cooperate atthis level to enable China deliver herpackaged energy potentials on theone hand, and afford Nigeria the op-portunity of realizing her dream ofabundant power supply for economicprosperity on the other hand. Thesecooperations in our opinion shouldtake immediate effect.


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H.Boby;

D.Mashauri

(Tanzania Electric SupplyCompany Ltd.)

Small Hydro Power and RuralElectrification in Tanzania

1 TANZANIA IN BRIEFhe United Republic of Tanzaniawas formed in 26th , April 1964. It

consists of the mainland, formerlyknown as Tanganyika and ZanzibarIsland. The capital is Dar es Salaamand the official administrative capitalis Dodoma.

It is located in Eastern Africa,bordering the Indian Ocean to theEast, Kenya and Uganda to theNorth, Rwanda, Burundi and Demo-cratic Republic of Congo (Zaire) tothe West, Zambia and Malawi to theSouthwest and Mozambique to theSouth. Geographic Co-ordinates are02 00 S-11 00 S and 30 00 E-40 00 E.

Natural resources exist in thecountry include hydropower, tin,nickel, phosphates, iron ore, coal, dia-monds, gemstones, gold and natural

masl) has hot days and cool nights.The Northern and Southern high-lands has temperate climate. Therainy seasons extend from Novemberto May and dry seasons from June toOctober.1.3 Hydrology and Environment

Tanzania is the country of theGreat Lakes. It is bounded in theNorth by Lake Victoria, the source ofRiver Nile, in the West is LakeTanganyika, and the second deepestlake in the world and in the South isLake Nyasa. There are also inlandlakes mainly, Rukwa, Manyara, Eyasiand Natron.

Tanzania main river basins are:Rufiji, Kagera, Malagarasi, Ruvuma,Pangani, Wami, Mara and coastal riv-ers, of which all have hydropowerpotentials most of them undeveloped.

Environmental issues includesoil degradation, deforestation, deser-tification, destruction of coral reefsthreatens marine habitats, unreliablerainfall affects marginal agriculture.1.4 Economy

The economy is mainly depen-dent on agriculture, which accountsfor 56% of GDP, provides 85% of ex-ports, and employs 90% of the workforce. Topography and climatic con-ditions, however, limit cultivatedcrops to only 4% of the land area.Industry accounts for 15% of GDPand is mainly limited to processingagricultural products and light con-sumer goods. Services account forthe remaining 29%.2 ENERGY

he Ministry of Energy and Min-erals is responsible with all en-

ergy-related matters in Tanzania. Un-der the Ministry, Tanzania ElectricSupply Company Ltd.(TANESCO), a

gas.The history of Tanzania goes

back over one and half million years.The remains of the earliest knownman were discovered at OlduvaiGorge, Northern Tanzania in 1959.There is evidence of at least six civili-sations, which have left traces of theirculture and history. Excavations haverevealed Roman coins and Chinesepottery.

1.1 Salient featuresCoverage 945,090 sq. kmInland Water Area 59,050 sq. kmProtected Wildlife Area 247,550 sq.kmCoastline 1,424 kmPopulation 32,000,000 (2001 estimate)Language Kiswahili and EnglishHighest Elevation 5,895 masl (Mt.Kilimanjaro)Deepest Point 773 mbsl (LakeTanganyike bed)Electricity 220Volts, 50Hz1.2 Topography and Climate

The country rolls from forestedmountains in the North and South,through the great central plateau ofrich brown savannah grasses andbushes, down to the tropical coast-line in the East. Extremes of topo-graphical relief of African continentlie within Tanzania territory. MountKilimanjaro has a permanent ice capat 5,895 masl, and the deepest pointlies in the Tanganyika Lake bed at 773mbsl. The significant geologicalstructure is the East African Rift val-ley, its escarpment being the mostfavoured terrain for hydropower po-tential.

The coastal areas are hot andhumid, with average day temperatureof 30 . The central plateau (~1,200


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state owned company, was formerlythe only company responsible forgeneration, transmission and distri-bution of electricity. Other institu-tions involved are Ministry of Wa-ter( MoW) and The University of Dares Salaam(UDSM). Recently, the en-ergy sector has been reformed to al-low private investment. Currentlythere is only one IPP thermal powerplant with installed capacity of 100MW.

The main source of energy isbiomass (fuel wood), which accountsto 85% of the total energy consump-tion. Fossil fuel and Electricity ac-counts to 9% and 6% respectively.2.1 Electricity

Electricity consumption by theend of year 1999 was 1911 GWh, outof which, 87GWh were imported fromUganda. The current energy produc-tion does not meet the demand, this

2.2 Electricity GenerationThe current status is that ther-

mal amounts to 12.10% and hydro87.90% of total country generation.However, the installed capacity is41% and 59% respectively.2.3 Hydropower Potential

Total hydropower potential is4002 MW, out of which, 70 MW isSmall Hydropower. The current de-veloped hydropower makes only 14%of the total hydropower potential, andthe developed small hydropower is16% of the total Small Hydropowerpotential.

2.4 Small HydropowerThe capacity range of small hy-

dro power plants is not exactly de-fined, however in Tanzania the fol-lowing classification is used: small-scale hydropower plants 2.0-10.0MW, mini hydropower plants 0.5-2.0 MW, micro hydropower plants0.5MW.

Presently there are five devel-oped small hydropower stations andonly one (Nyumba ya Mungu) withinstalled capacity of 8.0 MW is con-nected to the grid. Three stations(Kikuletwa, Tosamaganga andMbalizi) currently are not working.The last one (Uwemba) is isolatedfrom the gird with an installed capac-ity of 0.75 MW, supplying power toNjombe district (county), in South-ern Tanzania.2.5 Rural Electrification

Tanzania is currently involvingherself in a rural electrification pro-gram, whereby all district headquar-ters and load centers should be elec-trified. Through this initiative, devel-opment of small hydropower is veryimportant. The existing non-workingsmall hydropower plants will be re-furbished and some of 23 studiedsmall hydropower potential will bedeveloped, pending on availability offunds.2.6 Conclusion

It is estimated that in the devel-oping countries alone, it would be aneconomic proposition to put about200,000 MW of installed capacity touse by means of small-scale hydro-power plants. This provides an amplescope for rural electrification on thebasis of renewable energy. Joint ef-fort and International Corporation(Technology Transfer, Consultancy,Information Sharing, Business Cor-poration) among developing coun-tries is needed to harness the abun-dant potential.

call for a development of the hydro-power potential sites, which are atfeasibility stage (Upper Kihansi,Ruhudji and Rumakali) and add moregas turbines. Currently there is ashort-term plan to import more energy

from Zambia. The current installed

capacity is as shown in table 1.


Table 1

GRID INSTALLED CAPACITY

HYDRO

POWER STATION INSTALLED CAPACITY (MW)

KIDATU 204.00

KIHANSI 180.00

MTERA 80.00

NEW PANGANI FALLS 68.00

HALE 21.00

NYUMBA YA MUNGU 8.00

TOTAL HYDRO 561.00

THERMAL

DIESEL 152.00

GAS TURBINE 112.00

IPP 100.00

TOTAL THERMAL 364.00

TOTAL GRID CAPACITY 925.00

ISOLATED INSTALLED CAPACITY

HYDRO 0.75

THERMAL 28.00

TOTAL ISOLATED 28.75

TOTAL INSTALLED CAPACITY 953.75


Small hydro Power in Burundi

NTUNZWENIMANA

Gagarine,

NIYONGINGO Nehemie

(REGIDESO, Burundi)


URUNDI has very good cooperation with CHINA especially in tech-nique and Economy.

- From 1972, CHINA has promised to construct the first national SHPplant on the MUGERE river near Bujumbura (8 MW). In 1982, this SHPbegan to output electricity.- Actually CHINA has accepted to finance the MPANDA SHP project (10.4MW).- CHINA has also accepted to build a technical university at Bujumbura toincrease technical engineer staff.- There is many other works: health, textile industry, roads construction.

This good and effective cooperation has been especially confirmedthrough the two last regular complete revisions of the MUGERE SHP evenif some times the security on the field was disturbed. The last one has beensupported by the CHINA Government (more than 400,000 US $). Also, twoChinese staffs assisted by three Burundian operators are going on withpreventive and curative maintenance of the equipments of this SHP plant.

Burundi geographic informations and economic situation informa-tions are shown in table 1 and table 2.

B

1 SHP in Burundi

1.1. Historic

- 1959: An overhead electrical line 70kV from RUZIZI I SHP plant ofCONGO supplied Bujumbura.- 1982: The first national SHP plant(MUGERE 8 MW) constructed by theCHINA Government has also sup-plied Bujumbura since May, 12. 1982.- Since that date to 1988, eight (8)other SHP plants have been con-structed progressively to supply themain centers inside the country, asshowed on the national electric net-work map.

This network is actually suppliedby- 9 national SHP with a total in-stalled capacity of 30.9 MW,- 2 for-eign SHP plants (one of SNEL-CONGO with 4 MW, another of

SINELACCEPGL 13.3 MW) by twooverhead HV lines.

All these 11 SHP assume theBURUNDI electricity supply by HVelectrical lines: 110 kV, 70 kV, 35 kV, 30kV and 10 kV.

There is a thermal power stationof total installed capacity 5.5 MW (2

1.5 MW, 2 1.25 MW) which hasbeen constructed in June 1996 forscour supp ly o f t he cap i t a lBujumbura.

Actually there are 4 national in-terconnected SHP (RWEGURA,MUGERE, RUVVYIRONZA andNYEMAGA) and 5 isolated SHP(GIKONGE, MARANGARA,KAYENZI, BUHIGA and SANZU).

1.2. SHP

See the table 3.As presented through this table,



Geographic situation

Neighbor counties

Seasons

Area and surface

PopulationWater

- Near the west lift valley, beside the Tanganyikalake

- In the middle of Africa (Great lakes Region)- In South of the Equator line (3 degree)TANZANIA (East and South-East), CONGO(West and South-West) and RWANDA (North)Two seasons- Rain season (October-May)- Dry season (June-September)- In general, a mountainous area in the middle- With two very narrow plains in the West and

in the East- Surface: 27800 km2

6,000,000- In general the all area has some small rivers.- The Tanganyika lake is the biggest reservoir

for water supply to the capital Bujumbura andother nearby cities.

- There are in the North 4 very small lakes.

Table 1 Burundi Geographic Informations

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4

56

Table 2 Burundi Economic Situation Informations

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II.

Natural resourcesOres

Soil fertilityAgriculture

Forest and Reforestment

Breeding and Fishing

- Very few, not enough to be exploited by com-panies

- Only there is a Nickel exploitation project inpreparation - with a South-African companyENDOVER.

In general, the soil is not very fertile.- The most part (>95%) is a family small agri-

culture for direct consumption.- A little part is for exportation: Coffee, Thee

and Cotton agriculture.-There are some natural forest and the Gov-ernment encourages the peoples to reforest.

- There is familial breeding of Cows, Pork,Goats, Sheep, Chickens, ….(for fumier, meatand milk resources).

-Fishing is especially made in the Tanganyikalake (very good quality fish).

* Two foreign SHP contribute to sup-ply in electricity the Burundian inter-connected grid:- RUZIZI I: belongs to SNELCONGO company (total installed ca-pacity 39.7 MW, power part toBURUNDI 4 MW) by a 70 kV over-head electrical line.- RUZXIZI I I : be longs toSINELAC CEPGL (BURUNDI,CONGO, RWANDA) company (totalinstalled capacity 45 MW, power partto BURUNDI 13.3 MW) by a 110 kVoverhead electrical line.* Five SHP projects are presented.- 2002 to 2005: MPANDA SHP(10.4 MW) and KABU 16 SHP (20MW).- After 2005 two other SHP areprojected: Jiji 003 (15.5 MW) andMULE 34 (16.5 MW).- The 5th is RUSUMO FALLSMHP plant (61.2 MW) which will be-long to the OBK (BURUNDI,RWANDA, UGANDA, TANZANIA)international organization.

Moreover, our company,REGIDESO, is constructing HV linesto prepare for few years the intercon-nection of all it’s SHP. So, theBURUNDI will be electrically sup-plied by one interconnected grid morereliable.

1.3 Electricity and Water

The electricity and water pro-duction and distribution are assumedby a national company, REGIDESO.- Total staff: 1200 persons,- Service duration: 40 years. From this30th of June will be the 40th anniver-sary.

There is another small public de-partment (DGHER) which supply wa-ter and electricity in rural small citiesto promote the development of therural areas.



III.

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VII

Transport lines to for-eign countries

Tourism

Industry or manufacturing

Trading

Energy resources

- Water line though the Tnganyika lake toreach the nearby ports of TANZANMIA(Kigoma), ZAMBIA (Lusaka), MLAWIA(Mpulungu) and some small others of CONGO- sea area, no sea transport line- Roads: there are roads to reach the neigh-bor countries but two of them are the mostimportant roads for tank truck and transitgoods carrying to reach Dar-es-Alam(ANZANIA) and Mombassa (KENYA) ports.- Air lines: from the Bujumbura internationalairport

There are beaches (on the sides of the lakes),sceneries, small parks, natural reserves,mountains, falls and small hydrographic es-tablishments.

- Most of them are in the capital Bujumbura.But some others are in the rural area.- Drinks manufacture: BRARUDI, BRAGITA- Coffee manufacture: OCIBU, SODECO- Cotton production and manufacturing:COGERCO, COTEBU, RAFINA- The production and manufacturing: OTB- Sugar manufacturing: SOSUMO- Many other small manufactures and work-shops

The importation is greater than the exporta-tion.The importation concerns the foreign manu-factured products from China, Taiwan, Japan,France, Germany, Italia, ….The exportation concerns especially the cof-fee, the thee, the cotton.

Hydro-energy is the most utilized. The totalpotential HP capacity is 300MW and the to-tal already installed capacity is 30 MW (10%).The petrol is imported (1l cost: 0.8 $ US),Wood for heating (70 % of the all used wood).Sun lotion is no exploited until now.Peat: used especially for cooking in big peoplecenter as schools, camps ….

2 Our Benefits in This TrainingWorkshop

2.1 SHP

In our companys, we are in twotechnical electrical services: powerProduction(Mr NTUNZWENI-MANA Gagarine ) and network de-sign and planning (Mr NIYONGINGONehemie). As technical staff, thistraining workshop has given us manydetail knowledge’s as follows.

- The different structures of a SHPfrom design, construction until exploi-tation;

- The different inspections to preparethe revisions or the refurbishments;

- The abilities of CHINA (it’s compa-nies and research centers, in particu-lar HRC) to promote the SHP insideand in foreign countries;

- The CHINA cooperation about SHPpromotion very useful for develop-ing countries (especially Africancountries);

- Complete case study presentation,our own case study: MUGERE SHP(near Bujumbura);

- The comprehensive exploitation ofdams (water supply, irrigation, powergeneration, flood protection, fishing,sightseeing … ).

2.2 Reception, Visite and Tourism

CHINA (HRC) has made us a verygood reception to be considered asexample. The manufactures visited(KVAERNER, LMMW) have given usopportunities to realize the Chinesepotential SHP partners to BURUNDI(REGIDESO). Tourist sites, rural ar-



eas and cities visits have been for usopportunities to see the East CHINAhuman activities and environmentwhich are very good examples to ourcountry.

This training workshop hasgiven us more knowledge and atten-tion to pay on SHP also the CHINA’sability to promote these stationsamong developing countries. This isa very important thing to our countryBURUNDI (and our companyREGIDESO) which use almost onlySHP to produce electrical energy. Itis sure that this will be very useful forthe already being and future hydro-power.

3 Conclusion

Began by a very good reception,the SHP training workshop has beensuccessfully made. HRC has used allthe means to disponibilize highlyqualified and experimented teachers

Table 3 SHP Description in Burundi

Position SHP Location Start year Number Installed Guarantee Mean Guarantee Discharge Head

and type capacity power energy energy (m3/s) (m)

of turbine (MW) (MW) (GWh/year) (GWh/year)

1 Mugere Bujumbura 1982 4 Pelton 8 2.2 40 19 0.944 274

2 Rwegura Cibotoke 1986 3 pelton 18 4.6 55 35.7 1.52 480

3 Ruvyironza Gitega 1980 3 Crossflow 1.275 1.2 11 10.5 3.2 17.4

4 Gikonge Muramvya 1982 2 Crossflow 0.85 0.24 6.8 2.1 2.15 27.3

5 Marangara Ngozi 1984 2 Francis 0.24 0.22 2 1.9 0.29 60

6 Kayenzi Muyinga 1984 2 Francis 0.8 0.15 1.3 0.31 1.91 26.4

7 Buhiga Karuzi 1984 1 (+1) Crossflow 0.24 (0.48) 0.15 1.2 0.95 1.1 26

8 Sanzu Ruyigi 1982 1 Crossflow 0.072 \ \ \ \ \

9 Nyemanga Bururi 1988 2 (+2) Pelton 1.4 (2.8) 1.4 12.2 12.2 0.37 226

10 Ruzizi I RD Congo 1959 4 Kaplan 4 4 34 34 \ \

11 Ruzizi II RD Congo 1989 3 Francis 13.3 5.4 73 47 \ \

12 Mpanda Bubanza Proj 2 Pelton 10.4 3.7 34 30 \ 874

13 Kabu 16 Cibitoke Proj 2 Francis 20 8 111.7 70.08 6.425 181.5

14 Jiji003 Bururi Proj 3 Pelton 15.5 \ \ \ 1.87 375

15 Mule 34 Bururi Proj 3 Pelton 16.5 \ \ \ 2.85 235

16 Rusumo Tanzania- Proj \ 61.2 \ \ \ \ \

Falls Uganda

to give us their knowledge in SHP:technical design, business and trad-ing.

It is sure that this improves forus how to serve our country (particu-larly our company REGIDESO) whenwe will be back.

This contribution effort amongdeveloping countries has merited ourgreatest congratulations to CHINAPeople Republic Government, par-ticularly to HRC.

About these training work-shops, we would like to express thefollowing recommendations.

- May such training workshop go onuntil outreach the all (developing)countries> It is also a way to increasetheir development.

- It is desirable to be created a HRCinternet site for technical works, pub-lications. This will be very useful for

us and for others even if fare we are.It will be a great contribution to de-velop the all world especially ourcountry (among developing coun-ties) in Hydro Plants.

Last but not least, we could notfinish our presentation without ex-pressing our sincere thanks toCHINA, especially HRC and all it’sstaff, for all the effort used to receive,to accompany and to teach us fromthe beginning until the end of thistraining workshop. We go back withthe very distinguished fruit of yourlaborious work that we carry veryhonestly to our country. It gives usmore ability to the works of our com-pany.

To end, we thank to all the rep-resentatives of CHINA People Re-public Government, TCDC, the rep-resentatives of HRC, all the HRC‘sstaff and our friends trainees.


ponsored by the UN and China,Hangzhou Regional Center for

SHP (HRC) aims at promoting theSHP development in the world. Chinahas most SHP stations and has gainedmuch experience in SHP develop-ment. In order to disseminate SHPtechnology, HRC has already heldwith success 34 training workshopsfor 589 participants from 60 countries.1.Objectives: To master the basictheory and principles of SHP devel-opment, feasibility study, operation,maintenance etc.2.Date:From 9 Oct. to 18 Nov. 2002,Hangzhou, P.R. China.3.Venue:Hangzhou Regional Centerfor SHP, Hagnzhou, China.4.Course Contents: Procedures ofSHP development, feasibility study,hydrological analysis, low-cost civilstructure, turbo-generator, electricdesign, automation, economic evalu-ation, operation, maintenance.5.Training Methods:Lectures, dis-cussions, field trips & seminar.6. Medium of Instruction:English7.Source of Trainees:SHP technicalpersonnel or officials from develop-ing countries.8.Methods for Evaluation: present-

ing country report on SHP.9.Participant’s Qualifications andRequirements for Admission:Theapplicants should be under 45 yearsold, graduated from technical schoolswith two years’ SHP practice, be ingood health with no infectious dis-eases and not handicapped, be profi-cient in English; prepare a reviewpaper or report on SHP developmentof the participants’ country, not tobring family members to the trainingcourse, to observe all the laws, rulesand regulations of P.R. China and re-spect the Chinese customs.10.Training Expenses:The expensesof training, boarding and lodging, lo-cal transportation, pocket money ofRMB 30 Yuan per person per dayduring the training period in Chinawill be borne by the Chinese govern-ment and distributed by HRC. Theinternational travel costs includinground trip tickets, transit fares, theexpenses of medical care, insurancefor the participants are covered by theparticipants themselves.11.Application and Admission:Nominated by their respective gov-ernments, applicants are requested tofill up the Application Forms, which

should be endorsed by the depart-ments concerned of their respectivegovernments, and submit with validHealth Certificates provided by au-thorized physicians or hospitals to theE c o n o m i c a n d C o m m e r c i a lCounsellor’s Office of Chinese Em-bassy (ECCOCE) for endorsement; Ifendorsed, Admission Notices will beissued to the accepted participants byECCOCE through the related govern-ment departments. With AdmissionNotices, participants should gothrough all necessary formalities withall the mentioned documents to Chinaon the registration date.12.Insurance:The training course or-ganizer dose not hold any responsi-bility for such risks as loss of life,accidents, illness, loss of propertyincurred by the participants during thetraining period.13.Liaison Address:Attn:Mr.D.Pan&Ms. Shen XuequnHangzhou Regional Center (Asia-Pacific) for Small Hydro powerHangzhou, P.R. China, 310012;Phone:0086 571 88086586Fax:0086 571 88062934E-Mail:hrc@mail hz.zj.cnhttp://www.hrcshp.org

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SHP in China

ENROLMENT INFORMATION

2002 TCDC Training Workshop on Small Hydro PowerENROLMENT INFORMATION

2002 TCDC Training Workshop on Small Hydro Power


ollowing the invitation of Vietnam Institute for Wa-ter Resources Research (VIWRR), the Chinese del-

egation from Hangzhou Regional Center for Small HydroPower (HRC) headed by the deputy director of NanjingHydraulic Research Institute (NHRI), director of HRC,Prof. Chen Shengshui, has paid a visit to VIWRR fromJune 5 to June 9, 2002 to explore the possibility and fieldsof cooperation. The delegation consists of three mem-bers, i.e. Director of HRC, Prof. Chen Shengshui, Chief ofautomation division Mr. Xujincai and senior consultantMr. Li Zhiwu.

During its stay in Vietnam, the delegation mainly heldtechnical exchange and cooperative discussion with theVietnam Institute for Water Resources Research (VIWRR)and its affiliated Hydro Power Center (HPC).

In the afternoon of June 5, the delegation arrived inHanoi, and on June 6 the deputy Director of HPC intro-duced the multi-purpose hydropower project JinshanLake station, as well as the basic profiles of other 6 sta-tions under programming or feasibility study that carriedout by HPC.

In the morning of June 7, the delegation visited theVietnam Institute for Water Resources Research, and withthe participation of Dr. Nguyen Tuan Anh, Director ofVIWRR, the deputy Director and senior researchers fromthe Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development etc.,both sides conducted technical exchanges, and introducedthe structures and the business scopes of their researchinstitutes, the main achievements scored and the beingexecuted scientific and research activities as well. Coop-erative fields and the possibility were discussed amongVIWRR, HPC, Nanjing Hydropower Research Institute(NHRI) and Hangzhou Regional Center (Asia-Pacific) forSmall Hydropower (HRC).

In the afternoon of June 7, Mr. Hoang Van Thang,Director of HPC emphasized that Vietnam would quickensteps to develop the medium and small-sized hydropower,and planned that recently 40 medium and small-sized hy-dropower stations are to be tapped, among which thereare 15 stations with the installed capacity of 0.5-7MW,and 25 stations with the installed capacity of 9-100MW.In the past, in Vietnam the medium and small-sized hydro-power stations are all invested by the state, and now morefund channels are adopted including foreign fund and

Sino-Vietnam Cooperation for Water Conservancy &Hydropower Further Strengthened

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private investment.On June 8, a field visit was orga-

nized to the pilot multi-purposeJinshan Lake hydropower station, inwhich the dam, the powerhouse andthe transmission lines have alreadybeen implemented, and turbine-gen-erator units and the automation sys-tem waits to be equipped. The invest-ment for this station is from VIWRR.After this visit, Chinese delegates be-lieve that, this hydropower station isvery close to Hanoi and the famousscenic area-Xialong Bay, only 40kmaway from Youyi Quan, which is en-dowed with beautiful natural environ-ment, and other functions such aspower generation, flood prevention,irrigation, fishery, environment pro-

tection, tourism and so on.On June 9, the delegation intro-

duced the Director of HPC with thebasic thoughts of comprehensivelydeveloping the Jinshan Lake hydro-power station.

After several rounds of friendlydiscussions and field trip to the pro-posed hydropower plant, a memoran-dum of cooperation agreementsigned coveres the following fields.

Experience exchanges onscientific studies and technology rel-e v a n t t o s m a l l h y d r o p o w e rworks,automation, river training,coastal engineering, irrigation, drain-age and reclamation, new buildingmaterial and software for water re-sources;

Cooperation in the programof providing hydraulic rams and smallhydropower stations to mountainousarea in Vietnam;

Cooperation in the programof flood control and natural disastermitigation.

A delegation of VIWRR will visitto the NHRI to exchange experiencesand discuss the cooperation in con-sulting design a hi-tech experimentarea of the VIWRR which is 27 kmaway from Ha noi.

Because Vietnam has great po-tential resources of SHP and is in rap-idly development stage to exploreSHP, the cooperation betweenVIWRR, HPC and NHRI, HRC willhave a brighter future.

n May 29,2002, a delegationfrom the Bluemoon Fund(USA)

paid a visit to HRC. The guests wereMs. Diane Edgerton Miller, the Presi-dent, Mr. Ji-Qiang Zhang, the Vice-President, and Ms. Pat JonesEdgerton, the treasurer. It’s their firsttime to HRC. Dr. Chen Shengshui, thedirector of HRC, Ms. Cheng Xialei,the deputy director and Mr. ZhuXiaozhang, the honorary director re-ceived and held friendly discussionwith them. Mr. Zhu Xiaohua from Di-vision of Science, Mr. Lu Jianpingfrom Division of Electromechanicaland Ms. Shen Xuequn from Divisionof Training also attended this meet-ing.

During over two hours’ cordial

and bamboo resources as well askinds of processing industries, there-fore, to help local people to improvetheir living conditions and to be ableto enjoy rich life finally. TheBluemoon Fund stressed that, distin-guished from previous ways or fromother foundations, they hope to beable to set up a kind of new and prac-ticable developing mode, which willhelp the poverty-stricken areas findways to increase income, and not onlybeing undertaken as a simple one-time donation.

The Bluemoon Fund showed itshigh appreciation of HRC’s contri-bution to the global SHP develop-ment, and expected possible coopera-tion and assistance from HRC on theabove-mentioned proposal. Mean-while, with respect to the “new con-cept aid” proposed by the BluemoonFund, which was featured as sustain-able and comprehensive, HRC ex-pressed its admiration as well as thewillingness to offer technical supportfor the potential SHP projects.

talk, the discussion was focused onthe sustainable development for newand renewable energy; the maturetechnology and rich experience ofSHP development in China; as wellas the assistance on poverty-allevia-tion for rural people, etc. TheBluemoon Fund is originally knownas Jones Foundation, which has beenrunning for over 50 years, and en-joyed a high reputation in USA. Re-cently, the Bluemoon Fund plannedto select sites in Yunnan Province,China and in Peru, to establish somespecial investment companies, towhich excellent talents engaged invarious fields will be sent for provid-ing assistance on planning, evalua-tion, construction, operation as wellas training. On this basis, it is ex-pected to create favorable investmentenvironment, attract local investmentin various forms, and then have com-prehensive development and utiliza-tion on local resources effectively andefficiently, such as the integrated de-velopment on water resources, rattan

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SHP in China


A Chinese Magazine“Small Hydropower” by HRC

he Chinese “Small Hydro-power”, a magazine that Na-

tional Research Institute for RuralElec t r i f ica t ion (NRIRE) andHangzhou Regional Centre (Asia-Pacific) for Small Hydro Power hasedited and published for 105 issues(bimonthly), allocated with the Inter-national Standard Serial NumberISSN 0256-3118, and China StandardSerial Number CN33-1204/TV. Itwas published in Chinese and withEnglish titles. Special features aretechnical experience of SHP devel-opment in China. Information of in-

ternational SHP activities and impor-tant events in the field of SHP havealso been widely included.

This magazine has carried news,views and articles on all aspects ofsmall hydro power. It is useful tothose who are intersted in technicalexperience of SHP development inChina.

“Small Hydropower” is the onlyprofessional publication on small hy-dropower in China, which is issueddomestically and abroad. It is widelycircled in all corners of China con-cerning SHP, and getting more and

more popular in over 600 rural coun-ties which is primarily hydro-electri-fied, more than 2,300 counties withhydropower resources, more than50,000 small-sized hydropower sta-tions, thousands of colleges or uni-versities, research institutes and otheradministrative authorities on SHP.Advertising is welcome for anyequipment manufacturer to targetChinese market on SHP construction,equipment purchasing or other busi-nesses.Subscription rates (1 year):USD40.00

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The main contents of the 103th issue (2002 No 1) read as follow.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Working Research

Necessity of SHP used instead of firewood

Influence of annual operating hours analysed by SHP statistical data

Technology Exchange

Design of non-pressure tunnel used instead of diversion canal

Arrangements and drainage design of sunk basin in SHP of low head and axial flow turbine

Design of emergency gate of culvert pipe in Qihe SHP station

Mechanical and Electrical Equipment

Selection and renewal of storage cell and AC system in Shenzhen SHP station

Attrition test of runner wear ring

Improvement of water supply in low-head SHP station

Computer Application

Application of PC computer in turbine-generator electric stop

LH 2001 synthetical monitoring system applied to Nanwan SHP station

Renewal and Reconstruction

Enlarge benefits by replacing runner

Renewal of service dischange pump

Capacity increase of Lilin first cascade power station

Service and Maintenance

Renewal of turbine top cover lifting and discharge

Effect of linking to network on Reactive Power in SHP station

Reason of shearing screw bolt of upper guide bearing block and its service

Acid removal of transformer oil in site

SHP in China


Cambodia rehabilitates KiriromCambodia rehabilitates KiriromCambodia rehabilitates KiriromCambodia rehabilitates KiriromCambodia rehabilitates Kirirom

he China Electric Power Tech-nology Import & Export Cor-

poration (CETIC) has signed a US$26M contract with Cambodia’s Min-istry of Industry, Mines and Energy(MIME) to rehabilitate the Kirirom 1hydro project.

The 10MW plant which lies110km southwest of Phnom Penh, wasoriginally commissioned in 1968.However, it was abandoned in 1972when the plant and its transmissionline was damaged by warfare, deny-ing power to Cambodia’s capital city.

CETIC will be re-building one ofthree earthfill dams that were breached

n October 12,2000 the repre-sentatives from all sides for-

mally signed at the acceptance testfor implementing cascade 1 hydro-power station on Woka River in Ti-bet, which marks that the second larg-est one of China’s national 62 assist-ing-Tibet projects is fully succeeded.

This station is a low-head di-version one, over 3,600m above sealevel, with the installed capacity of20MW. The effective generationamounts to 73GWh, and the invest-ment totals RMB849.69 million. OnSeptember 10, 1999 the first batch ofunits started for generation, and inthat October this station was put intotrial operation, which was highlyqualified. After the construction ofthis project, it provides urgently elec-tric power to the power system in Lazeprefecture of Tibet, and plays a sig-nificant role in promoting the localeconomy in Tibet.

Cascade 1 Hydropower Station Imple-

mented on Woka River in Tibet of China

Hydro plants couldfight Laos floods

HINA IS PROPOSINGTHAT Laos contributes to the

cost of damming the upper Mekongriver, as the project could help re-lieve annual floods which devas-tate Laos.

Each year the Mekong riverbursts its banks with greater forcethan the year before, but floodingcould be relieved by the 300m highXiaowan dam planned for China’sYunnan province. China is askingfor Laos to help finance the project,but David Jezeph, chief of Waterand Mineral Resources at the Eco-nomic and Social Commission forAsia and the Pacific said that coun-tries in the lower Mekong basin areconcerned that China could exerttoo much power over water re-sources.

China expreses interest in philippine hydro

EMBERS OF A CHINESEtrade mission which visited the

Philippines in December 2000 havesaid they are prepared to invest up toUS$19M in the Philippines’ energysector, and are particularly interestedin hydro power projects.

In a meeting with the NationalPower Corporation(Napocor) the mis-sion, headed by vice minister ChenXiahun of the Ministry of Foreign Tradeand Economy, expressed an interestin hydro power projects, especially inNorthern Luzon. Chen said that the

o meet the demand of islandresidents on the electric power

for their daily lives, a 30kW vibratingwavepower station, designed and builtby the Oceanic Technology ResearchInstitute of China National Bureau ofOcean, is presently conducted with testin Jimo city of Shangdong province, andaccepted by China National Bureau ofOcean and China’s Academy of Sci-ence. This project is one of the key sci-

entific & technological items during thenational 9th “Five-year Plan” period, andthe design and construction of this sta-tion embodies very important meaningsto the economic development of islands,utilization of island resources and theconstruction of national defense, whichsymbolizes that China has alreadyachieved the advanced international-standard technology in the vibratingwave-power generation.

Test on the 30kW VibratingWave-power Station Accepted in China

mission is also interested in establish-ing small thermal power stations andmini hydro projects.

Napocor’s president, FredericoPuno, told reporters that his companyis interested in China’s expertise indeveloping hydro power plants. Hesaid that China has particularly ex-pertise when starting new hydropower in harsh or geographically re-mote settings.Source:INTERNATIONAL WATER

POWER & DAM CONSTRUCTION ,

FEBRUARY, 2001

at that time, and will also install twonew turbines and re-erect the 110kVtransmission line. Work is expectedto begin in mid 2001 and be completedby early 2003.

The contract signals the effec-tive rebirth of Cambodia’s state powersector. MIME oversees Electricite duCambodia, which will soon be gov-erned by a brand new electricity lawand regulated by the Energy Author-ity of Cambodia.

Other hydro projects in the pipe-line are Prek Thnot, Stund Kamchay,Stung Mnam 2 and the Stund Ataydiversion.

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SHP in China


News in SHP

wing to some effective policiesand strategies, the Australian

government made its exploitation rateof hydropower resources more than60% in a relatively short period.These strategies mainly include asfollows.

1. According to the principlesof market economy, priority givento the SHP development. Australiais very rich in resources for generat-ing the electric power such as nuclearsource, coal, petroleum and gas etc.,especially among those eastern stateswhere water resources are very abun-dant, the coal reserves accounts forover 80% of the whole country, andthere is a good condition for coalquality, its production and transpor-tation, with relatively low price. Gen-erally, people think that it’s a certaintyto develop the local coal in thesestates, but after a comprehensive

Hydropower DevelopmentStrategy in Australia

analysis on the economic benefit andthe environment arising from those 3power sources and their combination,conducted by the Federal ElectricPower Commission and the state elec-tric power commissions, it is con-cluded that it’s more preferential todevelop hydropower (for instance,hydropower from snow hills) ratherthan the local coal-generated poweror other power sources to meet thepower demand of the state and itsdistricts. During the loan-Paybackperiod the price of the correspond-ing peak load is US$1 .2 cent/kW h,and after payment it is reduced toUS$0.07 cent/kW h, which is lowerthan the material (coal) cost of thethermal power, therefore, a strategyof giving priority to hydropower de-velopment is promulgated and pit intopractice.

2. Considering the viewpointsof comprehensive economy, the spe-cial function of hydropower in theelectric power system shall be fullyused. One of the reasons for Austra-lia developing hydropower, is mainlyto fully adopt the dynamic effects andpartially use the static effects of hy-dropower stations in the electricpower system, and meanwhile, thisviewpoint is considered to be thebasic planning & design principle ofhydropower projects, as to make eachsole power grid integrated together,and enlarge the power-supply scopeof the integrated power grids to takeshape of a large power grid with high-voltage grade. So the whole hydro-power station can fully perform itsadjustment on frequency, phase andpeak load etc., to guarantee thepower-supply quality and reliabilityof the system and to achieve the com-prehensive economic profits for so-cial production and living improve-ment of the people. 1234567890123456789012345678912345678901234567890123456789123456789012345678901234567891234567890123456789012345678912345678901234567890123456789123456789012345678901234567891234567890123456789012345678912345678901234567890123456789123456789012345678901234567891234567890123456789012345678912345678901234567890123456789123456789012345678901234567891234567890123456789012345678912345678901234567890123456789123456789012345678901234567891234567890123456789012345678912345678901234567890123456789123456789012345678901234567891234567890123456789012345678912345678901234567890123456789123456789012345678901234567891234567890123456789012345678912345678901234567890123456789123456789012345678901234567891234567890123456789012345678912345678901234567890123456789123456789012345678901234567891234567890123456789012345678912345678901234567890123456789123456789012345678901234567891234567890123456789012345678912345678901234567890123456789123456789012345678901234567891234567890123456789012345678912345678901234567890123456789123456789012345678901234567891234567890123456789012345678912345678901234567890123456789123456789012345678901234567891234567890123456789012345678912345678901234567890123456789123456789012345678901234567891234567890123456789012345678912345678901234567890123456789123456789012345678901234567891234567890123456789012345678912345678901234567890123456789123456789012345678901234567891234567890123456789012345678912345678901234567890123456789123456789012345678901234567891234567890123456789012345678912345678901234567890123456789123456789012345678901234567891234567890123456789012345678912345678901234567890123456789123456789012345678901234567891234567890123456789012345678912345678901234567890123456789

lstom Power’s Hydro divisionon 22 June launched its Mini-

Aqua range, as a turnkey approachto mini hydropower installation. Ex-tensive work over the previous year-and-a-half has contributed to the de-velopment of an integrated package,comprising turbine, generator and aPC-based control system. The com-pany noted that there was a ‘rapidgrowth’ in the mini hydro market,caused by ‘the development of dis-tributed power and by the politi-cal will in many countries to increasesignificantly the share of renewableenergy produced.’

Using standardized compo-nents, the package is designed to be

suitable for a variety of heads, withapplications rated from 0.5MW (theminimum end of the ‘very low head’range) up to 15MW (the top of the‘high head’ range). The standardizeddesign can be automatically scaledto a given site by computer, with theturbine type varying with the differ-ent levels of head; Kaplan for verylow (2-6 metre) and low (6-30 metre)heads, Francis for medium (20-300metre) heads, and Pelton for high (150-1000 metre) heads. Alstom foreseesthat Mini-Aqua will cover 80-85% ofits targeted hydro market. Orders for15 systems have already come fromBrazil, and two from Morocco.

NEW TURNKEY PACKAGE FORMINI HYDRO LAUNCHED

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Iran funds dam completionIran has signed a contract with

unnamed foreign financiers forUS$300M to fund two half-finisheddam schemes, according to Tehranradio. The schemes are the Osturdam in Mianeh in East Azerbaijanprovince and the Molla Sadra damin Fars province. The Ostur damwill have a storage capacity of 2Bm3 and a 160 MW hydro power sta-tion. The dam will be completed byan Iranian company working withSwiss and Austrian assistance.

Molla Sadra will store up to400M m3 of water and generate100MW. This dam will be com-pleted by an Iranian company withChinese assistance.

The Deputy Energy Minister,Rasul Zargar, said that theUS$300M will be used to fund awater supply scheme in Kerman.

2002 sino-african shp training workshophrcshp.org/shp/en/pdf/2002/autumndetail.pdf · he 2002...

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