2002

Paul M. VanRadenPaul M. VanRadenAnimal Improvement Programs LaboratoryAgricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MDpaul@aipl.arsusda.gov

Selection of dairy cattle Selection of dairy cattle for lifetime profitfor lifetime profit

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ObjectivesObjectives

Document USA Net Merit index

Discuss traits to include, estimation of economic values

Compare current national selection indexes

Begin with table from Holstein International (February 1999, p 71)

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Expression of Economic IndexesExpression of Economic Indexes

Report proportion of emphasis (relative value / Σ |relative values|)

Reformat into two-way table of traits by countries (Bennet Cassell’s idea)

Also display history of USA indexes (table of traits by years)

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Relative emphasis on traits in USDA economic indexes Relative emphasis on traits in USDA economic indexes (PD$, MFP$, CY$, and NM$) and Holstein Association TPI (PD$, MFP$, CY$, and NM$) and Holstein Association TPI across timeacross time

Year Introduced and Index Name

1971 1976 1977 1980 1984 1987 1989 1992 1994 1997 2000 2000

Trait PD$ TPI MFP$ TPI CY$ TPI TPI TPI NM$ TPI TPI NM$

Protein 27 53 40 34 50 43 50 41 36

Fat 48 46 45 40 34 17 25 17 16 21

Milk 52 60 27 60 -2 6 5

% Fat 20

Longevity 20 13 14

SCS 6 1 9

Udder 17 17 11 9 7

Feet / legs 5 5 4

Size -4

Final Score 40 20 20 17 17 17 14

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Relative emphasis in selection indexes for other countries Relative emphasis in selection indexes for other countries with many Holsteinswith many Holsteins

Country (Interbull Code)

USA DEU FRA NZL NLD CAN GBR AUS ITA DNK SWE ESP

% of Interbull Population 17.4 15.3 12.3 10.6 9.3 4.7 4.7 4.5 4.3 4.1 1.5 1.2

Index Name NM$ RZG ISU BW DPS LPI PLI APR PFT S – I TMI ICO

Trait

Protein 36 45 35 42 35 43 57 36 42 21 21 51

Fat 21 11 10 13 8 14 11 12 12 10 4 10

Milk 5 -22 -14 -19 -20 -3 -4

% Protein 2 3 5

% Fat 2 2

Longevity 14 6 13 10 12 8 15 12 8 6 6

SCS / mastitis 9 14 13 11 3 7 10 15 12

Fertility 1 13 7 9 10

Other diseases 2 3

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Relative emphasis in selection indexes for other countries Relative emphasis in selection indexes for other countries with many Holsteins (cont.)with many Holsteins (cont.)

Country (Interbull Code)

USA DEU FRA NZL NLD CAN GBR AUS ITA DNK SWE ESP

% of Interbull Population 17.4 15.3 12.3 10.6 9.3 4.7 4.7 4.5 4.3 4.1 1.5 1.2

Index Name NM$ RZG ISU BW DPS LPI PLI APR PFT S – I TMI ICO

Trait

Udder traits 7 8 8 17 13 9 12 17

Feet / legs 4 5 1 3 11 6 5 9 8

Size -4 2 2 -13 4 -4 2

Dairy character 3

Rump 2 1

Final score 4 2 9

Calving ease 3 10 6 12

Growth / meat 4 6

Milking Speed <1 4 6

Temperament 5 2 3

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QuestionsQuestions

Do cow shows and judging contests help or harm education?

What is feed cost for protein, fat?

Does milk volume have negative value only because of quotas?• Milk volume quotas in Europe?• People quotas in Australia, NZ?

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Prices of Milk and WaterPrices of Milk and Water

Cost to USA consumers ($ / liter)• American bottled water 0.16• Canadian spring water 0.51• Skim milk 0.66• 2% milk 0.68• 3.5% (whole) milk 0.72• French Alps water 1.35

Milk requires water, cheese does not

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ConclusionsConclusions

Many traits in addition to yield contribute to dairy cattle profit

Longevity, fertility, and health traits have high value

Direction unclear for some traits

Indexes have improved rapidly in recent years