2 water safety.pdf
TRANSCRIPT
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Water Safety
(Diving)Borhanudin Mohd Yusof @ Mohamed
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Safety Overview
!
Incident
! Is an error or unplanned event that reducesthe safety margin of a dive
! Accident
! Is an unchecked incident resulting in injurythat requires first aid and / or treatment
! Both are significantly reduced by proper divepreparation
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Dive Preparation
! Proper preparation is the result of:
!
Adequate level of fitness
! Appropriate training
! Acquisition of skills
! careful planning
!
Correct equipment
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Level of Fitness
! You need to be physically and medically fit to dive safely and enjoyable
!
Do not mix smoking drugs & alcohol with diving and never diver under theinfluence
! Do not dive when on medication unless cleared by doctor (certain countries
required approval by diving doctor)
! Do not dive with a cold, flu or any allergy that effects ears, lungs or sinuses
! Teeth- after an extraction do not dive until socket is healed (usually 7-10
days)
! Do not dive for 24 hours after donating blood
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Appropriate training
! Must be adequate for the level of diving being planned; e.g: open water scubadiver can’t dive beyond 18m depth and no night dive.
! Dive to the level of the least experienced diver in the group
! Build experience up slowly
! Do an area orientation if unfamiliar with conditions
! Do a refresh course with a qualified scuba instructor if you have not dived forsix month or lack confidence
!
Continuing education improves confidence, skill level, knowledge andexperience.
! Never exceed the limits of your training and always seek further education!
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Acquisition of skills
! Skills must be instinctive, which is only gained from good training and practise(REMEMBER: seek training from QUALIFIED instructor; Dive Master can onlyassist instructor)
! The following minimum skills are essential for safe diving at all level ofqualification.
! Surface skills – e.g: determine correct weight for neutral buoyancy, snorkelcomfortably in varying conditions
! Mask skills – e.g: clear mask effortlessly with one hand, remove and replace maskconfidently, breathe comfortably without mask
!
Regulator skills – regulator clearing, regulator recovery and comfortably exchangeregulator underwater
! Out of air drill – must be an instinctive drill
! Monitoring air consumption
! Good buoyancy control – could prevents injuries
! Buddy system – is the fundamental to safe diving and increase enjoyment, be thebuddy you wish to dive with.
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Dive Planning Stages
! Dive planning is critical to safe diving and all stages must be considered prior tothe dive
! Pre-dive
! Obtain local knowledge from an expert
! select an appropriate dive site
! Ensure minimal hazards and boating traffic
! Monitor weather reports for expected swell and wind conditions
! Check for entry and exit safety
! Select appropriate time to dive, take consideration of tides, currents and weather
! Organised and check equipment
! Inform someone of where and when you are diving and when you expected to return
! Have a diver flag and /or float
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! On site
! Check the condition e.g: current, waves, visibility and weather
!
Erect dive flag! Determine safe entry and alternative exit
! Check for hazards
! Create and agree upon a dive plan
! Assist in gearing up
! Do safety check on each other
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! Post-dive
! Check health
! Notify return
! Fix faulty equipment
! Discuss and record dive in log book
! Avoid predisposing factors for Decompression Illness e.g: consume drugs & alcohol,exercising, flying or driving over hills, minimum an hour surface interval (ifplanning for next dive)
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Managing equipment! Make sure all appropriate equipment
! Pre-dive checks
!
Check all equipment is functional
! Check all equipment is fitted correctly
! Check buddy’s equipment and vice versa
! Care & maintenance
! Regularly check hoses, straps and mouthpieces for sign damage, wear and perishing
! Wash in fresh water after use
! Repair any problems immediately
!
Servicing
! Must be done by a qualified service technician ( annually or every two or three yearsdepend on the type of equipment)
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Pool safety
! Having the appropriate equipment
!
E.g.: life saving equipment! Staying close and being alert in and around the pool
! ensure lifeguard and sufficient staff to monitor the pool,
! review water safety rules at the pool
! Learning and Practicing Water safety skills
! Taking swimming lesson from qualified trainer
!
Know how to perform CPR
! Understand basic of life saving
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The respiratory system
! Components
! Air passages through nasal cavity and mouth
! The trachea (wind pipe)
! The lungs (in thoracic cavity within chest)
! Function
! Our body consumes Oxcygen to produce energy
! Carbon dioxide is a by product of cellular respiration
!
The respiratory system (lungs) allows gas transfer oxcygen in to the blood andcarbon dioxide out of the blood via air sacs called alveoli
! The circulartory system (heart, blood vessels and blood) transport oxygen and
carbon dioxide throughout the body
! The rate of breathing is determined by the level of carbon dioxide in the blood
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! Mouth and nasal passage
! Before reaching the lungs air is humidified, filtered and cooled or heated
! Food goes down oesophagus and air goes up and down the trachea
! Trachea (wind pipe)
! Round tube supported by cartilage bands
! Larynx (voice box) is located at the top of the trachea
! Divides into two bronchi – one to each lung
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! Lungs
! Consist of bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli
! Bronchi divide into bronchioles, the smallest of which contain muscles which can
alter diameter and therefore air flow
!
Bronchioles terminate into about 300 million tiny air sacs (alveoli) which give lungstheir spongy texture
! Gas exchange only occurs in the alveoli
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Pressure
! Scuba air
! Normal atmospheric air that is! Compressed, filtered and dried
! Colourless, odourless and tasteless
! Pressure increases with depth
! The greates pressure changes occur near the surface
! Scuba requires further training beyond 18m and is considered dangerous beyond
40m.
! Air is a mixture of gasses
! Oxygen (21%), Nitrogen (78%) and other gasses 1% (including carbon dioxide and carbon
monoxide-usually only a trace)
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! Gas pressure in air
! The total pressure is made up of the independent pressure due to nitrogen and oxygen
! The independent pressure are referred as partial pressure
! The toxicity of a gas is a direct result of its partial pressure not its percentage
! Too much oxygen
! Breathing air at 40m is equivalent to breathing pure oxygen on the surface
! Pure oxygen on the surface can cause lung problems after 5-6 hours
! Pure oxygen at depth greater than 6m can cause convulsion
! Not enough oxygen
! Unconsciousness and death can result from lower than normal level of oxygen e.g: drownisuffocation, strangulation, cardiac arrest
!
Hyperventilation (over-breathing)
! More than three deep breaths before a breath hold dive constitutes dangerous hyperventilation
! Does not significantly increase available oxygen
! Breath-hold diving and underwater swimming can cause unconsciousness due to lack of oxygen
! Sudden lost of consciouness and hence drowning can occur while still underwater.
! Never hyperventilate before a breath-hold dive, underwater swim or free dive!
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General First Aid
! Shock
!
Physiological response leading to failure of circulatory system
! Life threatening condition and must be identified(pale, rapid or shallowbreathing, weak pulse, dizziness and confusion) and treated quickly.
! Lay patient down and elevate feet
! Reassure
! Protect from environment (out of sun if hot, blanket if cold)
!
Observe airway & breathing! Arrange medical assistance
! Apply basic life support if necessary
! Apply specific first aid for injury or illness
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! Severe Bleeding
! Also known as Arterial bleeding is identified by bright red colour in blood; andblood comes out in spurts
! Must be controlled immediately
!
Never use a tourniquet – a narrow constriction to the wound (eg:by using shoe lace,rope and belt)
! ACTION: apply pressure and elevation
! Press clean cloth onto wound
! Elevate wound if necessary and possible
! Add new dressing over top old ones
! If no dressing, bandages, or pads immediately available use hands directly on wound
! When dealing with bleeding victims take extreme care to avoid cross infection
! Do not move the patient unnecessarily
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! Envenomation
! Cause by snake, cone shell blue ring octopus, spider bites and etc.
! ACTION
! apply pressure and immobilise
!
Apply a broad pressure bandage over the bites as soon as possible, keep the bitten areastill and do not wash wound.
! Bandage should be as tight as you apply to a sprained ankle. Extend the bandage as high
as possible
! Apply a splint to the limb and bind it firmly. Do not remove until proper medical support isavailable.
! Check circulation every 10-15 minutes, fingers and toes should remain pink or normal
sensation.
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Gas Poisoning
! Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
! Cause: Skip breathing, Tight equipment, Poor regulator function, Hard work, Deep diving
! Direct contamination can also occur but is rare
! Effect: increase rate and depth of breathing, increase heart rate, depression of thenervous system, worsening of nitrogen narcosis, predisposition of Decompression Ilness,predisposes of seasickness, unconsciouness and death.
! Carbon Monoxide (CO)
! Colorless and odorless gas, extremely toxic even in small amount
! Cause:
! direct contamination from combustion engines e.g: vehicle near compressor inlet; poor siting ofportable compressor
! Indirect contamination from compressor due to old or incorrect oil and poor maintenance
! Effect: - CO kills red blood cells, therefore oxygen can’t be transported via blood cellsand increase CO2 in the plasma.
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Types of Bubble Trouble
! Rapid on set Bubble Trouble
! Air Embolism: gas bubbles in the blood stream (usually 0-5 minutes after surfacing)
!
Delayed Onset Bubble Trouble
! Decompression Illness – nitrogen bubbles in the tissues (usually 1-6 hours up to 24 hours)
! Recognition: extreme fatigue, pain in chest, difficulty breathing, loss of balance,confusion, headaches, numbness, speech difficulty, skin rashes/itching orunconsciousness.
! Treatment: recompression in a chamber
! Minimizing the risk
! Never hold your breath on ascent
! Control ascent and always breath normally
! Plan dives may reduce the risk
! Never exceed the no-decompression limit
! Avoid altitude after diving
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Ear injuries! On descent
! Blocked Eustachian tube
!
Failure to equalize Middle Ear
! Poor technique
! On ascent
! Failure to automatically equalize Middle Ear due to blocked Eustachian Tube
! Recognition: pain; bleeding from nose, mouth or ear; hearing difficulties;vertigo; if ear drum ruptures - air can leak out when equalizing is attempted
!
Treatment: rest from diving until ears are functioning correctly
! Prevention: always pressurizes ears on surface and continually equalize during
descent before pressure or pain is felt ;don’t dive with a cold, fever or other
respiratory allergies; if equalization does not occur- surface with buddy
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Dive Management Flow
Good
Preparation
Happy, safe
unstressed diver
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Dive Management Flow
Poor
preparation
Stressed
diver
Uncontrolledstress =
Accident
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Stress
!
Definition: Mental or physical tension
caused by physiological or psychologicalstimuli.
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Physiological Stimuli
! Exhaustion from:
! Cold water, Poor surface skills, Tight wetsuit or equipment, Strong currents and,
Lack of physical fitness
! Occurrence of an incident
! Illness or injury
! Nitrogen Narcosis
! Carbon dioxide build-up (tight wetsuit @ equipment; over exertion)
!
Drugs or alcohol
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Psychological stimuli
!
Perceived danger
! Task loading
! Lack of confidence in ability
! Poor training
! Inexperience
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Recognition
! Increase heart rate
!
Increasing breathing rate! Anxiety
! Inability to complete simple tasks
! Wide-eye look
! Giving up
! PANIC!
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Sign of an Accident
! Abnormal behaviour
! Bleeding
!
Calls for help! Collapse
! Convulsions
! Coughing
! Excessive sweeting
! Experience pain
! Incoordination
! Pale colour
! Unbalanced
! Vomiting
! Urgent or panicky swimming on surface
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Primary Assessment (DR HABCDEF)
!
Danger
!
Response
! Help
! Airway
! Breathing
! Compressions
! Defibrillate
!
Effect CPR
! First Aid
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End of slide