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TableofContents
AngularJSTest-drivenDevelopment
Credits
AbouttheAuthor
AbouttheReviewers
www.PacktPub.com
Supportfiles,eBooks,discountoffers,andmore
Whysubscribe?
FreeaccessforPacktaccountholders
Preface
Whatthisbookcovers
Whothisbookisfor
Conventions
Readerfeedback
Customersupport
Downloadingtheexamplecode
Errata
Piracy
Questions
1.IntroductiontoTest-drivenDevelopment
AnoverviewofTDD
FundamentalsofTDD
Measuringsuccess
Breakingdownthesteps
Measuretwicecutonce
Divingin
Settingupthetest
Creatingadevelopmentto-dolist
Testfirst
Makingitrun
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Makingitbetter
Testingtechniques
Testingwithaframework
TestingdoubleswithJasminespies
Stubbingareturnvalue
Testingarguments
Refactoring
Buildingwithabuilder
Self-testquestions
Summary
2.TheKarmaWay
JavaScripttestingtools
Karma
Protractor
JavaScripttestingframeworks
Jasmine
Selenium
Mocha
BirthofKarma
TheKarmadifference
ImportanceofcombiningKarmawithAngularJS
InstallingKarma
Installationprerequisites
ConfiguringKarma
CustomizingKarma’sconfiguration
ConfirmingKarma’sinstallationandconfiguration
Commoninstallation/configurationissues
TestingwithKarma
ConfirmingtheKarmainstallation
UsingKarmawithAngularJS
GettingAngularJS
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Bower
Bowerinstallation
InstallingAngularJS
InstallingAngularmocks
InitializingKarma
TestingwithAngularJSandKarma
Adevelopmentto-dolist
Testingalistofitems
Testfirst
Assemble,Act,andAssert(3A’s)
Makeitrun
Makeitbetter
Addingafunctiontothecontroller
Testfirst
Assemble,Act,andAssert(3A’s)
Makeitrun
Makeitbetter
Self-testquestions
Summary
3.End-to-endTestingwithProtractor
AnoverviewofProtractor
OriginsofProtractor
Endoflife
ThebirthofProtractor
LifewithoutProtractor
Protractorinstallation
Installationprerequisites
InstallingProtractor
InstallingWebDriverforChrome
Customizingconfiguration
Confirminginstallationandconfiguration
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Commoninstallation/configurationissues
HelloProtractor
TDDend-to-end
Thepre-setup
Thesetup
Testfirst
Installingthetestwebserver
ConfiguringProtractor
Gettingdowntobusiness
Specification
Thedevelopmentto-dolist
Testfirst
Assemble,Act,Assert(3A’s)
Runningthetest
Makeitrun
Makeitbetter
Cleaningupthegaps
Asyncmagic
Loadingapagebeforetestexecution
Assertiononelementsthatgetloadedinpromises
TDDwithProtractor
Self-testquestions
Summary
4.TheFirstStep
Preparingtheapplication’sspecification
Settinguptheproject
Settingupthedirectory
SettingupProtractor
SettingupKarma
Settinguphttp-server
Top-downorbottom-upapproach
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Testingacontroller
Asimplecontrollertestsetup
Initializingthescope
Bringonthecomments
Testfirst
Assemble
Act
Assert
Makeitrun
Addingthemodule
Addingtheinput
Controller
Makeitpass
Makeitbetter
ImplementingtheSubmitbutton
ConfiguringKarma
Testfirst
Assemble
Act
Assert
Makeitrun
Makeitbetter
Backupthetestchain
Bindtheinput
Onwardsandupwards
Testfirst
Assemble
Act
Assert
Makeitrun
Fixingtheunittests
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Makeitbetter
Couplingofthetest
Self-testquestions
Summary
5.FlipFlop
Fundamentals
Protractorlocators
CSSlocators
Buttonandlinklocators
Angularlocators
URLlocationreferences
Creatinganewproject
SettingupheadlessbrowsertestingforKarma
Preconfiguration
Configuration
Walk-throughofAngularroutes
SettingupAngularJSroutes
Definingdirections
ConfiguringngRoute
Definingtheroutecontrollers
Definingtherouteviews
Assemblingtheflipfloptest
Makingtheviewsflip
Assertingaflip
Makingflipfloprun
Makingflipflopbetter
SearchingtheTDDway
Decidingontheapproach
Walk-throughofsearchquery
Thesearchquerytest
ThesearchqueryHTMLpage
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Thesearchapplication
Showmesomeresults!
Creatingthesearchresultroutes
Testingthesearchresults
Assemblingthesearchresulttest
Selectingasearchresult
Confirmingasearchresult
Makingthesearchresulttestrun
Creatingalocation-awaretest
Makingthesearchresultbetter
ConfirmingtherouteID
SettinguptherouteIDunittest
ConfirmingtheID
Makingtherouteparameter’stestrun
Self-testquestions
Summary
6.TellingtheWorld
Beforetheplunge
Karmaconfiguration
Filewatching
Usingabottom-upapproach
Services
Publishingandsubscribingmessages
Emitting
Testingemit
Testingbroadcast
Testingbroadcast
Publishingandsubscribing–thegoodandbad
Thegood
Communicatingthroughevents
Reducingcoupling
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Harnessingthepowerofevents
Theplan
Rebranding
Seeingrecentlyvieweditems
Testfirst
AssemblingSearchController
Selectingaproduct
Expectingeventstobepublished
Makingthesearchcontrollerrun
Recentlyviewedunittest
Testfirst
AssemblingRecentlyViewedController
Invokingarecentlyvieweditem
ConfirmingRecentlyViewedController
MakingRecentlyViewedControllerrun
End-to-endtesting
Testfirst
Assemblingtherecentlyviewedend-to-endtest
Selectingasearchresult
Confirmingrecentlyvieweditems
MakingtherecentlyViewedItemstestpass
Makingrecentlyvieweditemsbetter
Creatingaproductcart
Publishertestfirst
AssemblingsearchDetailController
Invokingthesavingofaproduct
Confirmingthesaveevent
MakingthesaveProducttestpass
Testforthesubscriberfirst
Assemblingtheproductcarttest
Invokingasavedcartevent
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Confirmingthesavedcart
Makingthecartcontrollertestrun
End-to-endtesting
Assemblingthecart’send-to-endtest
Invokingasavetocartaction
Confirmingproductshavebeensaved
Makingthecart’send-to-endtestpass
Self-testquestions
Summary
7.GiveMeSomeData
REST–thelanguageoftheWeb
GettingstartedwithREST
Testingasynchronouscalls
CreatingasynchronouscallsinKarma
CreatingasynchronouscallsinProtractor
MakingRESTrequestsusingAngularJS
TestingwithAngularJSREST
Testingtheproductservice
Testing$httpwithKarma
MockingrequestswithProtractor
DisplayingproductswithREST
Unittestingproductrequests
Settinguptheproject
Karmaconfiguration
UsinganAPIbuilderpattern
Theproductdataservice
Theproductdatacontroller
Assemblingtheproductcontrollertest
Gettingproducts
Assertingproductdataresults
Makingtheproductdatatestsrun
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Testingmiddle-to-end
Testfirst
Assemblingtheproducttest
Gettingproducts
Expectingproductdataresults
Makingtheproductdatarun
Testingend-to-end
Gettingtheproductdata
Self-testquestions
Summary
A.IntegratingSeleniumServerwithProtractor
Installation
Protractorconfiguration
RunningSelenium
Letitrun
Testfirst
Assemble
Assert
Makeitrun
Summary
B.AutomatingKarmaUnitTestingonCommit
GitHub
Testsetup
Testscripts
Settingthehook
Creatingthehook
AddingaTravisconfigurationfile
References
C.Answers
Chapter1,IntroductiontoTest-drivenDevelopment
Chapter2,TheKarmaWay
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Chapter3,End-to-endTestingwithProtractor
Chapter4,TheFirstStep
Chapter5,FlipFlop
Chapter6,TellingtheWorld
Chapter7,GiveMeSomeData
Index
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AngularJSTest-drivenDevelopmentCopyright©2015PacktPublishing
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher,exceptinthecaseofbriefquotationsembeddedincriticalarticlesorreviews.
Everyefforthasbeenmadeinthepreparationofthisbooktoensuretheaccuracyoftheinformationpresented.However,theinformationcontainedinthisbookissoldwithoutwarranty,eitherexpressorimplied.Neithertheauthor,norPacktPublishing,anditsdealersanddistributorswillbeheldliableforanydamagescausedorallegedtobecauseddirectlyorindirectlybythisbook.
PacktPublishinghasendeavoredtoprovidetrademarkinformationaboutallofthecompaniesandproductsmentionedinthisbookbytheappropriateuseofcapitals.However,PacktPublishingcannotguaranteetheaccuracyofthisinformation.
Firstpublished:January2015
Productionreference:1230115
PublishedbyPacktPublishingLtd.
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BirminghamB32PB,UK.
ISBN978-1-78439-883-5
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CreditsAuthor
TimChaplin
Reviewers
Md.ZiaulHaq
NiveJayasekar
TimPei
AndiSmith
CommissioningEditor
PramilaBalan
AcquisitionEditor
ReshmaRaman
ContentDevelopmentEditor
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TechnicalEditor
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CopyEditors
GladsonMonteiro
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ProjectCoordinator
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Proofreaders
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AbouttheAuthorTimChaplinlivesandbreathessoftwaresolutionsandinnovations.Duringtheday,heworkswithFortune100enterpriseapplications,andintheevening,heperfectshiscraftbycontributingtoanddistributingopensourcesoftware,writing,andconstantlylookingforwaystoincreasehisknowledgeoftechnologyandtheworld.Atanearlyage,Timbegandevelopingsoftwareandhasbeenhookedonitsince.TimisanestablishedconferencespeakerwhohasextensiveexperienceindevelopingandleadingAngularJSprojects.HehasawidebackgroundofJavaScript,C#,Java,andC++languages.Timspecializesinleadingcodequalityandtestingthroughoutallhisapplications.AfterattendingCaliforniaStateUniversity,Chico,hehasgoneontoworkinShanghai,LosAngeles,andLondon.
Iwouldliketothankmywife,Pierra,foralwaysmakingmethinkanddreambigger.Iwouldalsoliketothankmyfamilyfortheirconstantloveandsupport.Pops,thisone’sforyoubabe.
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AbouttheReviewersMd.ZiaulHaqisaseniorsoftwareengineerfromDhaka,Bangladesh,whohasbeenworkingwiththeoDeskcoreplatformdevelopmentteamasaseniorJavaScriptdevelopersince2011.Helikestoworkmostlyonthefrontend,thoughheisafull-stackdeveloper.JavaScriptishispassionandhelikestocodeinitalldaylong.Heiswellknownasjquerygeekinthewebcommunity.
Md.Ziaulstartedhiscareerin2005asasoftwaredeveloper.HehasworkexperiencewithUNICEFlocallyandinternationally,whereheworkedwithUNICEF’swebCMS.Heiscurrentlypursuingamaster’sdegreeincomputersciencefromUnitedInternationalUniversity,Dhaka,Bangladesh.
Iwouldliketothankmywife,Richi,andmynewbornson,Arabi,whoismyinspiration.
NiveJayasekarstartedprogramminginhighschool.Inherlastyearofhighschool,shewon$10,500ataHackathonforbuildingamobileartificial-intelligenceapp.ShehasinternedatFacebookandLinkedIn,andwillsoongraduatefromCarnegieMellonUniversitywithadegreeincomputerscienceandaminorinmachinelearning.Sheisalwaysinterestedinbuildinggame-changingproducts.Shehas5yearsofexperiencebuildingwebandmobileapplicationsusingPython,AngularJS,Java,andObjectiveC.
I’dliketothankthepeopleatPacktPublishing,LeenaPurkaitandKirtiPatil,fortheirhelpinproducingthisbook.
TimPieisacomputerscienceandbusinessadministrationdoubledegreestudentattheUniversityofWaterloo,Ontario.Hehasgainedawiderangeoftechnicalskillsthroughpastprojectsandinternships,includingcloudcomputing,datamining,andfullstackwebdevelopment.Tim’scurrenttechnicalinterestisfocusingonbuildingwebapplicationsusingmodernwebtechnologies,specificallyHTML5andwebcomponents.
I’dliketothankmyparentsfortheirconstantsupportofmypursuits,whileprovidingmegreatadvicealongtheway.
AndiSmith(@andismith)isaseniorarchitectwhospecializesinfrontendsolutionsatideasandinnovationagency,AKQA.
Andihasover15yearsofexperiencebuildingfortheWebandhasworkedwithclientssuchasNike,Ubisoft,Sainsburys,Barclays,Heineken,andMINI.HehasalsocreatedanumberofopensourcepluginsandsitessuchasGruntResponsiveImages(http://www.andismith.com/grunt-responsive-images/)andSecretsoftheBrowserDeveloperTools(http://devtoolsecrets.com/).
Andimaintainsablogfocusedonfrontenddevelopmentathttp://www.andismith.com/.
Iwouldliketothankmywife,Amy,forallherloveandsupport.
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PrefaceThebookwillprovidethereaderwithacompleteguidetothetest-drivendevelopment(TDD)approachforAngularJS.Itwillprovidestep-by-step,clearexamplestocontinuallyreinforceTDDbestpractices.ThebookwilllookatbothunittestingwithKarmaandend-to-endtestingwithProtractor.Itwillnotonlyfocusonhowtousethetools,butalsoonunderstandingthereasontheywerebuilt,andwhytheyshouldbeused.Throughout,therewillbefocusonwhen,where,andhowtousethesetools,constantlyreinforcingtheprinciplesoftheTDDlifecycle(test,execute,refactor).
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WhatthisbookcoversThisbookisbasicallysplitintotwoparts.TheinitialchaptersfocusontheTDDlifecycle,andhowKarmaandProtractorfitintothelifecycleanddevelopmentofanAngularJSapplication.Asweproceed,you’llgetastep-by-stepapproachtoAngularJSTDDusingKarmaandProtractor.EachofthechaptersbuildsuponthepreviousoneandintroduceshowtotestseveraldifferentAngularJScomponents.
Chapter1,IntroductiontoTest-drivenDevelopment,isanintroductiontotheconceptsofTDDandtestingtechniques.
Chapter2,TheKarmaWay,explorestheoriginsofKarmaandwhyitisanessentialtoolforanyAngularJSproject.
Chapter3,End-to-endTestingwithProtractor,introducesthesimplicityofProtractor,anend-to-endtestingtoolbuiltspecificallyforAngularJS.
Chapter4,TheFirstSteps,coverstheTDDjourneyandshowsthefundamentalsandtoolsinaction.
Chapter5,FlipFlop,expandstoincludetestingformultiplecontrollers,partialviews,locationreferences,CSS,andHTMLelementbuildingontheinitialfoundationalaspectslearnedinthepreviouschapter.
Chapter6,TellingtheWorld,divesintocommunicatingacrosscontrollers,andtestingservicesandbroadcasting.
Chapter7,GiveMeSomeData,divesintohowtoapplyseveraloftheconceptsshownpreviously,andextendthemtopulldatausinganexternalAPI.
AppendixA,IntegratingSeleniumServerwithProtractor,walksthroughsettingupandconfiguringProtractortouseastandaloneSeleniumserver.
AppendixB,AutomatingKarmaUnitTestingonCommit,covershowtosetupTravisCI,aplatformforcontinuousintegration,andsettingupKarmatotestyourapplication.
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WhothisbookisforThisbookisforthedeveloperwhowantstogobeyondthebasictutorials,andwantstotaketheplungeintoAngularJSdevelopment.ThisbookisforthedeveloperwhohasexperiencewithAngularJSandhaswalkedthroughthebasictutorialsbutwantstounderstandthewidercontextofwhen,why,andhowtoapplytestingtechniquesandbestpracticestocreatequality-cleancode.Togetthemostoutofthisbook,itispreferredthatthereaderhasbasicunderstandingofHTML,JavaScript,andAngularJS.
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ConventionsInthisbook,youwillfindanumberofstylesoftextthatdistinguishbetweendifferentkindsofinformation.Herearesomeexamplesofthesestylesandanexplanationoftheirmeaning.
Codewordsintext,databasetablenames,foldernames,filenames,fileextensions,pathnames,dummyURLs,userinput,andTwitterhandlesareshownasfollows:“Createawebpageandimportcalculator.jsfortesting.”
Ablockofcodeissetasfollows:
<!DOCTYPEhtml>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
</head>
<body>
<scriptsrc="calculator.js"></script>
</body>
</html>
Anycommand-lineinputoroutputiswrittenasfollows:
$nodecalculator.js
Newtermsandimportantwordsareshowninbold.Wordsthatyouseeonthescreen,inmenusordialogboxesforexample,appearinthetextlikethis:“Traditionally,testswererunbyhavingtomanuallylaunchabrowserandcheckforresultsbycontinuallyhittingtheRefreshbutton.”
NoteWarningsorimportantnotesappearinaboxlikethis.
TipTipsandtricksappearlikethis.
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Tosendusgeneralfeedback,simplye-mail<[email protected]>,andmentionthebook’stitleinthesubjectofyourmessage.
Ifthereisatopicthatyouhaveexpertiseinandyouareinterestedineitherwritingorcontributingtoabook,seeourauthorguideatwww.packtpub.com/authors.
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CustomersupportNowthatyouaretheproudownerofaPacktbook,wehaveanumberofthingstohelpyoutogetthemostfromyourpurchase.
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DownloadingtheexamplecodeYoucandownloadtheexamplecodefilesfromyouraccountathttp://www.packtpub.comforallthePacktPublishingbooksyouhavepurchased.Ifyoupurchasedthisbookelsewhere,youcanvisithttp://www.packtpub.com/supportandregistertohavethefilese-maileddirectlytoyou.
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ErrataAlthoughwehavetakeneverycaretoensuretheaccuracyofourcontent,mistakesdohappen.Ifyoufindamistakeinoneofourbooks—maybeamistakeinthetextorthecode—wewouldbegratefulifyoucouldreportthistous.Bydoingso,youcansaveotherreadersfromfrustrationandhelpusimprovesubsequentversionsofthisbook.Ifyoufindanyerrata,pleasereportthembyvisitinghttp://www.packtpub.com/submit-errata,selectingyourbook,clickingontheErrataSubmissionFormlink,andenteringthedetailsofyourerrata.Onceyourerrataareverified,yoursubmissionwillbeacceptedandtheerratawillbeuploadedtoourwebsiteoraddedtoanylistofexistingerrataundertheErratasectionofthattitle.
Toviewthepreviouslysubmittederrata,gotohttps://www.packtpub.com/books/content/supportandenterthenameofthebookinthesearchfield.TherequiredinformationwillappearundertheErratasection.
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QuestionsYoucancontactusat<[email protected]>ifyouarehavingaproblemwithanyaspectofthebook,andwewilldoourbesttoaddressit.
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Chapter1.IntroductiontoTest-drivenDevelopmentAngularJSisattheforefrontofclient-sideJavaScripttesting.EveryAngularJStutorialincludesanaccompanyingtest,andeventtestmodulesarepartofthecoreAngularJSpackage.TheAngularteamisfocusedonmakingtestingfundamentaltowebdevelopment.
Thischapterintroducesyoutothefundamentalsoftest-drivendevelopmentwithAngularJSincluding:
Anoverviewoftest-drivendevelopment(TDD)TheTDDlifecycle:testfirst,makeitrun,makeitbetterCommontestingtechniques
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AnoverviewofTDDTDDisnotusedonlytodevelopsoftware.Thefundamentalprinciplescanbeseeninmanyindustries.ThissectionwillexplorethefundamentalsofTDDandhowtheyareappliedbyatailor.
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FundamentalsofTDDKnowwhattocodebeforeyoucode.Thismaysoundcliché,butthisisessentiallywhatTDDgivesyou.TDDbeginsbydefiningexpectations,thenmakesyoumeettheexpectations,andfinallyforcesyoutorefinethechangesaftertheexpectationshavebeenmet.
HereareacoupleofclearbenefitsofusingTDD:
Knowingbeforeyoucode:Atestprovidesaclearvisionofwhatcodeneedstodoinordertobesuccessful.Settinguptestsfirstallowsfocusononlycomponentsthathavebeendefinedintests.Confidenceinrefactoring:Refactoringinvolvesmoving,fixing,andchangingaproject.Testsprotectthecorelogicfromrefactoringbyensuringthatthelogicbehavesindependentlyofthecodestructure.Documentation:Testsdefineexpectationsthataparticularobjectorfunctionmustmeet.Theexpectationactsasacontract,andcanbeusedtoseehowamethodshouldorcanbeused.Thismakesthecodereadableandeasiertounderstand.
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MeasuringsuccessTDDisnotjustasoftwaredevelopmentpractice.Thefundamentalprinciplesaresharedbyothercraftsmenaswell.Oneofthesecraftsmenisatailor,whosesuccessdependsonprecisemeasurementsandcarefulplanning.
BreakingdownthestepsHerearethehigh-levelstepsatailortakestomakeasuit:
1. Testfirst:
DeterminingthemeasurementsforthesuitHavingthecustomerdeterminethestyleandmaterialtheywantfortheirsuitMeasuringthecustomer’sarms,shoulders,torso,waist,andlegs
2. Makingthecuts:
MeasuringthefabricandcutSelectingthefabricbasedonthedesiredstyleMeasuringthefabricbasedonthecustomer’swaistandlegsCuttingthefabricbasedonthemeasurements
3. Refactoring:
Comparingtheresultingproducttotheexpectedstyle,reviewing,andmakingchangesComparingthecutandlooktothecustomer’sdesiredstyleMakingadjustmentstomeetthedesiredstyle
4. Repeating:
Testfirst:DeterminingthemeasurementsforthepantsMakingthecuts:MeasuringthefabricandmakingthecutsRefactor:Makingchangesbasedonthereviews
TheprecedingstepsareanexampleofaTDDapproach.Themeasurementsmustbetakenbeforethetailorcanstartcuttinguptherawmaterial.Imagineforamomentifthetailordidn’tuseatest-drivenapproachanddidn’tuseameasuringtape(testingtool).Itwouldberidiculousifthetailorstartedcuttingbeforemeasuring.
Asadeveloper,doyou“cutbeforemeasuring”?Wouldyoutrustatailorwithoutameasuringtape?Howwouldyoufeelaboutadeveloperwhodoesn’ttest?
MeasuretwicecutonceThetailoralwaysstartswithmeasurements.Whatwouldhappenifthetailormadecutsbeforemeasuring?Whatwouldhappenifthefabricwascuttooshort?Howmuchextratimewouldgointothetailoring?Measuretwice,cutonce.
Softwaredeveloperscanchoosefromanendlessamountofapproachestousebefore
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startingdeveloping.Onecommonapproachistoworkoffaspecification.Adocumentedapproachmayhelpindefiningwhatneedstobebuilt;however,withouttangiblecriteriaforhowtomeetaspecification,theactualapplicationthatgetsdevelopedmaybecompletelydifferentthanthespecification.WithaTDDapproach(testfirst,makeitrun,andmakeitbetter),everystageoftheprocessverifiesthattheresultmeetsthespecification.Thinkabouthowatailorcontinuestouseameasuringtapetoverifythesuitthroughouttheprocess.
TDDembodiesatest-firstmethodology.TDDgivesdeveloperstheabilitytostartwithacleargoalandwritecodethatwilldirectlymeetaspecification.Developlikeaprofessionalandfollowthepracticesthatwillhelpyouwritequalitysoftware.
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DivinginItistimetodiveintosomeactualcode.Thiswalk-throughwilltakeyouthroughaddingthemultiplicationfunctionalitytoacalculator.RemembertheTDDlifecycle:testfirst,makeitrun,andmakeitbetter.
SettingupthetestTheinitialcalculatorisinafilecalledcalculator.jsandisinitializedasanobjectasfollows:
varcalculator={};
ThetestwillberunthroughawebbrowserusingabasicHTMLpage.Createawebpageandimportcalculator.jstotestit.SavethewebpageastestRunner.html.Torunthetest,openabrowserandruntestRunner.html.HereisthecodefortestRunner.html:
<!DOCTYPEhtml>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
</head>
<body>
<scriptsrc="calculator.js"></script>
</body>
</html>
Nowthattheprojectissetup,thenextstepistocreatethedevelopmentto-dolist.
Creatingadevelopmentto-dolistAdevelopmentto-dolisthelpsorganizeandfocusyourtasks.Italsoprovidesaplacetowritedownideasduringthedevelopmentprocess.
Hereistheinitialstepforcreatingadevelopmentto-dolist:
Addmultiplicationfunctionality:3*3=9
Theprecedinglistdescribeswhatneedstobedone.Italsoprovidesaclearexampleofhowtoverifymultiplication:3*3=9.
TestfirstAlthoughyoucanwritethemultiplicationfunctionquickly,rememberthatoncethehabitofTDDissetinplace,itwillbejustasquicktowritethetestandcode.Herearethestepsforthefirsttest:
1. Opencalculator.js.2. Createanewfunctiontotestmultiplying3*3:
functionmultipleTest1(){
//Test
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varresult=calculator.multiply(3,3);
//AssertResultisexpected
if(result===9){
console.log('TestPassed');
}
else{
console.log('TestFailed');
}
};
Thetestcallsamultiplyfunction,whichstillneedstobedefined.Itthenassertsthattheresultsareasexpectedbydisplayingapassorfailmessage.Remember,inTDD,youarelookingattheuseofthemethodandexplicitlywritinghowitshouldbeused.Thisallowsyoutodefinetheinterfacethroughausecase,asopposedtoonlylookingatthelimitedscopeofthefunctionbeingdeveloped.
ThenextstepintheTDDlifecyclewillbefocusedonmakingthetestrun.
MakingitrunThisstepisaboutmakingthetestrun,justasthetailordidwiththesuit.Themeasurementsweretakenduringtheteststep,andnowtheapplicationcanbemoldedtofitthemeasurements.Herearethestepstorunthetest:
1. OpenthebrowserwithtestRunner.html.2. OpentheJavaScriptdeveloperConsolewindow.
Thetestthrowsanerror,asshowninthefollowingscreenshot:
Theerrorthrownisexpectedasthecalculatorapplicationcallsafunctionthathasn’tbeencreatedyet:calculator.multiply.
InTDD,thefocusisonaddingthesmallestchangetogetatesttopass.Thereisnoneedtoactuallyimplementthemultiplicationlogic.Thismayseemunintuitive.Thepointisonceapassingtestexists,itshouldalwayspass.Whenamethodcontainsfairlycomplexlogic,itiseasiertorunapassingtestagainstittoensureitmeetstheexpectations.
Whatisthesmallestchangethatcanbemadetomakethetestpass?Byreturningtheexpectedvalueof9,thetestshouldpass.Althoughthiswon’taddthemultiplyfunction,itwillconfirmtheapplicationwiring.Inaddition,afteryouhavepassedthetest,makingfuturechangeswillbeeasyasyouhavetosimplykeepthetestpassing!
Now,addthemultiplyfunctionandhaveitreturntherequiredvalue9:
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varcalculator={
multiply:function(){
return9;
}
};
Inthebrowser,theJavaScriptconsolererunsthetest.Theresultshouldbeasfollows:
Yes!Thetestpassed.Timetocrossoutthefirstitemfromtheto-dolist:
Addmultiplicationfunctionality:3*3=9
Nowthatthereisapassingtest,thenextstepwillbetoremovethehardcodedvalueinthemultiplyfunction.
MakingitbetterTherefactoringstepneedstoremovethehardcodedreturnvalueofthemultiplyfunction.Therequiredlogicisasfollows:
varcalculator={
multiply:function(amount1,amount2){
returnamount1*amount2;
}
};
Rerunthetestsandconfirmthetestpasses.Excellent!Nowthemultiplyfunctioniscomplete.Hereisthefullcodeforthecalculatorandtest:
varcalculator={
multiply:function(amount1,amount2){
returnamount1*amount2;
}
};
varmultipleTest1=function(){
varresult=calculator.multiply(3,3);
if(result===9){
console.log('TestPassed');
}
else{
console.log('TestFailed');
}
};
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TestingtechniquesItisimportanttounderstandsomefundamentaltechniquesandapproachestotesting.Thissectionwillwalkyouthroughacoupleofexamplesoftechniquesthatwillbeleveragedinthisbook.Thisincludes:
TestingdoubleswithJasminespiesRefactoringBuildingpatterns
Inaddition,hereareadditionaltermsthatwillbeused:
Functionundertest:Thisisthefunctionbeingtested.Itisalsoreferredtoassystemundertest,objectundertest,andsoon.The3A’s(Arrange,Act,andAssert):Thisisatechniqueusedtosetuptests,firstdescribedbyBillWake(http://xp123.com/articles/3a-arrange-act-assert/).The3A’swillbediscussedfurtherinChapter2,TheKarmaWay.
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TestingwithaframeworkAlthoughasimplewebpagecanbeusedtoperformtests,asseenearlierinthischapter,itismucheasiertouseatestingframework.Atestingframeworkprovidesmethodsandstructurestotest.Thisincludesastandardstructuretocreateandruntests,theabilitytocreateassertions/expectations,theabilitytousetestdoubles,andmore.ThisbookusesJasmineasthetestframework.Jasmineisabehavior-driventestingframework.ItishighlycompatiblewithtestingAngularJSapplications.InChapter2,TheKarmaWay,wewilltakeamorein-depthlookatJasmine.
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TestingdoubleswithJasminespiesAtestdoubleisanobjectthatactsandisusedinplaceofanotherobject.Takealookatthefollowingobjectthatneedstobetested:
varobjectUnderTest={
someFunction:function(){}
};
Usingatestdouble,youcandeterminethenumberoftimessomeFunctiongetscalled.Hereisanexample:
varobjectUnderTest={
someFunction:function(){}
};
jasmine.spyOn(objectUnderTest,'someFunction');
objectUnderTest.someFunction();
objectUnderTest.someFunction();
console.log(objectUnderTest.someFunction.count);
TheprecedingcodecreatesatestdoubleusingaJasminespy(jasmine.spyOn).ThetestdoubleisthenusedtodeterminethenumberoftimessomeFunctiongetscalled.AJasminetestdoubleoffersthefollowingfeaturesandmore:
ThecountofcallsonafunctionTheabilitytospecifyareturnvalue(stubareturnvalue)Theabilitytopassacalltotheunderlyingfunction(passthrough)
Throughoutthisbook,youwillgainfurtherexperienceintheuseoftestdoubles.
StubbingareturnvalueThegreatthingaboutusingatestdoubleisthattheunderlyingcodeofamethoddoesnothavetobecalled.Withatestdouble,youcanspecifyexactlywhatamethodshouldreturnforagiventest.Hereisanexamplefunction:
varobjectUnderTest={
someFunction:function(){return'stubme!';}
};
Theprecedingobject(objectUnderTest)hasafunction(someFunction)thatneedstobestubbed.HereishowyoucanstubthereturnvalueusingJasmine:
jasmine.spyOn(objectUnderTest,'someFunction')
.and
.returnValue('stubbedvalue');
Now,whenobjectUnderTest.someFunctioniscalled,stubbedvaluewillbereturned.Hereishowtheprecedingstubbedvaluecanbeconfirmedusingconsole.log:
varobjectUnderTest={
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someFunction:function(){return'stubme!';}
};
//beforethereturnvalueisstubbed
Console.log(objectUnderTest.someFunction());
//displays'stubme'
jasmine.spyOn(objectUnderTest,'someFunction')
.and
.returnValue('stubbedvalue');
//Afterthereturnvalueisstubbed
Console.log(objectUnderTest.someFunction());
//displays'stubbedvalue'
TestingargumentsAtestdoubleprovidesinsightsintohowamethodisusedinanapplication.Asanexample,atestmightwanttoassertwhatargumentsamethodwascalledwithorthenumberoftimesamethodwascalled.Hereisanexamplefunction:
varobjectUnderTest={
someFunction:function(arg1,arg2){}
};
Herearethestepstotesttheargumentstheprecedingfunctioniscalledwith:
1. Createaspysothattheargumentscalledcanbecaptured:
jasmine.spyOn(objectUnderTest,'someFunction');
2. Thentoaccessthearguments,dothefollowing:
//Gettheargumentsforthefirstcallofthefunction
varcallArgs=objectUnderTest.someFunction.call.argsFor(0);
console.log(callArgs);
//displays['param1','param2']
3. Hereishowtheargumentscanbedisplayedusingconsole.log:
varobjectUnderTest={
someFunction:function(arg1,arg2){}
};
//createthespy
jasmine.spyOn(objectUnderTest,'someFunction');
//Callthemethodwithspecificarguments
objectUnderTest.someFunction('param1','param2');
//Gettheargumentsforthefirstcallofthefunction
varcallArgs=objectUnderTest.someFunction.call.argsFor(0);
console.log(callArgs);
//displays['param1','param2']
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RefactoringRefactoringistheactofrestructuring,rewriting,renaming,andremovingcodeinordertoimprovethedesign,readability,maintainability,andoverallaestheticofapieceofcode.TheTDDlifecyclestepof“makingitbetter”isprimarilyconcernedwithrefactoring.Thissectionwillwalkyouthrougharefactoringexample.Hereisanexampleofafunctionthatneedstoberefactored:
varabc=function(z){
varx=false;
if(z>10)
returntrue;
returnx;
}
Thisfunctionworksfineanddoesnotcontainanysyntacticalorlogicalissues.Theproblemisthatthefunctionisdifficulttoreadandunderstand.Refactoringthisfunctionwillimprovethenaming,structure,anddefinition.Theexercisewillremovethemasqueradingcomplexityandrevealthefunction’struemeaningandintention.Herearethesteps:
1. Renamethefunctionandvariablenamestobemoremeaningful,thatis,renamexandzsothattheymakesense:
varisTenOrGreater=function(value){
varfalseValue=false;
if(value>10)
returntrue;
returnfalseValue;
}
2. Now,thefunctioncaneasilybereadandthenamingmakessense.3. Removeunnecessarycomplexity.Inthiscase,theifconditionalstatementcanbe
removedcompletely:
varisTenOrGreater=function(value){
returnvalue>10;
};
4. Reflectontheresult.
Atthispoint,therefactoriscomplete,andthefunction’spurposeshouldjumpoutatyou.Theremainingquestionthatshouldbeaskedis“whydoesthismethodexistinthefirstplace?”.
Thisexampleonlyprovidedabriefwalk-throughofthestepsthatcanbetakentoidentifyissuesincodeandhowtoimprovethem.Otherexampleswillbeusedthroughoutthisbook.
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BuildingwithabuilderThebuilderpatternusesabuilderobjecttocreateanotherobject.Imagineanobjectwithtenproperties.Howwilltestdatabecreatedforeveryproperty?Willtheobjecthavetoberecreatedineverytest?
Abuilderobjectdefinesanobjecttobereusedacrossmultipletests.Thefollowingcodesnippetprovidesanexampleoftheuseofthispattern.Thisexamplewillusebuilderobjectinthevalidatemethod:
varbook={
id:null,
author:null,
dateTime:null
};
Thebookobjecthasthreeproperties:id,author,anddateTime.Fromatestingperspective,youwouldwanttheabilitytocreateavalidobject,thatis,onethathasallthefieldsdefined.Youmayalsowanttocreateaninvalidobjectwithmissingproperties,oryoumaywanttosetcertainvaluesintheobjecttotestthevalidationlogic,thatis,dateTimeisanactualdate.
HerearethestepstocreateabuilderforthedateTimeobject:
1. Createabuilderfunction:
varbookBuilder=function();
2. Createavalidobjectwithinthebuilder:
varbookBuilder=function(){
var_resultBook={
id:1,
author:'AnyAuthor',
dateTime:newDateTime()
};
}
3. Createafunctiontoreturnthebuiltobject:
varbookBuilder=function(){
var_resultBook={
id:1,
author:"AnyAuthor",
dateTime:newDateTime()
};
this.build=function(){
return_resultBook;
}
}
4. Createanotherfunctiontosetthe_resultBookauthorfield:
varbookBuilder=function(){
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var_resultBook={
id:1,
author:'AnyAuthor',
dateTime:newDateTime()
};
this.build=function(){
return_resultBook;
};
this.setAuthor=function(author){
_resultBook.author=author;
};
};
5. Makethefunctionfluentsothatcallscanbechained:
this.setAuthor=function(author){
_resultBook.author=author;
returnthis;
};
6. AsetterfunctionwillalsobecreatedfordateTime:
this.setDateTime=function(dateTime){
_resultBook.dateTime=dateTime;
returnthis;
};
Now,bookBuildercanbeusedtocreateanewbookasfollows:
varbuiltBook=bookBuilder.setAuthor('TimChaplin')
.setDateTime(newDate())
.build();
Theprecedingbuildercannowbeusedthroughoutyourteststocreateasingleconsistentobject.Hereisthecompletebuilderforyourreference:
varbookBuilder=function(){
var_resultBook={
id:1,
author:'AnyAuthor',
dateTime:newDateTime()
};
this.build=function(){
return_resultBook;
};
this.setAuthor=function(author){
_resultBook.author=author;
returnthis;
};
this.setDateTime=function(dateTime){
_resultBook.dateTime=dateTime;
returnthis;
};
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};
TipDownloadingtheexamplecode
Youcandownloadtheexamplecodefilesfromyouraccountathttp://www.packtpub.comforallthePacktPublishingbooksyouhavepurchased.Ifyoupurchasedthisbookelsewhere,youcanvisithttp://www.packtpub.com/supportandregistertohavethefilese-maileddirectlytoyou.
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Self-testquestionsQ1.Atestdoubleisanothernameforaduplicatetest.
1. True2. False
Q2.TDDstandsfortest-drivendevelopment.
1. True2. False
Q3.Thepurposeofrefactoringistoimprovecodequality.
1. True2. False
Q4.Atestobjectbuilderconsolidatesthecreationofobjectsfortesting.
1. True2. False
Q5.The3A’sareasportsteam.
1. True2. False
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SummaryThischapterprovidedanintroductiontoTDD.ItdiscussedtheTDDlifecycle(testfirst,makeitrun,makeitbetter)andshowedhowthesamestepsareusedbyatailor.Finally,itlookedoversomeofthetestingtechniquesthatwillbediscussedthroughoutthisbookincluding:
TestdoublesRefactoringBuildingpatterns
AlthoughTDDisahugetopic,thisbookissolelyfocusedontheTDDprinciplesandpracticestobeusedwithAngularJS.Inthenextchapter,youwillstartthejourneyandseehowtosetuptheKarmatestrunner.
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Chapter2.TheKarmaWayJavaScripttestinghashitthemainstream,thankstoKarma.KarmamakesitseamlesstotestJavaScript.AngularJSwascreatedaroundtesting.ThischapterexplorestheoriginsofKarmaandwhyithastobeusedinanyAngularJSproject.Bytheendofthischapter,youwillnotonlyunderstandtheproblemthatKarmasolves,butalsowalkthroughacompleteexampleusingit.
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JavaScripttestingtoolsKnowingwhatthedifferenttestingtoolsareishalfthebattle.Inthissection,youwilllearnaboutthetwoprimarytoolsthatwillbediscussedandusedthroughoutthebook.Theyare:
Karma:ThisisatestrunnerProtractor:Thisisanend-to-endtestingframework
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KarmaBeforediscussingwhatKarmais,itisbesttodiscusswhatitisn’t.Itisn’taframeworktowritetests.Itisatestrunner.WhatthismeansisthatKarmagivesyoutheabilitytoruntestsinseveraldifferentbrowsersinanautomatedway.Inthepast,developershadtoperformmanualstepstodothis,including:
1. Openingupabrowser2. PointingthebrowsertotheprojectURL3. Runningthetests4. Confirmingthatalltestshavepassed5. Makingchanges6. Refreshingthepage
WithKarma,automationgivesthedevelopertheabilitytorunasinglecommandanddeterminewhetheranentiretestsuitehaspassedorfailed.FromaTDDperspective,thisgivesyoutheabilitytofindandfixfailingtestsquickly.SomeoftheprosandconsofusingKarmacomparedtoamanualprocessareasfollows:
Pros Cons
Abilitytoautomatetestsinmultiplebrowsersanddevices. Additionaltooltolearn,configure,andmaintain.
Abilitytowatchfiles.
Onlinedocumentationandsupport.
Doesonething—runsJavaScripttests—anddoesitwell.
Easytointegratewithacontinuousintegrationserver.
AutomatingtheprocessoftestingandusingKarmaisextremelyadvantageous.IntheTDDjourneythroughthisbook,Karmawillbeoneofyourprimarytools.
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ProtractorProtractorisanend-to-endtestingtool.Itallowsdeveloperstomimicuserinteractions.Itautomatesthetestingoffunctionalityandfeaturesthroughtheinteractionofawebbrowser.ProtractorhasspecificmethodstoassistwithtestingAngularJS,buttheyarenotexclusivetoAngularJS.SomeoftheprosandconsofusingProtractorareasfollows:
Pros Cons
Configurabletotestmultipleenvironments Documentationandexamplesarelimited
EasyintegrationwithAngularJS
Syntaxandtestingcanbesimilartothetestingframeworkchosenforunittesting
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JavaScripttestingframeworksInthissection,youwilllearnaboutthetestingframeworksthatwillsupportyouinyourTDDpractices.Theseinclude:
JasmineSeleniumMocha
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JasmineJasmineisaJavaScripttestingframework.ItcanbeeasilyintegratedandrunforwebsitesandisagnostictoAngularJS.Itprovidesspiesandotherfeatures.ItcanalsoberunonitsownwithoutKarma.Someoftheprosandconsareasfollows:
Pros Cons
DefaultintegrationwithKarma. Nofile-watchingfeatureavailablewhenrunningtests.Thismeansthattestshavetobererunbytheuserastheychange.
Providesadditionalfunctionstoassistwithtesting,suchastestspies,fakes,andthepass-throughfunctionality. ThelearningcurvecanbesteepforalltheProtractormethodsandfeatures.
Cleansreadablesyntaxthatallowsteststobeformattedinawaythatrelatestothebehaviorbeingtested.
Integrationwithseveraloutputreporters.
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SeleniumSelenium(http://www.seleniumhq.org/)definesitselfas:
“Seleniumautomatesbrowsers.That’sit!”
Automationofbrowsersmeansthatdeveloperscaninteractwithbrowserseasily.Theycanclickonbuttonsorlinks,enterdata,andsoon.Seleniumisapowerfultoolsetthat,whenusedandsetupproperly,haslotsofbenefits;however,itcanbeconfusingandcumbersometosetitup.SomeoftheprosandconsofSeleniumareasfollows:
Pros Cons
Largefeatureset Hastoberunasaseparateprocess
Distributedtesting Severalstepstoconfigure
SaaSsupportthroughservicessuchasSauceLabs
Documentationandresourcesavailable
AsProtractorisawrapperaroundSelenium,itwon’tbediscussedindetail.ProtractorwillbefurtherintroducedinChapter3,End-to-endTestingwithProtractor.
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MochaMochaisatestingframeworkoriginallywrittenforNode.jsapplicationsbutsupportsbrowsertestingaswell.ItisverysimilartoJasmineandmirrorsmuchofitssyntax.Let’sdiscusssomeoftheprosandconsofMocha:
Pros Cons
Easytoinstall Separateplugins/modulesrequiredforassertions,spies,andsoon
Gooddocumentationavailable AdditionalconfigurationrequiredtouseitwithKarma
Hasseveralreporters
Plugsinwithseveralnodeprojects
TheapproachofbeingjustatestrunnerandnotworryingaboutassertionsandmockingfitsintotheNode.jsmantra—smallindividualmodulesthatdoonething.ForNode.jsprojects,IprefertogowithMocha.ThereasonisthatyoucanaddnewNodePackageManager(npm)modulesforthespecificpluginsneeded.Whenworkingwithawebsite,andspecificallyAngularJS,IprefertouseJasmine.Itprovidesthefeaturesneededwithouthavingtoinstalladditionalnpmmodulestoanon-Node.jsproject.
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BirthofKarmaWhenpickingupanewtool,itisimportanttounderstandwhereitcamefromandwhyitwasbuilt.ThissectiongivesyousomebackgroundoftheoriginsofKarma.
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TheKarmadifferenceKarmawascreatedbyVojtechJína.Theprojectwasoriginallycalledtestacular.InVojtechJína’sthesis,hediscussesthedesign,purpose,andimplementationofKarma.Inhisthesis(JavasScriptTestRunner,page6,https://github.com/karma-runner/karma/raw/master/thesis.pdf),hedescribesKarmaas:
“…atestrunner,thathelpswebapplicationdeveloperstobemoreproductiveandeffectivebymakingautomatedtestingsimplerandfaster.Infact,Ihaveamuchhigherambitionandthisthesisisonlyapartofit-IwanttopromoteTestDrivenDevelopment(TDD)as“the”waytodevelopwebapplications,becauseIbelieveitisthemosteffectivewaytodevelophighqualitysoftware.”
KarmahastheabilitytoeasilyandautomaticallyrunJavaScriptunittestsonrealbrowsers.Traditionally,testswererunbyhavingtomanuallylaunchabrowserandcheckforresultsbycontinuallyhittingtheRefreshbutton.Thismethodwasawkwardandoftenresultedindeveloperslimitingtheamountofteststhatwerewritten.
WithKarma,adevelopercanwriteatestinalmostanystandardtestframework,chooseabrowsertorunagainst,setthefilestowatchforchanges,andbam!Continuousautomatedtesting.Simplychecktheoutputwindowforfailedorpassedtests.
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ImportanceofcombiningKarmawithAngularJSKarmawasbuiltforAngularJS.PriortoKarma,therewasalackofautomatedtestingtoolsforweb-basedJavaScriptdevelopers.
Remember,Karmaisatestrunner,notatestframework.Itsjobistoruntestsandreportwhichtestswillpassorfail.Whyisthishelpful?Atestframeworkiswhereyouwillwriteyourtests.Apartfromdoingthis,youwillneedtobefocusedonrunningthetestseasilyandseeingresults.Karmaeasilyrunstestsacrossseveraldifferentbrowsers.Karmaalsohassomeotherfeatures,suchasfilewatching,whichwillbediscussedfurtherindetaillaterinthebook.
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InstallingKarmaTimetostartusingKarma.Installationsandapplicationsareconstantlychanging.ThefollowingguideisintendedtobebriefinthehopethatyouwillgototheKarmawebsite,http://karma-runner.github.io/,andfindthelatestinstructions.
Themainfocusofthissectionwillbeonthespecificconfigurationusedinthisbookandnotanin-depthinstallationguide.
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InstallationprerequisitesToinstallKarma,youneedtohaveNode.jsonyourcomputer.Node.jsrunsonGoogle’sV8engineandallowsJavaScripttoberunonseveraloperatingsystems.
Developerscanpublishnodeapplicationsandmodulesusingnpm.Thisallowsdeveloperstoquicklyintegrateapplicationsandmodulesintotheirapplications.
Karmarunsandisinstalledthroughthenpmpackage,andthereforeyouneedNode.jsbeforeyouuseorinstallKarma.ToinstallNode.js,gotohttp://nodejs.org/andfollowtheinstallationinstructions.
AssumingyouhaveNode.jsinstalled,typethefollowingcommandinthecommandprompttoinstallKarma:
$npminstallkarma-g
TheprecedingcommandusesnpmtoinstallKarmagloballyusing-g.WhatthismeansisthatyoucanuseKarmaonthecommandpromptbysimplytypingthefollowing:
$karma-–version
Bydefault,installingKarmawillinstallkarma-chrome-launcherandkarma-jasmineasdependencies.Ensurethatthesemodulesareinstalledgloballyaswell.
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ConfiguringKarmaKarmacomesequippedwithanautomatedwaytocreateaconfigurationfile.Tousetheautomatedway,typethefollowingcommand:
$karmainit
Hereisasampleoftheoptionschosen:
CustomizingKarma’sconfigurationThefollowinginstructionsdescribethespecificconfigurationrequiredtogetKarmarunningfortheproject.Customizationincludesthetestframework(Jasmine),browser(Chrome)totestwith,andfilestotest.Tocustomizetheconfiguration,openupkarma.confandperformthefollowingsteps:
1. Ensurethattheenabledframeworksaysjasmineusingthefollowingcode:
frameworks:['jasmine'],
2. Configurethetestdirectory.Notethatthefollowingdefinitionneedstoincludethetestsrequiredtorunalongwithanypotentialdependencies.Thedirectorythatwillholdourtestsis/test/unit/:
files:[
'test/unit/**/*.js'
],
3. SetthetestbrowsertoChrome.Itwillthenbeinitializedandwillrunapopupaftereverytest:
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browsers:['Chrome'],
ConfirmingKarma’sinstallationandconfigurationToconfirmKarma’sinstallationandconfiguration,performthefollowingsteps:
1. RunthefollowingcommandtoconfirmthatKarmastartswithnoerrors:
$karmastart
2. Theoutputshouldbesomethinglikethis:
$INFO[karma]:Karmav0.12.16serverstartedathttp://localhost:9876/
3. Inaddition,theoutputshouldstatethatnotestfileswerefound:
$WARN[watcher]:Pattern"test/unit/**/*.js"doesnotmatchanyfile.
4. Theoutputshoulddothisalongwithafailedtestmessage:
$Chrome35.0.1916(Windows7):Executed0of0ERROR(0.016secs/0
secs)
Thisisexpectedasnotestshavebeencreatedyet.ContinuetothenextstepifKarmaisstartedandyouwillseeyourChromebrowserwiththefollowingoutput:
Commoninstallation/configurationissuesIfJasmineorChromeLauncheraremissing,performthefollowingsteps:
Whenrunningthetest,anerrormightoccursayingmissingJasmineorChromeLauncher.Ifyougetthiserror,typethefollowingcommandtoinstallthemissingdependencies:
$npminstallkarma-jasmine-g
$npminstallkarma-chrome-launcher-g
Retrythetestandconfirmthattheerrorshavebeenresolved.
Thefollowingiswhatyouneedtodotoprovidepermissions(sudo/administrator):
Insomecases,youmightnotbeabletoinstallnpm_modulesgloballyusingthe–gcommand.Thisisgenerallyduetopermissionissuesonyourcomputer.TheresolutionistoinstallKarmadirectlyinyourprojectfolder.Usethesamecommandwithout–gtodothis:
$npminstallkarma
RunKarmausingtherelativepath:
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$./node_modules/karma/bin/karma--version
NowthatKarmaisinstalledandrunning,it’stimetoputittouse.
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TestingwithKarmaInthissection,youwillcreateatesttoconfirmKarmaisworkingasexpected.Todothis,performthefollowingsteps:
1. Createthetestdirectory.IntheKarmaconfiguration,testsweredefinedinthefollowingdirectory:
files:[
'test/unit/**/*.js'
],
Goaheadandcreatethetest/unitdirectory.
2. CreateanewfilenamedfirstTest.jsinthetest/unitdirectory.3. Writethefirsttestasfollows:
describe('whentestingkarma',function(){
it('shouldreportasuccessfultest',function(){
expect(true).toBeTruthy();
});
});
4. TheprecedingtestusesJasminefunctionsandhasthefollowingproperties:
describe:Thisprovidesabriefstringdescriptionofthethingsthatwillbetestedit:Thisprovidesabriefstringofthespecificassertionexpect:ThisprovidesawaytoassertvaluestoBeTruthy:Thisisoneofseveralpropertiesonanexpectationthatcanbeusedtomakeassertions
Thistesthasnorealvalueotherthantoconfirmtheoutputofapassingtest.
5. Bam!CheckyourconsolewindowandseethatKarmahasexecutedyourtest.Yourcommandlineshouldsaysomethinglikethis:
$INFO[watcher]:Addedfile"./test/unit/firstTest.js"
ThisoutputmeansthatKarmaautomagicallyrecognizedthatanewfilewasadded.Thenextoutputshouldsaysomethinglikethis:
$Chrome35.0.1916(Windows7):Executed1of1SUCCESS(0.02secs/
0.015secs)
Thismeansyourtesthaspassed!
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ConfirmingtheKarmainstallationNowtheinitialsetupandconfigurationofKarmaiscomplete.Hereisareviewofthesteps:
InstalledKarmathroughthenpmcommandInitializedadefaultconfigurationthroughthekarmainitcommandConfiguredKarmawithJasmineandatest/unittestdirectoryStartedKarmaandconfirmeditcouldbeopenedwithChromeAddedaJasminetest,firstTest.js,toourtest/unittestdirectoryKarmarecognizedthatfirstTest.jshadbeenaddedtothetestdirectoryKarmaexecutedourfirstTest.jsandreportedouroutput
Withacoupleofsteps,youwereabletoseeKarmarunningandexecutingtestsautomatically.FromaTDDperspective,youcanfocusonmovingtestsfromfailingtopassingwithoutmucheffort.Noneedtorefreshthebrowser;justcheckthecommandoutputwindow.KeepKarmarunningandallyourtestsandfileswillautomaticallybeaddedandrun.
Inthenextsections,youwillseehowtoapplyKarmawithaTDDapproach.Ifyou’reOKwithKarmasofarandwanttomoveontoProtractor,continuetothenextchapter.
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UsingKarmawithAngularJSHere,youwillwalkthroughaTDDapproachtoanAngularJScomponent.Bytheendofthischapter,youshouldbeableto:
FeelconfidentaboutusingKarmaanditsconfigurationUnderstandthebasiccomponentsofaJasminetestStarttounderstandhowtointegrateaTDDapproachinanAngularJSapplication
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GettingAngularJSAneasymethodforinstallingAngularJSintoprojectsistouseBower.FeelfreetoinstallAngularJSintoyourprojectinanywayyouprefer.FollowingisabriefdescriptiononhowtoinstallanduseBower.
BowerBowerisapackagemanagerforJavaScriptcomponents.Bowerallowsclient-sideJavaScriptcomponentstobeversionedandautomaticallydownloadedintoyourprojects.Thisallowsyoutoupgradethird-partytoolsandcomponentsandprovideaneasy,standardwaytousetoolssuchasAngularJS,Bootstrap,andmanymore.
Bowerinstallation
Bowerisannpmmodule,justlikeKarma.EnsureyouhaveNode.jsinstalledbeforeyoutrytoinstallBowerusingthefollowingsteps:
1. EnsureyouhaveBowerinstalledusingthiscode:
$npminstallbower-g
2. Initializethebower.jsonconfigurationintherootoftheproject:
$bowerinit
//Thiswillcreateabower.jsonfilewhichcontainsthedependent
packages
//Answerdefaulttoallthequestions.
Theoutputshouldbesomethinglikewhatisshowninthefollowingscreenshot:
Thatisit.NowBowerisinstalledandreadytodownloadJavaScriptpackagesintoyourproject.
InstallingAngularJSUsethefollowingcommandtoinstallAngularJSusingBower:
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$bowerinstallangular
Typethepreviouscommandinyourcommandpromptforthedirectoryyouwillbeworkingin.Aftertheinstallationiscomplete,lookatyourdirectoryandconfirmthatabower_componetsdirectorywascreated.Insidethis,thereshouldbeafolderforAngularJS:
InstallingAngularmocksAngularmocksallowsyoutotestAngularJScomponents.Theofficialdefinition,whichisfoundathttps://docs.angularjs.org/api/ngMock,isasfollows:
“ThengMockmoduleprovidessupporttoinjectandmockAngularservicesintounittests.Inaddition,ngMockalsoextendsvariouscorengservicessuchthattheycanbeinspectedandcontrolledinasynchronousmannerwithintestcode.”
ToinstallAngularmocks,simplyuseBower:
$bowerinstallangular-mocks
InitializingKarmaAkarma.conffileisrequiredtotellKarmahowitshouldrunfortheapplicationinquestion.Thebestwaytoinitializeitistorunthefollowingcommandinthecommandprompt:
$karmainit
Usethedefaultanswers.Afterkarma.confhasbeencreatedinthecurrentdirectory,openuptheconfiguration.TheoneconfigurationthatneedstochangeisthedefinitionofthefilesforKarmatouse.Usethefollowingdefinitioninthefilessection,whichdefinesthefilesrequiredtorunthetest:
files:[
'bower_components/angular/angular.js',
'bower_components/angular-mocks/angular-mocks.js',
'app/**/*.js',
'spec/**/*.js'
],
Theprecedingconfigurationloadsangular.js,JavaScriptfilesintheappdirectory,andyourtestsinthespecfolder.
EnsurethatKarmacanrunyourconfiguration:
$karmastart
Thecommandoutputshouldstatesomethinglikethis:
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$Chrome35.0.1916(Windows7):Executed0of0ERROR(0.01secs/0secs)
Thatisit.KarmaisnowrunningforthefirstAngularJSapplication.
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TestingwithAngularJSandKarmaThepurposeofthisfirsttestusingKarmaistocreateadynamicto-dolist.ThiswalkthroughwillfollowtheTDDstepswediscussedinChapter1,IntroductiontoTest-drivenDevelopment:testfirst,makeitrun,andmakeitbetter.ThiswillallowyoutogainmoreexperienceinusingTDDwithAngularJS.
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Adevelopmentto-dolistBeforeyoustartthetest,setyourfocusonwhatneedstobedevelopedusingadevelopmentto-dolist.Thiswillallowyoutoorganizeyourthoughts.Hereistheto-dolist:
Maintainalistofitems:
Theexamplelistconsistsoftest,execute,andrefactor
Addanitemtothelist:
Theexamplelistafteryouaddtheitemistest,execute,refactor,andrepeat
Removeanitemfromthelist:
Theexamplelistafteryouaddandremovetheitemistest,execute,andrefactor
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TestingalistofitemsThefirstdevelopmentitemistoprovideyouwiththeabilitytohavealistofitemsonacontroller.ThenextcoupleofstepswillwalkyouthroughtheTDDprocessofaddingthefirstfeatureusingtheTDDlifecyclethatistestfirst,makeitrun,makeitbetter.
TestfirstDeterminingwheretostartisoftenthehardestpart.Thebestwayistorememberthe3A’s(Assemble,Act,andAssert)andstartwiththebaseJasminetemplateformat.Thecodetodothisisasfollows:
describe('',function(){
beforeEach(function(){
});
it('',function(){
});
});
describe:Thisdefinesthemainfeaturewearetesting.Thestringwillexplainthefeatureinreadabletermsandthenthefunctionwillfollowwiththetest.beforeEach:Thisistheassemblestep.ThefunctiondefinedinbeforeEachwillgetexecutedbeforeeveryassert.Itisbesttoputthetestsetuprequiredbeforeeachtestinthisfunction.it:Thisistheactandassertstep.Intheitsection,youwillperformtheactionbeingtested,followedbysomeassertion.Theactstepdoesn’thavetogointotheitfunction.Dependingonthetest,itmightbemoresuitedinthebeforeEachfunction.
Assemble,Act,andAssert(3A’s)Nowthatthetemplateisthere,wecanstartfillinginthepieces.Wewillagainfollowthe3A’smantra.
Thefollowingarethetwopartsoftheassemblesection.
Inthefirstpart,weinitializethemoduleusingthefollowingcode:
...
beforeEach(function(){
module('todo');
});
...
ThiscodewillusetheAngularmocksJavaScriptlibrarytoinitializetheAngularJSmodulebeingtested.Wehaven’tdefinedthetodomodule,butwewilldothisafterwegetafailingtest.
ThesecondparttalksaboutthescopeofTodoController.TheTodoControllerscopewillcontainthelistofitemsonitsscopevariable.ItisrequiredthatthetesthasaccesstothescopeofTodoController.Angularmockswillbeusedtogetthis.Addthefollowing
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codetobeforeEachtogetthecontroller’sscope:
//scope–holditemsonthecontroller
varscope={};
beforeEach(function(){
//...
//inject–accessangularcontrollerinject(function($controller){
//$controller–initializecontrollerwithtestscope
$controller('TodoController',{$scope:scope});
});
//...
});
Thefollowingisabriefexplanationofeachofthecodeelements:
scope:Thisvariableisusedtoholdandtestthelistitemsonthecontroller.inject:TheAngularmocksfunctionisusedtoaccessAngularJS’s$controller.ThisessentiallyallowsyoutogetaccessandinjectdependenciesintoAngularJSobjects.$controller:ThisinitializesthescopeofTodoController.Thetest’sscopevariablewillnowcontainthecontroller’sscope.
Inthecaseof“act”,thereisnomethodtoacton.Thescopeobjecthasalreadybeenretrievedaspartoftheassemblestep.
Inassert,therearetwopartsagain:
ThefirstassertionistoensuretheTodoControllerscopehasalistvariabledefinedwiththreeitems.Thelistvariablewillbeusedtoholdthelistofalltheitems:
it('shoulddefinealistobject',function(){
expect(scope.list).toBeDefined();
});
Thesecond,third,andfourthassertionswillbeusedtoconfirmwhetherthedatainthelistisinthecorrectorder,thatis,firstistest,secondisexecute,andthirdisrefactor:
//Secondtest
it('shoulddefinealistobject',function(){
expect(scope.list[0]).toEqual('test');
});
//Thirdtest
it('shoulddefinealistobject',function(){
expect(scope.list[1]).toEqual('execute');
});
//Fourthtest
it('shoulddefinealistobject',function(){
expect(scope.list[2]).toEqual('refactor');
});
MakeitrunThenextstepintheTDDlifecycleistomaketheapplicationrunandfixthecodesothat
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thetestspass.Remember,thinkaboutthesmallestcomponentsthatcanbeaddedtomakethetestpassbyproceedingwiththefollowingsteps:
1. RunKarmabytypingthefollowingcommand:
$karmastart
2. Ifyouencounter[$injector:moduler]Failedtoinstantiatemoduletododuetoerror,thenitcanbeduetothefollowing:
Theprecedingerrormessageissayingthatthetodomodulehasn’tbeendefined.Sincetheerrormessageistellingyouwhatisrequired,thisistheperfectplacetostart.Createanewfileintheappdirectorynamedtodo.Theworkingdirectoryshouldnowlooksomethinglikethis:
Addthetodomoduletothebeginningofyournewfileasfollows:
angular.module('todo',[]);
ReviewtheconsolewindowwhereKarmaisrunning.Youshouldnowseeanewerror.
3. Error:The[ng:areq]argumentTodoControllerisnotafunction,gotundefined:
Thiserrormessageisdescribingexactlywhatneedstobedone.Thereisnoneedtodeciphererrormessagesorstacktraces.Simplyupdatethetodo.jsfilesoitcontainsanAngularJScontrollerasfollows:
angular.module('todo',[])
.controller('TodoController',[])
Inthepreviouscode,wedidn’ttryanddefinethelogicrequired;weonlyaddedthesmallestcomponenttomeettheerrormessage.Reviewtheconsolewindowforthenexterror.
4. Error:Theexpectedundefinedtobedefinedasfollows:
Thenewerrormessageisagainclear.Wecanalsoseethatthecodehasnowpasseduptothepointofourassertionatthefollowingpoint:
expect(scope.list).toBeDefined();
Asthereisnolistonthescope,youneedtoaddone.Updatetheapp/todo.jsfileasfollows:
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.controller('TodoController',['$scope',function($scope){
$scope.list=[];
}])
Reviewtheconsolewindow.
5. Youshouldnowseeoneofthefourtestspass!ThismeansyouhavesuccessfullyusedTDDandKarmatogetyourfirsttesttopass.Nowyouneedtofixtheotherthree.ThenexterrorisExpectedundefinedtoequal'test':
Theerroroutputagaindescribesexactlywhatneedstohappen.Youjustneedtoinitializethearraywiththeelementstest,execute,andrun.Gotoapp/todo.jsandaddthedatatothearrayinitialization:
angular.module('todo',[])
.controller('TodoController',['$scope',function($scope){
$scope.list=['test','execute','refactor'];
}]);
ReviewtheoutputintheKarmawindow.
6. Excellent!Theoutputisingreenandstatesthatallthetestshavepassed.
Theresultmoduleandcontrollercodefromthisstepisasfollows:
//Amodulefortheapplication
angular.module('todo',[])
//Acontrollertomanagetheto-doitems.controller('TodoController',
['$scope',function($scope){
//theinitializationofitemsonthecontrollerscope
$scope.list=['test','execute','refactor'];
}]);
Nowthatthe“makeitrun”stepiscomplete,youcanmoveontothenextstepandmakeitbetter.
MakeitbetterUntilthispoint,therewasnothingrequiredtodirectlyrefactororthathadbeenidentifiedinthedevelopmentto-dolist.Areviewofthedevelopmentto-dolistshowsthatanitemcanbecrossedout:
Viewalistofto-dolistitems:
Theexamplelistconsistsoftest,execute,andrefactor
Addanitemtoato-do-list:
Theexamplelistafteryouaddtheitemwillconsistoftest,execute,refactor,andrepeat
Removeanitemfromato-do-list:
Theexamplelistafteryouaddandthenremovetheitemwillconsistoftest,execute,andrefactor
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Nextupistherequirementtoaddanewitemtothelist.TheTDDrhythmwillbefollowedagain:testfirst,makeitrun,andmakeitbetter.
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AddingafunctiontothecontrollerThenexttaskistogivethecontrollertheabilitytoadditemstothescopelist.Thiswillrequiretheadditionofamethodtothescope.Thiswalk-throughwillfollowthesameTDDstepsasdonepreviously.
TestfirstInsteadofcreatinganewfileandduplicatingsomeoftheassemblesteps,thefollowingtestwillbeinsertedunderthelastitmethod.Thereasonisbecausethesamemoduleandcontrollerwillbeused:
describe('whenusingato-dolist',function(){
varscope=null;
beforeEach(function(){
//...
});
//...
describe('',function(){
beforeEach(function(){
});
it('',function(){
});
});
});
Assemble,Act,andAssert(3A’s)Nowthatthetemplateisthere,wecanstartfillinginthegapsusingthe3A’smantra:
1. Assemble:Thereisnoinitializationorsetuprequired,asthemoduleandcontrollerscopewillbeinherited.
2. Act:Here,youneedtoactontheaddmethodwithanewitem.Weplacetheactfunctionintothebeforeeachfunction.Thisallowsustorepeatthesamestepif/whenmoretestsareadded:
beforeEach(function(){
scope.add('repeat');
});
3. Assert:Here,anitemshouldbeaddedtothelist,andthenyouneedtoconfirmthatthelastiteminthearrayisasexpected:
it('shouldadditemtolastiteminlist',function(){
varlastIndexOfList=scope.list.length-1;
expect(scope.list[lastIndexOfList]).toEqual('repeat');
});
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MakeitrunThenextstepintheTDDlifecycleistomakeitrun.Remember,thinkaboutthesmallestcomponentsthatcanbeaddedtomakethetestpass,asfollows:
1. EnsureKarmaisrunninginyourconsolebytypinginthefollowingcommand:
$karmastart
2. ThefirsterrorwillstateTypeError:undefinedisnotafunction:
Theerrorreferstothefollowinglineofcode:
scope.add('repeat');
Theerroristellingyouthattheaddmethodhasn’tbeendefined.Theaddfunctionwillneedtobeaddedtotheapp/todo.jscode.Thecontrollerhasalreadybeendefined,sotheaddfunctionneedstobeplacedonthecontroller’sscope:
angular.module('to-do',[])
.controller('TodoController',['$scope',function($scope){
//...
$scope.add=function(){};
}]);
Noticehowtheaddfunctiondoesn’tcontainanylogic.Thesmallestcomponenthasbeenaddedtogetthetesttosatisfytheerrormessage.Reviewtheconsolewindowforthenexterror.
3. Error:Expected'refactor'toequal'repeat':
Havealookatthefollowingexpectation:
it('shouldadditemtolastiteminlist',function(){
varlastIndexOfList=scope.list.length-1;
expect(scope.list[lastIndexOfList]).toEqual('repeat');
});
Thefailedassertioninstep2istellingusthatbasedontheprecedingexpectation,theexpectedresultofrepeatisnotwhatthelastiteminthelisthas.Thesmallestpossiblethingthatcanbeaddedtomakethisassertionpassistopushrepeattotheendofthelistintheaddfunction.Hereishowtodothis:
//...
$scope.add=function(){
$scope.list.push('repeat');
};
//...
Reviewtheconsoletoseewhatthenextoutputsays.
4. Success!Allfivetestshavenowpassed.
Theresultingcodeaddedtogettheteststopassisasfollows:
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//Amodulefortheapplication
angular.module('todo',[])
//Acontrollertomanagetheto-doitems
.controller('TodoController',['$scope',function($scope){
//theinitializationofitemsonthecontrollerscope
$scope.list=['test','execute','refactor'];
$scope.add=function(){
$scope.list.push('repeat');
};
}]);
MakeitbetterThemainthingthatweneedtorefactoristhattheaddfunctionstillhasn’tbeenfullyimplemented.Itcontainsahardcodedvalue,andtheminutewesendinadifferentitemintotheaddfunction,thetestwillfail.
KeepKarmarunningsowecankeeppassingthetestsaschangesaremade.Themainissuewiththecurrentaddmethodisasfollows:
Itdoesn’tacceptanyparameterItdoesn’tpushaparameterontothelistbutusesahardcodedvalue
Theresultantaddfunctionshouldnowlookasfollows:
$scope.add=function(item){
$scope.list.push(item);
};
ConfirmthattheKarmaoutputstilldisplayssuccess:
$Chrome35.0.1916(Windows7):Executed5of5SUCCESS(0.165secs/0.153
secs)
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Self-testquestionsSelf-testquestionswillhelpyoufurthertestyourknowledgeofusingTDDwithAngularJSandKarma.
Q1.HowdoyouuseKarmatocreateaconfigurationfile?
1. karmaconfig2. karmainit3. karma–configkarma.conf.js
Q2.TheJasminetestmethodnamedbeforegetsexecutedbeforeeverytest.
1. True2. False
Q3.BowerisusedtoinstallKarma.
1. True2. False
Q4.The3A’sstandforwhichoneofthese?
1. Agroupofsuperheroes2. Assemble,Act,andAssert3. Accept,approve,andact
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SummaryInthischapter,wereviewedJavaScripttestingframeworksandtoolsanddiscussedhowVojtechJínacreatedKarma.Wesawhowtoinstall,configure,andrunKarma.Finally,youhavewalkedthroughanexampleofusingKarmawithTDD.Inthenextchapter,youwilllearnaboutend-to-endtestingwithProtractor.
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Chapter3.End-to-endTestingwithProtractorUnittestingisonlyoneaspectoftesting.Inthischapter,wewilllookatend-to-endtestingapplications,throughalllayersofanapplication.YouwillbeintroducedtoProtractor,theend-to-endtestingtoolfromtheAngularJSteam.Wewilllookintowhyitwascreatedandtheproblemsitsolves.Finally,wewillseehowtoinstall,configure,anduseProtractorwithTDD.
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AnoverviewofProtractorProtractorisanend-to-endtestingtoolthatrunsusingNode.jsandisavailableasannpmpackage.BeforetalkingaboutProtractorspecifically,youneedtounderstandwhatend-to-endtestingis.End-to-endtestingistestinganapplicationagainstalltheinterconnectedmovingpartsandlayersofanapplication.Thisdiffersfromunittests,wherethefocusisonindividualcomponentssuchascontrollers,services,directives,andsoon.Withend-to-endtesting,thefocusisonhowtheapplicationoramodule,asawhole,works,suchasconfirmingtheclickofabuttondoesx,y,andz.
Protractorallowstheend-to-endtestingofanapplication.Thisincludestheabilitytosimulatetheclickofabuttonandinteractwithanapplicationinthesamewayauserwould.Itthenallowsexpectationstobesetbasedonwhattheuserwouldexpect.Toputthisintocontext,thinkaboutthefollowinguserspecification:
AssumingIinputabcintothesearchbox,thefollowingshouldoccur:
ThesearchbuttonishitAtleastoneresultshouldbereceived
Theprecedingspecificationdescribesabasicsearchfeature.Nothingintheprecedingspecificationdescribesacontroller,directive,orservice;itonlydescribestheexpectedapplicationbehavior.Ifauserweretotestthespecification,theymayperformthefollowingsteps:
1. Pointthebrowsertothewebsite2. Selecttheinputfield3. Typeabcintheinputfield4. ClickontheSearchbutton5. Confirmthatthesearchoutputdisplaysatleastoneresult.
ThestructureandsyntaxofProtractormirrorsthatofJasmineandthetestsyouwroteinChapter2,TheKarmaWay.YoucanthinkofProtractorasawrapperaroundJasmine,withaddedfeaturestosupportend-to-endtesting.Towriteanend-to-endtestwithProtractor,wecanfollowthesamestepsasdescribedintheprecedingsteps,butwithcode.Herearethestepsincode:
1. Pointthebrowsertothewebsite:
browser.get('/');
2. Selecttheinputfield:
varinputField=element.all(by.css('input'));
3. Typeabcintheinputfield:
inputField.setText('abc');
4. ClickontheSearchbutton:
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inputField.click();
5. Findthesearchresultdetailsonthepage:
varsearchResults=element.all(by.css('#searchResult');
6. Finally,theassertionneedstobemadethatatleastoneormoresearchresultsareavailableonthescreen:
expect(searchResults).count()>=1);
Asacompletetest,thecodewillbeasfollows:
describe('GivenIinput'abc'intothesearchbox',function(){
//1–Pointbrowsertowebsite
browser.get('/');
//2–Selectinputfield
varinputField=element.all(by.css('input'));
//3-Typeabcintoinputfield
inputField.setText('abc');
//4-Pushsearchbutton
inputField.click();
it('shoulddisplaysearchresults',function(){
//5-Findthesearchresultdetails
varsearchResults=element.all(by.css('#searchResult');
//6-Assert
expect(searchResults).count()>=1);
});
});
That’sit!WhenProtractorruns,itwillopenabrowser,gotothewebsite,followtheinstructions,andfinallychecktheexpectations.Thetrickwithend-to-endtestingishavingaclearvisiononwhattheuserspecificationis,andthentranslatingthatspecificationtocode.
Thepreviousexampleisahigh-levelviewofwhatwillbedescribedthroughoutthischapter.NowthatyouhavebeenintroducedtoProtractor,therestofthechapterwillshowhowProtractorworksbehindthescenes,howtoinstallit,andfinally,walkyouthroughacompleteexampleusingTDD.
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OriginsofProtractorProtractorisnotthefirstend-to-endtestingtoolthattheAngularJSteambuilt.ThefirsttoolwascalledScenarioRunner.InordertounderstandwhyProtractorwasbuilt,weneedtofirstlookatitspredecessor:ScenarioRunner.
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EndoflifeScenarioRunnerisinmaintenancemodeandhasreacheditsendoflife.IthasbeendeprecatedinplaceofProtractor.Inthissection,wewilllookatwhatScenarioRunnerwasandwhatgapsthetoolhad.
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ThebirthofProtractorJulieRalphistheprimarycontributortoProtractor.AccordingtoJulieRalph,themotivationforProtractorwasbasedonthefollowingexperiencewithAngularScenarioRunner,onanotherprojectwithinGoogle(http://javascriptjabber.com/106-jsj-protractor-with-julie-ralph/):
WetriedusingtheScenarioRunner.Andwefoundthatitreallyjustcouldn’tdothethingsthatweneededtotest.Weneededtotestthingslikeloggingin.Andyourloginpageisn’tanAngularpage.AndtheScenarioRunnercouldn’tdealwiththat.Anditcouldn’tdealwiththingslikepopupsandmultiplewindows,navigatingthebrowserhistory,stufflikethat.
BasedonherexperiencewithScenarioRunner,JulieRalphdecidedtocreateProtractortofillthegaps.
ProtractortakesadvantageofthematurityoftheSeleniumproject,andwrapsupitsmethodssothatitcanbeeasilyusedforAngularJSprojects.Remember,Protractorisabouttestingthroughtheeyesoftheuser.Itwasdesignedtotestalllayersofanapplication:WebUI,backendservices,persistencelayer,andsoon.
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LifewithoutProtractorUnittestingisnottheonlytestingthatneedstobewrittenandmaintained.Unittestsfocusonsmallindividualcomponentsofanapplication.Bytestingsmallcomponents,theconfidenceinthecodeandlogicgrows.Unittestsdon’tfocusonhowthecompletesystemworkswheninterconnected.
End-to-endtestingwithProtractorallowsthedevelopertofocusonthecompletebehaviorofafeatureormodule.Goingbacktothesearchexample,thetestshouldonlypassifthewholeuserspecificationpasses;enterdataintothesearchbox,clickontheSearchbutton,andseetheresults.
Protractorisnottheonlyend-to-endtestingframeworkoutthere,butitisthebestchoiceforAngularJSapplications.HereareafewreasonswhyyoushouldchooseProtractor:
ItisdocumentedthroughouttheAngularJStutorialsandexamples.ItcanbewrittenusingmultipleJavaScripttestingframeworks,includingJasmineandMocha.ItprovidesconveniencemethodsforAngularJScomponents,includingwaitingforapagetoload,expectationsonpromises,andsoon.ItwrapsSeleniummethodsthatautomaticallywaitforpromisestobefulfilled.ItissupportedbySaaS(SoftwareasaService)providerssuchasSauceLabs,whichisavailableathttps://saucelabs.com/.ItissupportedandmaintainedbythesamecompanythatmaintainsAngularJSandGoogle.
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ProtractorinstallationIt’stimetostartgettingourhandsdirty,andinstallandconfigureProtractor.Installationsandapplicationsareconstantlychanging.Themainfocuswillbeonthespecificconfigurationusedinthisbook,andnotanin-depthinstallationguide.Thereareseveralvaryingdifferentconfigurations,sopleasereviewtheProtractorsiteforadditionaldetails.Pleasevisitthefollowingwebsitetofindthelatestinstallationandconfigurationguide:
http://angular.github.io/protractor/
Forthisbook,wewillonlybeusingthechromeOnlyconfiguration.ThechromeOnlyconfigurationdoesn’trequireseveralmovingparts,andallowsyoutogetuptospeedquickly.Asyourtestsgrowandyouarerequiredtosupportmultiplebrowsers,runningtestswithaSeleniumserverorusingsomethinglikeSauceLabsshouldbereviewed.AppendixA,IntegratingSeleniumServerwithProtractordescribeshowtosetupastandaloneSeleniumserver.
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InstallationprerequisitesProtractorhasthefollowingprerequisites:
Node.js:ProtractorisaNode.jsmoduleavailableusingnpm.ThebestwaytoinstallNode.jsistofollowtheinstructionsontheofficialsiteathttp://nodejs.org/download/.Chrome:ThisisawebbrowserbuiltbyGoogle.Itwillbeusedtorunend-to-endtestsinProtractorwithouttheneedforaSeleniumserver.Followtheinstallationinstructionsontheofficialsiteathttp://www.google.com/chrome/browser/.SeleniumWebDriverforChrome:Thisisatoolthatallowsyoutointeractwithwebapplications.SeleniumWebDriverisprovidedwiththeProtractornpmmodule.WewillwalkthroughtheinstructionsasweinstallProtractor.
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InstallingProtractorHerearethestepstoinstallProtractor:
1. OnceNode.jsisinstalledandavailableinthecommandprompt,typethefollowingcommandtoinstallProtractorinthecurrentdirectory:
$npminstallprotractor
ThepreviouscommandusesNode’snpmcommandtoinstallProtractorinthecurrentlocaldirectory.
2. Confirmthecurrentdirectorystructure:
TouseProtractorinthecommandprompt,usetherelativepathtotheProtractorbindirectory.
3. TestthattheProtractorversioncanbedeterminedasfollows:
$./node_modules/protractor/bin/protractor--version
InstallingWebDriverforChromeHerearethestepstoinstallWebDriverforChrome:
1. ToinstallSeleniumWebDriverforChrome,gotothewebdriver-managerexecutableintheProtractorbindirectorythatcanbefoundat./node_modules/protractor/bin/andtypethefollowing:
$./node_modules/protractor/bin/webdriver-managerupdate
2. Confirmthedirectorystructure.
ThepreviouscommandwillcreateaSeleniumdirectorycontainingtherequiredChromedriverusedintheproject.Thenode_modulesdirectoryshouldnowlooklikethefollowing:
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Theinstallationisnowcomplete.BothProtractorandSeleniumWebDriverforChromehavebeeninstalled.Wecannowmoveontotheconfiguration.
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CustomizingconfigurationInthissection,wewillbeconfiguringProtractorusingthefollowingsteps:
1. Startwithastandardtemplateconfiguration.
Fortunately,theProtractorinstallationcomeswithsomebaseconfigurationsinitsinstallationdirectory.Goingbacktothelocalnode_modulesdirectory,youshouldfindtheexampleChromeconfigurationintheexamplefolder:
Theexampledirectorycontainsexampleconfigurations.TheonethatwewilluseiscalledchromeOnlyConf.js.ThechromeOnlyconfigurationwillallowustorunend-to-endtestsinChromewithouttheneedforaSeleniumserver.Asdiscussedearlier,runningaSeleniumserverisanotheroptionthatwillnotbediscussedinthisbook.
2. Reviewtheexampleconfigurationfile:
ThechromeOnlyparametershouldbesettotrue,asfollows:
exports.config={
//...
chromeOnly:true,
//...
};
ThechromeDriverparameterwillhavetobemodifiedtopointtothedriverweinstalled,asfollows:
exports.config={
//...
chromeDriver:'../selenium/chromedriver',
//...
};
Thecapabilitiesparametershouldonlyspecifythenameofthebrowser:
exports.config={
//...
capabilities:{
'browserName':'chrome'
},
//...
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};
Thefinalimportantconfigurationisthesourcefiledeclaration:
exports.config={
//...
specs:['example_spec.js'],
//...
};
Excellent!NowwehaveProtractorinstalledandconfigured.
ConfirminginstallationandconfigurationToconfirminstallation,Protractorrequiresatleastonefiledefinedinthespecsconfigurationsection.Beforeaddingarealtestandcomplicatingthings,createanemptyfileintherootdirectorycalledconfirmConfigTest.js.Then,addthetesttothespecssectionsoitlookslikethis:
specs:['confirmConfigTest.js'],
ToconfirmthatProtractorhasbeeninstalled,runProtractorbygoingtotherootofyourprojectdirectoryandtype:
$./node_modules/protractor/bin/protractorchromeOnlyConf.js
Ifeverythingwassetupcorrectlyandinstalled,youshouldseesomethingsimilartothisinyourcommandprompt:
Finishedin0.0002seconds
0tests,0assertions,0failures
Commoninstallation/configurationissuesThefollowingaresomecommonissuesthatyoumightcomeacrosswhileinstallingWebDriverforChrome:
Seleniumnotinstalledcorrectly:IfthetestshaveerrorsrelatedtotheSeleniumWebDriverlocation,youneedtoensurethatyoufollowedthestepstoupdateWebDriver.TheupdatestepdownloadstheWebDrivercomponentsintothelocalProtractorinstallationfolder.UntilWebDriverhasbeenupdated,youwon’tbeabletoreferenceitintheProtractorconfiguration.AneasywaytoconfirmtheupdateistolookintheProtractordirectoryandensurethataSeleniumfolderexists.Unabletofindtests:WhennotestsareexecutedbyProtractor,itcanbefrustrating.Thebestplacetostartisintheconfigurationfile.Makesuretherelativepathandanyfilenamesorextensionsarecorrect.
Foramorecompletelist,pleaserefertotheofficialProtractorsiteathttp://angular.github.io/protractor/.
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HelloProtractorWiththeProtractorinstallationandconfigurationcomplete,youcanlookatwritingarealtest.ThissectionwillwalkyouthroughusingTDDwithProtractor.Attheendofthischapter,youshouldbeableto:
FeelconfidentinusingandconfiguringProtractorUnderstandthebasiccomponentsofaProtractortestStarttounderstandhowtointegrateaTDDapproachtoend-to-endtesting
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TDDend-to-endTest-drivendevelopmentisnotasilverbullet.Itisafoundationofprinciplesandtechniquesusedtoimproveefficiency,quality,andmuchmore.KnowinghowtoapplyTDDisthefirststep,butknowingwhentoapplyitisjustasimportant.
WhenapplyingTDD,youarecouplingteststoyourlogicandcode.Asadeveloper,youhavetomakedecisionsonwhenthatcouplingmakessenseandwillbeadvantageoustoyourproject.Asyouworkthroughtheexamples,beawarethattheyshowyouhowtoapplyTDDtechniques.Asyouusethesepracticesinyourownprojects,youwillneedtodeterminethedepthandcouplingoftheteststhatyourprojectandspecificationsrequire.
Thepre-setupThecodeinthistestwillleveragetheunittestedcodefromChapter2,TheKarmaWay.Youwillneedtocopythecodetoanewdirectory.
Asareminder,theapplicationwasato-doapplicationthataddsanddeletesitemsfromalist.Ithasasinglecontroller,TodoController,thathasalistofitemsandanaddmethod.Theapplicationdidn’thaveanyHTMLorusercomponents.WewilluseaTDDapproachtoaddtheUIelements.Thecurrentcodedirectoryshouldbestructuredasfollows:
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ThesetupThesetupwillmirrortheinstallationandconfigurationstepsfromearlier:
1. InstallProtractor.2. UpdateSeleniumWebDriver.3. ConfigureProtractorbasedontheexampleconfiguration.
FollowtheProtractorinstallationandconfigurationstepsyoulearnedintheprevioussectioninanewprojectdirectory.TheonlydifferenceisthattheProtractortestsshouldbeplacedinaspec/e2edirectory.Thiswillallowyoutoeasilyidentifythetestsinyourprojectstructure.Aftercreatingaspec/e2edirectoryupdate,theProtractorconfigurationspecsectionshouldbeasfollows:
exports.config={
//...
specs:['spec/e2e/**/*.js'],
//...
};
AfterconfirmingthatProtractorhasbeeninstalledandconfiguredproperly,youcanstartthefirsttest.
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TestfirstNowthatProtractorhasbeensetup,thetestingcanbegin.End-to-endtestsareslowandtouchmultiplelayersoftheapplication.Theyalsorequirethefullapplicationtobesetupandrunninginordertotest.Thereareseveraltechniquesthatwecanleveragetomockalocalenvironment.MockingdataandAPIswillbediscussedinChapter7,GiveMeSomeData.Thisfirstend-to-endtestwillonlyhaveaWebUIlayer.Noadditionalmockingwillberequired.
Asmentionedearlier,Protractorrequiresarunningapplication.Thismeansthewebsiteneedstobeavailableforyoutopointyourbrowsertoit.AsimpleapproachtoservingstaticHTTPcontentistousethehttp-servernpmmodule.Thehttp-servermoduleisperfectforalocaldevelopmentenvironment,butprobablynotsuitedforthefinalapplicationinfrastructure.YourproductionwebsitemightbedevelopedinsomethinglikeExpress,IIS,orApache.
InstallingthetestwebserverToinstallourtestwebserver,wewillusethehttp-servernodemodule.Theadvantageofawebserversuchashttp-serveristhatitrequiresverylittleconfigurationandcanjuststartandrunthewebsite.Herearethestepstoinstallthewebserver:
1. Typethefollowingcommandinthecommandline:
$npminstallhttp-server
2. Nowcreateastubindex.htmlpageattherootoftheprojectwiththebasicHTMLcomponents:
<!DOCTYPEhtml>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>
3. NowruntheHTTPserverandensurethepageisloaded:
./node_modules/http-server/bin/http-server-p8080
4. Gotohttp://localhost:8080.Youshouldseeablankpagegetloaded,withnoerrorsinthecommandoronthewebpage.Ifyouseeerrors,ensurethatthedirectoryhastherequiredindex.htmlfile.Nowthatyouhaveaworkingwebsite,itistimetoconfigureProtractortouseit.
ConfiguringProtractorProtractorcanbeconfiguredwithabaseURLforanapplication.Byspecifyingabase
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URL,testswilllookcleanerandcanbeeasilyconfiguredtousedifferentURLsforthesameapplication.Imagineadev,qa,andproductionURLthatusethesametests,buthavedifferentURLsthatneedtobetested.
Aswewillberunningthislocally,wewillneedtousehttp://localhost:8000asourbaseURL.UpdatetheProtractorconfigurationfileasfollows:
baseUrl:'http://localhost:8080/'
GettingdowntobusinessEnd-to-endtestingisdifferentthanunittesting.Testswillinteractwithdifferentlayersofanapplicationthroughoutasinglescenario.YoumayhaveanotherteamdesigningtheHTMLelements,CSS,andsoon.ThedevelopmentteamwillthenhavetointegratetheUIHTMLintothepage.TheTDDapproachwillallowyoutocreatetestsforseparatecomponentsindependently.Theideaisyouwanttobeabletestthefeaturesoftheapplicationthatmakesensetotest.Testingeverythingblindlycanbeawasteoftimeandarefactoringnightmare.
Inthiscase,westartwithablankcanvasofapageandwanttotestthebehavioroftheprimarycomponents.WewillfollowtheTDDlifecycle(test,execute,refactor).Intheupcomingsections,wewillcoverthefollowingsteps:
1. Reviewtheuserspecification.2. Writedownthemaintasksthatneedtobedeveloped.3. Writethetestforwhatwillbedeveloped.
Specification
Thepurposeofthisfirsttestistomanageadynamicto-dolist.
Thedevelopmentto-dolist
Wewillneedadevelopmentto-dolisttosetourfocusandorganizeourdevelopmenttasks.Performthefollowingsteps:
1. Viewtheto-dolistitems
Examplelist:test,execute,refactor
2. Addanitemtotheto-dolist
Examplelist:test,execute,refactor,repeat
3. Removeanitemfromtheto-dolist
Examplelist:test,execute,refactor
Ifyourecall,inourpreviousexample,wesetupthebackendmodulefortheto-dolistapplication.Inthiscase,wewillfocusonmanagingthelistfromtheuser’sperspective.
Testfirst
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JustaswediscussedwiththeKarmatest,startwiththe3A’s(Assemble,Act,Assert).ProtractortestsarewritteninthesameJasminestyleandsetup,soyoudon’thavetolearnanynewsyntax.StartwiththebasicJasminetemplateformat:
describe('',function(){
beforeEach(function(){
});
it('',function(){
});
});
describe:Thisdefinesthemainfeaturewetest.Thefirstparameterisastringtoexplainthefeatureandthesecondparameteristhefunctionthatcontainstheteststeps.beforeEach:ThisisthetestsetupandAssemblesection.ThefunctiondefinedinbeforeEachwillbeexecutedbeforeeveryAssert.Thisiswhereweperformanysetupmocks,spies,andothercomponentsneededtotest.it:ThisistheActandAssertsection.Inthissection,youwillperformtheactualactionbeingtested,followedbyanassertion.
Assemble,Act,Assert(3A’s)
Followthe3A’smantra:
Assemble:Asthisisanend-to-endtest,wewillinitializebydirectingthetesttogotothepageundertest.Inthiscase,thepageis/.ThisisbecausewesetthebaseURLtobehttp://localhost:8080/intheconfigurationfile.Sothecodewilllooklikethefollowing:
beforeEach(function(){
browser.get('/');
});
Act:Inthefirsttest,toviewalistofto-doitems,thereisnobuttontobeclickedoractiontobedoneinordertogetthelist.Weshouldjustbrowsetothepageandseethelistofto-doitems.Assert:Thisisourfirstfailingtest,whichwewillwriteusingProtractor.Thetestneedstodeterminewhetherthelistofto-doitems,thatistest,execute,andrefactor,isavailableonthepage.InAngularJS,thiswillbedoneusingng-repeat,meaningeachiteminalistwillberepeatedwithsomespecialHTMLtodisplayanindividualitem.
AsProtractoristestingtheactualUI,youwillneedtohavetheabilitytoselectHTMLelements.OneofthebenefitsofProtractoristhatitwrapsupAngularJScomponentssothattheycanbeeasilytested.
Intheprecedingtest,wewillusetheelementselectorwiththeby.repeaterselection.Inourcase,thefirstassertionwilllooklikethis:
it('',function(){
vartodoListItems=element.all(by.repeater('iteminlist'));
expect(todoListItems.count()).toBe(3);
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});
Thefirstlinewillselecttheto-dolistitemsavailableonthepage.ThesecondwillAssertthattheitemcountis3.Whenrunningthetest,ensurethewebserverisstillrunningusingthefollowingcommand:
$./node_modules/http-server/bin/http-server-p8080
Thecompletedtestlooksasfollows:
describe('',function(){
//ASSEMBLE
beforeEach(function(){
//ACT
browser.get('/');
});
it('',function(){
vartodoListItems=element.all(by.repeater('iteminlist'));
//ASSERT
expect(todoListItems.count()).toBe(3);
});
});
Runningthetest
Thestepstorunatestareasfollows:
1. RuntheProtractortestinadifferentcommandprompt,usingthefollowingcommand:
$protractorchromeOnlyConf.js
2. TheoutputshouldsaythatAngularJScouldnotbefound:
$Error:Angularcouldnotbefoundonthepagehttp://localhost:8080/
:retrieslookingforangularexceeded
Thiserrorindicatesthattheassertionsfailed.
3. Whenrunningthetest,youshouldseeaChromepop-upwiththepage.Youshouldalsoseethattheoutputfromthewebserversayssomethinglikethefollowing:
GET/”“Mozilla/5.0(WindowsNT6.1;WOW64)AppleWebKit/537.36(KHTML,likeGecko)Chrome/36.0.1985.125Safari/537.36
Excellent!Nowyou’vegotafailingProtractortest,itistimetomakeitrun.
Makeitrun
ThenextstepintheTDDlifecycleistoexecuteandfixthecodesothatthetestspass.Asyouwalkthroughthetest,remembertousethesmallestcomponentsthatcanbeaddedtomakethetestpass:
1. Asthefirsterrorsays,Angularcan'tbefound.AddAngularJStothepagejustbeforetheclosingtagforthebodyasfollows:
//...
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<scriptsrc="bower_components/angular/angular.js"></script>
</body>
//...
2. Rerunthetestusingthefollowingcommand:
$protractorchromeOnlyConf.js
Theoutputshouldnowdisplaythefollowing:
$Error:Angularcouldnotbefoundonthepagehttp://localhost:8080/
:angularneverprovidedresumeBootstrap
3. Sinceyouhaven’tspecifiedtheapplicationoraddedthetodo.jspage,let’saddthesecomponentstoitaftertheAngularJSscript:
//...
<bodyng-app="todo">
<scriptsrc="bower_components/angular/angular.js"></script>
<scriptsrc="app/todo.js"></script>
//...
4. Rerunthetestusingthefollowingcommand:
$protractorchromeOnlyConf.js
Theoutputshouldnowdisplaythatourexpectationsfailed:
$Expected0tobe3.
Great!Nowtherearenomoreexecutionerrorsinourpage,onlythefailedexpectationsonthenumberoflistitems.
5. Inordertoaddtheitemstothepage,wewillneedtoaddareferencetoTodoController,andthenaddng-repeatforeachitem.Thecodeintheindex.htmlpageshouldbeasfollows:
<divng-controller="TodoController">
<ulng-repeat="iteminlist">
<li>{{item}}</li>
</ul>
</div>
6. Rerunthetestasfollows:
$protractorchromeOnlyConf.js
Theoutputshouldnowdisplaythatourassertionandtestpassed:
$1test,1assertion,0failures
Thecompletedpagebodytagwillnowlookasfollows:
<bodyng-app="todo">
<divng-controller="TodoController">
<ulng-repeat="iteminlist">
<li>{{item}}</li>
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</ul>
</div>
<scriptsrc="bower_components/angular/angular.js"></script>
<scriptsrc="app/todo.js"></script>
</body>
Makeitbetter
Thereisnothingthatwascalledouttorefactor.Lookingatourto-dolist,wetackledthefirsttwoitemsfromanend-to-endperspective.
1. Viewtheto-do-listitems:
Examplelist:test,execute,refactor
2. Addanitemtoato-do-list:
Examplelist:test,execute,refactor,repeat
3. Removeanitemfromato-do-list:
Examplelist:test,execute,refactor
Iwillleavethesecondandthirditemsasanexercise,sothatyoucanfurtherexploreandpracticeTDDwithProtractor.
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CleaningupthegapsThereareacoupleofthingsthatwerediscussedinthischapterthatneedsomefurtherclarification.Thisincludesthefollowing:
Whereistheasynchronouslogic?HowtoreallyimplementTDDwithend-to-endtests.
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AsyncmagicIntheprecedingtests,wesawsomemagicthatyoumightbequestioning.Herearesomeofthemagiccomponentsthatweglancedover:
LoadingapagebeforetestexecutionAssertiononelementsthatgetloadedinpromises
LoadingapagebeforetestexecutionIntheprevioustest,weusedthefollowingcodetospecifythatthebrowsershouldpointtothehomepage:
browser.get('/');
TheprecedingcommandwilllaunchthebrowserandnavigatetothebaseUrllocation.Oncethebrowserreachesthepage,itwillhavetoloadAngularJSandthenimplementtheAngularJS-specificfunctions.Ourtestsdon’thaveanywaitlogic,andthisispartofthebeautyofProtractorwithAngularJS.Thewaitingforpageloadingisalreadybuiltintheframeworkforyou.Yourtestscanthenbewrittenverycleanly.
AssertiononelementsthatgetloadedinpromisesTheassertionsandexpectationsalreadyhavepromisefulfillmentwritteninthem.Inthecaseofourtest,wewrotetheassertionsothatitexpectsthecounttobethree:
expect(todoListItems.count()).toBe(3);
However,inreality,wemayhavethoughtthatweneededtoaddasynchronoustestingtotheassertioninordertowaitforthepromisetobefulfilled,somethingmorecomplicatedlikethefollowing:
it('',function(done){
vartodoListItems=element.all(by.repeater('iteminlist'));
todoListItems.count().then(function(count){
expect(count).toBe(3);
done();
});
})
Theprecedingcodeislonger,moregranular,andhardertoread.Protractorhastheabilityforcertainelementsbuiltintoexpectationstomaketestsmoreconcise.
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TDDwithProtractorWithourfirsttest,thereisacleardistinctionofend-to-endtestsandunittests.Withtheunittest,wefocusedonstrongcouplingthetesttothecode.Asanexample,ourunittestspiedonthescopeforaspecificcontroller,TodoController.WeusedAngularmockstoinitializethescopewithavariablewecouldthenevaluate:
inject(function($controller){
$controller('TodoController',{$scope:scope});
});
IntheProtractortest,wedon’tcareaboutwhichcontrollerwearetestingandourfocusisontheuserperspectiveofthetest.WefirststartwiththeselectionofaparticularelementwithintheDocumentObjectModel(DOM);inourcase,thatelementistiedtoAngularJS,ng-repeat.TheAssertisthatthenumberofelementsforaspecificrepeaterisequaltotheexpectedcount.
Withtheloosecouplingoftheend-to-endtest,wecanwriteatestthatfocusesontheuserspecification,whichinitiallydisplaysthreeelements,andthenhavethefreedomtowritethatinthepage,controllers,andsoon,inanywaywewant.
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Self-testquestionsUseTDDwithProtractortodevelopthethirddevelopmentto-dolistitem:
Q1.Protractoruseswhichofthefollowingframeworks?
1. Selenium2. Unobtanium3. Karma
Q2.YoucaninstallAngularmocksbyrunningbowerinstallangular-mocks.
1. True2. False
Q3.WhatstepsdoestheTDDlifecycle,discussedinthisbook,consistof?
1. Testfirst,makeitrun,makeitbetter(refactor)2. Test,makeitbetter(refactor),makeitrun3. Makeitrun,test,makeitbetter
Additionally,ifyouwantmorepractice,addafunctionalitytotheapplicationtoremoveanitemfromtheto-dolist.
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SummaryThischapterhasgivenyoutheskillsnecessarytoinstall,configure,andapplyTDDprinciplestoend-to-endtesting.WehaveseenhowwecanleveragetheexistingTDDlifecycle(test,makeitrun,makeitbetter)andtechniqueswithProtractor.ProtractorisanimportantpartoftestinganyAngularJSapplication.Itbridgesthegaptoensuretheuser’sspecificationsworkasexpected.Whenend-to-endtestsarewrittentotheuserspecifications,theconfidenceoftheapplicationandabilitytorefactorgrows.Intheupcomingchapters,wewillseehowtoapplyKarmaandProtractorinmoredepthwithsimplestraightforwardexamples.Thenextchapterwillwalkyouthroughtestingcontrollers,usingAngularmocks,andusingProtractortoenterkeystrokes.
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Chapter4.TheFirstStepThefirststepisalwaysthehardest.Thischapterprovidesaninitialintroductorywalk-throughofhowtouseTDDtobuildanAngularJSapplicationwithacontroller,model,andscope.YouwillbeabletobegintheTDDjourneyandseethefundamentalsinaction.Uptothispoint,thisbookhasfocusedonafoundationofTDDandthetools.Now,wewillswitchgearsanddiveintoTDDwithAngularJS.ThischapterwillbethefirststepofTDD.WehavealreadyseenhowtoinstallKarmaandProtractor,inadditiontosmallexamplesandawalk-throughonhowtoapplyit.Thischapterwillfocusonthecreationofsocialmediacomments.ItwillalsofocusonthetestingassociatedwithcontrollersandtheuseofAngularmockstoAngularJScomponentsinatest.
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Preparingtheapplication’sspecificationCreateanapplicationtoentercomments.Thespecificationoftheapplicationisasfollows:
GivenIampostinganewcomment,whenIclickonthesubmitbutton,thecommentshouldbeaddedtotheto-dolistGivenacomment,whenIclickonthelikebutton,thenumberoflikesforthecommentshouldbeincreased
Nowthatwehavethespecificationofapplication,wecancreateourdevelopmentto-dolist.Itwon’tbeeasytocreateanentireto-dolistofthewholeapplication.Basedontheuserspecifications,wehaveanideaofwhatneedstobedeveloped.HereisaroughsketchoftheUI:
Holdyourselfbackfromjumpingintotheimplementationandthinkingabouthowyouwilluseacontrollerwithaservice,ng-repeat,andsoon.Resist,resist,resist!Althoughyoucanthinkofhowthiswillbedevelopedinthefuture,itisneverclearuntilyoudelveintothecode,andthatiswhereyoustartgettingintotrouble.TDDanditsprinciplesareheretohelpyougetyourmindandfocusintherightplace.
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SettinguptheprojectInpreviouschapters,wediscussedindetailhowaprojectshouldbesetup,explainedthedifferentcomponentsinvolved,andwalkedthroughtheentireprocessoftesting.Iwillskipthesedetailsandprovidealistinthefollowingsectionfortheinitialactionstogettheprojectsetup.
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SettingupthedirectoryThefollowinginstructionsarespecifictosettinguptheprojectdirectory:
1. Createanewprojectdirectory.2. GetangularintotheprojectusingBower:
bowerinstallangular
3. Getangular-mocksfortestingusingBower:
bowerinstallangular-mocks
4. Initializetheapplication’ssourcedirectory:
mkdirapp
5. Initializethetestdirectory:
mkdirspec
6. Initializetheunittestdirectory:
mkdirspec/unit
7. Initializetheend-to-endtestdirectory:
mkdirspec/e2e
Oncetheinitializationiscomplete,yourfolderstructureshouldlookasfollows:
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SettingupProtractorInChapter3,End-to-endTestingwithProtractor,wediscussedthefullinstallationandsetupofProtractor.Inthischapter,wewilljustdiscussthestepsatahigherlevel:
1. InstallProtractorintheproject:
$npminstallprotractor
2. UpdateSeleniumWebDriver:
$./node_modules/protractor/bin/webdriver-managerupdate
MakesurethatSeleniumhasbeeninstalled.
3. CopytheexamplechromeOnlyconfigurationintotherootoftheproject:
$cp./node_modules/protractor/example/chromeOnlyConf.js.
4. ConfiguretheProtractorconfigurationusingthefollowingsteps:
1. OpentheProtractorconfiguration.2. EdittheSeleniumWebDriverlocationtoreflecttherelativedirectoryto
chromeDriver:
chromeDriver:'./node_modules/protractor/selenium/chromedriver',
3. Editthefilessectiontoreflectthetestdirectory:
specs:['spec/e2e/**/*.js'],
5. SetthedefaultbaseURL:
baseUrl:'http://localhost:8080/',
Excellent!Protractorshouldnowbeinstalledandsetup.Hereisthecompleteconfiguration:
exports.config={
chromeOnly:true,
chromeDriver:'./node_modules/protractor/selenium/chromedriver',
capabilities:{
'browserName':'chrome'
},
baseUrl:'http://localhost:8080/',
specs:['spec/e2e/**/*.js'],
};
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SettingupKarmaThedetailsforKarmacanbefoundinChapter2,TheKarmaWay.Hereisabriefsummaryofthestepsrequiredtoinstallandgetyournewprojectsetup:
1. InstallKarmausingthefollowingcommand:
npminstallkarma-g
2. InitializetheKarmaconfiguration:
karmainit
3. UpdatetheKarmaconfiguration:
files:[
'bower_components/angular/angular.js',
'bower_components/angular-mocks/angular-mocks.js',
'spec/unit/**/*.js'
],
NowthatwehavesetuptheprojectdirectoryandinitializedProtractorandKarma,wecandiveintothecode.Hereisthecompletekarma.conf.jsfile:
module.exports=function(config){
config.set({
basePath:'',
frameworks:['jasmine'],
files:[
'bower_components/angular/angular.js',
'bower_components/angular-mocks/angular-mocks.js',
'spec/unit/**/*.js'
],
reporters:['progress'],
port:9876,
autoWatch:true,
browsers:['Chrome'],
singleRun:false
});
};
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Settinguphttp-serverAwebserverwillbeusedtohosttheapplication.Asthiswilljustbeforlocaldevelopmentonly,youcanusehttp-server.Thehttp-servermoduleisasimpleHTTPserverthatservesstaticcontent.Itisavailableasannpmmodule.Toinstallhttp-serverinyourproject,typethefollowingcommand:
$npminstallhttp-server
Oncehttp-serverisinstalled,youcanruntheserverbyprovidingitwiththerootdirectoryofthewebpage.Hereisanexample:
$./node_modules/http-server/bin/http-server
Nowthatyouhavehttp-serverinstalled,youcanmoveontothenextstep.
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Top-downorbottom-upapproachFromourdevelopmentperspective,wehavetodeterminewheretostart.Theapproachesthatwewilldiscussinthisbookareasfollows:
Thebottom-upapproach:Withthisapproach,wethinkaboutthedifferentcomponentswewillneed(controller,service,module,andsoon)andthenpickthemostlogicaloneandstartcoding.Thetop-downapproach:Withthisapproach,weworkfromtheuserscenarioandUI.Wethencreatetheapplicationaroundthecomponentsintheapplication.
Therearemeritstobothtypesofapproachesandthechoicecanbebasedonyourteam,existingcomponents,requirements,andsoon.Inmostcases,itisbestforyoutomakethechoicebasedontheleastresistance.Inthischapter,theapproachofspecificationistop-down,everythingislaidoutforusfromtheuserscenarioandwillallowyoutoorganicallybuildtheapplicationaroundtheUI.
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TestingacontrollerBeforegettingintothespecification,andthemind-setofthefeaturebeingdelivered,itisimportanttoseethefundamentalsoftestingacontroller.AnAngularJScontrollerisakeycomponentusedinmostapplications.
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AsimplecontrollertestsetupWhentestingacontroller,testsarecenteredonthecontroller’sscope.Thetestsconfirmeithertheobjectsormethodsinthescope.Angularmocksprovideinject,whichfindsaparticularreferenceandreturnsitforyoutouse.Wheninjectisusedforthecontroller,thecontrollersscopecanbeassignedtoanouterreferencefortheentiretesttouse.Hereisanexampleofwhatthiswouldlooklike:
describe('',function(){
varscope={};
beforeEach(function(){
module('anyModule');
inject(function($controller){
$controller('AnyController',{$scope:scope});
});
});
});
Intheprecedingcase,thetest’sscopeobjectisassignedtotheactualscopeofthecontrollerwithintheinjectfunction.Thescopeobjectcannowbeusedthroughoutthetest,andisalsoreinitializedbeforeeachtest.
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InitializingthescopeIntheprecedingexample,scopeisinitializedtoanobject{}.Thisisnotthebestapproach;justlikeapage,acontrollermightbenestedwithinanothercontroller.Thiswillcauseinheritanceofaparentscopeasfollows:
<bodyng-app='anyModule'>
<divng-controller='ParentController'>
<divng-controller='ChildController'>
</div>
</div>
</body>
Asseenintheprecedingcode,wehavethishierarchyofscopesthattheChildControllerfunctionhasaccessto.Inordertotestthis,wehavetoinitializethescopeobjectproperlyintheinjectfunction.Hereishowtheprecedingscopehierarchycanberecreated:
inject(function($controller,$rootScope){
varparentScope=$rootScope.$new();
$controller('ParentController',{$scope:parentScope});
varchildScope=parentScope.$new();
$controller('AnyController',{$scope:childScope});
});
Therearetwomainthingsthattheprecedingcodedoes:
The$rootScopescopeisinjectedintothetest.The$rootScopescopeisthehighestlevelofscopethatexists.Eachlevelofscopeiscreatedwiththe$new()method.Thismethodcreatesthechildscope.
Inthischapter,wewillusethesimplifiedversionandinitializethescopetoanemptyobject;however,itisimportanttounderstandhowtocreatethescopewhenrequired.
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BringonthecommentsNowthatthesetupandapproachhavebeendecided,wecanstartourfirsttest.Fromatestingpointofview,aswewillbeusingatop-downapproach,wewillwriteourProtractortestsfirstandthenbuildtheapplication.WewillfollowthesameTDDlifecyclewehavealreadyreviewed,thatis,testfirst,makeitrun,andmakeitbetter.
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TestfirstThescenariogivenisinawell-specifiedformatalreadyandfitsourProtractortestingtemplate:
describe('',function(){
beforeEach(function(){
});
it('',function(){
});
});
Placingthescenariointhetemplate,wegetthefollowingcode:
describe('GivenIampostinganewcomment',function(){
describe('WhenIpushthesubmitbutton',function(){
beforeEach(function(){
});
it('Shouldthenaddthecomment',function(){
});
});
});
Followingthe3A’s(Assemble,Act,Assert),wewillfittheuserscenariointhetemplate.
AssembleThebrowserwillneedtopointtothefirstpageoftheapplication.AsthebaseURLhasalreadybeendefined,wecanaddthefollowingtothetest:
beforeEach(function(){
browser.get('/');
});
Nowthatthetestisprepared,wecanmoveontothenextstep,Act.
ActThenextthingweneedtodo,basedontheuserspecification,isaddanactualcomment.Theeasiestthingistojustputsometextintoaninputbox.Thetestforthis,againwithoutknowingwhattheelementwillbecalledorwhatitwilldo,istowriteitbasedonwhatitshouldbe.
Hereisthecodetoaddthecommentsectionfortheapplication:
beforeEach(function(){
...
varcommentInput=$('input');
commentInput.sendKeys('acomment');
});
Thelastassemblecomponent,aspartofthetest,istopushtheSubmitbutton.ThiscanbeeasilyachievedinProtractorusingtheclickfunction.Eventhoughwedon’thaveapageyet,oranyattributes,wecanstillnamethebuttonthatwillbecreated:
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beforeEach(function(){
...
varsubmitButton=element.all(by.buttonText('Submit')).click();
});
Finally,wewillhitthecruxofthetestandasserttheusers’expectations.
AssertTheuserexpectationisthatoncetheSubmitbuttonisclicked,thecommentisadded.Thisisalittleambiguous,butwecandeterminethatsomehowtheuserneedstogetnotifiedthatthecommentwasadded.Thesimplestapproachistodisplayallcommentsonthepage.InAngularJS,theeasiestwaytodothisistoaddanng-repeatobjectthatdisplaysallcomments.Totestthis,wewilladdthefollowing:
it('Shouldthenaddthecomment',function(){
varcomments=element(by.repeater('commentincomments')).first();
expect(comment.getText()).toBe('acomment');
});
Now,thetesthasbeenconstructedandmeetstheuserspecifications.Itissmallandconcise.Hereisthecompletedtest:
describe('GivenIampostinganewcomment',function(){
describe('WhenIpushthesubmitbutton',function(){
beforeEach(function(){
//Assemble
browser.get('/');
varcommentInput=$('input');
commentInput.sendKeys('acomment');
//Act
//Act
varsubmitButton=element.all(by.buttonText('Submit')).
click();
});
//Assert
it('Shouldthenaddthecomment',function(){
varcomments=element(by.repeater('commentin
comments')).first();
expect(comment.getText()).toBe('acomment');
});
});
});
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MakeitrunBasedontheerrorsandoutputofthetest,wewillbuildourapplicationaswego.
1. Thefirststeptomakethecoderunistoidentifytheerrors.Beforestartingoffthesite,let’screateabarebonesindex.htmlpage:
<!DOCTYPEhtml>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>
Alreadyanticipatingthefirsterror,addAngularJSasadependencyinthepage:
<scripttype='text/javascript'
src='bower_components/angular/angular.js'></script>
</body>
2. Now,startingthewebserverusingthefollowingcommand:
$./node_modules/http-server/bin/http-server-p8080
3. RunProtractortoseethefirsterror:
$./node_modules/.bin/protractorchromeOnlyConf.js
4. OurfirsterrorstatesthatAngularJScouldnotbefound:
Error:Angularcouldnotbefoundonthepagehttp://localhost:8080/:
angularneverprovidedresumeBootstrap
Thisisbecauseweneedtoaddng-apptothepage.Let’screateamoduleandaddittothepage.
ThecompleteHTMLpagenowlooksasfollows:
<!DOCTYPEhtml>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
</head>
<body>
<scriptsrc="bower_components/angular/angular.js"></script>
</body>
</html>
AddingthemoduleThefirstcomponentthatyouneedtodefineisanng-appattributeintheindex.htmlpage.
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Usethefollowingstepstoaddthemodule:
1. Addng-appasanattributetothebodytag:
<bodyng-app='comments'>
2. Now,wecangoaheadandcreateasimplecommentsmoduleandaddittoafilenamedcomments.js:
angular.module('comments',[]);
3. Addthisnewfiletoindex.html:
<scriptsrc='app/commentController.js'></script>
4. ReruntheProtractortesttogetthenexterror:
$Error:Noelementfoundusinglocator:By.cssSelector('input')
Thetestcouldn’tfindourinputlocator.Youneedtoaddtheinputtothepage.
AddingtheinputHerearethestepsyouneedtofollowtoaddtheinputtothepage:
1. Allwehavetodoisaddasimpleinputtagtothepage:
<inputtype='text'/>
2. Runthetestandseewhatthenewoutputis:
$Error:Noelementfoundusinglocator:by.buttonText('Submit')
3. Justlikethepreviouserror,weneedtoaddabuttonwiththeappropriatetext:
<buttontype='button'>Submit</button>
4. Runthetestagainandthenexterrorisasfollows:
$Error:Noelementfoundusinglocator:by.repeater('commentin
comments')
Thisappearstobefromourexpectationthatasubmittedcommentwillbeavailableonthepagethroughng-repeat.Toaddthistothepage,wewilluseacontrollertoprovidethedatafortherepeater.
ControllerAswementionedintheprecedingsection,theerrorisbecausethereisnocommentsobject.Inordertoaddthecommentsobject,wewilluseacontrollerthathasanarrayofcommentsinitsscope.Usethefollowingstepstoaddacommentsobjectinthescope:
1. CreateanewfileintheappdirectorynamedcommentController.js:
angular.module('comments')
.controller('CommentController',['$scope',function($scope){
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$scope.comments=[];
}])
2. AddittothewebpageaftertheAngularJSscript:
<scriptsrc='app/commentController.js'></script>
3. Now,wecanaddcommentControllertothepage:
<divng-controller='CommentController'>
4. Then,addarepeaterforthecommentsasfollows:
<ulng-repeat='commentincomments'>
<li>{{comment}}</li>
</ul>
5. RuntheProtractortestandlet’sseewhereweare:
$Error:Noelementfoundusinglocator:by.repeater('commentin
comments')
Hmmm!Wegetthesameerror.
6. Let’slookattheactualpagethatgetsrenderedandseewhat’sgoingon.InChrome,gotohttp://localhost:8080andopentheconsoletoseethepagesource(Ctrl+Shift+J).Youshouldseesomethinglikewhat’sshowninthefollowingscreenshot:
Noticethattherepeaterandcontrollerareboththere;however,therepeateriscommentedout.SinceProtractorisonlylookingatvisibleelements,itwon’tfindtherepeater.
7. Great!Nowweknowwhytherepeaterisn’tvisible,butwehavetofixit.Inorderforacommenttoshowup,ithastoexistonthecontroller’scommentsscope.Thesmallestchangeistoaddsomethingtothearraytoinitializeitasshowninthefollowingcodesnippet:
.controller('CommentController',['$scope',function($scope){
$scope.comments=['anything'];
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}]);
8. Nowrunthetestandwegetthefollowing:
$Expected'anything'tobe'acomment'.
Wow!Wefinallytackledalltheerrorsandreachedtheexpectation.HereiswhattheHTMLcodelookslikesofar:
<!DOCTYPEhtml>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
</head>
<bodyng-app='comments'>
<divng-controller='CommentController'>
<inputtype='text'/>
<ul>
<ling-repeat='commentincomments'>
{{comment.value}}
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<scriptsrc='bower_components/angular/angular.js'></script>
<scriptsrc='app/comments.js'></script>
<scriptsrc='app/commentController.js'></script>
</body>
</html>
Thecomments.jsmodulelooksasfollows:
angular.module('comments',[]);
HereiscommentController.js:
angular.module('comments')
.controller('CommentController',['$scope',function($scope){
$scope.comments=[];
}])
MakeitpassWithTDD,youwanttoaddthesmallestpossiblecomponenttomakethetestpass.Sincewehavehardcoded,forthemoment,thecommentstobeinitializedtoanything,changeanythingtoacomment;thisshouldmakethetestpass.Hereisthecodetomakethetestpass:
angular.module('comments')
.controller('CommentController',['$scope',function($scope){
$scope.comments=['acomment'];
}]);
…
Runthetest,andbam!Wegetapassingtest:
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$1test,1assertion,0failures
Waitasecond!Westillhavesomeworktodo.Althoughwegotthetesttopass,itisnotdone.Weaddedsomehacksjusttogetthetestpassing.Thetwothingsthatstandoutare:
ClickingontheSubmitbutton,whichreallydoesn’thaveanyfunctionalityHardcodedinitializationoftheexpectedvalueforacomment
Theprecedingchangesarecriticalstepsweneedtoperformbeforewemoveforward.TheywillbetackledinthenextphaseoftheTDDlifecycle,thatis,makeitbetter(refactor).
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MakeitbetterThetwocomponentsthatneedtobereworkedare:
AddingbehaviortotheSubmitbuttonRemovinghardcodedvalueofthecomments
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ImplementingtheSubmitbuttonTheSubmitbuttonneedstoactuallydosomething.Wewereabletosidesteptheimplementationbyjusthardcodingthevalue.UsingourtriedandtrustedTDDtechniques,switchtoanapproachfocusedonunittesting.Sofar,thefocushasbeenontheUIandpushingchangestothecode.Wehaven’twrittenasingleunittest.
Forthisnextbitofwork,wewillswitchgearsandfocusondrivingthedevelopmentoftheSubmitbuttonthroughtests.WewillbefollowingtheTDDlifecycle(testfirst,makeitrun,makeitbetter).
ConfiguringKarmaWedidsomethingverysimilarfortheto-dolistapplicationinChapter2,TheKarmaWay.Iwon’tspendasmuchtimedivingintothecode,sopleasereviewthepreviouschaptersforadeeperdiscussiononsomeoftheattributes.HerearethestepsyouneedtofollowtoconfigureKarma:
1. Updatethefilessectionwiththeaddedfiles:
files:[
...
'app/comments.js',
'app/commentController.js',
...
],
2. StartKarma:
$karmastart
3. ConfirmthatKarmaisrunning:
$Chrome36.0.1985(Windows7):Executed1of1SUCCESS(0.018secs/
0.015secs)
TestfirstLet’sfirststartwithanewfileinthespec/unitfoldercalledcomments.js.Wewillusethebasetemplate:
describe('',function(){
beforeEach(function(){
});
it('',function(){
});
});
Accordingtothespecification,whentheSubmitbuttonisclicked,itneedstoaddacomment.Wewillneedtofillintheblanksofthethreecomponentsofatest(Assemble,Act,Assert).
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Assemble
Thebehaviorwillneedtobepartofacontrollerforthefrontendtouseit.Theobjectundertestinthiscaseisthecontroller’sscopeobject;wewillneedtoaddthistotheassembleofthistest.TowireuptheAngularJScontrollerweneedtoinitializethemoduleandtheninjecttheCommentControllerscopeintothetest.AswedidinChapter2,TheKarmaWay,wewilldothesameinthefollowingcode:
varscope={};
beforeEach(function(){
module('comments');
inject(function($controller){
$controller('CommentController',{$scope:scope});
});
...
})
Now,thecontroller’sscopeobject,whichisundertest,isavailabletothetest.
Act
Thespecificationdeterminesthatweneedtocallaaddmethodinthescopeobject.AddthefollowingcodetothebeforeEachsectionofthetest:
beforeEach(function(){
…
scope.add('anyComment');
});
Nowfortheassertion.
Assert
Assertthatthecommentitemsinthescopeobjectnowcontainanycommentasthefirstelement.Addthefollowingcodetothetest:
it('',function(){
expect(scope.comments[0]).toBe('anycomment');
});
Savethefileandlet’smoveontothenextstepofthelifecycleandmakeitrun(execute).
MakeitrunNowthatwehavemostofthetestprepared,weneedtomakethetestpass.LookingattheoutputoftheconsolewhereKarmaisrunning,weseethefollowing:
$TypeError:undefinedisnotafunction…unit/comments.js:4:9
Lookingatthelinenumber,thatis4:9,ofourunittest,weseethatthisistheaddfunction.Let’sgoaheadandputinanaddfunctionintothecontroller’sscopeobjectusingthefollowingsteps:
1. Openthecontrollerscopeandcreateafunctionnamedadd:
$scope.add=function(){}
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2. CheckKarma’soutputandlet’sseewhereweare:
$Expected'acomment'tobe'anycomment'.
3. Now,wehavehittheexpectation.Remembertothinkofthesmallestchangetogetthistowork.Modifytheaddfunctiontosetthe$scope.commentsarraytoanycommentwhencalled:
$scope.add=function(){
$scope.comments.unshift('anycomment');
};
TipUnshiftisastandardJavaScriptfunctionthataddsanitemtothefrontofanarray.
4. WhenwecheckKarma’soutput,weseethefollowing:
$Chrome36.0.1985(Windows7):Executed1of1SUCCESS
Success!Thetestpasses,butagainneedssomework.Let’smoveontothenextstageandmakeitbetter(refactor).
MakeitbetterThemainpointthatneedstoberefactoredistheaddfunction.Itdoesn’ttakeanyarguments!Thisshouldbestraightforwardtoadd,andsimplyconfirmthattheteststillruns.UpdatetheaddfunctionofCommentController.jstotakeanargumentandusethatargumenttoaddtothecommentsarray:
$scope.add=function(commentToAdd){
$scope.comments.unshift(commentToAdd);
};
ChecktheoutputwindowofKarmaandensurethattheteststillpasses.Thecompleteunittestlooksasfollows:
describe('',function(){
varscope={};
beforeEach(function(){
module('comments');
inject(function($controller){
$controller('CommentController',{$scope:scope});
});
scope.add('anycomment');
});
it('',function(){
expect(scope.comments[0]).toBe('anycomment');
})
});
TheCommentControllerfilenowlooksasfollows:
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angular.module('comments')
.controller('CommentController',['$scope',function($scope){
$scope.comments=[];
$scope.add=function(commentToAdd){
$scope.comments.unshift(newComment);
};
}]);
BackupthetestchainWecompletedtheunittestandadditionoftheaddfunction.NowwecanaddthefunctiontospecifythebehavioroftheSubmitbutton.Thewaytolinktheaddmethodtothebuttonistotousetheng-clickattribute.ThestepstoaddbehaviortotheSubmitbuttonareasfollows:
1. Opentheindex.htmlpageandlinkitasfollows:
<buttontype="button"ng-click="add('acomment')">Submit</button>
Warning!Isthevaluehardcoded?Well,again,wewanttodothesmallestchangeandensurethattheteststillpasses.Wewillworkthroughourrefactorsuntilthecodeishowwewantit,butinsteadofabigbangapproach,wewanttomakesmallincrementalchanges.
2. Nowlet’sreruntheProtractortestandensurethatitstillpasses.Theoutputsaysitpasses,andweareokay.Thehardcodedvaluewasn’tremovedfromthecomments.Let’sgoaheadandremovethatnow.TheCommentsControllerfileshouldnowlookasfollows:
$scope.comments=[];
3. Runthetestandseethatwestillgetapassingtest.
Nowthelastthingweneedtomopupisthehardcodedvalueinng-click.Thecommentbeingaddedshouldbedeterminedbytheinputinthecommentinputtext.
BindtheinputHerearethestepsyouneedtofollowtobindtheinput:
1. Tobeabletobindtheinputintosomethingmeaningful,addanng-modelattributetotheinputtag:
<inputtype='text'ng-model='newComment'/>
2. Then,intheng-clickattribute,simplyusethenewCommentmodelastheinput:
<buttontype='button'ng-click='add(newComment)'>Submit</button>
RuntheProtractortestandconfirmthateverythinghaspassedandisgoodtogo.
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OnwardsandupwardsNowthatwehavethefirstspecificationworkingend-to-endandunittested,wecanstartthenextspecification.Thenextspecificationstatesthattheuserswanttheabilitytolikeacomment.
Wewillusethesametop-downapproachandstartourtestfromaProtractortest.WewillcontinuetofollowtheTDDlifecycle,thatis,testfirst,makeitrun,makeitbetter.
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TestfirstFollowingthepattern,wewillstartwithabasicProtractortesttemplate:
describe('',function(){
beforeEach(function(){
});
it('',function(){
});
});
Whenwefillinthespecification,wegetthefollowing:
describe('WhenIlikeacomment',function(){
beforeEach(function(){
});
it('shouldthenbeliked',function(){
});
});
Withthetemplateinplace,wearereadytoconstructthetest.
AssembleTheassemblyofthistestwillrequireacommenttoexist.Placethecommentwithintheexistingpostedcommenttest.Itshouldlooksimilartothis:
describe(''GivenIampostinganewcomment',function(){
describe('WhenIlikeacomment',function(){
…
});
});
ActTheuserspecificationwetestisthatthelikebuttonperformsanactionforaspecificcomment.Herearethestepsthatwillberequiredandthecoderequiredtodothem(notethatthefollowingstepswillbeaddedtothebeforeEachtext):
1. Storethefirstcommentsothatitcanbeusedinthetest:
varfirstComment=null;
beforeEach(function(){
…
2. Findthefirstcomment’slikebutton:
varfirstComment=element.all(by.repeater('commentin
comments').first();
varlikeButton=firstComment.element(by.buttonText('like'));
3. Thecodeforthelikebuttonwhenitisclickedisasfollows:
likeButton.click();
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AssertThespecificationexpectationisthatoncethecommenthasbeenliked,itisliked.Thisisbestdonebyputtinganindicatorofthenumberoflikes,andensuringthecountis1.Thecodewillthenbeasfollows:
it('Shouldincreasethenumberoflikestoone',function(){
varcommentLikes=firstComment.element(by.binding('likes'));
expect(commentLikes.getText()).toBe(1);
});
Thecreatedtestnowlooksasfollows:
describe('WhenIlikeacomment',function(){
varfirstComment=null;
beforeEach(function(){
//Assemble
firstComment=element.all(by.repeater('commentincomments').first();
varlikeButton=firstComment.element(by.buttonText('like'));
//Act
likeButton.click();
});
//Assert
it('Shouldincreasethenumberoflikestoone',function(){
varcommentLikes=firstComment.element(by.binding('likes'));
expect(commentLikes.getText()).toBe(1);
});});
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MakeitrunThetesthasbeenpreparedandisitchingtorun.Wewillnowrunthetestandfixthecodeuntilthetestpasses.Thefollowingstepswilldetailtheerrorandthefixcyclerequiredtomakethetestpath:
1. RunProtractor.2. Viewtheerrormessageinthecommandline:
$Error:Noelementfoundusinglocator:by.buttonText("like")
3. Astheerrorstates,thereisnolikebutton.Goaheadandaddthebutton:
<ling-repeat='commentincomments'>
{{comment}}
<buttontype="button">like</button>
</li>
4. RunProtractor.5. Viewthenexterrormessage:
$Expected'acommentlike'tobe'acomment'.
6. Byaddingthelikebutton,wecausedourothertesttofail.ThereasonisouruseofthegetText()method.Protractor’sgetText()methodgetstheinnertextincludinginnerelements.Tofixthis,wewillneedtoupdatetheprevioustesttoincludelikeaspartofthetest:
it('Shouldthenaddthecomment',function(){
varcomments=element.all(by.repeater('commentincomments')).first();
expect(comments.getText()).toBe('acommentlike');
});
7. RunProtractor.8. Viewthenexterrormessage:
$Error:Noelementfoundusinglocator:by.binding("likes")
9. Timetoaddalikesbinding.Thisoneisalittlemoreinvolved.Likesneedstobeboundtoacomment.Weneedtochangethewaythecommentsareheldinthecontroller.Commentsneedtoholdthecommentvalueandthenumberoflikes.Acommentshouldbeanobjectlikethis:{value:'',likes:0}.Again,thefocusofthisstepisjusttogetthetesttopass.Thenextstepistoupdatethecontroller’saddfunctiontocreatecommentsbasedontheobjectwedescribedintheprecedingsteps.OpencommentController.jsandedittheaddfunctionasfollows:
$scope.add=function(commentToAdd){
varnewComment={value:commentToAdd,likes:0};
$scope.comments.unshift(newComment);
};
10. Updatethepagetousethevalueforthecomment:
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<ling-repeat='commentincomments'>
{{comment.value}}
11. BeforererunningtheProtractortest,weneedtoaddthenewcomment.likesbindingtotheHTMLpage:
<ling-repeat='commentincomments'>
…
{{comment.likes}}
12. NowreruntheProtractortestsandlet’sseewheretheerrorsare:
$Expected'acommentlike0'tobe'acommentlike'
13. Becausetheinnertextofthecommenthaschanged,weneedtochangetheexpectationofthetest:
it('Shouldthenaddthecomment',function(){
…
expect(comments.getText()).toBe('acommentlike0');
});
14. RunProtractor:
$Expected'0'tobe'1'.
15. Now,wearefinallydowntotheexpectationofthetest.Inordertomakethistestpass,thesmallestchangewillbetomakethelikebuttonupdatethelikesonthecommentarray.Thefirststepistoaddalikemethodonthecontroller,whichwillupdatethenumberoflikes:
$scope.like=function(comment){
comment.likes++;
};
16. LinkthelikemethodtotheHTMLpageusinganng-clickattributeonthebuttonasfollows:
<buttontype="button"ng-click='like(comment)'>like</button>
17. RunProtractorandconfirmthatthetestspass!
Thepagenowlooksasfollows:
Comparedtothedrawingatthebeginningofthischapter,allthefeatureshavebeencreated.NowthatwemadethetestpassinProtractor,weneedtochecktheunitteststo
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ensurethatourchangesdidn’tbreaktheunittests.
FixingtheunittestsOneoftheprimarychangesrequiredwastomakethecommentanobject,consistingofavalueandnumberoflikes.Beforethinkingtoomuchabouthowtheunittestscouldhavebeenaffected,let’skickthemoff.Executethefollowingcommand:
$karmastart
Asexpected,theerrorisrelatedtothenewcommentobject:
$Expected{value:'anycomment',likes:0}tobe'anycomment'.
Reviewingtheexpectation,itseemsliketheonlythingrequiredisforcomment.valuetobeusedintheexpectationasopposedtothecommentobjectitself.Changetheexpectationasfollows:
it('',function(){
varfirstComment=scope.comments[0];
expect(firstComment.value).toBe('anycomment');
})
SavethefileandchecktheKarmaoutput.Confirmthatthetestpasses.BoththeKarmaandProtractortestspassandwehavecompletedtheprimaryuserbehaviorsofaddingacommentandlikingit.Youarefreenowtomoveontothenextstepandmakethingsbetter.
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MakeitbetterAllinall,theapproachendedupwiththeresultwewanted.UsersarenowabletolikeacommentintheUIandseethenumberoflikes.Themajorcalloutfromarefactorstandpointisthatwehavenotunittestedthelikemethod.Reviewingourdevelopmentto-dolist,weseethattheto-dolistisanactionwewrotedown.Beforecompletelywrappingupthefeature,let’sdiscusstheoptionofaddingaunittestforthelikefunctionality.
CouplingofthetestAsalreadydiscussedinthisbook,testsaretightlycoupledtotheimplementation.Thisisagoodthingwhenthereisacomplicatedlogicinvolvedoryouneedtoensurethatcertainaspectsoftheapplicationbehaveincertainways.Itisimportanttobeawareofthecouplingandknowwhenitisimportanttobringitintotheapplicationandwhenitisnot.Thelikefunctionwecreatedsimplyincrementsacounteronanobject.Thiscanbeeasilytested;however,thecouplingwewillbringinwithaunittestwillnotgiveustheextravalue.Inthiscase,wewillnotaddanadditionalunittestforthelikemethod.Astheapplicationprogresses,wemayfindtheneedtoaddaunittestinordertodevelopandextendthefunction.HereareacoupleofthingsIconsiderwhenaddingatest:
Doesaddingatestoutweighthecostofmaintainingatest?Isthetestaddingvaluetothecode?
Doesithelpotherdevelopersbetterunderstandthecode?
Isthefunctionalitybeingtestedinsomeotherway?
Basedonourdecision,thereisnomorerefactoringortestingrequired.Inthenextsection,wewilltakeastepbackandreviewthemainpointsofthischapter.
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Self-testquestionsQ1.The$newfunctionisusedtocreateachildscope:$scope.$new.
1. True2. False
Q2.Giventhefollowingcodesegment,howwouldyouselecttheitemsinthelist?
<ul>
<ling-repeat="iteminmyItems">
{{item.value}}
</li
</ul>
1. element.all(by.repeater('iteminitems')).2. element.all(by.repeater('iteminmyItems')).3. element.all('iteminitems').
Q3.TheAngularmocksinjectfunctionisusedto:
1. Resolveapplicationdependencies/references.2. Injectdependenciesintotheapplication.3. Noneoftheabove.
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SummaryInthischapter,wewalkedthroughtheTDDtechniquesofusingProtractorandKarmatogether.Astheapplicationwasdeveloped,youwereabletoseewhere,why,andhowtoapplytheTDDtestingtoolsandtechniques.Theapproach,top-down,wasdifferentthanthebottom-upapproachdiscussedinChapter2,TheKarmaWayandChapter3,End-to-endTestingwithProtractor.Withthebottom-upapproach,thespecificationsareusedtobuildunittestsandthenbuildtheUIlayerontopofthat.Inthischapter,atop-downapproachwasshowntofocusontheuser’sbehavior.Thetop-downapproachteststheUIandthenfiltersthedevelopmentthroughtheotherlayers.Bothapproacheshavetheirmerit.WhenapplyingTDD,itisessentialtoknowhowtouseboth.InadditiontowalkingthroughadifferentTDDapproach,yousawsomeofthecoretestingcomponentsofAngularJSsuchas:
Testingacontrollerfromend-to-endandunitperspectivesUsingAngularmockstotestthescopeobjectofacontrollerProtractor’sabilityto:
Bindtong-repeaterandng-modelSendkeystrokestoinputcolumnsGetanelement’stextbyitsinnerHTMLcodeandallsubelements
Thenextchapterwillbuildonthetechniquesusedhereandlookintoheadlessbrowsertesting,advancedtechniquesforProtractor,andhowtotestAngularJSroutes.
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Chapter5.FlipFlopAtthispoint,youshouldbefeelingconfidentintheinitialimplementationofanAngularJSapplicationusingTDD.Youshouldbefamiliarwithusingatest-firstapproach.Inthischapter,youwillcontinuetoexpandyourknowledgeofapplyingTDDwithAngularJSbylookingatthefollowing:
AngularJSroutesPartialviewsProtractorlocationreferenceswithCSS(CascadingStyleSheets)andHTMLelementsHeadlessbrowsertestingwithKarma
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FundamentalsThischapterwillwalkyouthroughapplyingTDDtoroutesandpartialviewsforasearchapplication.Beforegettingintothewalk-through,youneedtobeawareofsomeofthetechniques,configurations,andfunctionsthatwillbeusedthroughoutthischapter,whichinclude:
ProtractorlocatorsHeadlessbrowsertesting
Afteryouhavereviewedtheseconcepts,youcanmoveontothewalk-through.
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ProtractorlocatorsProtractorlocatorsarekeycomponentsthatyoumusttaketimetolearn.Thisbookwillnotbeabletoshowexamplesofallthedifferentlocators,butitwillprovideexamplesofthemostcommonones.
ProtractorlocatorsallowyoutofindelementswithinanHTMLpage.Inthischapter,youwillseethefollowinginaction:CSS,HTML,andAngularJS-specificlocators.Locatorsarepassedtotheelementfunction.Theelementfunctionwillfindandreturnelementsinapage.Thegenericlocatorsyntaxisasfollows:
element(by.<LOCATOR>);
Intheprecedingcode,<LOCATOR>isaplaceholder.Thefollowingsectionsdescribeacoupleoftheselocators.
CSSlocatorsCSSisusedtoaddlayout,color,formatting,andstyletoanHTMLpage.Fromanend-to-endtestingperspective,thelookandstyleofanelementmaybepartofaspecification.AsanexampleconsiderthefollowingHTMLsnippet:
<divclass="anyClass"id="anyId"></div>
//...
vare1=element(by.css('.anyClass'));
vare2=element(by.css('#anyId'));
vare3=element(by.css('div'));
vare4=$('div');
Allfourselectionswillselectthedivelement.
ButtonandlinklocatorsBesidesbeingabletoselectandinterpretthewaysomethinglooks,itisalsoimportanttobeabletofindbuttonsandlinkswithinapage.Thiswillallowatesttointeractwiththesiteeasily.Hereareacoupleofexamples:
Buttontextlocator:
<button>anyButton</button>
//...
varb1=element(by.buttonText('anyButton'));
Linktextlocator:
<ahref="#">anyLink</a>
//...
vara1=element(by.linkText('anyLink'));
AngularlocatorsOneofProtractor’skeystrengthsisthatitprovidestestingfunctionalityspecifictoAngularJS.Therepeaterlocatorwillselecttheelementswithintheapplicationwhereng-
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repeatwasused.Thisisespeciallyusefulwhenlookingatthenumberofreturnedresultsandthevaluesofindividualresults.Onekeytousingthislocatoristhatthestringoftherepeaterlocatormustmatchtheng-repeatstringusedintheAngularJSapplication.Hereisanexampleofusingtherepeaterlocator:
//TheListintheapplicationtouseng-repeaton
<ling-repeat="iteminlist">
<div>
<ahref="#">link</a>
</div>
</li>
//...
varfirstItem=element.all(by.repeater('iteminlist')).first();
Theprecedingcodehighlightshowtofindthefirstelementinarepeater.Itshouldbeclearthatinthiscase,theelement.allfunctionfindsalltheelementsmatchingtheselector.Then,thefirst()methodisusedtoreturnthefirstelementfound.
URLlocationreferencesWhentestingAngularJSroutes,youneedtobeabletotesttheURLofyourtest.ByaddingtestsaroundtheURLandlocation,youensurethattheapplicationfollowsspecificroutes.Thisisimportantbecauseroutesprovideaninterfaceintoyourapplication.HereishowtogettheURLreferenceinaProtractortest:
varlocation=browser.getLocationAbsUrl();
Nowthatyouhaveseenhowtousethedifferentlocatorsitistimetoputtheknowledgetouse.
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CreatinganewprojectItisimportanttogetaprocessandmethodtosetupyourprojectsquickly.Thelesstimeyou’rethinkingofthestructureofthedirectoryandtherequiredtools,themoretimeyou’redeveloping!
Somepeopleusetheangular-seed(https://github.com/angular/angular-seed)project,Yeoman,orcreateacustomtemplate.Althoughthesetechniquesareusefulandhavetheirmerit,whenstartingoutinAngularJS,itisessentialtounderstandwhatittakestobuildanapplicationfromthegroundup.Bybuildingthedirectorystructureandinstallingtoolsyourself,youwillunderstandAngularJSbetter.Youwillbeabletomakelayoutdecisionsbasedonyourspecificapplicationandneeds,asopposedtofittingintosomeothermold.AsyougrowandbecomeabetterAngularJSdeveloper,thisstepmaynotbeneededandwillbecomesecondnaturetoyou.
Inpreviouschapters,wediscussedhowtogettheprojectsetup,explainedthedifferentcomponentsinvolved,andwalkedthroughtheentireprocess.Iwillskipthesedetailsandexpectthatyoucanrecallhowtoperformthenecessaryinstallation.Toconfirmtheinstallation,hereisascreenshotoftheexpectedoutput:
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SettingupheadlessbrowsertestingforKarmaInpreviouschapters,youwererunningKarmausingthedefaultconfiguration.ThedefaultChromeconfigurationlaunchesChromeoneverytest.Testingagainsttheactualcodeandbrowser,whichtheapplicationwillrunin,isapowerfultool.However,whenlaunching,abrowsermaynotbehowyoualwayswantedit.Fromaunittestperspective,youmaynotwantthebrowsertobelaunchedinawindow.Someofthereasonsaretestsmaytakealongtimetorunoryoumaynotalwayshaveabrowserinstalled.
Luckily,KarmacomesequippedwiththeabilitytoeasilyconfigurePhantomJS,aheadlessbrowser.AheadlessbrowserrunsinthebackgroundandwillnotdisplaywebpagesinaUI.ThePhantomJSheadlessbrowserisareallygreattooltousefortesting.Itcanevenbesetuptotakescreenshotsofyourtests!ReadmoreabouthowthisisdoneandtheWebKitusedonthePhantomJSsiteathttp://phantomjs.org/.ThesucceedingsetupconfigurationwillshowyouhowtosetupPhantomJSwithKarmatogetheadlessbrowsertesting.
PreconfigurationWhenKarmaisinstalled,itautomaticallyincludesthePhantomJSbrowserplugin.Foryourreference,thepluginislocatedathttps://github.com/karma-runner/karma-phantomjs-launcher.Thereshouldn’tbeanyadditionalinstallationorconfigurationrequired.However,ifyoursetupstatesthatitismissingkarma-phantomjs-launcher,youcaneasilyinstallitusingnpm:
$npminstallkarma-phantomjs-launcher
ConfigurationPhantomJSisconfiguredinthebrowsersectionoftheKarmaconfiguration.Openthekarma.conffileandupdateitwiththefollowingdetails:
browsers:['PhantomJS'],
Nowthattheprojecthasbeeninitializedandconfiguredwithheadlessbrowsertesting,youcanseeitinactionthroughthefollowingwalk-throughs.
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Walk-throughofAngularroutesThiswalk-throughwillleverageAngularJSroutes.RoutesareanextremelyusefulfeatureofAngularJS.Theyallowyoutocontrolcertainaspectsoftheapplicationusingdifferentviews.Thiswalk-throughwillflipbetweenviewstoshowyouhowtouseTDDtobuildroutes.Thefollowingarethespecifications:
GivenaviewAthathasasinglebutton;thefollowingactionswilltakeplace:
ThebuttonispushedTheviewisswitchedtoviewB
GivenaviewBthathasasinglebutton;thefollowingactionswilltakeplace:
ThebuttonispushedTheviewisswitchedtoviewA
Essentially,thiswillbeanapplicationthatdoesaflipflopbetweenviews.
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SettingupAngularJSroutesBeforeyouuseAngularJSroutes,youneedtoinstalltheAngularJSroutecomponent.YoucaninstallAngularJSroutesusingbowerasfollows:
$bowerinstallangular-route
AngularroutesrequiresAngular,asyoucanimagine.InordertouseitanHTMLpagewouldlookasfollows:
<!DOCTYPEhtml>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
</head>
<body>
<scriptsrc="bower_components/angular/angular.js">
</script>
<script
src="bower_components/angular-route/angular-route.js"></script>
</body>
</html>
DefiningdirectionsAroutespecifiesaspecificlocationandexpectsaresult.FromanAngularJSperspective,theroutesmustfirstbespecifiedandthenassociatedtocertainelementswithinthem.
ConfiguringngRoute
InordertouseAngularJSroutes,wefirstneedtobringngRouteinasadependencyintotheapplication.Inapp/flipFlop.js,modifythecodetobringinngRouteasadependencyandreturnthemodule:
varflipFlop=angular.module('flipFlop',['ngRoute']);
Now,thesecondthingrequiredisweneedtoconfiguretheroutesthatweneed.Inourcase,weneedtworoutes:oneforviewAandoneforviewB.Therouteconfigurationwillthenlookasfollows:
flipFlop.config(['$routeProvider',function($routeProvider){
$routeProvider
.when('/view/a',{
templateUrl:'app/viewA.html',
controller:'ViewAController'
})
.when('/view/b',{
templateUrl:'app/viewB.html',
controller:'ViewBController'
})
.otherwise({
redirectTo:'/view/a'
});
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}]);
Arouteisdefinedusingwhen,whichhasafirstargumentasastringforthefullroute.Thesecondargumentisanobject,whichtakestheHTMLpagefortheroute(templateURL)andthecontrollerfortheroute(controller).
Definingtheroutecontrollers
Forbothroutes,createanemptycontrollersothatitcanbeaplaceholderforthefuturecontroller.Herearethestepsyouneedtofollowtodefineroutecontrollers:
1. CreateanewfilefortheViewAcontroller(/app/ViewAController.js):
angular.module('flipFlop')
.controller('ViewAController',['$scope',function($scope){
}]);
2. CreateanothernewfilefortheViewBcontroller(/app/ViewBController.js):
angular.module('flipFlop')
.controller('ViewBController',['$scope',function($scope){
}]);
3. Addthetwocontrollerstotheindex.htmlpage:
<scriptsrc="app/viewAController.js"></script>
<scriptsrc="app/viewBController.js"></script>
Definingtherouteviews
RouteviewsarepartialHTMLelementsthatcanbedynamicallyplacedintoanapplication.Forthetwoviewswerequire,wewillputabasicdivtagforeachview,asshowninthefollowingsteps:
1. Createanewfileforapp/viewA.html:
<divid="viewA"></div>
2. Createanewfileforapp/viewB.html:
<divid="viewB"></div>
Thelastthingrequiredistoputaplaceholderwheretherouteviewwillbeplacedintheindex.htmlpage:
<divng-view></div>
Now,theroutesaresetupwiththeinitialviewsandcontrollers.WecancontinuewiththeProtractortest.
AssemblingtheflipfloptestFollowingthefirstofthe3A’s,Assemble,thefollowingstepswillshowyouhowtoassemblethetest.
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1. StartwiththeProtractorbasetemplate:
describe('GivenaviewAthathasasinglebutton',function(){
describe('Whenthebuttonispushed',function(){
beforeEach(function(){
})
it(''shouldbeswitchedtoviewB'',function(){
})
})
})
2. Navigatetotherootoftheapplicationusingthefollowingcode:
browser.get('/index.html');
3. ThebeforeEachmethodneedstoconfirmthatthecorrectviewisbeingdisplayed.ThiscanbedoneusingaCSSlocatortolookforthedivtagofviewA.Theexpectationwilllookasfollows:
varviewA=element(by.css('#viewA'));
expect(viewA.isPresent()).toBeTruthy();
4. Then,addanexpectationthatviewBisnotvisible:
varviewB=element(by.css('#viewB'));
expect(viewB.isPresent()).toBeFalsy();
YouwillnoticehowtheselectionofviewAandviewBisdoneoutsideofthebeforeEachmethod,soitcanbeusedforotherexpectations.
Makingtheviewsflip
Theprecedingtestneedstoconfirmthatwhentheflipbuttonispushed,theviewshouldswitch.Inordertotestthis,youcanusetheby.buttonTextlocator.Hereiswhatitwilllooklike:
varbuttonToPush=element(by.linkText('flip'));
buttonToPush.click();
ThebeforeEachfunctionisnowcompleteandlooksasfollows:
varviewA=element(by.css('#viewA'));
varviewB=element(by.css('#viewB'));
beforeEach(function(){
browser.get('/index.htm');
expect(viewA.isPresent()).toBeTruthy();
varbuttonToPush=element(by.linkText('flip'));
buttonToPush.click();
})
Now,youcanaddtheassertion.
Assertingaflip
TheassertionwillagainuseProtractor’sCSSlocatortofindthatviewBisavailable:
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it('shouldbeswitchedtoviewB',function(){
expect(viewB.isPresent()).toBeTruthy();
})
YoualsoneedtoconfirmthatviewAisnolongeravailable.AddtheexpectationthatviewAshouldnotexist:
it('shouldnotdisplayviewA',function(){
expect(viewA.isPresent()).toBeFalsy();
})
Thetesthasnowbeenassembled.
MakingflipfloprunNow,youwillseethestepsrequiredtomaketheflipfloprun:
1. Inanewconsolewindow,starthttp-server:
$./node_modules/http-server/bin/http-server-p8080
2. RunProtractor:
$./node_modules/protractor/bin/protractorprotractorConf.js
3. ThefirsterrorstatesError:Angularcouldnotbefoundonthepagehttp://localhost:8080/:angularneverprovidedresumeBootstrap.Whenyougetthiserror,proceedwiththefollowingsteps:
1. ThiserrormeansthatnoAngularJSapplicationhasbeenassociatedwiththeapplication.It’snowtimetocreatetheapplicationmoduleandaddittothepage.
2. Createanewfilenamed/app/flipFlop.js:
angular.module('flipFlop',[]);
3. Addthenewmoduletotheindex.htmlpage:
<scriptsrc="app/flipFlop.js"></script>
4. AddtheAngularJSapplicationidentifiertothepage:
<bodyng-app='flipFlop'>
5. ReruntheProtractortest.
4. TheerrorisError:Noelementfoundusinglocator:by.linkText("flip").Torectifythisperformthefollowingsteps:
1. Openuptheapp/viewA.htmlfileandaddalinktotheViewBroutewiththefliptext:
<divid="viewA">
<ahref="#/view/b">flip</button>
</div>
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2. Rerunthetest.
5. TheProtractortestsnowpass.
MakingflipflopbetterForpractice,youshouldaddalinktoswitchbacktoviewAfromviewB.Thereisnothingthathasbeencalledoutthatneedstobechangedorrefactored.Themaintakeawayfromthiswalk-throughishowtouseProtractortotestroutes.Herearesomescreenshotsoftheapplication:
Theinitialindexpageisshowninthefollowingscreenshot:
Thefollowingiswhatyou’llseeaftertheviewhasbeenswitched:
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SearchingtheTDDwayThiswalk-throughwillshowyouhowtobuildasimplesearchapplication.Thewalk-throughhastwocomponents.Thefirstdiscussesasearchquerycomponent.Thesecondusesroutestodisplaysearchresultdetails.
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DecidingontheapproachThiswalk-throughusesthetop-downTDDapproach.Itstartswithwritingfailingtests,fromtheUIpointofviewusingProtractor,andthenworkingthroughtheapplicationwithacombinationofunitandend-to-endtests.
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Walk-throughofsearchqueryTheapplicationbeingbuiltisasearchapplication.Thefirststepistosetupthesearchareawithsearchresults.ImagineIamperformingasearch.Thefollowingactionswilloccur:
AsearchqueryistypedinResultsaredisplayedontheleftsidebar
Thispieceoftheapplicationisverysimilartothetest,layout,andapproachyousawinChapter4,FirstSteps.Theapplicationwillneedtouseaninput,respondtoaclick,andconfirmtheresultingdata.Sincethetestsandcodeusethesamefunctionalityasthepreviousexample,itisnotworthprovidingacompletewalk-throughofthesearchfunctionality.Instead,thefollowingsectionwillshowtheresultingcodewithafewexplanations.
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ThesearchquerytestThefollowingcoderepresentsthetestforthesearchqueryfunctionality:
describe('',function(){
//StorethesearchResultforuseinthetest
varsearchResult=null;
beforeEach(function(){
//ASSEMBLE
browser.get('/index.html');
varsearchResult=element.all(by.repeater('resultinresults'));
expect(searchResult.count()).toBe(0);
//ACT
varsearchQueryInput=$('input');
searchQueryInput.sendKeys('anyvalue');
varsearchButton=element(by.buttonText('search'));
searchButton.click();
});
//Assert
it('',function(){
expect(searchResult.count()).toBe(1);
});
});
Youshouldnoticeaparalleltoprevioustests.Thefunctionalityiswrittentomirrorthebehaviorofausertypinginthesearchbox.Thetestfindstheinputfield,typesavalue,andthenselectsthebuttonthatsaysSearch.Theassertionconfirmsthattheresultcontainsasinglevalue.ThenextsectionwilllookattheapplicationfromtheHTMLpage.
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ThesearchqueryHTMLpageThefollowingcodeshowstheresultingbodyofthesearchqueryHTMLpage:
<bodyng-app="search">
<divng-controller="SearchController">
<inputtype="text"ng-model="searchQuery"></input>
<buttonng-click="search(searchQuery)">search</button>
<ul>
<ling-repeat="resultinresults">{{result}}</li>
</ul>
</div>
<scriptsrc="bower_components/angular/angular.js"></script>
<scriptsrc="app/search.js"></script>
<scriptsrc="app/searchController.js"></script>
</body>
ThemainhighlightsoftheHTMLpageare:
TheuseofthesearchControllerclass’modeltostorethesearchQueryclassintheinput:
<inputtype="text"ng-model="searchQuery"></input>
AssociatingthebuttonclickeventtothesearchController'ssearchfunction:
<buttonng-click="search(searchQuery)">search</button>
ThenextsectionwillshowtheresultingsearchmoduleandsearchController.
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ThesearchapplicationHereistheresultofthesearchModulecode:
varsearchModule=angular.module('search',[]);
HereistheresultofthesearchControllercode:
angular.module('search')
.controller('SearchController',['$scope',function($scope){
$scope.results=[];
$scope.search=function(){
$scope.results=['AnyValue'];
};
}]);
TheprecedingAngularJScomponentsaresimilartowhathasalreadybeenshowninpreviouschapters.Nowthatyouhavereviewedtheexistingsearchpieceoftheapplication,youcanwalkthroughthestepstodisplaysearchresultdetailviews.Hereiswhatthesearchapplicationlookslikesofar:
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Showmesomeresults!NowthattheSearchbuttonissetwiththerequiredfeatures,theresultingdetailsneedtobedisplayedwhenasearchresultisselected.Hereistheuserspecification.Giventhefollowingsearchresults:
IselectanitemfromthesearchresultsIwillseethedetailsinthemainpagecomponent
Followingthetop-downapproach,thefirststepwillbetheProtractortestsfollowedbythenecessarystepstogettheapplicationfullyfunctional.
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CreatingthesearchresultroutesThisapplicationwilluseroutestoswitchbetweenviews.Asthisstepisprimarilyaboutconfiguration,itdoesn’tmakesensetowaituntilatestfails.Thefollowingstepswillbrieflyrecapthenecessarysteps,asyouhavealreadywalkedthroughthestepswiththeflipflopapplication:
1. Installangular-routesusingBower:
$bowerinstallangular-route
2. Addangularandangular-routetotheindex.htmlpage:
<scriptsrc="bower_components/angular/angular.js"></script>
<scriptsrc="bower_components/angular-route/angular-route.js"></script>
3. CreateangRoutemoduleasadependencyintheapplication(app/search.js):
varsearchModule=angular.module('search',['ngRoute']);
4. Configuretheroutesintheapp/search.jsfile.Addthefollowingrouteconfiguration:
searchModule.config(['$routeProvider',function($routeProvider){
$routeProvider
.when('/splash',{
templateUrl:'app/splash.html',
controller:'SplashController'
})
.when('/detail/:id',{
templateUrl:'app/searchDetail.html',
controller:'SearchDetailController'
})
.otherwise({
redirectTo:'/splash'
});
}]);
Theprecedingconfigurationcontainstworoutes.Oneforasplashscreen/landingpagethatwillbedisplayedwhentheuserfirstcomestothepage.Thesecondistheroutetogetthesearchdetails.
5. Addtheroutestubcontrollers:
1. CreateanewfileforSplashController(app/splashController.js):
angular.module('search')
.controller('SplashController',['$scope',function($scope){
}]);
2. CreateanewfileforSearchDetailController(app/searchDetailController.js):
angular.module('search')
.controller('SearchDetailController',['$scope',function($scope){
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}]);
6. Addthedetailcontrollertotheindex.htmlpage:
<scriptsrc="app/searchDetailController.js"></script>
7. CreatethepartialviewHTMLfilesbyfollowingthesesteps:
1. Createanewfileforsplash.html:
<divid="splash"></div>
2. CreateanewfileforsearchDetail.html:
<divid="searchResultDetail"></div>
Theroutesforthetesthavenowbeencreated.Youcancontinuetothenextstepandbeginaddingthefunctionalitytolinksearchresultstotheresultdetails.
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TestingthesearchresultsAsthespecificationstates,youwillneedtoleveragetheexistingsearchresults.Insteadofcreatingatestfromscratch,youcanaddtotheexistingsearchquerytest.Startwithabasetestembeddedinthesearchquerytestasfollows:
describe('GivenIamsearching',function(){
describe(''whenItypeinasearchquery'',function(){
...
describe('Givensearchresults',function(){
describe('WhenIselectanitemfromthesearchresults',function(){
beforeEach(function(){
});
it('shouldseethedetailsinthemainpagecomponent',function(){
});
});
});
})
})
Nowmoveontothenextstepandbuildthetest.
AssemblingthesearchresulttestInthiscase,thesearchresultsarealreadyavailablefromthesearchquerytest.Youdon’thavetoaddanymoresetupstepforthetest.
SelectingasearchresultTheobjectundertestistheresult.Thetestiswhentheresultisselectedandthentheapplicationmustdosomething.ThestepstowritethisinProtractorareasfollows:
1. Findaresultitemusingthefollowingcode:
varresultItem=element(by.repeater('resultinresults')).first();
2. Selecttheresultitem.Asyouwillberepresentingthedetailsusingaroute,youwillcreatealinktothedetailspageandclickonthelink.Herearethestepstocreatealink:
1. Selectthelinkwithintheresultitem.Thisusestheelementcurrentlyselectedandthenfindsanysubelementsthatmeetthecriteria.Thecodeforthisisasfollows:
varresultLink=resultItem.element(by.css('a'));
2. Nowtoselectthelinkaddthefollowingcode:
resultLink.click();
Confirmingasearchresult
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Nowthatthesearchitemhasbeenselected,youwillneedtoverifythattheresultdetailspageisvisible.Thesimplestsolutionatthispointistoensurethatthedetailsviewisvisible.ThiscanbedoneusingProtractor’sCSSlocatortolookforthesearchdetailview.Thefollowingisthecodetobeaddedforconfirmingasearchresult:
it('Shouldseethedetailsinthemainpagecomponent',function(){
varresultDetail=element(by.css('#searchResultDetail'))
expect(resultDetail.isDisplayed()).toBeTruthy();
})
Hereisthecompletetest:
...
describe('WhenIselectanitemfromthesearchresults',function(){
beforeEach(function(){
varresultItem=element.all(by.repeater('resultinresults')).first();
varresultLink=resultItem.element(by.css('a'));
resultLink.click();
});
it('Shouldseethedetailsinthemainpagecomponent',function(){
varresultDetail=element(by.css('#searchResultDetail'))
expect(resultDetail.isDisplayed()).toBeTruthy();
});
});
Nowthatthetestissetup,youcancontinuetothenextphaseofthelifecycleandmakeitrun.
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MakingthesearchresulttestrunForthisstepofthelifecycle,wewillexecuteProtractorandmakefixesintheapplicationinordertomakethetestrunsuccessfully.Herearethestepsyouneedtofollow:
1. Thefirsterror:Error:Noelementfoundusinglocator:by.cssSelector('a')
Weneedtoaddalinktotheresultitemlist,whichwillpointtothedetailsoftheresult.IntermsofAngularroutes,wewilladd#/detail/:resultIdasaprefix:
<ling-repeat="resultinresults"><ahref="#/detail/{{result.id}}">
{{result.name}}</a></li>
2. NowrerunthetestandwegetUnknownError:unknownerror:Elementisnotclickableatpoint(48,57).Otherelementwouldreceivetheclick:....
Thiserrorisnotasclear.Whenthishappens,andtheerrorisnotasspecificasrequired,youcanjumptothesiteitselfandlookattheJavaScriptconsoleforerrors.Gotohttp://localhost:8080.Hereisascreenshotofwhatyoushouldsee:
Themainproblemisthatthelinkisnotonthepage.Lookingbackatthecode,youcanseethatthesearchresultobjectisanarrayofstringsbutitneedstobeanarrayofobjectsthathaveanIDandname.Updatetheapp/searchController.jssearchfunctionasfollows:
$scope.search=function(){
$scope.results=[{id:1,name:'AnyValue'}];
};
Nowrerunthetest.
3. Therouteshavenowbeenconfiguredtothenewroute(#/detail/{{result.id}})andthetestsnowpass.
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Creatingalocation-awaretestAstheapplicationusesroutes,theroutedetailviewwillneedtobetested.Inthiscase,youwillneedtoensuretheURLhastheIDofthesearchresult.Followthesestepstoaddthetest:
1. InthebeforeEachmethod,retrievetheIDofthesearchresultbasedonhrefofthelinkattribute:
varresultId=null;
beforeEach(function(){
…
resultId=resultLink.getAttribute('href').then(function(attr){
returnattr.match(/#\/detail\/(\d+)/)[1];
});
});
2. ResolvetheresultIdpromisecontainingtheIDoftheresult:
it('Shouldsettheurltotheselecteddetailview',function(){
resultId.then(function(id){
3. Withinthepromise,createexpectedUrl:
varexpectedUrl='/detail/'+id;
4. GetthelocationoftheURL:
browser.getLocationAbsUrl()
5. UsethepromisetochecktheexpectationontheURL:
.then(function(url){
expect(url.split('#')[1]).toBe(expectedUrl);
});
});
Location-awaretestscanbeveryhelpfulwhendealingwithroutes.Thetestscanbesimpleorcomplex,buthelpaligntherouteinterfacetoclearspecifications.
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MakingthesearchresultbetterNowthatthereisapassingtest,somecleanupandrefactoringisneeded.Therearetwoprimarycallouts:
Nounittests.HowdoyouknowsearchResultDetailisspecifictothesearchresultweselect?
Uptothispoint,therehasn’tbeenaneedtocreateunitteststobuildtheapplication.ThefocushasbeenontheUIintheapplication.Therehasn’tbeenlogicoractionsneededtobuildonthebackend.Mostofthedevelopmenthasbeenfocusedonwiringupthefrontendandmakingsurethecomponentsinthespecificationareavailabletotheuser.
Theotheractionthatyouneedtolookatisthefactthatthereisnotawaytotestthataloadedviewactuallyreflectsdatafromtheselectedresult.Thiscanbetackledintwoparts.ThefirstpartistoensurethattheURLforthewindowpointstothecorrectroute.ThesecondpartwillbetodisplaytheIDnumberofthesearchresultontheview.
ConfirmingtherouteIDTheIDwillnotbedisplayedtotheusers;however,itisstillanintegralpartoftheapplication.Astheapplicationgrowsinthefollowingchapters,youwillbeleveragingtheIDtoextractfurtherdata.Thiswalk-throughwillfollowtheTDDlifecycleanduseKarmatobuildthefeature.
SettinguptherouteIDunittest
Toinjectthescopeintoacontroller,theinitialtestwilllookasfollows:
describe('',function(){
varscope={};
beforeEach(function(){
module('search');
inject(function($controller){
$controller('SearchController',{$scope:scope});
});
});
it('',function(){});
});
Inordertotesttheroutes,thetestwillleveragethe$routeParamsobject.The$routeParamsobjectgivesanobjectaccesstoinformationrelatingtotheroutethatbroughttheapplicationtothelocation.Forexample,the/detail/:idroutedefinitionandthe/detail/123,$routeParamsroutewillgiveyouthe{id:123}object.Forthetest,afake$routeParamsobjectcontainingtheIDofthedetailobjectwillbeused.Updatethetestsothatithasthefollowingfake$routeParamsobject,whichwillreturnanIDof1:
beforeEach(function(){
//...
varrouteParams={id:1};
$controller('SearchDetailController',{$scope:scope,$routeParams:
routeParams});
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Nowthatthefake$routeParamsobjecthasbeeninjectedintothecontroller,youcancontinuetothenextphaseandmaketheassertion.
ConfirmingtheID
TheassertionisthatthescopehasadetailobjectwiththesameIDthat$routeParamsspecified.ThecodeforconfirmingtheIDisasfollow:
it('Shouldreturnresults',function(){
expect(scope.detail.id).toBe(1);
});
Makingtherouteparameter’stestrun
NowthatKarmaisrunningusingaheadlessbrowser,wecanstartKarmaintheconsoleandletitrunaswewalkthroughtheissues,asshowninthefollowingsteps:
1. StartKarma:
$karmastart
2. ThefirstissuewegetisthatngRoutecan’tbefound.Thisisbecauseweaddedangular-routetotheproject,buthaven’taddedittokarma.conf.Updatethekarma.confupdatethefilessectionwiththefollowingcode:
files:[
//...
'bower_components/angular-route/angular-route.js',
3. Afterrerunningthetest,weareleftwithTypeError:''undefined''isnotanobject(evaluatingscope.detail.id).Torectifythis,performthefollowingsteps:
1. Thiserrorinformsusthatthescope.detail.idobjectdoesn’texistinthecontroller.Wewillnowupdatethecontrollertoincludeit.Thefirststeptofixingthisistoadd$routeParamstosearchDetailController:
.controller('SearchDetailController',
['$scope','$routeParams',function($scope,$routeParams){
2. Now,inthecontroller,createthedetailobjectwiththe$routeParamsID:
$scope.detail={id:$routeParams.id};
3. ThedetailobjecthasnowbeencreatedusingtheIDoftheroute.Goaheadandrerunthetest.
Thetestpasses!
Theapplicationnowlookslikewhatisshowninthefollowingscreenshotwhenyoufirstopenit:
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Afterasearchquery,theapplicationlookslikewhatisshowninthefollowingscreenshot:
Fordetailsoftheapplicationlooksasshowninthefollowingscreenshot(noticethattheURLcontainsthedetailroute):
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Self-testquestionsQ1.GiventhefollowingHTMLcode,howwouldyouselectthesecondlistitem?
<ul>
<li>item1</li>
<li>item2</li>
</ul>
1. element.all(by.css('li')).second();.2. element(by.repeater('iteminlist'))[1];.3. element.all(by.css('li')).get(1);.
Q2.GiventhefollowingAngularJScomponent,howwouldyouselecttheelementandsimulateaclick?
<ahref="#">SomeLink</a>
1. $('a').click();.2. element(by.css('li)).click();.3. element(by.linkText('SomeLink')).click();.
Q3.WhenusingrouteswithAngularJSyouneedtoinstallangular-route.
1. True.2. False.
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SummaryThischapterhasshownyouhowtouseTDDtobuildanAngularJSapplication.Theapproach,uptothispoint,hasfocusedonthespecificationfromauserperspectiveandusingTDDfromtop-downapproach.Thistechniquehelpsyougetusable,smallcomponentstestedandcompletedfortheusers.Asapplicationsgrow,sodoestheircomplexity.Aswemoveontothenextchapter,wewillexplorethebottom-upapproachandseewhentousethattechniqueoveratop-downapproach.
ThischapterhasshownyouhowTDDcanbeusedtodeveloproute-basedviews.Thisincludesutilizingmultiplecontrollersandviews.Routesallowyoutogetaniceseparationofyourcomponentsandviews.WehaveshowntheusageofseveralProtractorlocators,fromCSS,torepeaters,tolinktext,toinnerlocators.BesidesusingProtractor,wehavealsolearnedhowtoconfigureKarmawithaheadlessbrowser,andwegottoseeitinaction.
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Chapter6.TellingtheWorldThebuildupofTDDfocusedonfundamentalcomponents,namelylifecycleandprocess,usingstep-by-stepwalk-throughs.Youhavetakenseveralapplicationsfromthegroundup,understandinghowtobuildAngularJSapplicationsandusetoolstotestthem.ItistimetoexpandfurtherintothedepthsofAngularJSandintegrateservices,broadcasting,androutes.
Thischapterwillbeslightlydifferentthantheothersintwoways:
Insteadofbuildingabrandnewapplication,wewillusethesearchapplicationfromChapter5,FlipFlop.Also,abottom-upapproachwillbeused.ThisconsistsofcreatingunittestsfirstandthenmovingtotheUI.
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BeforetheplungeBeforethewalk-through,thecoreconceptsofthechapterwillbereviewedfirst.Itisimportantthatyouunderstandtheseconceptsbeforeyoumoveontothewalk-through.
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KarmaconfigurationSofar,thedefaultKarmaconfigurationhasbeenused,butnoexplanationonthedefaultconfigurationhasbeengivenyet.Filewatchingisausefuldefaultbehaviorthatwillnowbereviewed.
FilewatchingFilewatchingisenabledbydefaultwhenthekarmainitcommandisused.FilewatchinginKarmaisconfiguredwiththefollowingdefinitioninthekarma.conf.jsfile:
autoWatch:true,
Thefilewatchingfeatureworksasexpectedandwatchesthefilesdefinedintheconfiguration’sfilesarray.Whenafileisupdated,changed,ordeleted,Karmawillrespondbyrerunningthetests.FromaTDDperspective,thisisagreatfeatureastestswillcontinuetorunwithoutanymanualintervention.
Themainpointtowatchoutforistheadditionoffiles.Ifthefilebeingaddeddoesn’tmatchthecriteriainthefilesarray,theautoWatchparameterwon’trespondtothechange.Asanexample,let’sconsiderthatthefilesaredefinedasfollows:
files:['dir1/**/*.js']
Ifthisisthecase,thewatcherwillfindallthefilesandsubdirectoryfilesendingin.js.Ifanewfileisinadifferentdirectory,notindir1,thenthewatcherwillnotbeabletorespondtothenewfilebecauseitisinadifferentdirectorythanwhatitwasconfiguredin.
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Usingabottom-upapproachThetop-downapproachofTDDcanbeveryuseful.Ithelpsfocusonuser-facingcomponentsfirstandthenfillsupthebackendlayer.Oneofthecaveatstothisapproachisthatthespecificationbeingbuiltismoreuserfacingasopposedtoitbeingbasedonlogic.Thebottom-upapproachbuildsfromtheinnercomponentsouttotheUIandtheuser.Thiskindofapproachisextremelyimportantwhenworkingwithcomplicatedlogicandrequirements.Withthebottom-upapproach,youwillfirstbuildservices,controllers,anddirectiveswithallthecomplexitiesusingunittestsandKarma.Afterthis,youwillexpandtocreateend-to-endtestswithProtractor.
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ServicesAngularJSservices,factories,andresourcesareallimportantcomponents.Servicesareusedtoabstractapplicationlogic.Theyareusedtoprovidesingleresponsibilityforaparticularaction.Singleresponsibilityallowscomponentstobeeasilytestedandchanged.Thisisbecausethefocusisononecomponentandnotalltheinnerdependencies.
HereisasummaryofsomeoftheotherAngularJScomponentsthathavebeenlookedatsofar:
Attributesanddirectives:ThesedriveactionsandflowfromtheUIControllers:ThisprovidesthegluebetweentheUIandlogicServices:Thisisolatesthelogic
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PublishingandsubscribingmessagesOneofthegreatfeaturesofAngularJSisitsabilitytopublishandsubscribemessageswithinapage.Publishingandsubscribingmessagesisapowerfulcomponent,butlikewithanything,whenusedthewrongway,itcanleadtoamess.
Oneareawherethispatternisusefuliswhencommunicatingacrossboundariesinanapplication.ApplicationboundariesareimportantastheyallowtheUItohaveisolatedcode.ComplexityoccurswhenseparateUIcomponentsneedtobeawareofchangesinotherareasoftheUI.Withapublishingandsubscriptionmodel,applicationscancommunicateseamlesslyusingmessages.Thischapterwillfocusonpublishingandsubscribing.Youwillbeabletotakeacloserlookatwhatboundariesareanddeterminegoodplacestoleveragethisfeatureinyourownapplications.
Therearetwowaysinwhichmessagescanbepublished.Youcaneitheremitorbroadcast.Itisimportanttoknowthedifferenceasbothworkslightlydifferently,andtheymayaffecttheperformanceofyourapplication.
EmittingOnewaytopublisheventsistoemitthem.Thedocumentationathttps://docs.angularjs.org/api/ng/type/$rootScope.Scopegivesthefunctionalityofthe$emit()methodasfollows:
Dispatchesaneventnameupwardsthroughthescopehierarchynotifyingtheregistered$rootScope.Scopelisteners.
Theimportantthingtonoteis$emit()notifiesupthroughthescopesallthewaytothetopofthehierarchy.Thisisimportantbecauseifyouhaveanembeddedcontrollerscope,itisgoingtohavetopropagateallthewayuptoeverycontrollerandscope.Thiscancauseaperformanceissue.Hereisanexampleofhowtoemitanevent:
$scope.someAction=function(){
$scope.$emit('ANYEVENT');
};
Thebestwaytoseetheupwardpropagationoftheeventisthroughatest.Thenextsectionwillshowyouhowtounittesttheupwardeffectof$emit().
Testingemit
Thefollowingtestshavethreecontrollers:TopController,MiddleController,andBottomController.MiddleControllerwillemittheevent.Fromthis,anexpectationcanbemadethatTopControllerwillreceivetheeventandBottomControllerwon’t,astheemissionpropagatesinanupwardfashion.Herearethestepstotestthe$emit()method:
1. Createspiestotesttheemissionofevents:
vartopEventSpy=jasmine.createSpy();
varbottomEventSpy=jasmine.createSpy();
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2. Thetestsetupfirstsetsthehierarchyofscopes:
inject(function($controller,$rootscope){
vartopScope=$rootscope.$new();
varmiddleScope=topScope.$new();
varbottomScope=middleScope.$new();
3. Thenthecontrollersaresetwiththeirrespectivescopes:
$controller('TopController',{$scope:topScope});
$controller('MiddleController',{$scope:middleScope});
$controller('BottomController',{$scope:bottomScope});
4. Setthespytocapturetheevents:
topScope.$on('MIDDLEEMIT',topEventSpy);
bottomScope.$on('MIDDLEEMIT',bottomEventSpy);
5. Emittheeventfromthemiddlescope:
middleScope.$emit('MIDDLEEMIT');
6. Addtheexpectationthatthetopspywascalledontheevents:
it('Shouldnotifytopcontroller',function(){
expect(topEventSpy.wasCalled).toBe(true);
});
7. Addtheexpectationthatthebottomspywasnotcalled:
it('Shouldnotnotifybottomcontroller',function(){
expect(bottomEventSpy.wasCalled).toBe(false);
});
Hereareacoupleofthingstonotefromtheprecedingtest:
ThisisaunittestthatwewillruninKarma.Theinjectmethodprovidesareferencetothe$controllerand$rootscopescopes.The$rootscopescopeisthetopmostscopeofanAngularJSapplication.Ifyou’reusing$rootscopetoemitevents,theywouldn’tneedtopropagateanymoreas$rootscopeisatthehighestlevel.Inthelaterexamples,$rootscopewillbeinjectedintothecontrollerandusedtolistentoandsendevents.Ascopecancreateanewchildscope.Achildscopeiscreatedusingthe$newmethod.Youcanimaginethistobeequivalenttoapagethathasembeddedcontainers:
<divng-controller="topController"
<divng-controller="middleController">
<divng-controller="bottomController">
</div>
</div>
</div>
Testingbroadcast
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Thedocumentationathttps://docs.angularjs.org/api/ng/type/$rootScope.Scopestatesgivesthefunctionalityofthe$broadcast()methodasfollows:
Dispatchesaneventnamedownwardstoallchildscopes(andtheirchildren)notifyingtheregistered$rootScope.Scopelisteners.
Asopposedtothe$emitmethod,whichpusheseventsupthroughthescopechain,$broadcastpusheseventsdownthechain.Theotherimportantdistinctiontomakeisthatthe$broadcasteventcan’tbecancelled,but$emitcanbe.Thesearesmallintricaciesthatifnotunderstoodproperlycanhaveanegativeeffectontheapplication.Likewiththe$emitevent,thefollowingexampleshowsthewaybroadcastingworksthroughatest.
Testingbroadcast
Utilizingsimilartechniquesfromtheemissiontest,herearethestepstotestthebroadcastingofevents:
1. Createthespies:
vartopEventSpy=jasmine.createSpy();
varbottomEventSpy=jasmine.createSpy();
2. Initializethescopes:
vartopScope=$rootScope.$new();
varmiddleScope=topScope.$new();
varbottomScope=middleScope.$new();
3. Settherespectivecontrollerscopes:
$controller('TopController',{$scope:topScope});
$controller('MiddleController',{$scope:middleScope});
$controller('BottomController',{$scope:bottomScope});
4. Setthespiestolistenfortheevents:
topScope.$on('MIDDLEEMIT',topEventSpy);
bottomScope.$on('MIDDLEEMIT',bottomEventSpy);
5. BroadcasttheeventfrommiddleScope:
middleScope.$broadcast('MIDDLEEMIT');
6. Havetheexpectationthatthetopscopewasnottouched:
it('Shouldnotnotifytopcontroller',function(){
expect(topEventSpy.wasCalled).toBe(false);
});
7. Havetheexpectationthatthebottomscopereceivedthemessage:
it('Shouldnotifybottomcontroller',function(){
expect(bottomEventSpy.wasCalled).toBe(true);
});
TheprecedingexplanationshaveshowedhowtointegrateandtesttwotypesofAngularJS
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events.Asyouprogressthroughtherestoftheeventtests,youwillfindthatthesetupandtechniquesusedherewillbeusedthroughouttherestofthechapter.
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Publishingandsubscribing–thegoodandbadKnowingwhentousepublishingandsubscribingisonething,butknowingwhennottousethemisthedifficultpart.
ThegoodBeforelookingattheproblemsthatpublishingandsubscribingcanleadto,herearesomeofthebestscenarioswhereyoucanusethistechnique:
CommunicatingimportanteventstodifferentcomponentsoftheapplicationReducingcoupling
Communicatingthroughevents
Whenthinkingabouteventsthatneedtobecoupled,itisimportanttothinkaboutwhatactionsaredrivingtheapplication.Givenabankapplication,eventsmightbeassimpleasDEPOSITEDandWITHDREW.Thesetwosimpleeventsmaybeusedinmanyotherplaces.Thinkaboutyouwantingtosendane-mailtothecustomereverytimetheywithdreworautomaticallyupdatedsomereal-timereport.Insteadofpollingthepersistencelayer,areal-timenotificationmessagecanbeused.InAngularJS,thismeansthattheUIcanbemadeupofdifferentcomponentsthatcanrespondtochangesinonearea,forexample,UInotifications,updatingworkflows,enablingfeatures,oranythingyoucanthinkof.
Communicatingeventssothatothercomponentscanrespondtothemiskey.Whenyouwanttoeasilyrespondtoeventsandchanges,publishingandsubmittingisthewaytogo.Thefollowingisanothertesttoshowhowcommunicationcanbeused:
1. Createscopesforthecontrollers:
recentTransactionScope=$rootScope.$new();
atmScope=recentTransactionScope.$new();
2. Assignthescopestothecontrollers:
$controller('AtmController',{$scope:atmScope});
$controller('RecentTransactionsController',
{$scope:recentTransactionScope});
3. Setthespies:
spyOn(atmScope,'$emit').and.callThrough();
spyOn(recentTransactionScope.recent,'push');
4. Callthemethodbeingtested:
atmScope.withdraw(3.33);
5. Settheexpectationthattheeventwasemitted:
it('shouldemitanevent',function(){
expect(atmScope.$emit).toHaveBeenCalled();
});
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6. Settheexpectationthattherecenttransactionsreceivedtheevent:
it('shouldsendeventtorecenttransactions',function(){
expect(recentTransactionScope.recent.push).toHaveBeenCalled();
});
Herearethecontrollerstofurtherclarifythecode:
1. TheAtmControllerproperty(publisher):
bankModule.controller('AtmController',['$scope',function($scope){
$scope.withdraw=function(amount){
$scope.$emit('WITHDREW',amount);
}
}]);
2. TheRecentTransactionsControllerproperty(subscriber):
bankModule.controller('RecentTransactionsController',['$scope',
function($scope){
$scope.recent=[];
$scope.$on('WITHDREW',function(amount){
$scope.recent.push(amount);
})
}]);
Asdiscussedwiththetests,AtmControlleremitstheWITHDREWeventafterawithdrawaloccurs.
Theprecedingstepsarejustasimpleexampleofhowpublishingandsubscribingcanhelpcommunicateimportantactivitiesacrossyourapplication.
Reducingcoupling
Communicationisoneaspectofthebenefitsofpublishingmessages.Messaginggivesyoudecreasedcoupling.Thinkabouttheprecedingbankapplicationthatcommunicateswhenawithdrawaloccurs.Themessagesmaybeusedformanydifferentaspectsoftheapplication,andsinceitisdecoupled,wedon’tneedtoworry.Ifwethinkaboutitanotherway,thewithdrawfunctiondoesn’tcareabouttherestoftheapplication.Itonlyfocusesonthefactthatitwillperformawithdrawalandthensendamessageuponitscompletion.Fromthesubscriptionperspective,therecenttransactionsdon’tcarewherethewithdrawalhappens.Itonlyhastofocusonwhatitneedstodowhenthishappens.
Decouplingtheapplicationcanbeextremelybeneficialfromatestingperspective.Takeanotherlookatthebankapplicationifyouwanttorefactorandseparateoutthetests.YoucouldcreateanewtestthatisspecifictotheRecentTransactionsproperty.Sincetheapplicationisdecoupled,itdoesn’tcareaboutAtmController.Thetestcanbeseparatedoutasfollows:
1. ThebeforeEachfunctioncanbereducedtoonlydealwiththescopeofrecentTransactionsControllerand$rootScope:
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varrecentTransactionScope={};
varrootScope={};
beforeEach(function(){
module('bank');
inject(function($controller,$rootScope){
rootScope=$rootScope.$new();
recentTransactionScope=$rootScope.$new();
$controller('RecentTransactionsController',
{$scope:recentTransactionScope});
});
spyOn(recentTransactionScope.recent,'push');
rootScope.$emit('WITHDREW',3);
});
2. InthebeforeEachfunction,addaspytohelpwithtesting:
spyOn(recentTransactionScope.recent,'push');
3. InsteadofcallingtheAtmControllerclass’swithdrawfunction,wecancall$emiton$rootScope:
rootScope.$emit('WITHDREW',3);
4. TheafterEachfunctionandtheexpectationarethesameasshownpreviously:
afterEach(function(){
recentTransactionScope.recent.push.calls.reset();
});
it('shouldsendeventtorecenttransactions',function(){
expect(recentTransactionScope.recent.push).toHaveBeenCalled();
});
Thisexamplehasshownthatusingmessaging,youcandecoupletests.Decouplingapplicationtestsallowstheapplicationtogrowwithouthavingtonegativelyrefactortheentireapplication.Intheprecedingcase,ifAtmControllerischanged,therecentTransactionstestandtherecentTransactionscontrollerwon’tneedtobechanged.AslongastheWITHDREWeventispublished,recentTransactionswillnothavetobeupdated.
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HarnessingthepowerofeventsPublishingandsubscribingeventscanleadtosomeuglyandhard-to-understandspaghetticode.Nowthatthefoundationsforthechapterhavebeenreviewed,youcandiveintoimplementingeventsintothesearchapplication.
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TheplanThesearchapplicationfromChapter5,FlipFlop,isquitebasic.Atthispoint,itwillreturnasetofresults,andthenwhentheuserclicksonaresult,detailswillappear.Theapplicationprovidesafoundationforfuturedevelopment.Inthischapter,thefunctionalitywillbeexpandedtoincludepublishingandsubscribing.Hereistheplantoexpandthesearchapplication:
Thesearchapplicationwillberebrandedasastoreapplication,andthesearchresultswilldisplayalistofproducts.Whenaproductisselected,detailswillbedisplayed.Allselectedproductsfromthesearchwillbeavailableinanewviewfor“recentlyviewed”items.Thedetailedviewoftheproductwillhavetheoptionto“addtocart”,andtheproductwillthenbeavailableinthecartview.
Theplanissomewhatambitious,butwithalltheknowledgewehaveonTDDandAngularJS,thedevelopmentshouldflownicely.
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RebrandingThesearchapplicationwillberebrandedintoastoreapplicationinsteadofrewritingthesearchfunctionalitythathasalreadybeenwritten.Inordertoleveragetheexistingsearchproject,itwillbecopiedintoanewprojectfile.Then,thenewprojectwillusetheteststodrivethedevelopmentchangesandrefactoring.Therefactorstepshavebeenleftout,butareviewofthecodewillshowhowthecodeandtestsweremodifiedtocreatetheproductapplication.
Therefactorstepsupdatedtheunittestsandapplicationtosupportthecorrectnamingfortheapplication.Itisimportanttotakeawaytwothingsfromthis:
Refactorsmalltointroducebigchanges.Smallincrementalchangeshelptoprogressivelygettothenextstageoftheapplication.Whenbigchangesoccur,itcanbeconfusingtoknowwhereandwhattochange.Withsmallchanges,eventhoughthesamecodeisrevisitedseveraltimes,youcanensurethetestspassateachstageinsteadofrippingtheapplicationapartcompletelyandthentryingtoputitallbacktogetheragain.TDDappliesduringrefactoringjustasmuchaswhendoingcoredevelopment.TherefactorstepsfollowedwerethesameastheTDDsteps.Startwithchangingthetesttomeetourspecificationandthenmakethecoderuntomeetthespecification.Applyingtheseprincipleshelpskeepproductivityandfocus.
Boththeunittestsandend-to-endtestspassfromtherefactorsteps.Itistimetoturntothefirstfeatureoftheapplication.
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SeeingrecentlyvieweditemsNowthattheinitialrefactoringiscomplete,thenewfunctionalityoftheproductapplicationcanbeconsidered.Thefirstspecificationthatwillbeconsideredistheabilitytosee“recentlyviewed”items.Thespecificationisbrokendownintotwosteps,asfollows:
TheuserselectsaproducttoviewthedetailsTheywillbeabletoseetheviewedproducts
Thisisanexampleofwherebroadcastingwouldbeagoodcandidate.Intheprecedingcase,thespecificationisconcernedwithwhenaproducthasbeenselected.Inotherwords,whenaneventoccurs,asubsequentactionneedstohappen.UsingAngularJSevents($broadcast()/$emit()),theeventofselectingaproducttoviewcanbepublishedandthenconsumedbytherecentlyviewedcomponent.
ThestandardTDDlifecyclewillbeusedtobuildthiscomponent:testfirst,makeitrun,makeitbetter.Wewillbeusingabottom-upapproach(unittestfirst).Themainreasonforchoosingthisapproachisthattherearemultiplecontrollersinvolved,anditwillbeeasiertostartatthebottomandmakeourwayupthroughtheapplication.
TestfirstThefirsttestwewillbewritingisthattheSearchControllerclasswillpublishaneventwhenaproductisselected.Thefollowingsectionsdetailhowtowritethetest.
AssemblingSearchController
HerearethestepstoassembletheSearchControllerclass:
1. Startwiththeteststubusingthefollowingcode:
describe('',function(){
beforeEach(function(){
});
it(function(){
});
});
2. GetthescopeofSearchControllersothatanactioncanbeperformed:
describe('',function(){
beforeEach(function(){
module('product');
inject(function($controller,$rootScope){
varsearchControllerScope=$rootScope.$new();
$controller('SearchController',{$scope:searchControllerScope});
});
});
it(function(){
});
});
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3. PlaceaspyontheSELECTEDPRODUCTevent:
varselectedProductSpy=jasmine.createSpy();
varsearchControllerScope={};
beforeEach(function(){
module('product');
inject(function($controller,$rootScope){
searchControllerScope=$rootScope.$new();
$controller('SearchController',
{$scope:searchControllerScope,$rootscope});
searchControllerScope.$on('SELECTEDPRODUCT',selectedProductSpy);
});
})
4. Addacleanupfunctiontoclearthescopeaftereachtestandclearthespy:
afterEach(function(){
searchControllerScope={};
selectedProductSpy.reset();
});
Selectingaproduct
ThetestrequiresthataSELECTEDPRODUCTeventhasbeenpublished.TheeventwilloccurwhentheselectedproductmethodiscalledwithproductId:
varfakeProduct={productId:1};
searchControllerScope.selectProduct(fakeProduct);
Expectingeventstobepublished
TheexpectationisthatselectedProductSpyhasbeencalled:
it('',function(){
expect(selectedProductSpy).toHaveBeenCalled();
});
MakingthesearchcontrollerrunNowwehavetomakethetestpassandrun.Herearethesteps:
1. StartKarmausingthefollowingcommand:
$karmastart
2. You’llgetanerror,namelyTypeError:'undefined'isnotafunction(evaluating'searchControllerScope.selectProduct(fakeProduct)').Torectifythis,performthefollowingstep:
1. AddthemethodtoSearchController:
$scope.selectProduct=function(){};
3. Thenyou’llgettheerrorExpectedspyunknowntohavebeencalled.Error:Expectedspyunknowntohavebeencalled.Torectifythis,performthe
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followingsteps:
1. Theexpectationhasfailed,whichmeansthespywasnevercalled.OpenupSearchControllerandaddfunctionalitytotheselectProductmethodtoemitanevent:
$scope.selectProduct=function(productId){
$rootScope.$broadcast('SELECTEDPRODUCT',productId);
};
2. Rerunthetest.
4. Thetestwillpass.
Nowwhenaproductisselected,theeventisbroadcasted.Anyfunctionwantingtoknowwhensomethinggetsselectedcansimplylistenforthebroadcast.
RecentlyviewedunittestThenextstepistoaddanothertestfromthesubscriptionsideoftheeventtoRecentlyViewedController.
Testfirst
Again,thewalk-throughoftheteststepswillusethe3A’s.
AssemblingRecentlyViewedController
HerearethestepstoassembleRecentlyViewedController:
1. Startwiththeteststubusingthefollowingcode:
describe('',function(){
beforeEach(function(){
});
it(function(){
});
});
2. GetthescopeofRecentlyViewedControllersothatanactioncanbeperformed:
describe('',function(){
beforeEach(function(){
module('product');
inject(function($controller,$rootScope){
varrecentlyViewedScope=$rootScope.$new();
$controller('RecentlyViewedController',
{$scope:recentlyViewedScope});
});
});
it(function(){
});
});
3. Confirmthatthenumberofrecentlyviewedproductsisequalto0:
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expect(recentlyViewedScope.recent.length).toBe(0);
Invokingarecentlyvieweditem
TheactionforthistestisthattheSELECTEDPRODUCTeventhasbeenpublished.Nowaddthepublishevent:
varfakeProductEvent={productId:1};
$rootscope.$broadcast('SELECTEDPRODUCT',fakeProductEvent);
ConfirmingRecentlyViewedController
Theassertionisthatthenumberofrecentlyviewedproductsisnowequalto1:
it('',function(){
expect(recentlyViewedScope.recent.length).toBe(1);
});
MakingRecentlyViewedControllerrunHerearethestepstorunRecentlyViewedController:
1. StartKarmausingthefollowingcommand:
$karmastart
2. You’llgetanerror,namelyError:[ng:areq]Argument'RecentlyViewedController'isnotafunction,gotundefined.Torectifythiserror,performthefollowingsteps:
1. CreatetherequiredcontrollerandcreateanewfilenamedRecentlyViewedController.js.
2. Then,addthefollowingdetails:
angular.module('product')
.controller('RecentlyViewedController',['$scope',function($scope){
}]);
3. Rerunthetest.
3. Thenyou’llgettheerrorTypeError:'undefined'isnotanobject(evaluating'recentlyViewedScoperecent.length'),whichmeansthatthefirstexpectation,thatistherecentproduct0,hasbeenhit.Astheobjectisundefined,addittotherecentlyViewedScopescope.
4. Thenyou’llgettheerrorExpected0tobe1.Error:Expected0tobe1.Torectifythis,performthefollowingsteps:
1. Theexpectationhasbeenhit.Nowthebehavioroftheeventneedstobeaddedtothecontroller.
2. Add$rootScopetothecontroller:
.controller('RecentlyViewedController',
['$scope','$rootScope',function($scope,$rootScope){
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3. Subscribetotheeventfrom$rootScope:
$rootScope.$on('SELECTEDPRODUCT',function(productEvent){
})
4. NowaddproductEventtotherecentarray:
$rootScope.$scope.recent.push(productEvent)
5. Rerunthetest.
5. Thetestswillnowpass.
End-to-endtestingTheunittestsarecompleteandwillverifythatthepublisherandsubscribercanbothcommunicatewithevents.Nowthewalk-throughwilllookattheapplicationasawholeandwillshowyouhowtocreateanend-to-endtest.Thespecificationforrecentlyvieweditemsisthatinagivensearchresult:
AproductisselectedItwillbeavailableintherecentlyvieweditems
Now,itistimetomoveontoactuallycreatingthetest.
Testfirst
Asalways,startbytranslatingthespecificationinthetestusingthe3A’s,asthetestswillutilizetheexistingtests.Assemblingtherecentlyviewedend-to-endtest
BeforeyourepeatthecodefromChapter5,FlipFlop,youshouldnoticethatthefirsttestalreadysearchesforandretrievesthesearchresults.Therefore,therecentlyviewedtestcanbeembeddedwithintheexistingtestforasearchresultthatisalreadyavailable.Atthebottomoftheexistingfunctionofasearchquery,initializetheteststub:
describe('whenItypeinasearchquery',function(){
//...
describe('',function(){
beforeEach(function(){
});
it('',function(){
});
});
Thereisnothingelsetoassembleforthetest,andyoucanmoveontothenextstep.Selectingasearchresult
Now,searchResultneedstobeinvokedusingthefollowingsteps:
1. ThefirststepwillbetoselectthefirstsearchResultelement:
varfirstResult=searchResult.first();
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2. Findthelinkwithinthefirstitem:
varresultLink=firstResult.element(by.css('a'));
3. Clickontheresult:
resultLink.click();
Confirmingrecentlyvieweditems
Nowthataproducthasbeenselectedandoneproducthasbeenaddedtotherecentlyvieweditemslist,weneedtoviewtherecentlyvieweditems.Herearethestepstodothis:
1. Gettherecentlyvieweditems:
varrecentlyViewedItems=element(by.repeater('itemsinrecent'));
2. Confirmthatthecountofrecentlyvieweditemsisequalto0:
expect(recentlyViewedItems.count()).toBe(1);
MakingtherecentlyViewedItemstestpass
Nowthetestneedstopass.Herearethestepstodothis:
1. Startthewebsite:
./node_modules/http_server/bin/http_server
2. RunProtractor:
./node_modules/protractor/bin/protractorchromeOnlyConf.js
3. You’llgetanerror,namelyExpected0tobe1..4. Theerroristhattheexpectationhasfailed.Itistimetoaddthecontrollerand
repeatertotherecentlyvieweditemslisttoshowtheitems:
<divng-controller="RecentlyViewedController">
<divng-repeat="iteminrecent">
{{item}}
</div>
</div>
5. Rerunthetest6. Theerroristhesameasbefore.Thistime,Protractorerrorsdon’tgiveanycluesto
whattheissueis.ThenextstepistoopenupabrowserandseewhatthewebbrowserJavaScriptconsoleissaying.Pointyourbrowsertohttp://localhost:8080/#/recentlyViewed.Immediately,oneerrorwillbevisible,namely[ng:areq]Argument'RecentlyViewedController'isnotafunction,gotundefined.Torectifythis,performthefollowingsteps:
1. Nowthatthereisanactualerrortofix,progresscanbemade.Theerrorindicatesthatthecontrollerwasnotavailable.Asthecontrollerhasnotbeenadded,itistimetoaddthecontrollertothepage.Openuptheindex.htmlpage
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andaddthecontrollerreference:
<scriptsrc="app/recentlyViewedController.js"></script>
2. Rerunthetest.
7. Nowthetestwillbesuccessful.
Makingrecentlyvieweditemsbetter
Therecentlyviewedcontrollerisnowcomplete.Itwouldbenicetobetterorganizetheview,howeverthiscanhappenlater.Thepointofthisexercisewastoestablishcommunicationbetweenseparateviewsandcreateausablefunction.Thishasbeenachieved,andnowyoucanmovetothenextstepofthewalk-through.
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CreatingaproductcartAnotherimportantaspectoftheapplicationistheabilitytoaddproductstoacart.Apublishingandsubscriptionmodelwillbeusedtopublishwhenanitemhasbeensavedtoacart.Asubscriptiontotheeventwillthenkeeptrackofitemsinthecartsotheusercaneasilyseewhensaveditemsgetupdatedinrealtime.Hereisthespecificationgiventheproductdetailsofaparticularproduct:
IftheproductissavedtoacartProductwillbedisplayedintheproductcartview
Nowthenecessarythingsareinordertogetdowntothe3A’s.
PublishertestfirstThepublisherwillcomefromsearchDetailController.Thetestwillneedtoensurethatwhenanitemissaved,aneventispublished.
AssemblingsearchDetailController
ThesearchDetailControlleralreadyhassomeunittestswritten.Theexistingtestcanbeleveragedtoconfirmthepublishingfeature.Herearethestepstocreateasubtesttohandlethesavingofacart:
1. Startwithaninnerstub:
describe('',function(){
beforeEach(function(){
});
it('',function(){
});
})
2. Inordertotestthataneventhasbeenemitted,aspywillbeneededon$rootScope.Bringin$rootScopeandaddaspytoit:
//...
varsavedToCartEventSpy=jasmine.createSpy();
beforeEach(function(){
inject(function($rootScope){
$rootScope.$on('SAVEDTOCART',savedToCartEventSpy);
});
});
3. AddafterEachtoresetthespy:
afterEach(function(){
savedToCartEventSpy.calls.reset();
});
Invokingthesavingofaproduct
InthebeforeEachsection,selectthemethodandmakethefollowingchanges:
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beforeEach(function(){
//...
varfakeProduct={productId:1};
searchDetailScope.saveProduct(fakeProduct);
})
Confirmingthesaveevent
Theexpectationisthatthespyhasbeencalled:
it('',function(){
expect(savedToCartEventSpy).toHaveBeenCalled();
})
MakingthesaveProducttestpassNowweneedtomakethetestpass.HerearethestepstomakethesaveProducttestpass:
1. StartKarma:
$karmastart
2. ThefirsterrorwillbeTypeError:'undefined'isnotafunction(evaluating'searchDetailScope.saveProduct(fakeProduct)').Ifyougetthiserror,thenfollowthesesteps:
1. Thefunctiondoesn’texistonthescope.Additusingthefollowingcode:
$scope.saveProduct=function(product){};
2. Rerunthetest.
3. NowtheerrorhashittheexpectationandsaysExpectedspyunknowntohavebeencalled.Inthiscase,followthegivensteps:
1. Thesmallestthingwecanaddtothetestistheabilitytoemittheeventfromthemethod.Firstadd$rootScopetothecontroller:
.controller('SearchDetailController',
['$scope','$routeParams','productService','$rootScope',function($sc
ope,$routeParams,productService,$rootScope){
2. ThenaddtheSbroadcast()eventtoit:
$rootScope.$broadcast('SAVEDTOCART',product);
3. Rerunthetest.
4. Thetestissuccessful.
TestforthesubscriberfirstThesubscriberunittestwillconfirmthatwhenaSAVEDTOCARTeventisemitted,thentheproductwillbeaddedtothecartobject.ThespecificationisasaSAVEDTOCARTeventis
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given,thefollowingactionwillbeperformed:
Itwilladdtheproducttothecart
Assemblingtheproductcarttest
Herearethestepstoassembletheproductcarttest:
1. Createanewfile,spec/unit/cart.js.2. Startwiththebasestub:
describe('',function(){
beforeEach(function(){
});
it('',function(){
});
});
3. Initializethemodule:
module('product');
4. Initializethescopesothatexpectationscanbemade:
varscope={};
beforeEach(function(){
//...
inject(function($controller){
$controller('CartController',{$scope:scope});
});
});
5. Initialize$rootScopesosubscriptionscanbemade:
inject(function($controller,$rootScope){
scope=$rootScope.$new();
$controller('CartController',{$scope:scope,$rootScope:$rootScope});
});
6. Thelastthingtoconfirmisthatthecartisempty.Addthefollowingexpectationtoensurethetestissetupproperly:
expect(scope.cart.length).toBe(0);
Invokingasavedcartevent
ThistestisaroundthefactthatwhentheSAVEDTOCARTeventispublished,theCartControllerpropertywillperformaspecificaction.AddthepublishingoftheeventtothebeforeEachmethod:
beforeEach(function(){
//...
varfakeProduct={productId:1};
$rootScope.$broadcast('SAVEDTOCART',fakeProduct);
});
Confirmingthesavedcart
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Nowthatthetesthasbeensetupandtheactperformed,youcanassert.Assertthatthenumberofcartitemsisequalto1byaddingthefollowingcode:
it('',function(){
expect(scope.cart.length).toBe(1);
});
MakingthecartcontrollertestrunNowit’stimetowalkthetestthroughthecyclebyfollowingthegivenstepsuntilwegetagreentest:
1. StartKarma:
$karmastart
2. ThefirsterrorisError:[ng:areq]Argument'CartController'isnotafunction,gotundefined.Asseenpreviously,thecontrollerhasn’tbeencreated.Createanewfileandsetupastubcontroller(/app/cart.js):
angular.module('product')
.controller('CartController',['$scope',function($scope){
}]);
3. ThenexterrorwillbeTypeError:'undefined'isnotanobject(evaluating'scope.cart.length').Thisindicatesthatnoobjectwasfoundonthescopenamedcart.Goaheadandcreateitnowinapp/cart.js:
$scope.cart=[];
4. Then,you’llgetanexpectationerror,namelyExpected0tobe1.Error:Expected0tobe1.Torectifythis,performthefollowingsteps:
1. Atthispoint,thecontrollerisnotdoinganythingwiththeeventbeingemitted.Add$rootScopeasadependencytotheapplication:
.controller('CartController',
['$scope','$rootScope',function($scope,$rootScope){
2. Addthehandlinglogictocapturetheeventandaddtheproducttothecart:
$rootScope.$on('SAVEDTOCART',function(productEvent){
$scope.cart.push(productEvent);
});
5. Success!Allthetestshavepassed.
End-to-endtestingTheunittestsarenowcomplete,anditisnowtimetoperformend-to-endtestingforthecart.
Assemblingthecart’send-to-endtest
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ThetestcomesfromtheperspectiveofbeingonaproductdetailviewandselectingaSavetoCartbutton.Oncetheitemhasbeensaved,itshouldbeavailableinthecartview.Herearethestepstoassemblethecart’send-to-endtest:
1. Createanewfilenamedspec/e2e/cartScenario.js.2. Startwiththebasetemplatetest:
describe('',function(){
beforeEach(function(){
});
it('',function(){
});
});
3. Thenextthingweneedtodoisnavigatetoaproductpage:
browser.get("#/product/1");
4. Selectthebuttonthatwillsavethecart:
varsaveToCartButton=element(by.buttonText('SavetoCart'));
Invokingasavetocartaction
TheactionistoclickontheSavebuttonusingthefollowingcode:
saveToCartButton.click();
Confirmingproductshavebeensaved
Theassertistoconfirmthatthecartviewnowhasatleastoneproduct:
it('',function(){
varproductsInCart=element.all(by.repeater('productincart'));
expect(productsInCart.count()).toBe(1);
})
Makingthecart’send-to-endtestpassHereisthewalk-throughoftheprocessofmakingtheapplicationrun:
1. Startthesite:
$./node_modules/http-server/bin/http-server.
2. RunProtractor:
$./node_modules/protractor/bin/protractorchromeOnlyConf.js
3. ThefirsterrorisNoSuchElementError:Noelementfoundusinglocator:by.buttonText("SavetoCart").Torectifythis,performthefollowingsteps:
1. Goaheadandcreatethebuttonwithintheproductdetail’sapp/searchDetail.htmlpartialview:
<button>SavetoCart</button>
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2. Rerunthetest.
4. ThenexterrorisExpected0tobe1.Torectifythis,performthefollowingsteps:
1. Thiserrormeansthatthecountis0forproductsinthecart.Byreviewingtheindexpage,youcanseethatthecartdoesn’tevenexistinthepage.First,addareferencetothecartcontroller:
<scriptsrc="app/cart.js"></script>
2. Next,theitemsinthecartneedtobeaddedtothepage.First,addatagwiththecontroller:
<divng-controller="CartController"></div>
3. Finally,addarepeatertodisplaytheproductinthecart:
<ul>
<ling-repeat="productincart">{{product}}</li>
</ul>
4. Rerunthetest.
5. Thesameerroroccurs,Expected0tobe1.Torectifythis,performthefollowingsteps:
1. Eventhoughtheproductdatahasbeenadded,thetestisstillfailing.Thenextquestioniswhetheranythingisbeingaddedtothecart.Inthiscase,no.Thebuttonisbeingselectedbutnoactionhasbeenassociatedwithit.Updatethebuttoninapp/searchDetail.htmltousethesearchDetailControllerclass’ssaveProductmethod:
<buttonng-click="saveProduct()">SavetoCart</button>
2. Rerunthetest.
6. Allthetestspass.
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Self-testquestionsThefollowingaresomequestionstocheckyourunderstanding:
Q1.Whenbroadcastingamessage,itpropagatesupthescope’shierarchy.
1. True2. False
Q2.ThefollowingcreatesaspyinJasmine:
1. varspy=jasmine.createSpy();2. varspy=jasmine.$new();3. varspy=jasmine.createFake();
Q3.The$rootScopescopeisthehighestlevelscopeinAngularJS.
1. True2. False
Additionally,ifyouwantmorepractice,addtheabilitytoaddlikestothepage.
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SummaryThischapterhasexploredeventswithinAngularJS.YousawtwotypesofAngularJSeventemitters:$broadcast()and$emit().YoualsosawsomeexamplesofapplyingTDDtoeventsandhoweventsgiveaseparationofcontrollersandcode.Inaddition,youexpandedthetypesoftestingtechniquestoincludeservicesandreiteratedthetestingofcontrollersandmodels.YoualsoexploredfurtherconfigurationofKarmatouseitsfeatures.Inthenextchapter,youwilllookattheintegrationandtestingofdataandAPIsintoanAngularJSapplication.
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Chapter7.GiveMeSomeDataApplicationsneedawaytoconsumetheever-expansiveworldofdata.Mostapplicationswrittentodayconsumedata.LuckilyforAngularJSdevelopers,consumingdataisquiteeasy.Testingdataconsumptionisalsoacorecomponentoftheframework.Inthischapter,wewillcoverthefollowingtopics:
IntegratingaREST-basedserviceCreatingandmockingAngularJS’s$httpHandlingexceptionsImplementingafakeAPIbuilderpattern
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REST–thelanguageoftheWebRepresentationalStateTransfer(REST)defineshowtheWebshouldcommunicate.FromanAngularJSapplicationstandpoint,themainconcerniswiththeHTTPmethods.ForHTTPmethods,RESTcanbethoughtofastheverbsoractionsthatanHTTPrequestcanmake.Specifically,anHTTPrequestcanmaketheserequesttypes:GET,POST,PUT,andDELETE.FromanAPIstandpoint,theHTTPmethodscanbeusedtodeterminehowlogicshouldhandlethespecificHTTPrequesttype.HereisafurtherlookatthecommonHTTPmethods:
HTTPMethod Description Example
GET Retrievesdatafromanendpoint curl--requestGET'http://<SOMEURL>'
POST Postsanewdataelementtotheendpoint curl–requestPOST'http://<SOMEURL>'–data'anydata'
PUT Insertsorupdatestheencloseddataelementtotheendpoint curl–requestPOST'http://<SOMEURL>'–data'anydata'
DELETE Deletesarequesttotheendpoint curl--requestDELETE'http://<SOMEURL>'
NoteThecurltoolisacommand-linetoolthatcanbeusedtomakerequests.OnUnixmachines,itisavailableinthecommandlinebysimplytypingcurl.ForWindowsmachines,itisbesttoinstallGitbashandaccessitthroughtheGitbashcommandline.InstallationinstructionsforGitandGitbashcanbefoundathttp://git-scm.com/downloads.
Ascanbeseenfromtheprecedingexplanation,theRESTfulcomponentsofHTTPcandefinethebasicsformostAPIs.TheprecedingRESTapproachisdifferentfromotherwebservicetechniquesorprotocolsandcanbeusedbypracticallyanything.Fortheirsimplicity,REST-basedwebservicesarethebestoptions.Inthischapter,thefocuswillonlybeonhowtouseAngularJSwithaREST-basedAPI.
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GettingstartedwithRESTBeforejumpingintohowAngularJScommunicateswithaRESTlayer,itisimportanttoseehowtocommunicateusingstandardtoolswithinabrowser.Asyousawfromthepreviousdefinition,curlcanbeusedtocommunicatetoaRESTAPI.AlthoughmakingamanualHTTPrequestoutsideofabrowserisuseful,youalsoneedtounderstandthebasicsofhowabrowsermakesanAPIrequestwithoutaframework.Inabrowser,requestscanbemadetoRESTlayersthroughasynchronouscalls.Thisallowsrequeststhatwon’taffecttheotherpartsoftheapplicationtobemade;thatis,thepagewon’tfreezeandbecomeunusable.Thewebpageremainsuseablewhiletherequestismade.
BrowsersprovideamechanismtomakeasynchronousRESTcallsusinganXMLHttpRequestmethod.AnXMLHttpRequestmethodcanbeusedtomakeanHTTPGET,POST,PUT,orDELETErequest.HereisanexampleofhowtomakeaGETrequest:
varrequest=newXMLHttpRequest();
request.open('GET','/any/rest/endpoint');
request.send();
Theprecedingexamplecreatesanewrequest,specifiestherequesttypeandlocation,andfinally,sendstherequest.Themissingpieceisthehandlingoftheresponse.Addthefollowingcodejustbeforethesendmethod:
request.onreadstatechange=function(){
if(request.readyState===4){
console.log('receivedresponsewithstatus:'+request.status);
}
};
Theprecedingcodehandleswhentherequesthasreceivedaresponsefromtheserverandiscomplete(readystate===4).Withintheconditiongiveninthecode,youcanhandletheparsingoftheresponse,thedeterminingstatusoftherequest,andsoon.
What’sgreatabouttheprecedingcodeisthatitdoesn’trequireaframework.Theproblemisthatthecodecangrowinsizeandbecomerepetitiveforeveryrequest.AngularJShasabstractedtherequestforyou.
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TestingasynchronouscallsNowthatyouunderstandhowtomakeHTTPrequeststhroughthebrowser,weneedtounderstandhowtotestthesecalls.Theprecedingrequestsareasynchronous.Asynchronousmeansthereisnoguaranteeofwhenthefunctionwillcomplete.Foryourreference,hereisanexampleofsynchronoussequentiallogic:
varsynchronousFunc=function(){
console.log('InsynchronousFunc');
};
synchronousFunc();
console.log('AftercalltosynchronousFunc');
Whentheprecedingcodeisrun,theoutputisasfollows:
InsynchronousFunc
AftercalltosynchronousFunc
Eachfunctioncalloccursintheorderofthecall.Withanasynchronousrequest,theorderisnotguaranteed.Acallbackfunctionispassedintoafunctiontoinformyouwhenamethodiscomplete.
TipCallbackfunctionshavetwomainconventions.ThefirstisthejQuery-basedmethod.ThesecondistheNode.jsmethod.ThejQueryconventionusestwocallbacksasthelastargumentstoamethod.Thefirstcallbackisforsuccess,andthesecondisforanerror.TheNode.jsconventionistouseasinglecallbackasthelastargument.Thecallbackhastwoparameters,thefirstbeinganerrorandthesecondbeingthesuccessfulresult.
Itisuptoyoutodecidewhichconventiontousebasedonwhatyou’redevelopingfor.Don’tcreateyourownnewconvention;useoneoftheprecedingconventionssothatotherdeveloperscaneasilyunderstandandreadyourcode.
Hereisanexampleoftheoutputofanasynchronousmethod:
varasynchronousFunc=function(callback){
setTimeout(callback,0);
};
varcallback=function(){
console.log('InasynchronousFunc');
};
asynchronousFunc(callback);
console.log('AftercalltoasynchronousFunc');
Whentheprecedingcodeisrun,theoutputisasfollows:
AftercalltoasynchronousFunc
InasynchronousFunc
ThenextsectionswilllookathowtesttoasynchronousfunctionsinKarmaandProtractor.
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CreatingasynchronouscallsinKarmaFromtheprecedingasynchronousexample,itshouldbeclearthatthewayinwhichyoutestneedstobemodifiedtoaccountforasynchronousbehavior.Luckily,thisisfairlystraightforwardwhentestingwithKarma.
HerearethestepstotesttheprecedingasynchronousmethodusingKarma:
1. Createthestubtestusingthefollowingcode:
describe('',function(){
beforeEach(function(){
});
it('',function(){
});
});
2. Createaspytotestwhentheasynchronousmethodgetscalled:
varspy=jasmine.createSpy();
3. CalltheasynchronousmethodinthebeforeEachfunction:
beforeEach(function(){
varasynchronousFunc=function(callback){
setTimeout(callback,0);
};
varcallback=function(){
spy();
};
asynchronousFunc(callback);
});
4. AddacallbacktotheparametersofthebeforeEachfunction.Bydoingthis,youhavemadethefunctionasynchronous:
beforeEach(function(done){
…
});
5. CallthedonemethodintheasynchronousFunccallback:
varcallback=function(){
spy();
done();
};
6. Addtheassertionfunction:
it('',function(){
expect(spy).toHaveBeenCalled();
});
ThekeytotheprecedingcodeisthatacallbackwaspassedintothebeforeEachfunction.Youcantrytorunthistestwithoutthecallbackandseewhetherthetestwillfail.A
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callbackcanbepassedintothebeforeEach,afterEach,describe,anditmethods.
Youwillbeleveragingthisexamplethroughtherestofthechapter,sobesurethatyouunderstandthemainconcepts.NowthatyouhavetestedinKarma,thenextsectionwillshowyouwhatProtractoroffersfromanasynchronousstandpoint.
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CreatingasynchronouscallsinProtractorProtractorisdifferentinthewayithandlesasynchronousactions.Ithasbeenoptimizedtohandleasynchronousactions,specifically,promises.Asanexample,whenatestnavigatestoapage,ProtractorwillwaituntilAngularJShasbeenloadeduntilitstartsrunningthetests.JulieRalph,themaincontributorandcreatorofProtractor,sumsitupinthisGitHubissue(https://github.com/angular/protractor/issues/716):
ProtractorpatchesJasminesothatitisautomaticallyasynchronous,andatestcasefinisheswhentheWebDriverqueueofcommandsisfinished.
Whatthismeansisthatyoudon’thavetothinkabouthowthecallsarebeingrenderedandwhenthepromisesarecomplete.Itevenwaitsfor$httprequeststocomplete.HereisanexampleofusingProtractor:
describe('WhenItypeinasearchquery',function(){
varsearchResult=element.all(by.repeater("resultinresults"));
beforeEach(function(){
browser.get("/index.html");
$('input').sendKeys('anyvalue');
element(by.buttonText('search')).searchButton.click();
});
it('Shouldthenaddtheresult',function(){
expect(searchResult.count()).toBe(1);
});
});
TheprecedingcodesnippetistakenfromChapter6,TelltheWorld.IthighlightshowProtractorexecuteseachoneofthecommandsandtakescareoftheasynchronousbehaviorsforyou.Inthenextsection,youwillseehowtomakeRESTrequestsusingAngularJS.
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MakingRESTrequestsusingAngularJSNowthatwehavelookedatwhatRESTrequestsareandseenhowtotestasynchronouslyinKarmaandProtractor,itistimetoseehowtomakearequestinAngularJS.Atthelowestlevel,AngularJSprovidesthe$httpmodule.ThemoduleallowsyoutomakeHTTPrequests.Byvisitingthedocumentation(https://docs.angularjs.org/api/ng/service/$http),wecanseethatitsaysthefollowing:
The$httpserviceisacoreAngularservicethatfacilitatescommunicationwiththeremoteHTTPserversviathebrowser’sXMLHttpRequestobject.
AsyouhavealreadyseenhowtomakeanXMLHttpRequest,youshouldfeelateasethatyouknowwhatisgoingonunderthehood.Hereisasimpleexampleofhowtomakean$http.getrequestinAngularJS:
$http.get('/any/rest/endpoint')
.success(function(data,status,header,config){
});
.error(function(data,status,header,config){
});
Thesuccess/errorfunctioniscalledasynchronouslyoncetherequestiscomplete.
Using$httpisnottheonlywaytomakearequest.IfanAPIiscompletelyREST-based,AngularJSprovidesthe$resourcemodule.Aresourcegetsdefinedandusedasshowninthefollowingsteps:
1. Definearesourceforaspecificendpoint:
varthing=$resource('/any/rest/endpoint/:id',{id:'@id'});
2. MaketheHTTPGETrequest:
thing.get({id:1},function(aThing){
…
});
TheprecedingexampledefinesaresourcethatretrievesaThingbasedonanID.ItthenretrievesthatdatawithaGETrequest.
BothoftheprecedingexamplesshowyouhowtocreaterequestsinAngularJS.Youwillbelookingatthe$httpmethodintheremainingexamples,butitisgoodtounderstandthedifferentwaysinwhichrequestscanbecreatedinAngularJS.
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TestingwithAngularJSRESTNowthatyouhaveseenhowtomakerequestsinAngularJSandhowtotestasynchronously,youwillneedtolookathowtoputittogether.ThefollowingexamplelooksataspecificserviceandthendiscusseshowtotestusingKarma.
TestingtheproductserviceTheservicethatneedstobetestedisasfollows:
angular.module('anyModule')
.service('productService',['$http',function($http){
return{
search:function(query){
return$http.get('/product/search');
}
};
});
TheprecedingproductServiceparameterprovidesanobjectsearchthattakesinaqueryandreturnsa$httppromise.Theproductservicecanbeusedinacontrollerasfollows:
productService.search(query)
.success(function(data){
$scope.result=data;
})
.error(function(data){
$scope.error=data;
});
angular.module('anyModule')
.controller('productController',['$scope','productService',
function($scope,productService){
$scope.search=function(query){
productService.search(query)
.success(function(data){
$scope.result=data;
})
.error(function(data){
$scope.error=data;
});
}]);
TheprecedinguseoftheproductServiceshowsyouthatbecausean$httppromiseisreturned,youcanusethesuccessanderrorfunctionstodefinewhatneedstooccurafter.Nowthatthereisacontrollerandaservice,thenextsectionwillshowyouhowtotestthecomponents.
Testing$httpwithKarmaTheKarmatestwilllooktoconfirmthebehaviorofproductServiceifthe$httpcallissuccessfulandisonetolookatifanerroroccurs.Themaindifferencebetweenthistestandothersthathavebeenlookedatsofaristhatyouarecreatingarequesttosomething
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outsideofAngularJS.Thisisaperfectcaseofusemocking.Youcansetupafakeobjectaround$httptotestthesuccessanderrorpathsoftherequest.AngularJSprovidesamockobjectthatcanbeused,whichisAngularmock’s$httpBackend.
Herearethestepstocreateapositivetest—whentherequestissuccessful:
1. Startwiththeteststub:
describe('',function(){
beforeEach(function(){
});
it('',function(){
});
});
2. Initializethemodule:
beforeEach(function(){
module('anyModule');
});
3. Inject$httpBackendandproductServiceinthebeforeEachfunction:
var$httpBackend=null;
varproductService=null;
beforeEach(function(){
module('anyModule');
inject(function(_$httpBackend_,_productService_){
$httpBackend=_$httpBackend_;
productService=_productService_;
});
});
4. MocktheGETsuccessfulrequestwithanHTTPstatuscodeof200asfollows:
it('',function(){
$httpBackend.when('GET','/product/search').respond(200,'');
});
5. Settheexpectationasfollows:
it('',function(){
…
$httpBackend.expectGET('/product/search');
});
6. MakethecalltoproductServiceusingthefollowingcode:
productService.search('any');
7. Flushtherequestusingthefollowingcode:
$httpBackend.flush();
Asyoucansee,$httpBackendallowsexpectationsandmockresponsestobecontrolled.Totieuplooseends,herearetheadditionalexpectationsforafailedrequest.Followthestepstoaddexpectationsforafailedrequest:
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1. Addtheexpectationstubtoanasynchronousparameter:
it('',function(done){
});
2. MocktheGETunsuccessfulrequestwithanHTTPstatuscodeof500:
$httpBackend.when('GET','/product/search').respond(500,'');
3. CallproductService.Search:
productService.search('any');
4. Confirmthattheerrorfunctiongetscalled:
productService.search('any').error(function(){
expect(true).toBe(true);
done();
});
5. Flushtherequest:
$httpBackend.flush();
Wehavenotaddedanyotherlayerstotheapplicationandareabletoconfirmhowitwillworkduringasuccessfulandunsuccessfulrequest.Inthenextsection,youwillseehowtotestHTTPrequestsinProtractor.
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MockingrequestswithProtractorNowthatunittestsforthebackendarecomplete,youcanmovetothefrontendandtestanHTTPrequestthroughProtractor.Youmightnotalwayswanttodothis.Protractorissupposedtotestyoursitefromanend-to-endperspective.Thismeansthatalllayersoftheapplicationwillbetouched.Onebenefitofthefollowingexampleisthatitwillhelpincaseswhereyouhaven’tsetupthebackendrestservice.Youcanbeginbylayingoutthepageandinteractionsbeforethebackendiscomplete.Thiscanhelpwhenyou’rejustputtingyoursitetogether.
InordertomockthebackendHTTPlayerforProtractor,wewilluse$httpBackend,whichispartofthengMockE2EmoduleandisusedtomockthebackendHTTPlayerforProtractor.The$httpBackendpropertyusedforProtractorisdifferentfromtheoneusedinthepreviousKarmatest.Touseend-to-end$httpBackendyouwillneedtoinjectngMockE2Easadependencyintotheapplication.Forthisreason,itisnotaviablesolutiontohaveinaproductionsite.
Herearethestepsthataretobemockedusing$httpBackendinProtractor:
1. AddAngularJSandAngularmockstothewebpage:
<scriptsrc="bower_components/angular/angular.js"></script>
<scriptsrc="bower_components/angular-mocks/angular-mocks.js"></script>
2. CreateamoduleandrequirengMockE2E:
angular.module('anyModule',['ngMockE2E'])
3. Addarunfunctionthatuses$httpBackend:
.run(['$httpBackend',function($httpBackend){
4. Createthemockdata:
.run(['$httpBackend',function($httpBackend){
varproducts=[{id:'id1',name:'product1'},{id:
'id2',name:'product2'}];
}]);
5. Setthemockdatarequest:
.run(['$httpBackend',function($httpBackend){
varproducts=[{id:'id1',name:'product1'},{id:
'id2',name:'product2'}];
$httpBackend.whenGET('/product/search').respond(products);
}]);
Nowtherequestto/product/searchwillrespondwiththeproductsdefinedinthemock.Thismeansthattheapplicationwillworkwithouttheneedforabackendserviceandwillbeabletobetestedasanapplicationwithabackendservice.Acompleteexampleusingamockedbackendwillbeshowninthewalk-through.
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DisplayingproductswithRESTAllthecorecomponentsofREST,asynchronoustesting,andmockingHTTPrequestshavebeendiscussed.Now,thefollowingwalk-throughwillprovideafullexamplethatwilllookatdisplayingproductsthatareretrievedthroughanexternalservice.Theexamplewillignorethecreationofanexternalserviceandfocusonthedataitprovides:alistofproductsinaJSONformat.Thewalk-throughwilltakeabottom-upapproachsothatthecoredatalayerisworkedoutbeforeaddingtheUIelements.
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UnittestingproductrequestsTheapproachfromtheunitlevelistocreateaservicetomanagetheHTTPrequestsforproducts.Thecontrollerwillthenbebuiltupthesameway.
SettinguptheprojectBeforewritingtests,theprojectneedstohaveastructure.Hereiswhattheinitialprojectstructurelookslike:
KarmaconfigurationNowthattheprojecttemplatehasbeensetup,acoupleofadjustmentsneedtobemade.TheKarmaconfigurationneedstouseaheadlessbrowserandsetupthetestfilestothecorrectlocation.Openupkarma.conf.jsandmakethefollowingchanges:
1. UpdatethebrowserssectiontoPhantomJSforheadlessbrowsertesting:
browsers:['PhantomJS'],
2. Updatethefilessectiontoincludetheunittestfolders:
files:[
'bower_components/angular/angular.js',
'bower_components/angular-mocks/angular-mocks.js',
'app/**/*.js',
'spec/unit/**/*.js'
],
Karmahasbeenconfiguredandtheprojecttemplatehasbeencreated.ThenextstepistosetupanAPIbuilderfortheproductdata.Thiswillallowforaconsistentinterfacetobeusedinatestwheremockingdataisrequired.
UsinganAPIbuilderpatternAbuilderisanobjectthatisusedtocreateanotherobject;itwillbeusedtocreatetestdata.AnAPIbuildercanreduceduplicationandthetimetakentocreatetests.Itprovidesacentralwaytohandlemethodsandcreatedata.Ifabuilderisnotused,theneverytestwrittenwillhavetohaveaseparatedistinctwayofcreatingdata.Thisisanespeciallybad
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designwhentheAPIbeingusedchanges!
TheproductdataAPIisdefinedbyasingleroute/products.Theexpectedresponseisalistofproducts.HerearethestepstocreateabuilderfortheproductAPI:
1. CreateanewfileinthespecfoldernamedproductDataBuilder.js:
$touchproductDataBuilder.js
2. CreateanewfunctionnamedproductDataBuilder:
module.exports=functionproductDataBuilder(){};
3. ReturnanobjectwithmethodstosetIDs,names,andtoactuallybuildanobject:
module.exports=functionproductDataBuilder(){
return{
withId:function(id){
},
withName:function(name){
},
build:function(){
}
};
};
4. Initializeabasicproduct:
module.exports=functionproductDataBuilder(){
return{
_mockProduct:{id:1,name:'productName'},
withId:function(id){
},
withName:function(name){
},
build:function(){
}
};
};
5. Havethesettercommandsupdatethemockproduct:
return{
...
withId:function(id){
this._mockProduct.id=id;
returnthis;
},
withName:function(name){
this._mockProduct.name=name;
returnthis;
},
};
6. Havethebuildmethodreturnthemockdata:
return{
build:function(){
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returnthis._mockProduct;
}
};
Thebuilderallowsyoutouseafluentinterfacetocreateproducts.Thesimplestuseisasfollows:
varproductDataBuilder=require('../productDataBuilder');
varsomeProduct=productDataBuilder.build();
AmorecomplicatedusewillbetosettheIDandnametosomethingsuchasthefollowing:
varproductDataBuilder=require('../productDataBuilder');
varsomeProduct=productDataBuilder.withId(9999)
.withName('Product9999');
TheprecedingproductDataBuilderobjectwillbeusedintheKarmatest.
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TheproductdataserviceIt’stimetogettotheactualtest.ThesameTDDlifecyclethathasbeenusedthroughoutthebookwillbeused;testfirst,makeitrun,andmakeitbetter.AsthecreationandtestingofaservicethatusesHTTPhasalreadybeendiscussed,thiswalk-throughwillbeskipped.Forreference,thetestsareinthecoderepositoryandtheserviceisdefinedasfollows:
angular.module('product')
.service('productService',['$http',function($http){
return{
getAll:function(){
return$http.get('/products')
}
};
}]);
Withtheservicecomplete,thenextstepistolookatthecontrollerandhowtoactuallymakeuseoftheHTTPdata.
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TheproductdatacontrollerThenextcomponentneededisacontrollersothattheUIcanuseproductService.Thecontrollerneedstohaveonemethodtomaketherequestforproducts.Inthemethod,itneedstoset$resultwhentherequestissuccessfuland$errorwhentherequestisunsuccessful.
AssemblingtheproductcontrollertestHerearethestepstoassembletheproductcontroller:
1. Createanewtestfilefortheproductcontrollerspec/productController.js:
$touchspec/productController.js
2. Usethestandardteststub:
describe('',function(){
beforeEach(function(){
});
it(function(){
});
});
3. Createvariablesforscopeand$httpBackend:
varscope={};
var$httpBackend=null;
4. Initializetheproductmodule:
beforeEach(function(){
module('product');
});
5. Getthe$controllerand$httpBackend:
beforeEach(function(){
inject(function($controller,_$htttpBackend_){
});
});
6. Set$httpBackendtotheinjectedvariable:
inject(function($controller,_$httpBackend_){
$httpBackend=_$httpBackend_;
7. Initializethecontrollerscope:
inject(function($controller,_$httpBackend_){
$httpBackend=_$httpBackend_;
$controller('ProductController',{$scope:scope});
Gettingproducts
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Theobjectundertestisthecontroller’sscopegetAllmethod.HerearethestepstocallthemethodforasuccessfulHTTPresponse:
1. ForasuccessfulHTTPresponse,usethebuildertobuildatestproduct:
it('',function(){
vartestProduct=productDataBuilder().build();
});
2. MocktheHTTPrequestresponsetoreturntestProduct:
$httpBackend.when('GET','/products').respond(200,[testProduct]);
3. Calltheobjectundertest:
scope.getAll()
Now,theunsuccessfulHTTPresponserequiresanerrorresponse.HerearethestepsfortheunsuccessfulHTTPrequest:
1. MocktheHTTPrequestresponsetoreturntestProduct:
it('',function(){
$httpBackend.when('GET','/products').respond(200,[testProduct]);
});
2. Calltheobjectundertest:
scope.getAll()
TheHTTPresponsehasbeencovered,andthenextstepwillasserttheexpectation.
AssertingproductdataresultsAnassertioncanbeusedtorequirethatanHTTPrequestreceivesaresponse.Themocked$httpBackendpropertycancalltheflush()methodtoexecutetheHTTPresponsesynchronously,soyoudon’thavetoworryaboutasynchronousissues.HerearethestepsforthesuccessfulHTTPresponseexpectation:
1. Flushtherequest:
$httpBackend.flush();
2. ExpecttheresultvariableonthescopeobjecttohavetestProductData:
expect(scope.results[0]).toEqual(testProductData);
HerearetheassertstepsfortheunsuccessfulHTTPresponseexpectation:
1. FlushtheHTTPrequestusingthefollowingcode:
$httpBackend.flush()
2. Confirmthatthescopes’errorvaluehasbeenset:
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expect(scope.error).toEqual('error');
Nowthatthetestshavebeenassembled,thenextstepistomakethemrun.
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MakingtheproductdatatestsrunHerearethestepstogetthecontrollertestrunning:
1. RunKarma:
$karmastart
2. ThefirsterrorisError:[ng:areq]Argument'ProductController'isnotafunction,gotundefined.Torectifythis,performthefollowingsteps:
1. ThiserrormeansthatProductControllerdoesn’texist.Createacontrollerstubinapp/productController.js:
angular.module('product')
.controller('ProductController',['$scope',function($scope){
}]);
2. Rerunthetest.
3. ThisnexterrorisTypeError:'undefined'isnotafunction(evaluating'scope.getAll()').Torectifythis,performthefollowingsteps:
1. ThiserrormeansthatthereisnofunctioncalledgetAllinthecontroller.Addthefunctionnow:
.controller('ProductController',['$scope',function($scope){
$scope.getAll()=function(){
};
}]);
2. Rerunthetest.
4. ThenexterrorisError:Nopendingrequesttoflush!.Torectifythiserror,performthefollowingsteps:
1. ThiserroroccursbecausethetestisexpectinganHTTPrequesttobeflushedbutthereisnorequest.AddproductServicetocontrollersothattherequestwillgetmade.AddproductServiceasadependency:
.controller('ProductController',
['$scope','productService',function($scope,productService){
2. AddproductServicetothegetAllfunction:
scope.getAll=function(){
productService.getAll();
};
3. Rerunthetest.
5. ThenexterrorisExpectedundefinedtoequal{id:1,name:'productName'}.Torectifythiserror,performthefollowingsteps:
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1. Thiserroroccursbecausescope.resultshasnotbeensetwhentheproductservicewassuccessful.AddasuccessfulcallbacktoproductServiceandsetthescope’sresultsvariable:
productService.getAll()
.success(function(data){
$scope.results=data;
});
6. Nowwe’redowntoonefailure,whichisExpectedundefinedtoequal.Torectifythis,performthefollowingstep:
1. Thiserroroccursbecausewehaven’thandledtheerrorconditionoftheHTTPrequest.AddtheerrorconditionofproductServicesothatitsetsthescope’serror:
productService.getAll()
.success(function(data){
$scope.results=data;
})
.error(function(error){
$scope.error=error;
})
7. Confirmthatallthetestspassnow.
Theunittestsfortheproductcontrollerhavebeencompletedusingamockedbackendtotestbothpositiveandnegativescenarios.Thenextstepcanbeskipped,astherewerenocalloutsduringdevelopment.
Thenextsectionwilllookathowtotestfromanend-to-endperspective.
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Testingmiddle-to-endNowthattheunitleveltestingoftheapplicationiscomplete,theuserfacingtestscanbeworkedon.OneofthebenefitsofAngularmocksisthatitprovides$httpBackend,whichcanbeusedtomockdataforend-to-endtests.Asdataisbeingmocked,itisreallyamiddle-to-endtest.ThisisbecauseonlytheUIinteractionsarebeingtested,astherestofthebehaviorhasbeenmocked.ThiswillallowustocreatescaffoldingfortheUIlayer.Oncethedevelopmentiscomplete,thescaffoldingcanberemovedandafullend-to-endtestcanbeputinplace.
HerearetheinitialsetupstepstocreatetheapplicationUIusingamockedbackendwithProtractor:
1. InstallProtractor:
$npminstallprotractor
2. UpdateWebDriver:
$./node_modules/protractor/bin/webdriver-managerupdate
3. Copytheexample’sChrome-onlyconfiguration:
$cp./node_modules/protractor/example/chromeOnlyConf.js.
4. OpenupthechromOnlyConf.jsandupdatethedrivertopointtothenode_modulesdirectory:
chromeDriver:'./node_modules/protractor/selenium/chromedriver',
5. UpdatethebaseURLvariable:
baseUrl:'http://localhost:8080/',
6. Updatethetestdirectory:
specs:['spec/e2e/**/*.js'],
7. AddngMockE2easadependencytotheproductmoduleintheapporproduct.jsfile:
angular.module('product',['ngMockE2e'])
8. Setupthemockrequest:
.run(['$httpBackend',function($httpBackend){
vartestProduct=productDataBuilder().build();
varproducts=[testProduct];
$httpBackend.whenGET('/products').respond(products);
}]);
9. Createtheindex.htmlpageusinganHTMLstub:
<!DOCTYPEhtml>
<html>
<head>
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<title></title>
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>
10. AddtheAngularJSreferences:
<scriptsrc="bower_components/angular/angular.js"></script>
</body>
11. Addtheproductmodule,controller,andservice:
<scriptsrc="app/product.js"></script>
<scriptsrc="app/productService.js"></script>
<scriptsrc="app/productController.js"></script>
12. Formockingpurposes,addAngularmocksandtheproductdatabuilder:
<scriptsrc="bower_components/angular-mocks/angular-mocks.js"></script>
<scriptsrc="spec/productDataBuilder.js"></script>
Theinitial’sindexpageandmockhasbeensetup.ThenextstepwillwalkthroughtheTDDlifecycleandgettheapplicationrocking.
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TestfirstThefirststepinthelifecycleistocreatethetestsusingthe3A’s.Thetestconfirmsthattheproductdatawillbevisibleonthepageonceauserpushesabuttontogettheproductdata.
AssemblingtheproducttestHerearethestepstoassembletheProtractortest:
1. Createanewfileforthetestcalledspec/e2e/productScenario.js:
$touchproductScenario.js
2. Createtheteststub:
describe('',function(){
beforeEach(function(){
});
it('',function(){
});
});
3. Browsetheapplication:
beforeEach(function(){
browser.get('/index.html');
});
4. Findthebuttonthatwewillbeselecting:
beforeEach(function(){
varproductButton=element(by.buttonText('GetProducts'));
});
Nowthatthetesthasbeenassembled,wecanhittheobjectundertest.
GettingproductsTheactionofthistestistoselecttheproductbutton.AswehavealreadyretrievedthebuttonintheAssemblesection,wecannowclickonit:
beforeEach(function(){
varproductButton=element(by.buttonText('GetProducts'));
productButton.click();
});
Finally,itistimetocreatetheassertionsandexpectations.
ExpectingproductdataresultsTheassertionforthistestistoensurethattheproductdataisnowdisplayed.Herearethesteps:
1. Findtheresults:
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varresults=element.all(by.repeater('resultinresults'));
2. Assertthatthecountisgreaterthan0:
expect(results.count()).toBeGreaterThan(0);
Thetestsetupiscomplete.Thenextstepistomakeitrun.
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MakingtheproductdatarunAshasbeendonewiththeotherProtractortests,oneprocesswillberunningtheHTTPpageandtheotherwillberunningtheprotractortest:
1. Installhttp-serversothatwecanrunthewebsite:
$npminstallhttp-server
2. Startthewebsite:
$./node_modules/http-server/bin/http-server.
3. Inanothercommandwindow,runtheprotractortests:
$./node_modules/protractor/bin/protractorchromeOnlyConf.js
4. ThefirsterrorisError:Angularcouldnotbefoundonthepagehttp://localhost:8080/index.html:angularneverprovided
resumeBootstrap.Torectifythis,performthefollowingsteps:
1. Theprecedingerrorisduetothefactthatwehaven’treferencedtheapplicationmoduleinthewebpage.Addtheproductmoduletothebodyoftheapplication:
<bodyng-app='product'>
2. Rerunthetests.
5. ThenexterrorisNoSuchElementError:Noelementfoundusinglocator:by.buttonText("GetProducts").Torectifythis,performthefollowingstep:
1. Addthebutton:
<button>GetProducts</button>
6. ThenexterrorhashittheexpectationandstatesExpected0tobegreaterthan0.Tofixthis,weneedtofirstaddproductControllertothepage:
<divng-controller='ProductController'>
<button>GetProducts</button>
</div>
7. Thenextstepistoassociatethebutton-clickwiththeProductControllerclassesscopetogetallproducts:
<buttonng-click='getAll()'>GetProducts</button>
8. Thefinalstepistodisplayallresults:
<divng-repeat="resultinresults">
{{result}}
</div>
Thetestnowshowsasuccessfulresult.
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Themakeitbetterstepwillbeskippedasthereisnothingimmediatethatneedstoberefactored.Atthispoint,theapplicationistestedandoperatedusingthemockeddata.Youshouldbeabletoseehowpowerfulthistechniquecanbeasyou’rebuildingupanapplication.Thenextsectionwilllookatremovingthescaffoldingandusinganactualbackend.
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Testingend-to-endRemovetheAngularmocksscaffoldingandsetupthetesttoactuallyconnecttotherealserverandsetup.
ThebackendofAngularmocksallowedustocreatetheapplicationwithouttheneedtoactuallyreturndata.Nowthattheapplicationhasbeensetup,wecanremovethescaffoldingandcreatearealHTTPrequestforthedata.Herearethesteps:
1. RemovengMockE2eandthemockresponsefromtheproductsmoduleinapp/product.js:
angular.module('product',[]);
RemoveAngularmocksandproductDataBuilderfromtheindex.htmlpage
2. ReruntheProtractortest.3. Theerrorstatesthefailedexpectation.
NowthatthemockHTTPresponsehasbeenremoved,weneedtoaddanactualrequest.Luckilyforus,wedon’thavetouseanyothertoolorframeworkandcanusethehttp-servermodulethatwehavebeenusingthewholetime.Inareal-worldexample,theproductroutewouldliveinaseparateservice,butthisexamplewilluseasimplerapproachforbrevity.
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GettingtheproductdataThehttp-servermodule,whichisusedtoservestaticcontent,canbeextendedtoservestaticcontentaswell.Thisallowsustosetupastaticfilethatmirrorsarequestroute.Inthiscase,asingleJSONfileofproductswillbeused.Theproductsfilewillhaveanarrayofproductdata.Herearethesteps:
1. Createanewfilenamedproductsintherootoftheproject:
$touchproducts
2. Openthefileandaddthefollowingcontent:
[{
"id":1,
"name":"productName"
}]
Now,the/productsrouteisavailableandwillreturnanarrayofproducts.ReruntheProtractortest,andconfirmthatitispassing.Withthesesimpletests,wehavetestedtheapplicationend-to-endandsuccessfullyremovedthemockscaffolding.
Thisconcludesthewalk-throughofusingTDDtocreateanAngularJSRESTlayer.
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Self-testquestionsQ1.Acallbackfunctionreferstoafunctionthatiscalledafteranasynchronousfunctioncompletes.
1. True2. False
Q2.AnXMLHttpRequestcannotsendorreceiveJSON.
1. True2. False
Q3.RESTstandsfor:
1. RepresentationalStateTransfer2. Nothing3. RepeatableEndpointStateTransfer
Q4.Asynchronousfunctionsalwayscompleteintheorderinwhichtheywerecalled.
1. True2. False
Q5.Therearetwodifferentimplementationsof$httpBackend:oneforunitandoneforend-to-endtesting.
1. True2. False
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SummaryThischapterexplainedthedetailsbehindRESTrequests,asynchronoustesting,andthemockingofAngularHTTPrequestsinKarmaandProtractor.Ithasbroughttogethermanyofthetechniquesandtoolsusedthroughoutthebook.Specifically,ithasshowedushowtoapplytheTDDlifecycle(testfirst,makeitrun,andmakeitbetter)toincrementallybuildyourapplicationstoaspecificationandhowtousethe3A’s(Assemble,Act,andAssert)toconstructatest.
Asyoucompletethisbookandgoaboutapplyingthetechniquesintherealworld,rememberthatknowingwhattotestisjustasimportantasknowinghowtotest.Thisbookhasshownyouhow;itisuptoyoutopracticeandcontinuetoimproveyourdevelopmentskillsthroughTDD.
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AppendixA.IntegratingSeleniumServerwithProtractorThroughoutthisbook,weusedSeleniumChromeDrivertotestwithProtractor.WhatthismeantwasthatinordertorunaProtractortest,wesimplyhadtohavethewebsiterunningandthenkickoffProtractor.InChapter3,End-to-endTestingwithProtractor,ChromeDriverwasinstalledandusedtorunthetests.FromtheperspectiveofthebookandTDD,thiswasacceptable.Ourtestsweresmallandcontainedanddidnothavealotofmovingparts.
TheproblemwithonlyusingChromeDriveristhatwecan’ttestonotherbrowsers.Asyourapplicationgrowsandyouwanttosupportmorebrowsers,youneedtothinkaboutrunningastandaloneSeleniumServer.Thissectionofthebookprovidesawalk-throughofhowtogetastandaloneSeleniumServerrunningandintegratedwithProtractor.
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InstallationThegoodthingaboutinstallationisthatwehavealreadydoneitbefore.EverytimeweinstalledChromeDriver,thefirstthingwedidwasinstallSelenium.Herearethestandardsteps:
1. InstalltheProtractornpmmodule:
$npminstallprotractor
2. InstallSeleniumWebDriver:
$./node_modules/protractor/bin/webdriver-managerupdate
That’sit.Seleniumisnowinstalledandisreadytobeused.Inthenextsection,wewillseehowtoupdatetheProtractorconfigurationtousetheSeleniumstandaloneserver.
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ProtractorconfigurationLuckilyforus,wedon’thavetorememberallthebasicconfigurationsforProtractor.Withinnpm_modules,thereareexamplesthatwecanuse.HerearethestepstocopytheSeleniumstandaloneconfiguration:
1. OpenuptheexampleProtractorconfigurationfilethatislocatedinthefollowingdirectory:
./node_modules/protractor/example/conf.js
2. Copythefiletoyourlocaltestfolder:
$cp./node_modules/protractor/example/conf.js
TheconfigurationshouldlookverysimilartothechromeOnlyconfiguration.Hereisasnippetoftheimportantconfigurationitems:
exports.config={
seleniumAddress:'http://localhost:4444/wd/hub',
capabilities:{
'browserName':'chrome'
},
…
};
ThefirstimportantitemistheseleniumAddressobject.Theaddressisthehostname,port,andlocationwheretheSeleniumServerisrunning.Thenextimportantitemisthecapabilitiesobject.Browser-specificcapabilitiesgiveyoutheabilitytodefinewhichbrowserswillbetestedagainst.AswearenotusingtheChromeOnlyconfiguration,youcannowchooseInternetExplorer(IE),Firefox,andsoon.Formoreinformationonmultiplebrowsersupportandcapabilities,refertotheProtractordocumentationathttps://github.com/angular/protractor/blob/master/docs/browser-setup.md
Inthenextsection,wewilllookathowtorunSelenium.
TipTheseleniumAddressobjectismeanttobeconfigurablesothatyoucanhaveaseparateinstanceinacompletelydifferentlocationthanyourdevelopmentmachine.VisittheSeleniumsiteformoreinformationathttp://www.seleniumhq.org/.
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RunningSeleniumSeleniumisquitestraightforwardtostart.Oncerun,itcanjustsitinthebackgroundwhilethetestsarerunning:
1. StarttheSeleniumstandaloneservice:
$./node_modules/protractor/bin/webdriver-managerstart
2. Theconsolewindowwilldisplayseveralinformationmessages.Ensurethefollowingmessagesaredisplayed:
3. Youshouldensurethatthedefaultportused,ascanbeseenintheRemoteWebDrivermessageintheprecedingmessages,isthesameastheonethatisconfiguredintheProtractorconfiguration:
seleniumAddress:'http://localhost:4444/wd/hub',
…
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LetitrunSeleniumisnowrunningonthe4444localhostport.InordertoensurethatProtractorcancommunicatewithSelenium,let’srunasimpletesttoensureeverythingisworking.Aswehavedonethroughoutthebook,wewillfollowtheTDDstepseventhoughthiswillbeanextremelyshortandsimpletest.AsProtractorisinstalled,theonlyotherprerequisiteistoinstallanHTTPserver.Installhttp-serverusingthefollowingcommand:
$npminstallhttp-server
Onceitisinstalled,starttheserver:
$./node_modules/http-server/bin/http-server
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TestfirstThetestwillcheckwhetherthetitleofthepageisequaltoseleniumTestTitle.CreateanewProtractortestfilenamedscenario.js.
AssembleTosetupthetest,weneedtonavigatethebrowsertotherootofthewebapplication:
beforeEach(function(){
browser.get("/");
});
ThereisnoActsectionaswewillsimplybecheckingthattheloadedindexpagehasthetitleweneed.
AssertTheassertneedsgetthetitleandcompareitwiththeexpectedvalue:
it('',function(){
expect(browser.getTitle()).toBe('seleniumTestTitle');
});
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MakeitrunNowthatthetestisprepared,wecanstartrunningtheProtractortestthroughthestandaloneSeleniumServer.HerearethestepstoruntheProtractortest:
1. AddthetestfiletotheProtractorconfiguration:
specs:['scenario.js'],
2. CreateanemptyHTMLpagethatwillbeusedtomakethetestrun:
<!DOCTYPEhtml>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>
3. AddtheindexpagetotheProtractorconfiguration:
specs:['scenario.js','index.html'],
4. Runthetest:
$./node-modules/protractor/bin/protractorconf.js
5. ThefirsterrorisAngularcouldnotbefoundonthepagehttp://localhost:8080/index.html:retrieslookingforangularexceeded.Torectifythis,performthefollowingsteps:
1. AngularJShasnotbeenaddedtothepage.Installangularthroughbower:
$bowerinstallangular
2. AddtheAngularJSreferencetotheindex.htmlpage:
<scripttype="text/javascript"
src="bower_components/angular/angular.js"></script>
3. Rerunthetest.
6. ThenexterrorisAngularcouldnotbefoundonthepagehttp://localhost:8080/index.html:angularneverprovidedresumeBootstrap.ThiserrormeansthatAngularJScouldn’tloadthemainmoduleofyourapplication.Torectifythis,performthefollowingsteps:
1. Addasimplemoduleintothebodytag:
<bodyng-app='test'>
2. Initializethemoduleinthelasttag:
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<scripttype="text/javascript"
src="bower_components/angular/angular.js"></script>
<scripttype="text/javascript">
angular.module('test',[]);
</script>
3. Rerunthetest.
7. Thenexterrorhashittheexpectation:Expected‘http://localhost:8080/index.html’tobe‘seleniumTestTitle’.Herearethestepstorectifythiserror:
1. Setthetitleofthewebpagetotheexpectation:
<title>seleniumTestTitle</title>
2. Rerunthetest.
8. TheProtractoroutputnowreports1test,1assertion,0failures.Withthesuccessofthetest,wehavenowsuccessfullyshownyouhowtousetheSeleniumstandaloneserver.
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SummaryThisappendixhasshownyouhowtosetupandusetheSeleniumstandaloneserver.Therearemanyoptionsandadvantagesofusingthestandaloneserver.TheadvantagesaregearedmoreforadvancedtestingwhenyouwanttouseadedicatedSeleniumServeroraPaaS(PlatformasaService)orifyouwanttotestafunctionalityondifferentbrowsersandasthevolumeofyourProtractortestsgrow.Formoreinformation,visittheSeleniumhomepageathttp://www.seleniumhq.org/.
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AppendixB.AutomatingKarmaUnitTestingonCommitRunningtestslocallyisonething,buthowdoyouknowwhethertheywillworkonsomeoneelse’scomputer.Settingupcontinuoustestingandintegrationshouldbepartofeveryapplicationyouwrite.Oneofthebestthingsisthatthetoolstosetuparefree,easytouse,andbestofall,theygettoshowcaseyourtests!ThefollowingsectionwillexplorehowtosetupcontinuousintegrationusingGitHubforsourcecontrolandTravisforcontinuousintegration.
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GitHubGitHubisasourcecontrol,collaboration,andall-aroundawesometool.Foropensourceprojects,itisfree.Onceyousignup,youcangetstartedandcreateanewrepositoryforyourproject.GitHubprovidesaGitURLforeveryproject;theURLcanthenbesetuptopushchangeslikeanyotherGitrepository.OneofthebenefitsofusingGitHubisthatitautomaticallyprovideshooksintootherapplicationsandservices.WhensettingupcontinuousintegrationandtestingthroughTravisCI,youwillleveragetheTravisCIGitHubhook.
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TestsetupInordertorunKarmaproperly,wewillneedtoaddthefollowingdevelopmentdependencies:
karma:ThebaseKarmainstallationkarma-jasmine:Thetestrunnerkarma-phantomjs-launcher:ThePhantomJSheadlessbrowserpluginwediscussedandsetupinChapter5,FlipFlop
InstallthefollowingKarmadevdependencies:
$npminstallkarma--save-dev
$npminstallkarma-jasmine--save-dev
$npminstallkarma-phantomjs-launcher--save-dev
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TestscriptsWhenusingTravisCI,ascripttorunthetestsneedstobedefined.Thebestplacetodefineascriptisinthepackage.jsonfile.Thepackage.jsonfileisusedinseveralwaysbynode.js.Herearethestepstorunthetest:
1. Thetestscriptcanthenberunwhenyoutypethefollowingcommandinthecommandprompt:
$npmtest
2. Updatethepackage.jsonscriptssectionasshowninthefollowingcodesnippet:
"scripts":{
"start":"nodeapp.js",
"test":"karmastart--single-run--browsersPhantomJS"
}
3. Confirmthatthetestscriptworks:
$npmtest
PhantomJSallowsteststorunontheTravisCIserverswithouttheneedforaUI.Thefollowingisasampleoutput:
Theapplicationsetupisnowconfiguredtorununittestsviathenpmtestcommand.ThiswillbeusedbyTravisCItorunthetests.
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SettingthehookGitHubprovidesseveralhooksintootherapplications.Ahookallowsyoutochainactionswhenacommitoccurs.Ahookisanextremelyusefulfeaturefromacontinuousintegrationstandpointbecausewecansetupthecodetobetestedoneverycommit.TravisCIhasaGitHubhookthatcanbeeasilysetuponanyGitHubrepository.Thefollowingisawalk-throughonhowtocreateaTravisCIhookonyouropensourcerepository.
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CreatingthehookHerearethestepstocreatethehook:
1. CreateaTravisCIaccountbygoingtotheTravisCIpageathttps://travis-ci.organdclickonSigninwithGitHub.Confirmthequestionsitasksandcontinue.
2. ActivateaGitHubWebhooktoTravisCI.YoucansetuptheWebhookinTravisCIthroughyourprofileURLathttps://travis-ci.org/profile
3. Turntheswitchon.Intheprofile,youshouldseeyourrepository.
HereisabeforeviewofWebhook(Switchoff):
HereisaviewoftheWebhookafteritisenabled(Switchon):
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AddingaTravisconfigurationfileTravisrequiresaconfigurationfiletobeattherootofyourrepositorynamed.travis.yml.Theconfigurationfilecontainsthesourcecodelanguage,languageversioning,metadata,andotherinformation.Thetemplateconfigurationwilllookasfollows:
language:node_js
node_js:
-"0.10"
Besidesthebasicconfigurationintheprecedingcode,additionalsetupisneededtorunKarmatests.Thebefore_scriptconfigurationwillbeusedtoinstallKarmaandBowerpriortorunninganytests.HereiswhattheconfigurationneedstolooklikeinordertoinstallKarmaandBowerbeforeanytestsrun:
language:node_js
node_js:
-"0.10"
before_script:
-npminstall-gkarma-cli
-npminstall-gbower
-bowerinstall
Nowthetestsarereadytoberun.Addtheprecedingcontentstoanewfilenamedtravis.yml.Bydefault,theNode.jsprojectwillexecutethenpmtestcommandinTravis.Thisiswhyyoudon’tneedtospecifytheactualcommandtotestyourapplication.
NotePleasenotethatTravisCIiscasesensitive.
Thefollowingscreenshotisanexampleofwhattheprecedingcodelookslike:
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Ifyouhaveanyissues,gototheTravisCIGettingstartedguideathttp://docs.travis-ci.com/user/getting-started/.
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ReferencesThefollowingaresomereferencesthatmayhelpyouwiththeconcepts:
ThisformofuserspecificationiswrittenusingtheGerkinsyntax.TheGerkinsyntaxallowsyoutowritethespecificationsinawell-formattedmanner.Seethefollowinglinkformoredetails:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavior-driven_development.TheJavaScriptJabberhomepagecanbefoundathttp://javascriptjabber.com/106-jsj-protractor-with-julie-ralph/TheGitHubpageforhttp-servercanbefoundathttps://github.com/nodeapps/http-server
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Chapter1,IntroductiontoTest-drivenDevelopmentQ1 2
Q2 1
Q3 1
Q4 1
Q5 2
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Chapter3,End-to-endTestingwithProtractorQ1 1
Q2 1
Q3 1
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IndexA
3A’sreferencelink/Testingtechniques
3A’sassemble/Assemble,Act,andAssert(3A’s)act/Assemble,Act,andAssert(3A’s),Assemble,Act,Assert(3A’s)assert/Assemble,Act,andAssert(3A’s),Assemble,Act,Assert(3A’s)assemble/Assemble,Act,Assert(3A’s)
3A’s,applicationtoentercommentsassemble/Assembleact/Actassert/Assert
3A’s,commentaddingspecificationassemble/Assembleact/Actassert/Assert
3A’s,commentlikingspecificationassemble/Assembleact/Actassert/Assert
AngularJSinstalling/InstallingAngularJS
AngularJScomponentsattributes/Servicesdirectives/Servicescontrollers/Servicesservices/Services
AngularJSREST,testingwithabout/TestingwithAngularJSRESTproductservice,testing/Testingtheproductservice$http,testingwithKarma/Testing$httpwithKarma
AngularJSroutesabout/Walk-throughofAngularroutessettingup/SettingupAngularJSroutesdirections,defining/Definingdirectionsflipfloptest,assembling/Assemblingtheflipfloptest
AngularJSservicesabout/Services
AngularMocksinstalling/InstallingAngularmocksURL/InstallingAngularmocks
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applicationtoentercommentsspecification,preparing/Preparingtheapplication’sspecificationsettingup/Settinguptheprojectdirectory,settingup/SettingupthedirectoryProtractor,installing/SettingupProtractorProtractor,settingup/SettingupProtractorKarma,settingup/SettingupKarmahttp-serversetup/Settinguphttp-serverKarmaconfiguration/ConfiguringKarma
applicationtoentercomments,TDDlifecycleabout/Bringonthecommentstestfirst/Testfirst3A’s/Testfirsttest,running/Makeitrunmodule,adding/Addingthemoduleinput,adding/Addingtheinputcontroller/Controllertest,passing/Makeitpasstest,improving/Makeitbetter
asynchronouscallstesting/Testingasynchronouscallscreating,inKarma/CreatingasynchronouscallsinKarmacreating,inProtractor/CreatingasynchronouscallsinProtractor
asyncmagiccomponents,Protractorabout/Asyncmagicpage,loadingbeforetestexecution/Loadingapagebeforetestexecutionassertiononelements/Assertiononelementsthatgetloadedinpromises
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BbeforeEachparameter
about/Testfirst,Testfirstbottom-upapproach
about/Top-downorbottom-upapproachusing/Usingabottom-upapproach
Bowerabout/Bowerinstalling/Bowerinstallation
broadcasttesting/Testingbroadcast,Testingbroadcast
builderobjectabout/Buildingwithabuilder
builderpatternabout/Buildingwithabuilder
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C$controllervariable
about/Assemble,Act,andAssert(3A’s)Chrome
about/InstallationprerequisitesURL/Installationprerequisites
commentlikingspecificationabout/Onwardsandupwardstesting,withProtractortesttemplate/Testfirst3A’s/Testfirsttest,running/Makeitrununittests,fixing/Fixingtheunitteststest,improving/Makeitbettertest,coupling/Couplingofthetest
controllertesting/Testingacontrollersimplecontrollertestsetup/Asimplecontrollertestsetupscope,initializing/Initializingthescope
curltoolabout/REST–thelanguageoftheWeb
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Ddescribeparameter
about/Testfirst,TestfirstDescribeproperty,Karmatest/TestingwithKarmadirections,AngularJSroutes
ngRoute,configuring/ConfiguringngRouteroutecontrollers,defining/Definingtheroutecontrollersrouteviews,defining/Definingtherouteviews
documentation,TDDabout/FundamentalsofTDD
DocumentObjectModel(DOM)/TDDwithProtractor
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Eemit
about/Emittingtesting/Testingemit
end-to-endtestingabout/Gettingdowntobusiness,Testingend-to-endspecification,reviewing/Specificationdevelopmentto-dolist/Thedevelopmentto-dolistTDDprocess/Testfirstproductdata,obtaining/Gettingtheproductdata
end-to-endtesting,productcartend-to-endtest,assembling/Assemblingthecart’send-to-endtestsavetocartaction,invoking/Invokingasavetocartactionsavedproducts,confirming/Confirmingproductshavebeensavedend-to-endtest,passing/Makingthecart’send-to-endtestpass
end-to-endtesting,recentlyvieweditemsabout/End-to-endtestingtestfirst/Testfirstrecentlyviewedend-to-endtest,assembling/Assemblingtherecentlyviewedend-to-endtestsearchresult,selecting/Selectingasearchresultrecentlyvieweditems,confirming/ConfirmingrecentlyvieweditemsrecentlyViewedItemstest,passing/MakingtherecentlyViewedItemstestpassrecentlyViewedItemstest,improving/Makingrecentlyvieweditemsbetter
end-to-endtests,Protractortestwebserver,installing/Installingthetestwebserver
events,insearchapplicationimplementing/Harnessingthepowerofeventsplan/Theplanrebranding/Rebrandingrecentlyvieweditems,viewing/Seeingrecentlyvieweditemsproductcart,creating/Creatingaproductcart
Expectproperty,Karmatest/TestingwithKarma
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Fflipfloptest,AngularJSroutes
viewsflip,creating/Makingtheviewsflipflip,asserting/Assertingafliprunning/Makingflipfloprunimproving/Makingflipflopbetter
FunctionUnderTest/Testingtechniquesfundamentals,searchapplication
Protractorlocators/Protractorlocators
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H$httpBackendproperty/Testing$httpwithKarmaheadlessbrowsertesting,forKarma
settingup/SettingupheadlessbrowsertestingforKarmapreconfiguration/Preconfigurationconfiguration/Configuration
http-servermodule/Gettingtheproductdataabout/Gettingtheproductdata
HTTPmethodsabout/REST–thelanguageoftheWebGET/REST–thelanguageoftheWebPOST/REST–thelanguageoftheWebPUT/REST–thelanguageoftheWebDELETE/REST–thelanguageoftheWeb
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Iinjectvariable
about/Assemble,Act,andAssert(3A’s)installation
Karma/InstallingKarmaProtractor/Protractorinstallation
itparameterabout/Testfirst,Testfirst
Itproperty,Karmatest/TestingwithKarma
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JJasmine
about/Jasminepros/Jasminecons/Jasmine
Jasminespyused,forcreatingtestdouble/TestingdoubleswithJasminespies
JavaScripttestingframeworksabout/JavaScripttestingframeworksJasmine/JasmineSelenium/SeleniumMocha/Mocha
JavaScripttestingtoolsabout/JavaScripttestingtoolsKarma/KarmaProtractor/Protractor
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KKarma
about/Karmapros/Karmacons/Karmabirth/BirthofKarmafeatures/TheKarmadifferencecombining,withAngularJS/ImportanceofcombiningKarmawithAngularJSinstalling/InstallingKarmaURL/InstallingKarmaprerequisites,forinstallation/Installationprerequisitesconfiguring/ConfiguringKarmaconfiguration,customizing/CustomizingKarma’sconfigurationinstallation,confirming/ConfirmingKarma’sinstallationandconfiguration,ConfirmingtheKarmainstallationconfiguration,confirming/ConfirmingKarma’sinstallationandconfigurationcommoninstallation/configurationissues/Commoninstallation/configurationissuestesting,with/TestingwithKarmainitializing/InitializingKarma
Karma,usingwithAngularJSabout/UsingKarmawithAngularJSAngularJS,obtaining/GettingAngularJStesting,with/TestingwithAngularJSandKarmadevelopmentto-dolist/Adevelopmentto-dolistlistofitems,testing/TestingalistofitemsTDDprocess/Testingalistofitemsfunction,addingtocontroller/Addingafunctiontothecontroller
karma.conffile/InitializingKarmaKarmaconfiguration
about/Karmaconfigurationfilewatching/Filewatching
Karmaconfiguration,applicationtoentercommentstesting/Testfirst3A’s/Testfirsttest,running/Makeitruntest,improving/Makeitbettertestchain,backingup/Backupthetestchaininput,binding/Bindtheinput
Karmadevdependencieskarma/Testsetupkarma-jasmine/Testsetupkarma-phantomjs-launcher/Testsetup
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installing/TestsetupKarmaunittesting
testsetup/Testsetuptestscripts/Testscriptshook,setting/Settingthehookhook,creating/CreatingthehookTravisconfigurationfile,adding/AddingaTravisconfigurationfile
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Mmessages
publishing/Publishingandsubscribingmessagessubscribing/Publishingandsubscribingmessages
middle-to-endtestingabout/Testingmiddle-to-endtestfirst/Testfirstproducttest,assembling/Assemblingtheproducttestproducts,obtaining/Gettingproductsproductdataresults,expecting/Expectingproductdataresultsproductdata,running/Makingtheproductdatarun
Mochaabout/Mochapros/Mochacons/Mocha
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NNode.js
URL/Installationprerequisites,Installationprerequisitesabout/Installationprerequisites
NodePackageManager(npm)modules/Mocha
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PPhantomJS
URL/SettingupheadlessbrowsertestingforKarmaPhantomJSbrowserplugin
URL/Preconfigurationprerequisites,Protractorinstallation
Node.js/InstallationprerequisitesChrome/InstallationprerequisitesSeleniumWebDriverforChrome/Installationprerequisites
productcartcreating/Creatingaproductcartpublishertestfirst/PublishertestfirstsearchDetailController,assembling/AssemblingsearchDetailControllerproductsaving,invoking/Invokingthesavingofaproductsaveevent,confirming/ConfirmingthesaveeventsaveProducttest,passing/MakingthesaveProducttestpasssubscriberunittest/Testforthesubscriberfirsttest,assembling/Assemblingtheproductcarttestsavedcartevent,invoking/Invokingasavedcarteventsavedcart,confirming/Confirmingthesavedcartcartcontrollertest,running/Makingthecartcontrollertestrunend-to-endtesting/End-to-endtesting
productdatacontrollerabout/Theproductdatacontrollerproductcontrollertest,assembling/Assemblingtheproductcontrollertestproducts,obtaining/Gettingproductsproductdataresults,asserting/Assertingproductdataresults
productdataserviceabout/Theproductdataservice
productrequests,unittestingabout/Unittestingproductrequestsproject,settingup/SettinguptheprojectKarmaconfiguration/KarmaconfigurationAPIbuilderpattern,using/UsinganAPIbuilderpattern
products,displayingwithRESTabout/DisplayingproductswithRESTproductrequests,unittesting/Unittestingproductrequestsproductdataservice/Theproductdataserviceproductdatacontroller/Theproductdatacontrollerproductdatatests,running/Makingtheproductdatatestsrun
Protractorabout/Protractor,AnoverviewofProtractorpros/Protractor
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cons/Protractoroverview/AnoverviewofProtractororigins/OriginsofProtractorbirth/ThebirthofProtractorfeatures/LifewithoutProtractorURL/Commoninstallation/configurationissuesrealtest/HelloProtractorTDD,using/TDDend-to-endpre-setup/Thepre-setupsetup/Thesetupend-to-endtests/Testfirstconfiguring/ConfiguringProtractorgaps,cleaningup/Cleaningupthegapsasyncmagiccomponents/AsyncmagicTDD,implementingwith/TDDwithProtractor
Protractorinstallationabout/Protractorinstallationreferencelink,forguide/Protractorinstallationprerequisites/Installationprerequisitesperforming/InstallingProtractorWebDriver,installingforChrome/InstallingWebDriverforChromeconfiguration,customizing/Customizingconfigurationconfirming/Confirminginstallationandconfigurationconfiguration,confirming/Confirminginstallationandconfigurationcommonissues/Commoninstallation/configurationissues
Protractorlocatorsabout/ProtractorlocatorsCSSlocators/CSSlocatorsbuttontextlocator/Buttonandlinklocatorslinktextlocator/ButtonandlinklocatorsAngularlocators/AngularlocatorsURLlocationreferences/URLlocationreferences
publishingandsubscribingmessages/Publishingandsubscribingmessagesissues/Publishingandsubscribing–thegoodandbadscenarios/Thegoodcommunicating,throughevents/Communicatingthrougheventscoupling,reducing/Reducingcoupling
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Rrecentlyvieweditems,viewing
about/Seeingrecentlyvieweditemstestfirst/Testfirstend-to-endtesting/End-to-endtesting
recentlyviewedtestwriting/TestfirstSearchController,assembling/AssemblingSearchControllerproduct,selecting/Selectingaproductevents,tobepublished/Expectingeventstobepublishedsearchcontrollerrun,creating/Makingthesearchcontrollerrununittest/Recentlyviewedunittest
recentlyviewedunittestabout/Recentlyviewedunittestwriting/TestfirstRecentlyViewedController,assembling/AssemblingRecentlyViewedControllerrecentlyvieweditem,invoking/InvokingarecentlyvieweditemRecentlyViewedController,confirming/ConfirmingRecentlyViewedControllerRecentlyViewedController,running/MakingRecentlyViewedControllerrun
refactoring,TDDabout/FundamentalsofTDD,Refactoring
RESTabout/REST–thelanguageoftheWebgettingstartedprocess/GettingstartedwithREST
RESTrequestscreating,AngularJSused/MakingRESTrequestsusingAngularJStesting,withAngularJSREST/TestingwithAngularJSRESTmocking,withProtractor/MockingrequestswithProtractor
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SSaaS(SoftwareasaService)/LifewithoutProtractorSauceLabs
URL/LifewithoutProtractorScenarioRunner
about/Endoflifescopevariable
about/Assemble,Act,andAssert(3A’s)searchapplication
fundamentals/Fundamentalscreating/Creatinganewprojectheadlessbrowsertesting,settingupforKarma/SettingupheadlessbrowsertestingforKarma
searchapplication,TDDwayabout/SearchingtheTDDway,Thesearchapplicationapproach,decidingon/Decidingontheapproachsearchquery/Walk-throughofsearchquerysearchquerytest/ThesearchquerytestsearchqueryHTMLpage/ThesearchqueryHTMLpage
searchresults,searchapplicationabout/Showmesomeresults!searchresultroutes,creating/Creatingthesearchresultroutestesting/Testingthesearchresultssearchresulttest,assembling/Assemblingthesearchresulttestselecting/Selectingasearchresultconfirming/Confirmingasearchresultsearchresulttest,running/Makingthesearchresulttestruntesting,forlocation/Creatingalocation-awaretestimproving/MakingthesearchresultbetterrouteID,confirming/ConfirmingtherouteIDrouteIDunittest,settingup/SettinguptherouteIDunittestrouteIDunittest,confirming/ConfirmingtheIDrouteparameterstest,running/Makingtherouteparameter’stestrun
SeleniumURL/Seleniumabout/Seleniumpros/Seleniumcons/Seleniuminstalling/InstallationProtractorconfiguration/Protractorconfigurationrunning/RunningSelenium,Letitruntestfirst/Testfirst
SeleniumWebDriver,forChrome
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about/Installationprerequisitesinstalling/InstallingWebDriverforChrome
success,measuringinTDDsteps,breakingdown/Breakingdownthestepstestfirstmethodology/Measuretwicecutonce
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TTDD
about/AnoverviewofTDD,TDDend-to-endfundamentals/FundamentalsofTDDbenefits/FundamentalsofTDDsuccess,measuring/Measuringsuccesstestingtechniques/Testingtechniquesapplying/TDDend-to-end
TDDlifecycleabout/Divingintest,settingup/Settingupthetestdevelopmentto-dolist,creating/Creatingadevelopmentto-dolisttestfirst/Testfirsttest,running/Makingitruntest,improving/Makingitbetter
TDDprocess,end-to-endtestingtestfirst/Testfirst3A’s/Assemble,Act,Assert(3A’s)test,running/Makeitruntest,improving/Makeitbetter
TDDprocess,foraddingfunctiontocontrollerabout/Addingafunctiontothecontrollertestfirst/Testfirst3A’s/Assemble,Act,andAssert(3A’s)test,running/Makeitruntest,improving/Makeitbetter
TDDprocess,fortestinglistofitemstestfirst/Testfirst3A’s/Assemble,Act,andAssert(3A’s)test,running/Makeitruntest,improving/Makeitbetter
test,Seleniumassemble/Assembleassert/Assertrunning/Makeitrun
testdoubleabout/TestingdoubleswithJasminespiesusing/TestingdoubleswithJasminespiescreating,Jasminespyused/TestingdoubleswithJasminespiesreturnvalue,stubbing/Stubbingareturnvaluearguments,testing/Testingarguments
testingframeworkabout/Testingwithaframework
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testingtechniques,TDDabout/Testingtechniquestestingframework/Testingwithaframeworktestdouble/TestingdoubleswithJasminespiestestdouble,usingJasminespy/TestingdoubleswithJasminespiesrefactoring/Refactoringbuilding,withbuilder/Buildingwithabuilder
ToBeTruthyproperty,Karmatest/TestingwithKarmatop-downapproach
about/Top-downorbottom-upapproachTravisCI
configurationfile/AddingaTravisconfigurationfileURL/AddingaTravisconfigurationfile
TravisCIhookcreating/Creatingthehook
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