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    Key Terms (Rhythm and

    Te

    mpo) compound meter

    syncopation tempo

    metronome marks

    tempo indications fermata

    rhythm

    beat accent

    meter

    measure (bar) bar lines

    simple meter

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    Questions

    1. How is my experience of time

    different as I listened to each

    excerpt?2. What makes the passage of time

    feel different in each excerpt?

    3. Which excerpt feels longer?

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    Rhythm

    rhythm = relationship between

    sounds in time

    a rhythm = arrangement of longer

    and shortersounds and silences

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    Time Conceptsin Western Music

    beat

    regularbackground pulse

    accent extra emphasis on a beat

    regular, irregular, orno accents

    meter regular,recurring pattern of accented and

    unaccented (strong and weak) beats

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    Meter

    simple meters

    compound meter irregularmeters

    no meter(nonmetrical)

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    Simple Meters

    duple meterONE two | ONE two | ONE two |

    triple meter

    ONE two three | ONE two three |

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    Compound Meter

    two ormore beats permeasure

    quick, triple subdivision of beatsONE-and-a two-and-a | ONE-and-a two-and-a |

    Row,row,row yourboat

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    Rhythm vs. Meter

    meteras background; rhythm as

    fore

    ground

    meterthe yardstick; rhythm the

    object being measured

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    Rhythm

    can coincide with meter strongly

    me

    trical

    can play with meter syncopation

    can contradict meter implying the

    wrong meterorbecomingnonmetrical

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    Syncopation

    displaces accents

    accents on weak beats

    one TWO | one TWO | one TWO|

    plays with meter

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    Hemiola

    a type of syncopation in which two

    groups of three beats arereplaced

    by three groups of two beats, giving

    theeffect of a shift between triple

    and duple meter

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    Hemiola

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    Tempo

    the speed of music

    therate at which beats follow oneanother

    metronome marks: exact

    60 = 1 beat/sec. 120 = 2 beats/sec.

    tempo indications: approximate;can express mood

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    Common Tempo Indications

    adagio or largo slow

    andante slow, but not too slowmoderato moderate

    allegro fast

    presto very fast

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    Tempo Changes

    accelerando gradually faster

    ritardando gradually slowerpi lento slower

    piallegro faster

    fermata hold of indefinite length

    a tempo at the main tempo

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    Key Terms (Pitch)

    pitch

    scale interval

    octave

    diatonic scale

    chromatic scale

    half step

    whole step

    flat

    sharp

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    Aspects of Pitch

    definite or indefinite

    high or low scale: a pool of definite pitches

    interval: the distance between any

    two notes

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    Octave

    eight span

    highernote seems to duplicatelowernote

    smooth blend of sound comes from

    overtone series

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    Step

    usually the distance between

    adjacent notes of a scale

    suggests a ladderof discrete

    pitches

    scale steps: specific notes of ascale (do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, ti, do)

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    HalfStep (Semitone)

    the smallest interval

    the distance between two adjacentnotes of the chromatic scale

    the distance between two adjacent

    notes on thekeyboard

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    WholeStep

    the most common interval in

    diatonic scales

    equals two consecutive half steps

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    Scales

    fixed collections of pitches used to

    construct music

    diatonic scales

    chromatic scales

    otherscales (modern and worldmusic)

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    Diatonic Scales

    contain seven pitches

    octave (eighth note of scale)repeats the starting pitch

    contains 5 whole steps and 2 halfsteps

    examples: majorscales, minorscales, church modes

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    Diatonic Scale

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    Chromatic Scale

    contains 12 pitches

    consists entirely of half steps requires sharps or flats

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    Chromatic Scale

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    Sharps and Flats

    flat lowers a note by a half step

    sharp raises a note by a half step

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    Diatonic vs. Chromatic

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    Scales and Instruments

    Western instruments are designed to

    play scales

    some can bend pitches

    a little: flute, clarinet, saxophone, guitar

    a lot: voice, trombone, violin, cello,timpani

    musicians learn toplayin tune

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    Listening

    chromatic scale

    diatonic scale Non-Western scales

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    Help on the Web with

    Music Theory & Musical Terms

    Teoria: Online MusicTheoryReference:

    http://www.teoria.com/tutorials/index.htm

    Solomons Glossaryof

    Technical MusicalTerms:http://www.solomonsmusic.net/glossar

    y.htm


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