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(GPRS, EDGE, UMTS, LTE

and)

Global System for Mobile communications

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GSM HistoryYear Events

1982CEPT establishes a GSM group in order to develop the standards for a pan-European

cellular mobile system

1985 Adoption of a list of recommendations to be generated by the group

1986Field tests were performed in order to test the different radio techniques proposed for the

air interface

1987

TDMA is chosen as access method (in fact, it will be used with FDMA) Initial

Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) signed by telecommunication operators

(representing 12 countries)

1988 Validation of the GSM system

1989 The responsibility of the GSM specifications is passed to the ETSI

1990 Appearance of the phase 1 of the GSM specifications1991 Commercial launch of the GSM service

1992Enlargement of the countries that signed the GSM- MoU> Coverage of larger

cities/airports

1993 Coverage of main roads GSM services start outside Europe

1995 Phase 2 of the GSM specifications Coverage of rural areas

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GSM world coverage map

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Differences Between First and Second

Generation Systems

Digital traffic channelsfirst-generation systems arealmost purely analog; second-generation systems are

digital

Encryptionall second generation systems provide

encryption to prevent eavesdropping

Error detection and correctionsecond-generation digital

traffic allows for detection and correction, giving clear

voice reception Channel accesssecond-generation systems allow

channels to be dynamically shared by a number of users

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GSM network

The GSM network can be divided into four subsystems:

The Mobile Station (MS). The Base Station Subsystem (BSS).

The Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS).

The Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS).

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GSM Network Architecture

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Mobile Station

Mobile station communicates across Um interface (air

interface) with base station transceiver in same cell asmobile unit

Mobile equipment (ME)physical terminal, such as a

telephone or PCS

ME includes radio transceiver, digital signal

processors and subscriber identity module (SIM)

GSM subscriber units are generic until SIM is inserted

SIMs roam, not necessarily the subscriber devices

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Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

BSS consists of base station controller and one or more base

transceiver stations (BTS)

Each BTS defines a single cell

Includes radio antenna, radio transceiver and a link to a base

station controller (BSC)

BSC reserves radio frequencies, manages handoff of mobile unitfrom one cell to another within BSS, and controls paging

The BSC (Base Station Controller)

controls a group of BTS and

manages their radio ressources. A BSC is principally in charge of

handovers, frequency hopping, exchange functions and control of

the radio frequency power levels of the BTSs.

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Network Subsystem (NS)

NS provides link between cellular network and public

switched telecommunications networksControls handoffs between cells in different BSSs

Authenticates users and validates accounts

Enables worldwide roaming of mobile users Central element of NS is the mobile switching center

(MSC)

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Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

Databases

Home location register (HLR) databasestoresinformation about each subscriber that belongs to it

Visitor location register (VLR) databasemaintains

information about subscribers currently physically in the

region Authentication center database (AuC)used for

authentication activities, holds encryption keys

Equipment identity register database (EIR)keeps track of

the type of equipment that exists at the mobile station

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The Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS)

The OSS is connected to the different components of theNSS and to the BSC, in order to control and monitor the

GSM system. It is also in charge of controlling the traffic

load of the BSS.

However, the increasing number of base stations, due to

the development of cellular radio networks, has provoked

that some of the maintenance tasks are transferred to the

BTS. This transfer decreases considerably the costs of themaintenance of the system.

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GSM Channel Types

Traffic channels (TCHs)

carry digitally encoded user speech or user data and haveidentical functions and formats on both the forward and

reverse link.

Control channels (CCHs)

carry signaling and synchronizing commands between

the base station and the mobile station. Certain types of

control channels are defined for just the forward or

reverse link.

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How a Cellular Telephone Call is Made

All base stations continuously send out identification

signals (ID) of equal, fixed strength. When a mobile unitis picked up and goes off-hook, it senses these

identification signals and identifies the strongest. This

tells the phone which cell it is in and should he associated

with. The phone then signals to that cell's base stationwith its ID code, and the base station passes this to the

MSC, which keeps track of this phone and its present cell

in its database. The phone is told what channel to use for

talking, is given a dial tone, and the call activity proceeds

just like a regular call. All the nontalking activity is done

on a setup channel with digital codes.

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Mobile unit initialisation

Mobile-originated call

Paging Call accepted

Ongoing call

Handoff

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GSM Radio interface

Frequency allocation

Two frequency bands, of 25 Mhz each one, have beenallocated for the GSM system:

The band 890-915 Mhz has been allocated for the uplink

direction (transmitting from the mobile station to the base

station).

The band 935-960 Mhz has been allocated for the

downlink direction (transmitting from the base station to

the mobile station).

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Multiple access scheme

In GSM, a 25 MHz frequency band is divided, using a

FDMA, into 124 carrier frequencies spaced one fromeach other by a 200 kHz frequency band.

Each carrier frequency is then divided in time using a

TDMA. This scheme splits the radio channel into 8

bursts.

A burst is the unit of time in a TDMA system, and it lasts

approximately 0.577 ms.

A TDMA frame is formed with 8 bursts and lasts,consequently, 4.615 ms.

Each of the eight bursts, that form a TDMA frame, are

then assigned to a single user.

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GSM bands

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Maximum number of

simultaneous calls =[(124) 8] / N = 330

(if N=3)

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Multiframe components

GSM f f

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GSM frame format

TDMS f t

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TDMS format

Trail bits: synchronisation between mobile and BS.Encrypted bits: data is encrypted in blocks, Two 57-bit fields

Stealing bit: indicate data or stolen for urgent control signaling

Training sequence: a known sequence that differs for different

adjacent cells. It indicates the received signal is from the correcttransmitter and not a strong interfering transmitter. It is also used for

multipath equalisation. 26 bits.

Guide bits: avoid overlapping, 8.25 bits

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Data rate

channel data rate in GSM

(1/120 ms) 26 8 156.25 = 270.8 33Kbps

User data rate

Each user channel receives one slot per frame

kbps8.22amms/multifr120

iframeslots/mult24bits/slot114

kbps13amms/multifr120

iframeslots/mult24bits/slotdata65

With error control

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Traffic Channels

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full rate channels offer a data rate of 22.8 kBit/s:

speech data: used as 13 kBit/s voice data plus FEC data

packet data: used as 12, 6, or 3.6 kBit/s plus FEC data

half rate channels offer 11.4 kBit/s:

speech data: improved codecs have rates of 6.5 kBit/s,plus FEC

packet data: can be transmitted at 3 or 6 kBit/s

Two half rate channels can share one physical channel

Consequence: to achieve higher packet data rates, multiplelogical channels have to be allocated =) this is what GPRS

does

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Speech coding

There are 260 bits coming out of a voice coder every 20 ms.

260 bits/20ms = 13 kbpsThese 260 bits are divided into three classes:

Class Ia having 50 bits and are most sensitive to errors

3-bit CRC error detection code 53, then protected by a

Convolutional (2,1,5) error correcting code.

Class Ib contains 132 bits which are reasonably sensitiveto bit errors--protected by a Convolutional (2,1,5) errorcorrecting code.

Class II contains 78 bits which are slightly affected by biterrorsunprotected

After channel coding: 260 bits 456bits

Channel coding: block coding Then Convolutional coding

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Channel coding: block coding Then Convolutional coding

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Si l P i i GSM

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Signal Processing in GSM

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Global Wireless Frequency Bands

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Global Wireless Frequency Bands

GSM f ll ti

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GSM frequency allocations

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Mobile phonetransmit frequency MHz

Base station transmitfrequency MHz

VodafoneGSM 900 890 - 894.6 -23 chs 935 - 939.6

O2 (BT) GMS 900 894.8 - 902 939.8 - 947

VodafoneGSM 900 902 - 910 947 - 955O2 (BT) GMS 900 910 - 915 955 - 960

VodafoneGSM 1800

& O2 GSM 1800:

1710 - 1721.5 1805 - 1816.5

T Mobile GSM 1800 1721.5 - 1751.5 1816.5 - 1846.5

Orange GSM 1800: 1751.5 - 1781.5 1846.5 - 1876.5

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Evolution from 2G

IS-95 IS-136 & PDCGSM-

EDGE

GPRS

HSCSDIS-95B

Cdma2000-1xRTT

Cdma2000-1xEV,DV,DO

Cdma2000-3xRTT

W-CDMA

EDGE

TD-SCDMA

2G

3G

2.5G

3GPP3GPP2

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Newer versions of the standard were backward-compatible withthe original GSM phones.

Release 97 of the standard added packet data capabilities, bymeans of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). GPRS providesdata transfer rates from 56 up to 114 kbit/s.

Release 99 introduced higher speed data transmission using

Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), EnhancedGPRS (EGPRS), IMT Single Carrier (IMT-SC), four times asmuch traffic as standard GPRS. accepted by the ITU as part of theIMT-2000 family of 3G standards

Evolved EDGE standard providing reduced latency and more than

doubled performance e.g. to complement High-Speed PacketAccess (HSPA). Peak bit-rates of up to 1Mbit/s and typical bit-rates of 400kbit/s can be expected.

GSM GPRS

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GSM-GPRS

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the Base Station Subsystem (the base stations and their

controllers).

the Network and Switching Subsystem (the part of the

network most similar to a fixed network). This is

sometimes also just called the core network.

the GPRS Core Network (the optional part which allows

packet based Internet connections).

all of the elements in the system combine to produce

many GSM services such as voice calls and SMS.

ITUs View of Third-Generation Capabilities

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ITU s View of Third-Generation Capabilities Voice quality comparable to the public switched telephone

network

High data rate. 144 kbps data rate available to users in high-speed motor vehicles over large areas; 384 kbps available topedestrians standing or moving slowly over small areas; Supportfor 2.048 Mbps for office use

Symmetrical / asymmetrical data transmission rates

Support for both packet switched and circuit switched dataservices

An adaptive interface to the Internet to reflect efficiently thecommon asymmetry between inbound and outbound traffic

More efficientuse of the available spectrum in general Support for a wide variety of mobile equipment

Flexibility to allow the introduction of new services andtechnologies

Third Generation S stems (3G)

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Third Generation Systems (3G)

The dream of 3G is to unify the world's mobile computing

devices through a single, worldwide radio transmissionstandard. However,

3 main air interface standards:

W-CDMA(UMTS) for Europe

CDMA2000 for North America

TD-SCDMA for China (the biggest market)

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UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications

System ) Services

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UMTS offers teleservices (like speech or SMS) and bearer services,which provide the capability for information transfer between access

points. It is possible to negotiate and renegotiate the characteristics of

a bearer service at session or connection establishment and during

ongoing session or connection. Both connection oriented andconnectionless services are offered for Point-to-Point and Point-to-

Multipoint communication.

Bearer services have different QoS parameters for maximum transfer

delay, delay variation and bit error rate. Offered data rate targets are:

144 kbits/s satellite and rural outdoor

384 kbits/s urban outdoor

2048 kbits/s indoor and low range outdoor

UMTS Architecture

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UMTS Architecture

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Core Network

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Core Network

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The Core Network is divided in circuit switched and packet

switched domains. Some of the circuit switched elements are

Mobile services Switching Centre (MSC), Visitor location

register (VLR) and Gateway MSC. Packet switched elements

are Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) and Gateway GPRSSupport Node (GGSN). Some network elements, like EIR,

HLR, VLR and AUC are shared by both domains.

The Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is defined forUMTS core transmission. ATM Adaptation Layer type 2

(AAL2) handles circuit switched connection and packet

connection protocol AAL5 is designed for data delivery.

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47W-CDMA Parameters

Summary of UMTS frequencies:

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Summary of UMTS frequencies:

1920-1980and 2110-2170MHz Frequency DivisionDuplex (FDD, W-CDMA) Paired uplink and downlink,

channel spacing is 5 MHz and raster is 200 kHz. An

Operator needs 3 - 4 channels (2x15 MHz or 2x20 MHz)

to be able to build a high-speed, high-capacity network.1900-1920and 2010-2025MHz Time Division Duplex

(TDD, TD/CDMA) Unpaired, channel spacing is 5 MHz

and raster is 200 kHz. Tx and Rx are not separated in

frequency.

1980-2010and 2170-2200MHz Satellite uplink and

downlink.

Universal Mobile Telephone System (UMTS)

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Base station finder: http://www.sitefinder.ofcom.org.uk/

Frequency Spectrum in UK(Sep 2007)

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Frequency Spectrum in UK(Sep 2007)

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900MHz 1800MHz 2100MHz ( 3G )Vodafone Vodafone Vodafone

O2 O2 O2

Restricted to 2G

services only T-Mobile T-Mobile

Orange Orange

Three

Restricted to 3Gservices only

The UMTS/3G frequency allocations

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The UMTS/3G frequency allocations

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Frequency (MHz) Bandwidth (MHz) licence holder

1900 - 1900.3 Guard band

1900.3 - 1905.2 4.9 licence D T-Mobile

1905.2 - 1910.1 4.9 licence E Orange1910.1 - 1915.0 4.9 licence C O2

1915.0 - 1919.9 4.9 licence A 3

1919.9 - 1920.3 Guard band

1920.3 - 1934.9 14.6 licence A 3

1934.9 - 1944.9 10 licence C O2

1944.9 - 1959.7 14.8 licence B Vodafone

1959.7 - 1969.7 10 licence D T-Mobile

1969.7 - 1979.7 10 licence E Orange

2110 - 2110.3 Guard band

2110.3 - 2124.9 14.6 licence A 3

2124.9 - 2134.9 10 licence C O2

2134.9 - 2149.7 14.8 licence B Vodafone

2149.7 - 2159.7 10 licence D T-Mobile

2159.7 - 2169 10 licence E Orange

2169.7 - 2170 Guard band

3G downlink Signal level measured at T701

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3G downlink Signal level measured at T701

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3 VodafoneO2 T-Mobile Orange

EE

3G download Signal level measured at T714

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3G download Signal level measured at T714

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MVNO

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MVNO

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A mobile virtual network operator (MVNO) is a

mobile phone operator that provides servicesdirectly to their own customers but does not own

key network assets such as a licensed frequency

allocation of radio spectrum and the cell towerinfrastructure.

The UK mobile market has 5 main mobile network operators and

has a total of more than 20 MVNOs (virgin, tesco, asda, lyca).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_mobile_virt

ual_network_operators
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_mobile_virtual_network_operatorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_mobile_virtual_network_operatorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_mobile_virtual_network_operatorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_mobile_virtual_network_operatorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_mobile_virtual_network_operators

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International Mobile Telecommunications

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(IMT) Advanced

Key features of IMT-Advanced

a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide whileretaining the flexibility to support a wide range of services and

applications in a cost efficient manner;

compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks;

capability of interworking with other radio access systems; high quality mobile services;

user equipment suitable for worldwide use;

user-friendly applications, services and equipment;

worldwide roaming capability; and,

enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and

applications (100 Mbit/s for high and 1 Gbit/s for low mobility

were established as targets for research)*.

3.5G (HSPA)

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3.5G (HSPA)

High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) is an amalgamation of two

mobile telephony protocols, High Speed Downlink Packet Access

(HSDPA) and High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA), that

extends and improves the performance of existing WCDMA

protocols

3.5G introduces many new features that will enhance the UMTStechnology in future. 1xEV-DV already supports most of the

features that will be provided in 3.5G. These include:

- Adaptive Modulation and Coding

- Fast Scheduling

- Backward compatibility with 3G

- Enhanced Air Interface

What is 4G

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What is 4G

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4th

Generation of Mobile communicationsFirst Gen Analog, AMPS

2G, Digital, IncreaseVoice Capacity- TDMA, GSM & 1xRTT

3G High Speed Data; EVDO, UMTS, HSPA

ITU defines 4G as 100 Mbps mobile, 1 Gbps stationary

LTE-Advanced & WiMax 2.0 4G certified, theoreticallycapable

Realistic? Nokia lab demo w/ 8 antennas, 60 MHz & 1 user

Market 4G defined as ~10X 3G or 5-10+ Mbps

Current gen WiMax, LTE & HSPA+

4G (LTE)

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4G (LTE)

LTE stands for Long Term Evolution

Promises data transfer rates of 100 Mbps Based on UMTS 3G technology

Optimized for All-IP traffic

LTE Link Budget Comparison

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Uplink

Budget Comparison

LTE Encyclopedia

https://sites.google.com/site

/lteencyclopedia/lte-radio-

link-budgeting-and-rf-

planning/lte-link-budget-

comparison


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Downlink

Budget Comparison

Mapping of Path Losses to Cell Sizes

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Mapping of Path Losses to Cell Sizes

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https://sites.google.com/site/lteencyclopedia/lte-radio-link-budgeting-

and-rf-planning

Advantages of LTE

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Advantages of LTE

Comparison of LTE Speed

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C p Sp

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LTE Physical Channels

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Physical Channels used in Long Term Evolution (LTE) downlink and

in uplink

Downlink Channels

Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)

Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)

Common Control Physical Channel (CCPCH)

Uplink Channels

Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)

Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)

Commercial LTE Speed evolution

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p

Peak rate ~50 Mbps ~150 Mbps ~1000 Mbps

Typical user rate downlink 5-30 Mbps 10-100 Mbps Operator dependent

Typical user rate uplink

Bandwidths1-10 Mbps 5-50 Mbps Operator dependent

LTE Advanced

Radio Systems

2009

2010

2015

>20 MHz20 MHz10 MHz

5-50 Mbps

10-100 Mbps~150 Mbps

3-10 Mbps

8-30 Mbps~50 Mbps

Operator dependent

Operator dependent~1000 Mbps

50 Mbps150 Mbps

1000

Mbps

LTE brings excellent user and network experience

Release schedule & RAN features

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1999

Release 99

Release 4

Release 5

Release 6

LCR TDD

HSDPA

W-CDMA

HSUPA, MBMS

Release 7 HSPA+ (MIMO, etc.)

Release 8 LTE

Release 9

Release 10

LTEenhancements

Release 12

ITU-R M.1457IMT-2000 Recommendation

ITU-R M.2012 [IMT.RSPEC]

IMT-Advanced

Recommendation

LTE-Advanced

3GPP work is structured in releases(REL) of 1-3 years duration

each release consists of several work

items (WI) and study items (SI)

even if a REL is completed corrections

are possible later

existing features of one REL can beenhanced in a future REL

Further LTEenhancements

2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013

???

Release 11

3GPP aligned to ITU-R IMT process

3GPP Releases evolve to meet: Future Requirements for IMT

Future operator and end-user

requirements

only

main

RAN

WI

listed

2015

Dr. Joern Krause

Main Features in LTE A Release

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Main Features in LTE-A Release

10

Support of wider bandwidth (Carrier Aggregation) Use of multiple component carriers (CC) to extend bandwidth up to 100 MHz Common L1 parameters between component carrier and LTE Rel-8 carrier

Improvement of peak data rate, backward compatibility with LTE Rel-8

Advanced MIMO techniques Extension to up to 8-layer transmission in downlink (REL-8: 4-layer in downlink)

Introduction of single-user MIMO with up to 4-layer transmission in uplink

Enhancements of multi-user MIMO

Improvement of peak data rate and capacity

Heterogeneous network and eICIC (enhanced Inter-Cell Interference

Coordination) Interference coordination for overlay deployment of cells with different Tx power

Improvement of cell-edge throughput and coverage

Relay Relay Node supports radio backhaul and creates a separate cell and appears

as Rel. 8 LTE eNB to Rel. 8 LTE UEs

Improvement of coverage and flexibility of service area extension

Minimization of Drive Tests replacing drive tests for network optimization by collected UE measurements

Reduced network planning/optimization costs

100 MHz

f

CC

Relay NoDonor eNB

UE

UE

eNB

macro eNB

micro/pico eNB

Dr. Joern Krause

LTE/LTE-A REL-11 features

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Coordinated Multi-Point Operation (DL/UL) (CoMP): cooperative MIMO of multiple cells to improve spectral efficiency, esp. at cell edge

Enhanced physical downlink control channel (E-PDCCH): new Ctrl channelwith higher capacity

Further enhancements for Minimization of Drive Tests (MDT): QoS measurements (throughput, data volume)

Self Optimizing Networks (SON): inter RAT Mobility Robustness Optimisation (MRO)

Carrier Aggregation (CA): multiple timing advance in UL, UL/DL config. in inter-band CA TDD

Machine-Type Communications (MTC): EAB mechanism against overload due to MTC

Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS): Service continuity in mobility case Network Energy Saving for E-UTRAN: savings for interworking with UTRAN/GERAN

Inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC): assistance to UE for CRS interference reduction

Location Services (LCS): Network-based positioning (U-TDOA)

Home eNode B (HeNB): mobility enhancements, X2 Gateway

RAN Enhancements for Diverse Data Applications (eDDA): Power Preference Indicator (PPI): informs NW of mobiles power saving preference

Interference avoidance for in-device coexistence (IDC): FDM/DRX ideas to improved coexistence of LTE, WiFi, Bluetooth transceivers, GNSS receivers in

UE

High Power (+33dBm) vehicular UE for 700MHz band for America for Public Safety

Additional special subframe configuration for LTE TDD: for TD-SCDMA interworking

In addition: larger number of spectrum related work items: new bands/band combinations

Optical fiber

Coordination

Dr. Joern Krause

Generations ofMobile Communication Systems

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Mobile Communication Systems

1G: analogue systems from 1980s

(e.g. NMT, AMPS, TACS, C-Netz)

2G: first digital systems of 1990s

(e.g. GSM, CDMAone, PDC, D-AMPS)

3G: IMT-2000 family defined by ITU-R

(e.g. UMTS, CDMA2000)

4G: fulfilling requirements ofIMT-Advanced defined by ITU-R

(e.g. LTE-A, WiMAX)

5G: ?

too early to be a topic in standardization,

further 4G enhancements expected before

driven by requirements from customers &

network operators

restricted by spectrum limitations

often influenced by new

technologies/applications

Dr. Joern Krause

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Ofcom (The Office of Communications) awards 4G

licences in 2.34 billion auction Feb 2013

76

Everything Everywhere, Hutchison 3G UK, Telefonica

(O2), Vodafone(VOD) and BT(BT.A)'s Niche Spectrum

Ventures secured the 4G licences. Vodafone was the highest bidder

at 791 million, securing five chunks of 4G spectrum.When mobile operator EE, a joint venture between T-Mobile and

Orange, became the first to launch a 4G service in October 2012 in

a brief monopoly, it struggled to attract users. It was forced to cut

its prices in January, lowering its entry price to 31 from 36 a

month.

Ofcom: Independent regulator and competition authority

for the UK communications industries.

Ofcom announces winners of the 4G mobile auctionFebruary 20, 2013 http://consumers ofcom org uk/4g-auction/

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February 20, 2013 http://consumers.ofcom.org.uk/4g-auction/

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Winning

bidder

Spectrum won Base price

Everything

Everywhere Ltd

2 x 5 MHz of 800 MHz (796-801; 837-842MHz) and2 x 35 MHz of 2.6 GHz (2535-2570; 2655-2690MHz) 588,876,000

Hutchison 3G UK

Ltd2 x 5 MHz of 800 MHz (791-796; 832-837MHz) 225,000,000

Niche Spectrum

Ventures Ltd (a

subsidiary of BT

Group plc)

2 x 15 MHz of 2.6 GHz (2520-2535; 2640-2655MHz)

and

1 x 25 MHz of 2.6 GHz (unpaired) (2595-2620MHz)186,476,000

Telefnica UK

Ltd (O2)

2 x 10 MHz of 800 MHz (811-821; 852-862MHz)

(coverage obligation lot) 550,000,000

Vodafone Ltd

2 x 10 MHz of 800 MHz, (801-811; 842-852MHz)

2 x 20 MHz of 2.6 GHz (2500-2520; 2620-2640MHz)

and

1 x 25 MHz of 2.6 GHz (unpaired) (2570-2595MHz)

790,761,000

Total 2,341,113,000

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Measured signal strength of LTE in 800MHz in T718 LSBU

Measured signal strength of LTE in 2.6 GHz in T718 LSBU

Vodafone O2

Vodafone Vodafone Vodafone BT

4G coverage in UK

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http://opensignal.com/

The State of LTE (February 2013)

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What is the difference between LTE and 4G?

4G: 100Mbp/s while on moving transport and 1Gbp/s when

stationary.

While LTE is much faster than 3G, it has yet to reach the

International Telecoms Union's (ITU) technical definition of 4G.

LTE does represent a generational shift in cellular network speeds,

but is labelled 'evolution' to show that the process is yet to be fullycompleted.

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The Global Rollout

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76 Countries with LTE

18 LTE scheduled

Australia (24.5Mbps) Fastest Country With LTE

Claro Brazil (27.8Mbps) Fastest Network With LTE

Japan (66% LTE improvement) Most Improved country forLTE Speed

Tele2 Sweden (93% coverage) Network With Best Coverage

South Korea (91% average coverage) Country with Best

Coverage

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Feb 2014; http://opensignal.com/reports/state-of-lte-q1-2014/

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On average LTE is the fastest wireless technology worldwide,

representing a real increase in speed on both 3G and HSPA+. 4G

LTE is over 5x faster than 3G and over twice as fast as HSPA+ and

represents a major leap forward in wireless technology.

References

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Dr. Joern Krause, Future 3GPP RAN standardization

activities for LTE ppt, Oct 2012.

http://www.ofcom.org.uk/

2-gsm-lte

Documents