2 conceptualizatoin operationalization levels of measurement
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Conceptualization,
Operationalization and
Measurement Concepts, Levels of Measurement,
and Measurement Validity.
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Aspects ofMeasurement
Validityin Social Research
What is a Concept in sociological research ?Concept :
1. Mental Constructs, or images, developed to
symbolize ideas, persons, things, or events.
(symbolic interaction)
2. An Organized principle used to differentiate
those classes of phenomena with common
characteristics from other classes of
phenomena.
Are we measuring what we intend to measure ?
OR ,Are we measuring the correct Concept ?
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Conceptualization
In Deductive research, conceptualization helps totranslate portions of an abstract theory into specificvariables that can be used in testable hypotheses.
In Inductive research, conceptualization is an importantpart of the process used to make sense of related
observations.
Conceptualization is the process of specifying
what we mean by a term. ( A clear, verbal
specification of your variable (concept) so that
others know what it is and can place cognitive
borders around it.
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Conceptualization
ContinuedIfwe hypothesized that lower social status in
college students directly correlates to an
increase in deviant behavior, then whatexactly is Deviant Behavior? (The conceptualDV we are measuring)
-Deviant Behavior as: Causing physical harm, Talking
out loud in class, Underage Drinking, etc, etc.
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The Multi-Dimensions of
Conceptual Definitions
What is a Table ?
What is a Car ?
What is Religiosity ?
1. Ideological Dimension 3. Ritualistic Dimension
2. Experiential Dimension 4. Consequential Dimension
5. Intellectual Dimension * What about VS
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Concepts in Research
Conflicts in Measurement Validity
1. All concepts are Multi-Dimensional What do we mean by social status?
Lets do a study to see if there is a Direct relationship between Social Status of
parents and Deviant Behaviorin college students.
Social Status
Power Privilege Prestige
Indicators
O E I G R E A B R
Income Possessions, Fashion, Teeth, Self-Report,Jewelry, etc.
Process of
Conceptualization
And
Operation-
alization
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OperationalizationIn Social Research, there areOperations ofMeasurement.
Operation: Aprocedure for identifying or indicating the value
of cases on a variable. (Instructions)
Operationalization: The process of specifying the operations
that will indicate the value of cases on a variable
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Operationalization
The Measure (Or observation scheme)
The Application
Self administered questionnaire Male
E-Mail
Interview
Face-to-face
Phone
Scoring/ Coding/ Scaling
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Lets say we were to Operationalize the
effects of Sending Flowers and Get
well cards to a Patient, as a method ofIncreasing Health.
Shorter hospital stays Operationalized
as Days spent in the hospital Normal heart rates and blood pressures
Operationalized in Beats per minute andDiastolic and systolicpressures.
Increased morale Operationalized by askingpatients a series of questions about theirattitude, current outlook, emotions.
How will we measure Increasing
HealthofPatients ?
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Levels of Measurement
The Level of Measurement is the mathematicalprecision with which the values of a variable can beexpressed.
The Nominal (name) level of measurement, which isqualitative, has no mathematical interpretation;
The Quantitative levels of measurementOrdinal,Interval, and Ratioare progressively more precisemathematically.
When we know a variables level of measurement, we can better
understand how cases vary on that variable and so understand
more fully what we have measured.
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
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*CAUTION *
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT CANT BE
DETERMINED WITHOUT
CONSIDERING BOTH THE CONCEPTAND THE MEASURE
(Conceptualization and Operationalization)
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The Nominal level of measurementidentifies variables whose values have nomathematical interpretation; they vary in
kind or quality but not in amount.
Nominal Measures
In terms of the variable Dog Breed, you can say thatthe German Shepherd is not equal to the Terrier, but youcannot say that the German Shepherd is dog breedieror less dog breedy than the Terrier.
Pine
Forge
Press,
an
impr
int
of
Sage
Publications,
2004
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Wienirs Nominal Examples
UCR categories?
Sex
Race-ethnicityReligious identification
Architectural style
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At this level, you specify only the order of the cases, in
greater than and less than distinctions. At the pet
shop, for example, you might choose between a small,
medium, or large breed of dogthats ordinalmeasurement. We havent specified anything in the
way of inches or weight.
Ordinal Measures
Pine
Forge
Press,
an
impr
int
of
Sage
Publications,
2004
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Wienirs Ordinal examples
Sex
Race
Religious identification Level of seriousness of crime
Class standing
Likert scales?
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At the interval level of measurement, numbersrepresent fixed measurement units but have noabsolute zero point.
Interval Measures
Your text uses the example of temperatures measured with theFahrenheit scale. The temperature can definitely go belowzero, as indicated in this weather forecast for Fargo, ND.
Pine
Forge
Press,
an
impr
int
of
Sage
Publications,
2004
Sunrise: 8:05 am UV Index: 1,Minimal Sunset: 5:12 pm
Moonrise: 7:56 pm Phase: Waning
Gibbous Moonset: 9:53 amAverages and Records for Jan 20
Monday:Mainly sunny. High 4F. WindsNW at 10 to 15 mph.
Monday night:Clear to partly cloudy skies.
Low -12F. Winds Wat 5 to 10mph.
4 F -12
F
-16C -25C
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Wienirs Interval Examples
Income as a measure of wealth
Likert scales ?
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A ratio level of measurement represents fixed
measuring units with an absolute zero point. Zero, in
this situation, means absolutely no amount of whatever
the variable indicates. On a ratio scale, 10 is two pointshigher than 8 and is also two times greater than 5. Ratio
numbers can be added and subtracted, and because
the numbers begin at an absolute zero point, they can
also be multiplied and divided (so ratios can be formed
between the numbers).
Ratio Measures
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Ratio Measures
There are 1/3 fewer petsin photo #2.
Photo #1
The variable is Numberof pets on the couch
Photo #2
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Wienirs Ratio Examples
# Kids
#Behaviors
Rates
Comparison of how many times as
intense
#s depending on the conceptualdefinition e.g. pillars
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More Ratio Examples
City Size
S.S. Stephens Rating Scale
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Differentiation between LOM
Ratio: Is there an absolute zero point?
Interval : Is there a standard measure
between rankings ? Ordinal : Are there rankings between
categories ?
N
ominal :A
re there categories
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Examples of Appropriate
comparison statements math operations
A is equal to (not equal to) B = ()A is greater than (less than) B > (