2. comm models outline

7/25/2019 2. Comm Models Outline

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Exploring CommunicationPart 2 Models & Properties of

Communication


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Modeling Communication

A model is simply an abstractrepresentation

3 general purposes of models:

Explanation

Prediction

Control


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Benets of Models

Models allo sc!olars to:

"escribe t!e o#erall process ofcommunication or particular aspect of commin detail

$llustrate important concepts% contexts% ort!eoretical frameors

More e'ecti#ely represent relations!ips


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(imitations of Models

Can be incomplete and)or lac a *bigpicture+ perspecti#e

Are often based in a specic context,may need to be reassessed outside oforiginal context

May re-uire supplemental info to maesense


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.eneral Models ofCommunication

/e0ll examine 3 general models1

(inear% interacti#e% and transactional

1and specic ones

(assell0s% !annon4/ea#er% .erbner0s%Berlo0s% /estley4Maclean0s% and t!econ#ergence model


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(inear Model ofCommunication

Many early perspecti#es ere linear5 Commdescribed as:

6 ay 7 from sender to recei#er

omet!ing you do 8to0 someone

Message

C!annelender

9ecei#

er


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$nteracti#e Model ofCommunication

2 elements added: eedbac 7 response to message

;oise 7 interference it! message

Comm as 2 ay a series of comm acts 7 messages and feedbac

Message

Channelender9ecei#

ereedbac

Noise

Noise


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pecic Models of Communication

[ You dont need to write this ]

As e re#ie t!ese models eep t!e folloing in mind:

Eac! of t!e folloing models illustrates specic aspects ofcomm% but may not describe t!e !ole process

All of t!e models in t!is unit are discussed in c!apters 2 & 3 int!e Readingstext

=ou don0t need to copy t!e diagrams,Blearns in a separate poer point and included in bot! lectureoutlines and t!e text

Exam ?s ill co#er t!e concepts associated ) eac! model%not t!e diagram


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(assell0s Model @6D

ne of t!e earliest models of comm

imple% organiFational model% but lacs se#eral elements

;oted for including a focus on comm @messageD e'ects 7

communication seen as a producti#e process


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!annon4/ea#er Model@6D

"escribes mediatedcomm , comm #ia a de#ice ortec! @e5g5 telep!oneD

2 important distinctions:

Message and signal are distinct Message)signal and recei#e signal)message may di'er

$ncludes noise @p!ysicalD


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.erbner0s Model @6GDPerson 1 M

EE1

EContent

SForm

SE1

Eventas perceived

Channels,

Media

,Control

Reflection, Context, Availability

Perceptual Dimension

Means

Control!imension

Statement abo"t eventSE

(Message)

Person # M2

Statementas perceived

Event

Mes

sa$e

!estina

tion

Me

ssa$

eSo

"rce


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.erbner0s Model


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.erbner0s Model

25 $nIuence of representation

Besides perception% message formulation

inIuenced by


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Berlo0s MC9 Model @6JD

n t!e surface% a basic linear model5

Elements Str"ct"re

%reatment

Content Code

Seein$

&earin$

%o"chin$

Smellin$

%astin$

Comm' S(ills

Attit"de

)no*led$e

Soc' System

C"lt"re

Comm' S(ills

Attit"de

)no*led$e

Soc' System

C"lt"re

Source Message Channel Receiver

S M C R


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Berlo0s MC9 Model

Berlo0s model explores !o complexity in basic comm elements @source! message!

channel! and receiverD can a'ect 8delity0

3 important concepts:

"# Com$lexit%&Eac! element is represented as asystem @i5e5 as combination of interdependentcomponentsD


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Berlo0s MC9 Model

'# (s%chologicalnoise&di'erences in

cogniti#e factors and context @e5g5noledge% attitude% socialiFationDcan in!ibit comm

)# *uman comm as $erce$tion,#iaencoding and decoding ofmessages by indi#iduals


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/estley4Mac(ean Model @6GKD

x11

A BC

x2

x1

x1

x3

x3

x3

x4

fCA

fBA

fBC

A = reporter(observer)

C = editor(gatekeeper)

B = the audience

(receiver)

f = feedback

xi= information

x1= message

x11= modifiedmessage


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/estley4Mac(ean Model

>ses t!e context of Lournalisticreporting to explore !o messages

can be modied by intermediaryagents before reac!ing t!eir intendedtarget

$ntroduced t!e concept of a+ateee$er


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+ateee$er,an intermediary agent it!control o#er info Io5 Can a'ect

message by restricting or facilitatingaccess and)or by altering content


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Editor is a gateeeper,modies reporter0s message @storyD before itreac!es t!e audience

,ntentionalgateeeping,c!oices made by t!e editor in t!e editorialprocess

-nintentionalgateeeping,inIuence of editor0s perceptual ltering

x11

A BCx

2

x1

x1

x3

x3

x3

x4

fCA

fBA

fBC

A = reporter

(observer)

C= editor(gatekeeper)

B= the audience(receiver)

f = feedback

xi= information

x1= message

x11= modified

message


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.ateeepers exist in any comm context !eremessages pass t!roug! an intermediary

t!er examples of gateeepers in comm:

Personal assistant @lie t!e editor% a positional gateeeperD

(ea#ing a message it! a friend0s roommate @incidentalgateeeperD


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Con#ergence Model @6KD

Considers communication a process in !ic! participants createConsiders communication a process in !ic! participants create

and s!are information it! one anot!er in order to reac! aand s!are information it! one anot!er in order to reac! a


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Con#ergence Model

ocuses on:

Communicationas a process

Communicationinteractions aso.ten c%clical

Convergence,tendency tomo#e toardsa commonpoint @s!aredfocus%understanding%

interest% etc5D


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Con#ergence Model

Comm #ieed as a cyclical process of expressing

and interpreting @assigning meaningD informationexc!anged beteen indi#iduals% !o% o#ertime%progress toards con#ergence

Adopts a transactional perspecti#e

Be sure to read t!e discussion of t!e con#ergence model in C!5 3


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Properties ofCommunication

Collecti#ely% our denitions& models suggest se#eralproperties of communication


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Communication is a $rocess

$n#ol#es c!ange o#er time

Elements are dynamic

Comm interactions are inIuenced bypre#ious comm and a'ect futurecomm


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Communication is continuous

"icult to brea don into discrete%

independent elements)acts

Communication is s%mbolic

9elies on symbols @messagesD to con#eymeaning

ymbols @messagesD as distinct from meaning andarbitrary to some degree


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Communication is irreversible

Can0t 8tae bac0 a message5 9efuting or asing toignore is not t!e same

Ex: 9emars to a Lury

Communication is s%stemic

Elements of comm are interrelated

ystem properties inIuence indi#idual components


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Communication is transactional

imultaneous exc!ange and mutual inIuence

Communication is o.ten fawed

Miscommunication% ambiguity% and gateeeping

Communication is inclusive

Encompasses a ide #ariety of contexts%approac!es% participates% etc5


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Properties of Numan Communication

/e can furt!er specify 3 propertiesof communication in#ol#ing !umans

"# *uman comm involves both intentionaland unintentional $rocesses

Consider ;O Comm


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Messages in human comm havemulti$le dimensions

Ex5 in interpersonal comm:

Contentdimension, !at a message explicitly

says

Relationaldimension, !at a message implies

about t!e relations!ip beteen communicators


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*uman comm is a $rocess o. $erce$tion

Meaning in comm is percei#ed

Perceptual di'erences bridgedt!roug! comm

Comm s!apes perception and #ice#ersa

2. comm models outline

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