2 - aggregate gradation
TRANSCRIPT
Aggregate Gradation
CIVL 3137 27
Gradation Analysis⎧⎪⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎪⎩
percent coarseror
percent retained
⎧⎪⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎪⎩
percent fineror
percent pas sing
Percentagesare calculatedby mass
Sieves
Shakers
Gilson Shaker Mary Ann Shaker
CIVL 3137 30
Gradation Chart
0
20
40
60
80
100
Opening Size (mm)
Perc
ent
Pass
ing
Total mass percent passing each sieve
Gradation Example
CIVL 3137 32
Coarse Aggregate SievesSieve
DesignationOpening
(in)Opening
(mm)3 in 3.00 75.02 in 2.00 50.0
1½ in 1.50 37.51 in 1.00 25.0
3/4 in 0.75 19.01/2 in 0.50 12.5
3/8 in 0.375 9.50
Bold = Full sieves
CIVL 3137 33
Fine Aggregate SievesSieve
Designation Opening
(in) Opening
(mm) No. 4 0.187 4.75 No. 8 0.0937 2.36
No. 16 0.0469 1.18 No. 30 0.0234 0.60 No. 50 0.0117 0.30 No. 100 0.0059 0.15 No. 200 0.0030 0.075
Bold = Full sieves
Aggregate Size
Gravel Sand Silt & Clay
4.75 2.36 1.18 0.60 0.30 0.15 0.075 mm
Coarse Fine
Coarse Fine Filler
Soil Mechanics
Concrete
Asphalt
No. 4 No. 8 No. 16 No. 30 No. 50 No. 100 No. 200
CIVL 3137 35
Range of Sieve SizesSieve
DesignationOpening
(in)Opening
(mm)3 in 3.00 75.0
. . .
. . .
. . .
No. 200 0.0030 0.075
CIVL 3137 36
Gradation Chart
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.010.1110100Opening Size (mm)
Perc
ent
Pass
ing
(%)
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.010.1110100Opening Size (mm)
1½" ¾" 3/8" 4 8 16 30 50 100 200
CIVL 3137 37
Open-Graded Aggregate
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.010.1110100Opening Size (mm)
Perc
ent
Pass
ing
1½" ¾" 3/8" 4 8 16 30 50 100 200
opengraded
CIVL 3137 38
Open-Graded Aggregate
Grain-to-grain contactHigh void contentLow but variable densityHigh stability if confinedLow stability unconfinedDifficult to compact
CIVL 3137 39
Dense-Graded Aggregate
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.010.1110100Opening Size (mm)
Perc
ent
Pass
ing
1½" ¾" 3/8" 4 8 16 30 50 100 200
opengraded
densegraded
CIVL 3137 40
Dense-Graded Aggregate
Grain-to-grain contactLow void contentHigh densityHigh stability if confinedHigh stability unconfinedDifficult to compact
CIVL 3137 41
Gap-Graded Aggregate
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.010.1110100Opening Size (mm)
Perc
ent
Pass
ing
1½" ¾" 3/8" 4 8 16 30 50 100 200
opengraded
densegraded
gapgraded
CIVL 3137 42
Gap-Graded Aggregate
No grain-to-grain contactHigher void contentLower densityLow stability if confinedLow stability unconfinedEasy to compact
CIVL 3137 43
Uniformly-Graded Aggregate
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.010.1110100Opening Size (mm)
Perc
ent
Pass
ing
1½" ¾" 3/8" 4 8 16 30 50 100 200
uniformlygraded
Aggregate for Concrete
Source: Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures (PCA, 2007)
Source: Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures (PCA, 2007)
Size Percent By Weight Passing Each Laboratory Sieve
Number 4" 3½" 3" 2½" 2" 1½" 1" ¾" ½" 3/8" No. 4 No. 8 No. 16 No. 50 No. 100
1 100 90–100 – 25–60 – 0–15 – 0–5
2 100 90–100 35–70 0–15 – 0–5
24 100 90–100 – 25–60 – 0–10 0–5
3 100 90–100 35–70 0–15 – 0–5
357 100 95–100 – 35–70 – 10–30 – 0–5
4 100 90–100 20–55 0–15 – 0–5 –
467 100 95–100 – 35–70 – 10–30 0–5
5 100 90–100 20–55 0–10 0–5 –
56 100 90–100 40–85 10–40 0–15 0–5
57 100 95–100 – 25–60 – 0–10 0–5
6 100 90–100 20–55 0–15 0–5 –
67 100 90–100 – 20–55 0–10 0–5
68 100 90–100 – 30–65 5–25 0–10 0–5
7 100 90–100 40–70 0–15 0–5 –
78 100 90–100 40–75 5–25 0–10 0–5
8 100 85–100 10–30 0–10 0–5
89 100 90–100 20–55 5–30 0–10 0–5
9 100 85–100 10–40 0–10 0–5
10 100 85–100 – – – 10–30
Standard Sizes of Processed Aggregate (ASTM C-33)
Size Midpoint Percent By Weight Passing Each Laboratory Sieve
Number 4" 3½" 3" 2½" 2" 1½" 1" ¾" ½" 3/8" No. 4 No. 8 No. 16 No. 50 No. 100
1 100 95 – 42.5 – 7.5 – 2.5
2 100 95 52.5 7.5 – 2.5
24 100 95 – 42.5 – 5 2.5
3 100 95 52.5 7.5 – 2.5
357 100 97.5 – 52.5 – 20 – 2.5
4 100 95 37.5 7.5 – 2.5 –
467 100 97.5 – 52.5 – 20 2.5
5 100 95 37.5 5 2.5 –
56 100 95 62.5 25 7.5 2.5
57 100 97.5 – 42.5 – 5 2.5
6 100 95 37.5 7.5 2.5 –
67 100 95 – 37.5 5 2.5
68 100 95 – 47.5 15 5 2.5
7 100 95 55 7.5 2.5 –
78 100 95 57.5 15 5 2.5
8 100 92.5 20 5 2.5
89 100 95 37.5 17.5 5 2.5
9 100 92.5 25 5 2.5
10 100 92.5 – – – 20
Standard Sizes of Processed Aggregate (ASTM C-33)
GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION GRAPH
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110100
GRAIN SIZE IN MILLIMETERS
PER
CEN
T PA
SSIN
1½" ¾" ⅜" 4 83" 16
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Standard Sizes of Processed Aggregate (ASTM C-33)
Standard Sizes of Processed Aggregate (ASTM C-33)
GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION GRAPH
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110100
GRAIN SIZE IN MILLIMETERS
PER
CEN
T PA
SSIN
1½" ¾" ⅜" 4 83" 16
5 6 7
56 67
Standard Sizes of Processed Aggregate (ASTM C-33)
GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION GRAPH
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110100
GRAIN SIZE IN MILLIMETERS
PER
CEN
T PA
SSIN
1½" ¾" ⅜" 4 83" 16
5 7
57
Standard Sizes of Processed Aggregate (ASTM C-33)
GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION GRAPH
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110100
GRAIN SIZE IN MILLIMETERS
PER
CEN
T PA
SSIN
1½" ¾" ⅜" 4 83" 16
57
3
357
Standard Sizes of Processed Aggregate (ASTM C-33)
GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION GRAPH
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110100
GRAIN SIZE IN MILLIMETERS
PER
CEN
T PA
SSIN
1½" ¾" ⅜" 4 83" 16
67
4
467
CIVL 3137 54
Fineness Modulus
Fineness modulus (n.) an index of the coarseness or fineness of an aggregate; it is computed as the sum of the fraction retained on each full series sieve starting from the No. 100 sieve.
CIVL 3137 55
Fineness Modulus
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.010.1110100Opening Size (mm)
Perc
ent
Pass
ing
1½" ¾" 3/8" 4 8 16 30 50 100 200
+ + + + += =
94 80 58 32 10 0FM 2.74
100
CIVL 3137 56
Fineness Modulus
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.010.1110100Opening Size (mm)
Perc
ent
Pass
ing
1½" ¾" 3/8" 4 8 16 30 50 100 200
FM=FM 2.74
CIVL 3137 57
ASTM C-33 Sand
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.010.1110100Opening Size (mm)
Perc
ent
Pass
ing
1½" ¾" 3/8" 4 8 16 30 50 100 200
Coarse Sand
Fine Sand
CIVL 3137 58
ASTM C-33 Coarse Sand
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.010.1110100Opening Size (mm)
Perc
ent
Pass
ing
1½" ¾" 3/8" 4 8 16 30 50 100 200
=FM 3.45
Coarse Sand
CIVL 3137 59
ASTM C-33 Fine Sand
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.010.1110100Opening Size (mm)
Perc
ent
Pass
ing
1½" ¾" 3/8" 4 8 16 30 50 100 200
Fine Sand
=FM 2.15
Aggregate for Asphalt
CIVL 3137 61
Dense-Graded Aggregate
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.010.1110100Opening Size (mm)
Perc
ent
Pass
ing
1½" ¾" 3/8" 4 8 16 30 50 100 200
CIVL 3137 62
Fuller’s Curve
Fuller, W.B. and Thompson, S.E. “The laws of proportioning concrete," Transactions of the ASCE, v. 159, 1907.
⎛ ⎞= ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
0.50i
id
pD
pi = percent passing ith sieve
di = opening size of ith sieve
D = maximum particle size
CIVL 3137 63
Fuller’s Curves
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.010.1110100Opening Size (mm)
Perc
ent
Pass
ing
1½" ¾" 3/8" 4 8 16 30 50 100 200
CIVL 3137 64
Fuller’s Curve
In 1962 FHWA published a modified version of Fuller’s equation with a different exponent.
⎛ ⎞= ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
0.450.50
ii
dp
D
pi = percent passing ith sieve
di = opening size of ith sieve
D = maximum particle size
CIVL 3137 65
0.45 Power Chart
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 1 2 3 4 5Opening Size (mm) Raised to the 0.45 Power
Perc
ent
Pass
ing
¾"3/8"4830200
CIVL 3137 66
0.45 Power Chart
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 1 2 3 4 5Opening Size (mm) Raised to the 0.45 Power
Perc
ent
Pass
ing
¾"3/8"4830200
Aggregate Blending
Aggregate Blending Example