7

8

4

59

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New steps for ITER!

Cryolor: Cryogenics for more eco-friendly trucks

Aline Hoffmann: A little hydrogen in a world of kerosene

FOCUS

Space: Ever further

IN BRIEF

WIDE ANGLE

EXPERT'S VOICE

THE AIR LIQUIDE ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES MAGAZINE

IN BRIEF

AMBITIONOn December 21, 2016 – at a time when we were celebrating 50 years in space – Air Liquide opened up new horizons. Ariane 6 is one of the projects we are now involved in that are having a profound impact on our approach and the possibilities open to us. Technologies developed for satellites are already undergoing rapid change, but with space exploration, Air Liquide is involved in one of humanity's greatest dreams. Space travel requires clean, economical and recyclable technologies. These technologies will also enable us to preserve our planet.

COLLABORATION Last December, the idea of working together never rung so true. Air Liquide initiated new collaborations with international partners that share the same spirit of adventure: the CNES, the DLR (German aerospace center), the ESA's (European Space Agency) European Astronaut Center, and Airbus. Pooling our expertise will start – let's say it – a revolution. And it will necessarily be a collective revolution.

Xavier VIGOR Managing Director of Air Liquide advanced Technologies

Suzanne ROYAir Liquide's Vice President for Fusion, Aeronautics and Space Business

editorialThe space industry is changing. Air Liquide is changing too.By creating new ambitions for ourselves, joining forceswith new partners, and looking way ahead into the future.The moon is just a first step, towards Mars and other destinations...

Launch clean Liquefied NaturalGas (LNG) and nitrogen transportation solutions.

CRYOLOR

Cryogenics for more eco-friendly trucksCryolor designs and manufactures equipment for the storage, transportation, and vaporization of liquefied "gases": oxygen, hydrogen, argon, Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), and nitrogen.

Their "Thermosiphon" tanks are particularly reliable and innovative. They are often used for LNG refuelling stations. Cryogenic pumps directly connected to the tanks, can be immediately started thanks to the Thermosiphon technology, with reduced heat losses.

Recently, Air Liquide advanced Business joined forces with Cryolor launch clean LNG and nitrogen transportation solutions. LNG is a clean and economic alternative to diesel for road freight, especially when it is produced from biogas. Nitrogen is used to cool refrigerated trucks in Air Liquide's Blueeze solution: the truck's box is cooled by the circulation of liquid nitrogen with no polluting emissions.

Find out more about Cryolor's products on www.cryolor.com

03IN BRIEF

HYDROGEN

Global union for hydrogen at the Davos summitAt the annual meeting of the global economic forum in Davos, Air Liquide joined forces with 12 global industrial giants to promote hydrogen through a "Hydrogen Council".

This is the first global initiative of its kind, which aims to show that hydrogen is a key solution for the energy transition. This council, currently chaired jointly by Air Liquide and Toyota, brought together 13 company CEOs from energy, transportation, and industry, determined to contribute to limiting global warming to 2°C, as defined by the 2015 Paris climate agreements.

Its mission is to make proposals to public and private stakeholders of the transition to move towards a low-carbon society. A report1 commissioned by the "Hydrogen Council" already shows the potential of hydrogen in the energy transition and suggests action that the authorities could take to support the development of hydrogen.

Air Liquide is accelerating the creation of a network of hydrogen stations for the general public. The Group very recently inaugurated a station in Offenbach am Main, Germany as part of the Clean Energy Partnership; one in California, USA; and two others in Japan. Many more stations are due to open in 2017.

1 How Hydrogen empowers the energy transition

CHINA

Xinjiang runs on biomethaneAir Liquide has built its first biomethane production plant in China, which presents the advantage of being able to process agricultural waste while reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

This plant, built for HEEE1, is located in the region of Xinjiang, in the north-west of China. It can produce 1,500 Nm3 of 97%-pure biomethane per hour from cattle manure and corn stover. This biogas is supplied to filling stations for natural gas vehicles (NGVs), bearing in mind that China is world's largest NGV market with 5 million vehicles!

This project for HEEE has resulted in the most efficient agricultural biogas plant in the country, a fact that has been acknowledged twice by Chinese industrial organizations. Air Liquide was named "Best Eco-friendly Pioneer", a prize that rewards the best CSR practices among foreign-owned companies; as well as receiving the prize for best innovation from a cooperation between an international group and a Chinese partner, given out by the Chinese petroleum and chemical industry association.

1 Hangzhou Energy & Environmental Engineering Co., Ltd

AFGNV

The latest news on natural gas for vehicles!The AFGNV (Association Française du Gaz Naturel pour Véhicules - French Association for Natural Gas for Vehicles) has launched a new communication tool: GNV Mag1, a video magazine, with news stories about the industry, interviews, reports, thematic features and upcoming events.

Air Liquide makes the headlines in its first edition. CH4 Gas Mobility Project Engineer, Lucie Tonnelier, is interviewed on the site of the multi-energy station built in Lesquin by Air Liquide for Auchan. The challenge for the retailer is to move towards clean road transport, as explained by Auchan's Regional Transport Manager, Xavier Everaere.

Lesquin is not the only station commissioned by Air Liquide. Two others opened in 2016 and eight more are planned for 2017, including the latest one, in partnership with Carrefour, inaugurated on April 7 in Servon in the Paris region. The station was designed and built by Air Liquide to refuel bio-compressed natural gas (CNG) tankers.

And that's not all! Air Liquide is continuing to develop with the recent acquisition of ENN Clean Energy UK. The aim is to expand its natural gas fueling network in Europe.

1 www.afgnv.info/GNVmag-n-1_a892.html

To make proposals to public and private stakeholders of the transition to move towards a low-carbon society.

MISSION TO LIMITING GLOBAL WARMING TO

2° C

2015PARIS CLIMATE AGREEMENTS

2017HYDROGEN COUNCIL

04

SPACE

Ever further, more ambitious and more innovative

The Ariane launch vehicle, the MELFI cryofreezer, the Planck satellite, the ExoMars rover… After 55 years of success in the conquest of space, Air Liquide is still driven by the same passion to meet the challenges of an increasingly competitive and ambitious adventure!We are driven to always go further and be more innovative than before.

At the end of last year, for MELFI's1 ten-year anniversary, Air Liquide received some high-profile visitors including the President of the CNES, Jean-Yves Le Gall; the Director of the ESA's European Astronauts' Center, Frank De Winne; the DLR's Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics' Head of Energy System Integration, Andre Suchaneck; all welcomed by François Darchis, who is a Member of the Group's Executive Committee. MELFI’s exceptional longevity proves the reliability of the technologies developed by Air Liquide and the added value of its teams' expertise.

1 "Minus Eighty-degree Laboratory Freezer for ISS"

VIDEO AVAILABLEON-LINE

Happy birthday, MELFI! This fridge has been keeping things

cool on the International Space Station for 10 years now.

It was made by Air Liquide for ESA and we use it to store [...]

biological samples for researchers to analyse on Earth.

We have three MELFIs onboard [...]. [They] are pretty full

right now since we have not had a cargo ship arrive for a while.

05WIDE ANGLE

A village on the moon?Beyond past achievements that are used on current projects, the group is looking to the future and focusing its expertise on new challenges in space exploration. Among the most ambitious projects that Air Liquide is working on are solutions that enable humans to live far from Earth, on a permanent lunar base. This is not a dream; it is already a project of the European Space Agency (ESA). Frank de Winne mentioned the project during the round table organized by Air Liquide on December 21, 20172, saying "We will build homes to test various operational concepts. For this, we will need energy, whereas there are no fossil fuels on the moon. Photovoltaic energy is the only available source of energy, and we will need to be able to store it, because the moon is only illuminated by the sun 14 of every 28 days. We are looking for a sustainable, safe, and reliable energy source for our lunar base. Energy produced by lightweight systems that operate autonomously, and which can be used for the needs of homes, for mobility, communication, and to carry out scientific experiments. We believe hydrogen is our best option, especially as it can be found on the moon."Back on Earth, Air Liquide is a precursor in the hydrogen energy sector. Now these technologies just need to be adapted for use in space. Thanks to the expertise acquired over 55 years spent in the conquest of space, the challenge is within our capabilities. This is where the desire for cooperation between Air Liquide, the ESA, and the DLR came from.

Ariane Program: next stepsOf all the space projects that Air Liquide is associated with, the Ariane program is one of the most emblematic. The group has been involved in every step of the saga, since December 25, 1979 when the very first 1st generation Ariane launch vehicle sent the first Air Liquide tank into space. The group has received confirmationthat it would be involved in the Ariane 6 program, whose inaugural flight is due in 2020. Air Liquide will supply the cryogenic equipment for the future European launch vehicle's propulsion system, and will build the cryogenic fluid systems for Ariane ELA4's new launch complex in French Guiana's space center.

A constellation of satellitesAir Liquide also intends to contribute to another equally ambitious project: the transition of the world's satellite fleet to electric propulsion, with 400 new observation satellites, 300 major telecommunications satellites and plans for a possible constellation of thousands of satellites. In order to do this, the group will provide its expertise in xenon. Indeed, within five years we estimate that a quarter of geostationary satellites will use ion thrusters. By using xenon as a propellant, satellites can cut their weight in half. A big plus for the space industry! Air Liquide will be involved at several levels: supplying the gas, producing xenon filling carts for satellites and designing micro flow regulation valves3. This micro-valve is currently being adapted for electrical propulsion with the CNES but micro-valves are already part of a large-scale project: ExoMars. They regulate the flow of helium from the chromatograph to the rover. Weighing just a matter of grams, they were a real miniaturization challenge.

“ Space has always been a driver of innovation and technological development for Air Liquide. The Group capitalizes on 50 years of history in space cryogenics, its capacity for innovation and its presence in the majority of space centers, to provide comprehensive "end-to-end" solutions for launch vehicles, launch pads, cryo-coolers for terrestrial observation, electric propulsion, and exploration, thereby helping to meet the challenges of our time.” Bertrand Baratte, Space Business Unit Director, Air Liquide advanced Technologies

“ As a long-time partner, Air Liquide has developed unique expertise in space cryogenics, which enables it to contribute to the Ariane program at every phase of the launch vehicles' development” François Darchis, Member of the Group's Executive Committee

2 https://advancedtech.airliquide.com/round-table-space-exploration

3 http://www.cryoscope.airliquide.com/en/collection/57/#expert

4 Helium is also used to pressurize Ariane 5's cryogenic tanks.

It was 25 years ago that Air Liquide built a liquid hydrogen plant in Kourou, to produce the propellant for Ariane 5's thrusters. That was the genesis of Air Liquide’s Guiana Space Center, which also operates a plant for the distillation of gas in the air, to supply liquid oxygen to the launch vehicle and the nitrogen required for fluid processes and safety at the Guiana Space Center. Air Liquide's space center in Guiana also supplies compressed air and helium4, which are used to clean the launch vehicles among other things. Air Liquide's teams also transfer all these fluids from the plants to the launch vehicles, via unique semi-mobile tanks. They operate and conduct maintenance on the related ground resources and they build, qualify and recondition the tubes that connect Ariane 5 to the ground equipment. And finally, Air Liquide helps to prepare the satellites by supplying conditioned nitrogen and helium in bottles.

30 000 L OF LIQUID HYDROGEN

70 tonsOF LIQUID OXYGEN AND NITROGEN

KOUROU

are supplied daily in Kourou

“ We are determined to be competitive in the commercial launch vehicle industry," explains Operations Manager, Dominique Boutellier. "We are already working on adapting our production facilities and our services to the challenge of Ariane 6. Air Liquide's Guiana Space Center is providing its expertise to help build the future launch area. Our 44 employees are willing and ready to achieve this incredible feat!”

ARIANE 6Mission accomplished in Kourou too!

“ We are looking for a sustainable, safe, and reliable energy source for our lunar base.”

3

06

Can you describe EuroCryospace and its activities to us?

EuroCryospace was created by Air Liquide and Airbus Safran Launchers, to study, develop and build the tanks for Ariane 5 launch vehicles with cryogenic propulsion: the hydrogen and oxygen tanks from the main stage and the hydrogen tanks from the upper stage that had to be replaced for the new version of the launch vehicle, the Ariane 5 Midlife Evolution (ME). We also produce the cryogenic supply and pressurization lines for the propellants and the engines. Over the years, EuroCryospace has built more than 90 tanks for the main stage and more than 70 for the upper stage. In early May, Ariane 5 recorded its 78th consecutive successful launch.

What has been EuroCryospace's contribution to the success of the Ariane program?

Certain studies with the CNES and the ESA, and the development of Ariane 5ME's cryogenic tank led to real technological breakthroughs. We have registered 25 patents since the project began, in particular in the treatment of surfaces and insulation and partitioning processes, which are essential for preventing the vaporization of liquid propellants.These technological advances will also benefit the Ariane 6 program. As part of the HX campaign with Air Liquide, 14 new technologies were developed, dedicated to giving the launch vehicles of the future re-ignition capabilities in space.

You have been managing director of EuroCryospace since January 2016. What are the latest milestones you have passed and what projects are you working on?

We are now focused on production for Ariane 5, following the discontinuation of the Ariane 5ME program. That will be until 2021, when Ariane 6 arrives. A batch of 18 tanks and cryogenic lines is due. Arianespace has increased the number of launches in the last two years, which has obliged us to accelerate production. In parallel, the agency has challenged us to lower costs, faced with competition from private aerospace manufacturers. So we have organized a continuous improvement policy on production flows. To do this, we created teams responsible for optimizing processes and we have reinforced in-service support for our tools to constantly improve efficiency. I am positive. EuroCryospace has highly qualified staff, who are proud to serve excellence in space exploration!

Christine Jauffret, Director of EuroCryospace

questions to…

5 Meteosat Third Generation

WIDE ANGLE

235,4

170THE TANK FOR ARIANE 5ME'S MAIN STAGE IS

METERS LONG

METERS IN DIAMETER

DETACHED EUROCRYOSPACE EMPLOYEES either from Air Liquide or from Astrium Safran Launchers

78 consecutive successful launches

Air Liquide’s expertise dedicated to launch vehiclesFrom innovation to industrialization worldwide thanks to the Air Liquide group’s expertise and international presence

OPERATIONS, MAINTENANCE & SERVICES

Gas production, distribution, supply and fill, maintenance and services, launch assistance

DESIGN & TECHNICALEXPERTISE

Functional studies, thermal & structural analysis, electrical engineering

GROUND SUPPORT

Cryogenic storage, equipment, facilities and distribution lines for launch pads

TESTING RESSOURCES

Test center with 16 test areas, 5 test labs and 2 blockhouses for tests under representative space conditions

MANUFACTURING, INTEGRATION & QUALIFICATION

• Cryogenic tanks and lines, pressurised gas storage, insulation, level gauges, propellant management devices

• Forming processes, heat & surface treatment, ISO 5 clean room, welding, bonding techniques

"Active" cooling for space and terrestrial observation

To produce cold in a satellite in space, where every square inch is crucial, active cooling using pulse tube cryocoolers is the most appropriate technique. Better yet, this technology developed by Air Liquide has another advantage, namely stable cryogenic cooling capacity, very low levels of vibrations, exceptional reliability, and a practically infinite functional life. With no moving parts in the cold end, the pulse tubes do not suffer from wear and tear. This technology was chosen to cool the instruments' focal plane on observation and weather satellites. This means 12 pulse tube cryocoolers will join six MTG5 satellites in geostationary

orbit at 36,000 km above the Earth, for 20 years starting in 2017. They will cool the new generation of atmospheric sounders, which provide very precise meteorological data. The first satellite will be sent into orbit in 2021. Air Liquide will pursue the development of its range of pulse tube cryocoolers in order to best meet international demand in the fields of science and terrestrial observation.

07

Then comes the assembly phase.

That's the third step. And the design must consider all the constraints of the aeronautics industry in terms of security, vibrations, weight, volume, etc. We have to justify every single choice we make. It's also during assembly that we realize the limits of 3D design. We always have a few surprises! But if there weren't any problems there would be no engineers...

What is the current status of the Hycarus project?

Trials are underway on the tank and the fuel cell is being tested by Zodiac Aerospace. It will then undergo various environmental qualification tests. But the big day will be the first flight test at the end of 2017.

Confident?

Yes! I can't wait!

Aline, can you tell us about your career before you joined Air Liquide?

After my studies at Compiègne Technology University, I specialized in processes and the thermal and energy industries. One subject in particular interested me: biogas. I like the idea of turning waste into a source of energy! Nowadays, one can produce hydrogen from biomethane. This hydrogen is central to the Hycarus project. It's true that I wasn’t familiar with the aeronautics or aviation industries before, but as an engineer, I believe that any subject can be interesting. My job is to solve problems. Before joining Air Liquide, my first job was in tractor accreditation services!

Beyond its primary mission, Hycarus opens new perspectives.

Hycarus was initially designed to provide electricity for the kitchen area (called the galley). The results obtained could then be used in other applications. For example, to replace the RAT (Ram Air Turbine), the small, emergency wind turbine that planes deploy to generate electricity, allowing it to land in the event of engine failure. Or to supply the APU (Auxiliary Power Unit), namely the generator that powers various onboard systems when the plane is grounded with the engines off. But then nothing prevents us from imagining a future where planes are powered exclusively by electricity produced from hydrogen!

As an engineer, what fascinates you about this project?

It's the number of issues that must be dealt with. That goes from equipment design to questions of security. A very simple example: how do we evacuate the hydrogen in the event of overpressure? Outside, of course, with a pipe. But what happens if the gas ignites outside, bearing in mind that the plane's walls, which are relatively thin, must not overheat... This is just one of many issues.

So how do you resolve all these very concrete issues when Hycarus is still just a tool in the modelling phase?

That's what explains why a project like this takes so long. I have been working on it from the start, nearly full time. There was a first six-month phase to define the various players' needs and performance requirements (quantity of hydrogen necessary, flow rates, safety needs, etc.). The second phase involved finding the components of our fuel cell. Bearing in mind that components for hydrogen in the aeronautics industry don't exist!And few suppliers were able to get involved in the project for insurance reasons. We therefore had to rely on the expertise we acquired in the development of hydrogen charging stations, and selecting high-performance components that are likely to pass aeronautics qualification testing.

1 In partnership with Zodiac Aerotechnics (coordinator), CEA, Dassault Aviation, JRC-IET, l'INTA, ARTTIC, Zodiac Aeroelectric, Zodiac Galleys Europe sro, Zodiac CABIN & CONTROL.The project Hycarus has received funding from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) for the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Technology Initiative under grant agreement n°325342.

2 FCH JU: A public/private partnership with three members: the European Union represented by the European Commission, European industries represented by NEW IG group, and the scientific world represented by N.ERGHY group.

EXPERT'S VOICE

ALINE HOFFMANN

A little hydrogen in a world of kerosene

Hycarus1 is four years old and is very healthy. He is also the focus of all Aline Hoffmann's attention. Hoffmann is an Air Liquide engineer, and Hycarus is the code name given to a research project on a fuel cell intended for the aviation industry. It aims to fi nd new ways of generating electricity on board fl ights. And things are not necessarily always simple…

HYDROGEN

HYCARUS (HYdrogen Cells for AiRborne USage)A European project initiated by the FCH JU2 (Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking), aiming to show that hydrogen can be used to power fuel cells and thereby supply electricity on aircraft. For this, Air Liquide has been working in collaboration with Zodiac Aerospace, Dassault, and the CEA since 2013.Air Liquide has developed a high-pressure hydrogen storage tank that is big enough to carry the required mass. This gas must be compressed to an acceptable pressure for a fuel cell, which then produces electricity.

More information on

www.hycarus.eu

THE DIFFERENT PHASES

Design and production

TestsDefinition of needs

6 months

2013 2017

4 years ongoing

Air Liquide has developed a high-pressure hydrogen storage tank.

08 FOCUS

CRYOGENICS

New steps for ITER!The cryogenic equipment designed and produced in Air Liquide's workshops will progressively be installed in ITER's experimental fusion reactor1 on the construction site in Saint-Paul-lez-Durance. Let’s take a look at the milestones reached in 2016 and the expected progress for 2017, both on ITER’s site and in the rest of the world as part of the “Broader approach” complementary research program between Europe and Japan.

Successful trials in NakaThe ITER project reached some major milestones in 2016. Significant results have been obtained thanks to the developments of the “Broader approach” agreement in particular. In Naka, Japan, the JT-60SA reactor2 received its cryogenic plant, made by Air Liquide. Trials on the compression station and the plant's two cold boxes3 confirmed the specifications and performances in a variety of configurations, at 80K and 4K (approx. -190 °C and -270 °C). These tests were a challenge for the teams, bearing in mind that the JT-60SA cryogenic plant is packed with innovations. And Air Liquide is contributing to ITER's success in Italy too. The Group has signed a contract to supply a helium refrigerator with a distribution box, intended for the Mitica experiment. This experiment is being conducted in the Prima installation in Padua, Italy, with a view to testing a Neutron Beam Injector (NBI) like the one used on ITER's tokamak.

Flood of deliveriesBack in France, on the ITER site, a gargantuan convoy arrived at the back end of 2016, following a 500km journey by road, river, and sea from the workshops in Sassenage. This convoy was carrying three colossal helium cold boxes. Measuring 21 meters long and 4.20 meters in diameter, they weighed in at 135 tons each. In November, two 4K helium storage tanks also arrived in ITER, delivered by Air Liquide's engineering teams from Champigny in France. Even more imposing – 35 meters long, 4.50 meters in diameter and 160 tons each – this equipment is used to evacuate the helium contained in the tokamak in the event of the accidental vaporization of liquid helium. In June 2017, Air Liquide will deliver two nitrogen refrigerators and two helium

loops, which will provide the helium plant with additional cooling power and optimize fluid recovery. Other refrigeration elements are being finalized: a helium purifier, two valve boxes, a helium dryer – the largest one ever made – trial equipment, dryers, and the compressors used to recover the helium. The helium plants' compression stations are also close to completion.

Connecting the cryogenic plant to tokamakAir Liquide is also tasked with designing the 19 cryogenic lines, measuring a total of 1.6 km, which will carry the helium from the cryogenic plant to the tokamak. A prototype was created to test it. This prototype brought the difficulties of producing it into sharp focus. The design of ITER's lines is indeed a complex affair. Moreover, the prototype had to be able to absorb the equipment's movement during cooling and warming phases or the cryogenic lines could rupture! And finally, to minimize variations in temperature for the helium in the lines, Air Liquide installed super-insulation on them, similar to that used on satellites4, made up of several layers of material and vacuum.

Cryogenic lines: design approved!The tests followed in November. Before testing it, the prototype was covered with sensors. The trials exceeded all expectations, with a 90% match between the real-life situation and simulations. Now, the first batch of cryogenic lines is being built in Sassenage, with delivery due at the end of 2017. Batch 1 is the line that goes from the tokamak. Once again, this production was a challenge because the tokamak is not fixed; it is installed on seismic pads. The teams therefore have to develop a particularly complex seismic decoupling system. Another first!

Watch images of the project's progress on a virtual tour: http://static.iter.org/com/360/

CRYOSCOPE

Air Liquide advanced Business & Technologies

May 2017 - N° ISSN 2553-8128

Publishing director : Xavier Vigor

Redaction (Editorial, Expert’s voice): ginette

Redaction (In brief, Wide Angle, Focus):

Catherine Decombe-Joulain

Photos and illustrations: P. Avavian, Biogas HEEE,

CNES/ESA/Arianespace/Optique Vidéo CSG,

Eurocryospace, ESA/Satellite MTG,

Marcel Giger/Hydrogen Council, R. Guillard,

L. Lelong, NASA/JPL Caltech/Curiosity,

T. Pesquet/Melfi, G. Rakozy, G. Tachet,

Hans Lucas, Utopik photo, Shutterstock.

Coordination: Dominique Lecocq, Katelyne Braunlich

Graphic design: ginette

Print: atlanticlafab

Distribution : atlanticlafabPrinting: 1100 copies Legal deposit upon publication.

Place: 2 rue de Clémencière - BP 15 38360 Sassenage

www.advancedtech.airliquide.com www.energies.airliquide.com katelyne.braunlich@airliquide.com

To unsubscribe, contact us.

Thank you to all of our customers and partners mentioned in this issue of Cryoscope.

Thanks to all the employees who contributed to this issue: B. Baratte, C. Barnéoud-Arnaud, J. Beauvisage, X. Benedetti, E. Bensadoun, V. Billot, N. Blanchard, D. Boutelier, B. Chidaine, P. Crespi, E. Dupasquier, A. Hoffmann, C. Jauffret-Gotti, G. Lamy, A. Lazzarini, D. Magnet, A. Qu, S. Roy, L. Tonnellier, L. Vandewalle, T. Wiertz.

1 cf. Cryoscope 57.

2 The JT-60SA reactor aims to optimize the operation of fusion plasma generators.

3 Refrigeration Cold Box and Auxiliary Cold Box.

4 Air Liquide also operates on the satellite industry, please refer to our folder on this subject.

“The efficiency of the Air Liquide-CEA duo was particularly appreciated on the JT-60SA project, and drew admiration from our demanding European (F4E) and Japanese (QST) partners and customers.” Dr Jean-Claude Vallet, Director of the JT-60 SA Program, CEA

After a journey of more than 500 km by road and inland waterways, the oversize load of three helium cold boxes designed by Air Liquide reached its final destination – the ITER site in Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France – in December.

“ Air Liquide is supplying the vital cryogenic plant required for fusion confinement in the ITER tokamak. The aim is to control fusion so that it becomes a safe source of clean, unlimited energy by 2050.” VIDEO

AVAILABLE ON-LINE