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2018 ckjd˙ udifha isg §igyk¶ i`.rdj m< jkafka f;uilg jrla nj lreKdfjka i,lkak'

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f;dr;=re oek.ekSfï whs;sh ffk;sl j ms<s.;a uQ,sl whs;sjdislula njg m;a jQfha wdKavql%u jHjia:djg isÿ lrk ,o 19 jk ixfYdaOkh yryd w¨;ska y÷kajd fokq ,enQ 14^w& jHjia:dj u.sks' t lS 14^w& jHjia:dj wkqj hï hï iSudjkag hg;a j iEu mqrjeisfhl=g u wjYH jQ hï f;dr;=rla fj; m%fõY ùfï whs;sh ;yjqre lr we;'1 thg iu.dó j 2016 wf.daia;= 4 jk Èk Y%S ,xld md¾,sfïka;=fõ iïu; lr .kakd ,o 2017 fmnrjdß ui 3 jk Èk isg n,d;aul jQ 2016 wxl 12 ork f;dr;=re oek.ekSfï whs;sjdislu ms<sn| mk; u.ska mqrjeisfhl=f.a whs;shla l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd fyda wdrlaId lsÍu i|yd wjYH f;dr;=re fj; m%fõYh i|yd ffk;sl m%;smdok i,iñka úksúoNdjhlska hq;= j f;dr;=re mßyrKh i|yd Y%S ,xldj o ,snr,a mshjrla ;nk ,È' f;dr;=re oek.ekSfï whs;sjdislu ms<sn| mkf;a uQ,sl wruqK jkqfha f;dr;=rej,g m%fõYùug we;s whs;sjdislu iïnkaOfhka úêúOdk ie,iSu" f;dr;=re fj; m%fõY ùu m%;slafIam l< yels fya;= ksYaÑ; j oelaùu" f;dr;=re oek.ekSfï whs;sjdislu ms<sn| fldñIka iNdj msysgqùu" f;dr;=re ks,Orhka m;a lsÍu" f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSu i|yd jk l%shdmámdáh ksYaÑ; j oelaùu iy Bg iïnkaO fyda wdkqIx.sl ldrKd i|yd úúêOdk ie,iSu o fõ'2

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2016 wxl 12 ork f;dr;=re oek.ekSfï

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2'1 f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSfï l%shd mámdáh

f;dr;=re oek.ekSfï whs;sjdislu ms<sn| mk; hgf;a f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSug wfmalaId lrk hï mqrjeisfhl= úiska 2017'02'03 Èk .eiÜ m;%fhys m< lrk ,o fuu mk;g wod< fr.=,dis hgf;a z01 wdlD;shZ f,i olajd we;s whÿïm; Ndú; lrñka ,sÅ; j tu b,a,Su l< hq;= h' fl fia jqj o" tu b,a,Su ,sÅ; j l< fkd yels wjia:djl jdÑl j jqj o tu b,a,Su lsÍug mqrejeishdg ysñlula we;' t fia u fmdÿ wêldßhla fj; lrkq ,nk f;dr;=re b,a,Sula úoHq;a ;emE, u.ska jqj o isÿ lsÍug mk; u.ska u wjldY i,id we;'7

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wod< b,a,Su ,eî jev lrk Èk 14la we;=<; wjYH .dia;= we;akï tajd f.ùu u; b,a,d isák f;dr;=re iemhSug fyda mkf;a 5 j.ka;sfha i|yka fya;= tlla fyda lsysmhla u; f;dr;=re ,nd §u m%;slafIam lsÍug ;SrKh l< hq;= w;r tlS ;SrKh b,a,Su l< mqrjeishd yg jyd u ikaksfõokh l< hq;= fõ' f;dr;=re ,nd.ekSu i|yd jk b,a,Su hï mqrjeisfhl=f.a Ôú;h iy mqoa.,sl ksoyi iïnkaOfhka jk wjia:djl tu b,a,Su i|yd m%;spdr oelaùu b,a,Su ,eîfuka meh 48la we;=<; l< hq;= h'8

fl fia fj;;a" b,a,Sï lrkqfha úYd, jd¾;d m%udKhla iïnkaOfhka jk úg yd tu f;dr;=re fmdÿ wêldßfha f;dr;=re ks,Odßhdf.a ld¾hd,fha fkd j bka neyer j fjk;a ÿria: ia:dkhl we;akï iy f;dr;=re ks,Odßhdg Èk 14la we;=<; tu f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSug wiSre jkafka kï muKla wod< f;dr;=re ,nd §u ;j;a Èk 21la olajd §¾> l< yels w;r wod< mqrjeishd fj; oekqï §ug lghq;= l< hq;= fõ'

wod< f;dr;=re ,nd §fï § tlS .eiÜ m;%fha i|yka wdlD;s wxl 04 ys i|yka wdlD;sh Wmfhda.S lr f.k tlS f;dr;=re iemhsh hq;= w;r tu wdlD;sh Ndú; lsÍu wod< f;dr;=rej, iqrlaIs;Ndjhg fyda wdrlaIdjg w.;sodhl jk nj f;dr;=re ks,Odßhdf.a u;h jk úg tu f;dr;=re fjk;a iqÿiq wdldrhlg iemhsh hq;= fõ'

mqrjeishd úiska b,a,d we;s f;dr;=re ;=kajk md¾Yajhlg wod< fyda ;=kajk md¾Yajhla úiska imhk ,o wjia:djl § 29 ^1& j.ka;sfha olajd we;s ld, iSudj,g hg;a j tlS f;dr;=re fy<sorõ lsÍug tlS f;jk md¾Yajfhka leue;a; fyda wlue;a; úuid isáh hq;= fõ'9 ta iïnkaO f;jk md¾Yajfha u;h tlS f;dr;=re fy<sorõ lsÍu iïnkaOfhka ;SrKh lsÍfï § f;dr;=re ks,Odßhdf.a ksis wjOdkhg ,la úh hq;= fõ'

2'2 f;dr;=rej,g m%fõY ùu m%;slafIam lsÍu

mqrjeisfhl= úiska b,a,d isák f;dr;=re m%;slafIam lsÍug my; oelafjk wjia:dj, § f;dr;=re ks,Odßhdg mk; u.ska wjldY i,id we;'10

î& b,a,d isák f;dr;=re mqoa.,sl f;dr;=rla jk úg yd tlS f;dr;=r fy<sorõ lsÍu u.ska mqoa.,fhl=f.a mqoa.,sl;ajhg wkjirfhka wdl%uKh lsÍula isÿ jkafka kï yd tlS f;dr;=re fy<sorõ lsÍu uyck iqNisoaêhg fya;= fkd jk wjia:djl §"

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îv& wod< fy<sorõ lsÍu úksuh wkqm%udK fyda úfoaY yqjudre .kqfokq md,kh lsÍu"


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^vi& tu f;dr;=re hï ;eke;af;l=f.a ffjoH jd¾;djka fy<sorõ lsÍug uÕ mdok wjia:djl tajd fy<sorõ lsÍug Tyqf.a$ wehf.a wkque;sh § ke;s úfgl"

^vii& Ndrldr iïnkaO;djka fya;=fjka f;dr;=re ryis.; j ;nd .ekSu wjYH jk wjia:djl

^viii& tu f;dr;=re fy<sorõ lsÍu hï wmrdOhla fy<sorõ lsÍu fyda jrolrejka fidhd .ekSug ndOd muqKqjk wjia:djl" kS;sh n,d;aul lsÍug ndOdjla jk úg" wêlrKhg wmydihla jk úg" md¾,sfïka;= jrm%ido W,a,x>kh lrk wjia:djl" ryis.; j ;nd .; hq;= jQ úNd. f;dr;=re fy<sorõ lsÍulg wod< jk úg" ryis.; j ;nd .; hq;= jQ ue;sjrKhla iïnkaO f;dr;=re iïnkaOfhka jk úg" ;SrKhla f.k fkdue;s wud;H uKav, ixfoaYhla iïnkaOfhka jk úg

úfYaIfhka u wjOdrKh l< hq;= jkafka by; oelajQ l=uk fya;=jla wod< jkafka jqj o f;dr;=re fy<sorõ lsÍfuka isÿ jk uyck iqNisoaêh tu f;dr;=re fy<sorõ lsÍfuka jk ydkshg jvd jeä jk wjia:djl f;dr;=re fy<sorõ lsÍu m%;slafIam fkd lsÍug j. n,d .; hq;= njhs'

t fia u by; fya;=j,g hg;a j f;dr;=re ,nd §u m%;slafIam l< wjia:djl jqj o tu f;dr;=re f.dkqfõ we;=<;a fyda by; fya;= hg;g fkd jefgk hï fjka l< yels f;dr;=re fldgila fjf;d;a tu fldgi muKla jqj o b,a,Su l< mqrjeishd fj; ,nd Èh yels h'11

f;dr;=re ks,Odßfhl= úiska f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSu i|yd lrk ,o b,a,Sula m%;slafIam lrk ,o

wjia:djl § tu ks,Odßhd úiska wod< mqrjeishd fj; tu b,a,Su m%;slafIam lsÍug fya;= iy tu ;SrKhg tfrys j wNshdpkd l< yelafla ldg o hkak we;=<;a fldg .eiÜ m;%fha wdlD;s wxl 05 i|yka wdlD;sh Ndú; fldg wod< mqrjeishd fj; oekqï Èh yels h'

2'3 wNshdpkd

2'3'1 kï l< ks,Odßhd fj; lrkq ,nk wNshdpkd

f;dr;=re ks,Odßhd úiska olajk m%;spdrh ms<sn| j f;dr;=re b,a¨ï l< mqrjeishd iEySulg m;a fkd jkafka kï tu m%;spdrh ,eîfuka Èk 14la we;=<; kï l< ks,Odßhd ^Designated Officer& fj; wNshdpkh l< yels h' tlS wNshdpkh ,o kï l< ks,Odßhd úiska jev lrk Èk 3l ld,hla we;=<;" wNshdpkh lrkq ,nk mqrjeishd fj; tu wNshdpkh Ndr .;a njg oekqï§ula isÿ l< hq;= w;r wNshdpkh ms<sn| ;SrKh wNshdpkh ,eî i;s 3l ld,hla we;=<; ,nd Èh hq;= h'

2'3'2 f;dr;=re oek.ekSfï whs;sjdislu ms<sn| fldñIka iNdj fj; lrkq ,nk wNshdpk

f;dr;=re oek.ekSfï whs;sjdislu ms<sn| fldñIka iNdj 2016 wxl 12 ork f;dr;=re oek.ekSfï whs;sjdislu ms<sn| mkf;a 11 j.ka;sh m%ldr j ixia:dmkh lrkq ,enQ" m%Odk wëlaIK yd n,d;aul lsÍfï wdh;kh fõ'12 jHjia:dms; iajdëk wdh;khla jk fuhg f;dr;=re ,nd §u m%;slafIam lsÍu ms<sn| mÍlaIK meje;aùu" jroldÍ ks,OdÍkag tfrys j úkh l%shdud¾. ks¾foaY lsÍfï yd mk; hgf;a wmrdO kvq mejÍug lghq;= lsÍfï n,;, mejÍ we;'

by; oela jQ mßÈ kï l< ks,Odßhd fj; isÿ lrkq ,enQ wNshdpkhg ,o m%;spdr ms<sn| iEySulg m;a fkd jkakd jQ ´kE u mqrjeisfhl=g tu m%;spdrh ,eîfuka udi 2la we;=<; fldñIka iNdj fj; wNshdpkd l< yels h' fldñIka iNdj fj; lrkakd jQ wNshdpkd iïnkaO úNd. mámdáh mkf;a 42^2& j.ka;sh m%ldr j úIh Ndr wud;Hjrhd úiska wkqu; lrk ,o f;dr;=re oek.ekSfï whs;sjdislu ms<sn| mkf;a Í;s 13 - 31 hgf;a olajd we;'


2'3'3 wNshdpkdêlrKh fj; wNshdpk bÈßm;a lsÍu

fldñIka iNdj úiska fok ,o ;SrKhlska w;Dma;shg m;a hï mqrjeishl= fyda fmdÿ wêldßhla úiska ta ;SrKhg tfrys j" tu ;SrKh tlS mqrjeishdg fyda fmdÿ wêldßh fj; oekqï fokq ,enQ Èkfha isg udihla we;=<; wNshdpkdêlrKh fj; wNshdpkhla bÈßm;a lrkq ,eìh yels h'13

f;dr;=re ,nd.ekSfï mámdáh my; igyk u.ska ir, j oelaúh yels h'

3' mk; ms<sn| úfõpk

iuia; jYfhka fulS mk; ms<sn| .eUqßka wOHhkh l< úg th f;dr;=re b,a,d isák mqrjeishdg jvd;a mlaImd; nj m%;HlaI fõ' we;eï úoaj;=kaf.a u;h jkqfha f;dr;=re oek.ekSfï whs;sjdislu fya;=fjka mqoa., whs;sjdislï ;¾ckhg ,lajk njhs' t kï fmdÿ wêldßhla ika;lfha mj;skakd jQ hï hï f;dr;=re fy<sorõ lsÍu ;=<ska hï hï mqoa.,hkaf.a mqoa., whs;sjdislï lv jk njhs' kuq;a mqoa.,sl f;dr;=re fy<sorõ lsÍula isÿ jk úg th ;ks mqoa.,hl=f.a mqoa.,sl;ajh wkjirfhka wdl%uKh

lsÍula isÿ jkafka kï tu f;dr;=re fy<sorõ fkd lr isàfï wjldYh mk;ska i,id § we;'14 t fia fyhska f;dr;=re oek.ekSfï mk; u.ska mqoa., whs;sjdislïj,g ;¾ckhla t,a, jk njg we;s ;¾lh hï muKlg neyer l< yels h'

2016 jif¾ kS;s.; jQ fuu mk; ms<sn| fyda ta hgf;a msysgqjk ,o f;dr;=re oek.ekSfï fldñIka iNdfõ úIh m:h ms<sn| iudkH uyck;djg ;ju;a t;rï wjfndaOhla fkdue;s nj fmfka' fulS mkf;a jeo.;alu yd whs;shla f,i f;dr;=re oek.ekSug we;s yelshdj ms<sn| idudkH uyck;dj oekqïj;a lsÍug ksis l%shdud¾. wkq.ukh fkd l< fyd;a fuu mk;ska wfmalaIs; wruqKq <Õd lr .ekSu wiSre jkq we;' wfkla w;g fmdÿ wêldÍka fuu mk; iïnkaOfhka olajkqfha WodiSk wdl,amhla nj fmfka' ta ukaoh;a" fulS mk;ska f;dr;=re /ia lsÍu yd tajd ,nd §u iïnkaO j w;sf¾l ld¾hNdrhla Tjqkg mejfrk w;r iSñ; iïm;a yd idudkH rdcldß lghq;= w;r tu lghq;= o isÿ lsÍu hï muKlg wiSre jk neúks' mkf;a jeo.;alu yd mqrjeishka jYfhka ;ukag o fu u.ska ,eìh yels m%;s,dN ms<sn| oekqïj;a lsÍu isÿ l<fyd;a fmdÿ wêldÍ

fmd≥ wêld˙h

f;dr;=re ks<Od˙hd

kï l< ks<Od˙hd

f;dr;=re b,a,d isàu

f;dr;=re ,nd°u m%%;slafIam ls¯u ^†k 14&

wNshdpkh ms<s.ekSu m%%;slafIam ls¯u ^†k 14&

wNshdpkh ^†k 14&

wNshdpkh ms<sn| ;SrKh †k 30la we;=<;

wNshdpkh udihla we;=<;

wNshdpkdêlrKh

f;dr;=re

±k.ekSfï

fldñiu

fldñifï ;SrKhg

tfrysj wNshdpkh

udihla we;=<;

wNshdpkh udi 02la we;=<;

mqrjeishd


ld¾h uKav, jvd;a iqNjd§ oDIaÀhlska fuu mk; ms<sn| j lghq;=j, fhfokq we;'

we;eï kS;s yd fr.=,dis u.ska ck;d iqNisoaêh Wfoid jqj f;dr;=re fy<sorõ lsÍu j<lajd we;' WodyrK f,i rcfha m%;sm;a;s yd mßmd,k ;SrK ms<sn| j f;dr;=re t<sorõ lsÍu wdh;k ix.%yh u.ska rdcH fiajlhkag ;ykï fldg we;'15 Y%S ,xld mqj;am;a uKav, mk; u.ska m%jD;a;s jd¾;d lsÍfï § tu f;dr;=re uQ,dY%h fy<sorõ lsÍu ;ykï fldg we;'16 1988 wxl 30 ork nexl= mkf;a m%;smdok wkqj ;u fiajdodhlhkaf.a f;dr;=re fy<sorõ fkd fldg wdrlaId lsÍug nexl=j,g ffk;sl hq;=lula mj;S'17 úfYaIfhka rdcH nexl= iïnkaOfhka jk úg fuu iSud lsÍu yd f;dr;=re oek.ekSfï mkf;a m%;smdok w;r .eàula we;s fõ' fulS ;;a;ajh hgf;a rcfha fiajlhka ;uka l%shd l< hq;af;a l=uk kS;shg wkqj o hk .eg¿jg uqyqKmdk wjia:d oelsh yels h' kuq;a f;dr;=re oek.ekSfï mkf;a 4 j.ka;shka olajd we;s wdldrhg f;dr;=re oek.ekSfï mkf;a úêúOdk fjk;a ´kE u ,sÅ; kS;shla wNsNjd n, meje;afõ' isÿ l< hq;= jkafka rcfha iy fmdÿ wêldÍj, ld¾huKav, ksis msßÈ oekqïj;a lsÍug lghq;= iïmdokh hs'

f;dr;=re oek.ekSfï mkf;a jeo.;alu yd uQ,sl whs;sjdislula jYfhka th l%shd;aul lrjd .kakd wdldrh ms<sn| j uyck;dj oekqïj;a lsÍu i|yd hï úêu;a l%shdud¾.hla wkq.ukh lsÍu wm%udo j isÿ l< hq;= j we;' fuh wdh;k uÜgñka fmdÿ wêldß i|yd isÿ l< yels w;r m%dfoaYSh f,alï ld¾hd, yryd mj;ajk jevuq¿ yd oekqïj;a lsÍfï jevigyka u.ska idudkH ck;dj wduka;%Kh lsÍu isÿ l< yels h'

fmdÿ wêldÍj, ld¾h uKav, i|yd isÿ lrk oekqïj;a lsÍfï jevigykaj, § oekg f;dr;=re oek.ekSfï mkf;a m%;smdok flfrys we;s WodiSk wdl,amh fjkqjg jvd;a iqNjd§ oelaulska tlS mkf;a m%;smdok l%shd;aul lsÍug fm<fUk mßÈ tlS oekqj;a lsßï l< hq;= h' úfYaIfhka f;dr;=re ks,OdÍka yd kï l< ks,OdÍka mkf;a olajd we;s f;dr;=re ,nd§fï$ m%;slafIam lsÍfï ffk;sl l%shdoduh ms<sn| j fuka u tlS mk; hgf;a l%shd;aul jkakd jQ Í;s ms<sn| j o oekqïj;a l< hq;= fõ'

f;dr;=re oek.ekSfï whs;sjdislu we;=¿ uQ,sl whs;sjdislï ms<sn| j mdi,a úIh ks¾foaYhg

we;=<;a lsÍug lghq;= l< hq;= w;r t u.ska fuu whs;sjdislu yd tajdfha jeo.;alu ms<sn| j iudc.; ùula isÿ jkq we;'

rcfha wdh;kj, f;dr;=re /ia lsÍfï yd tajd mj;ajd .ekSfï l%ufõohkays ÿ¾j,;d oelsh yels h' wvq há;, myiqlï yd iïm;a fya;=fjka fulS ;;a;ajh Woa.; ù we;' úfYaIfhka u f;dr;=re mß.Kl.; fkd ùu fya;=fjka mk;ska mkjd we;s kS;suh ld, rduqj ;=< f;dr;=re ,nd §ug wmyiq ù we;s nj fmfka' fujka ;;a;ajhla ;=< fï i|yd rdcH ueÈy;aùula wjYH jk w;r ta ta wdh;khkays f;dr;=re /ialsÍu yd tajd wjYH fõ,djg myiqfjka ,nd .; yels jk mßÈ .nvd lsÍu i|yd wjYH iïm;a odhl;ajh" mqyqKq Y%ñlhka" kj ;dlaIKh yd há;, myiqlï fmdÿ wêldÍj,g ,nd §ug rch lghq;= iïmdokh l< hq;= fõ' t fuka u È.=ld,Sk j isx.mamQrej" uef,aishdj jeks rgj, mj;akd mßÈ fmdÿ rdcH o;a; iuqodhla rdcH ueÈy;aùu u.ska furgg o y÷kajd §ug lghq;= l< hq;= w;r t u.ska tu o;a; iuqodhg msúiSu u.ska fmdÿ ck;djg lsisÿ ndOdjlska f;dr j ;ukag wjYH f;dr;=re ,nd .; yels jkq we;' fmdÿfõ t<Èrõ l< yels ish¨ f;dr;=re fmdÿ wêldÍka u.ska tu fmdÿ rdcH o;a; iuqodhg we;=<;a l< yels w;r túg fmdÿ wêldßj,g o mkf;a m%;smdok l%shd;aul lsÍfï § we;s jkakd jQ .eg¨j,g uqyqK mEug isÿ fkd fõ'

f;dr;=re oek.ekSfï mkf;ys m%;smdok wkqj f;dr;=re ks,Odßka i;aNdjfhka isÿ lrkq ,nk f;dr;=re fy<sorõ lsÍula fyda l%shdjla fya;= fldg f.k tu f;dr;=re ks,Odßhd fyda fmdÿ wêldßh lsisÿ isú,a fyda wmrdO j.lSulg hg;a fkd fõ'18

t fia jqj o mk; hgf;a jerÈ19 isÿ lrkq ,nk mqoa.,fhl=g tfrys j ufyaia;%d;a wêlrKhla yryd kS;suh mshjr .ekSug fldñiug yelshdj we;' tfia kvq mjrd jerÈlre ùul § jroldr md¾Yajhg re' 50"000$-lg fkd jeä ovhlg fyda jir folla olajd jk isr o~qjulg fyda tu o~qjï folg u hg;a ùug isÿ jkq we;' thg wu;r j jroldÍ md¾Yajhg tfrys j wod< úkh md,k wêldrh úiska úkh mshjr .ekSfï yelshdj o we;' fï wkqj fuu mkf;a m%;smdok l%shd;aul lsÍu meyer yßkakkag tfrys j mshjr .ekSu i|yd YlH;d m%;smdok mkf;a olajd we;' wjYH wjia:dj, § tlS m%;smdok ksis mßÈ n,d;aul


lsßu ;=<ska fuu mk;ska wfmalaIs; m%;sM, ,nd .ekSfï yelshdj by< kexfjkq we;'

4' idrdxYh

tlai;a cd;Skaf.a udkj ysñlï ms<sn| úYaj m%ldYkfhka ^1948& iy isú,a yd foaYmd,k whs;Ska ms<sn| cd;Hka;r iïuq;sfha ^1966& 19 jk j.ka;Ska hgf;a ;yjqre lr § we;s foaY iSudjlska f;dr j" wmlaImd;S j f;dr;=re fiùï yd ,nd .ekSfï whs;sh oekg wdishdfõ muKla rgj,a 19l md¾,sfïka;= mk;a u.ska foaYSh jYfhka ffk;sl j n,d;aul fldg we;' bkaÈhdj" mdlsia:dkh" nx.,dfoaYh yd fkamd,h fï w;r isák w;r 2005 § y÷kajd ÿka bkaÈhdkq f;dr;=re oek.ekSfï mk; b;d il%Sh whqßka l%shd;aul fjñka mj;S' fï wkqj hñka 2016 wxl 12 ork f;dr;=re oek.ekSfï whs;sjdislu ms<sn| mk; u.ska ,xldj ;=< o f;dr;=re oek.ekSu i|yd jk uyd kS;suh rduqjla ia:dms; lrkq ,eî h' f;dr;=re ,nd §u wëlaIKh yd n,d;aul lsÍu i|yd tu mk; hgf;a f;dr;=re oek.ekSfï whs;sjdislu ms<sn| fldñIka iNdj o msysgqjk ,§'

tlS kS;suh rduqj ksis mßÈ l%shd;aul lrjd .ksñka fulS mkf;ka wfmalaIs; m%;sM, w;am;a lr .ekSu i|yd iEu mqrjeisfhl=g u úYd, j.lSula mejfrk w;r tlS j.lSu jgyd §u i|yd wjYH u;jd§uh fjki iudc.; lsÍu Wfoid wjYH oekqïj;a lsßï isÿ lsÍu o wjYH há;, myiqlï ,nd §u o rcfha j.lSu fõ'

ir, jYfhka .;a l< f;dr;=re oeke.ekSfï whs;sjdislu ffk;sl j n,d;aul lsÍu ksid rdcH fiajfha wld¾hlaIu;djg" ks,OdÍjdohg iy foaYmd,ksl w;a;fkdau;sl l%shd l,dmhkag úYd, n,mEula t,a, jk w;r t u.ska wjidkfha § rfÜ m%cd;ka;%jdoh" ckudOH ksoyi yd wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh ia:dms; lrñka ;sridr ixj¾Okhla <Õd lr .ekSu i|yd uyÕ= msájy,la iemfhkq we;'

mdo igyka

1' 19 jk wdKavql%u jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh" 2 j.ka;sh

2' 2016 wxl 12 ork f;dr;=re oek.ekSfï whs;sjdislu ms<sn| mk;" mQ¾úldj

3' 2016 wxl 12 ork f;dr;=re oek.ekSfï whs;sjdislu ms<sn| mk;" 4 j.ka;sh




7' 2016 wxl 12 ork f;dr;=re oek.ekSfï whs;sjdislu ms<sn| mk;" 24 ^6& j.ka;sh iuÕ lshúh hq;= 2017'02'03 .eiÜ m;%fha 04 jk fr.=,disfhka 04 jk w;=re úOdkh





12' http($$www'rticommission'lk$web$index' php@optioncom_content&viewarticle&id8&Itemid111&langsi

^msúiqu 2018'05'02 Èk&

13' 2016 wxl 12 ork f;dr;=re oek.ekSfï whs;sjdislu ms<sn| mk;" 34 ^1& j.ka;sh

14' 2016 wxl 12 ork f;dr;=re oek.ekSfï whs;sjdislu ms<sn| mk; 5 ^1& ^w& j.ka;sh

15' wdh;k ix.%yh" 31 jeks mßÉfþoh" 3 j.ka;sh

16' 1973 wxl 05 ork Y%S ,xld mqj;am;a uKav, mk;" 32 ^1& j.ka;sh

17' 1988 wxl 30 ork nexl= mk;" 77 j.ka;sh




ÿmam;alu y÷kd .ekSu

ÿmam;alu idfmalaI j .;a l< iuia; iudchg u Wreu jQ fmdÿ ;;a;ajhls' th ráka rgg iudcfhka iudchg fjkia jk w;r t jeks ;;a;ajhla i|yd uq,dY% jk fya;= idOl o úúO h' ta wkqj ixj¾ê; fuka u ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj, iuia; ck.ykfhka ie,lsh hq;= msßila ;u uQ,sl ñksia wjYH;d jk c,h" wdydr" we÷ï me<÷ï" fi!LH yd ksjdi jeks myiqlï wju uÜgulska fyda imqrd .ekSug fkd yels ;;a;ajhl miq fõ' fï wkqj ÿmam;alu f,i y÷kajd Èh yelafla wvq wdodhula iys;" ta ksid u wvq mßfNdack uÜgula u; ;u Ôúldj mj;ajd f.k hEuhs'

ÿmam;alu y÷kd .ekSu i|yd jk ks¾kdhlhka úúO jk w;r th ;=rka lsÍu i|yd úúO ixúOdk" wdh;k fyda rgj,a .kakd l%shdud¾.hka o úúO fõ'

tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkfha ks¾jpkhg wkqj" ÿmam;alu hkq ;ukag wjYH f,i f;aÍï Choices& fyda wjia:djka ^Opportunities& fkdue;slu fya;=fjka" mqoa.,fhl=f.a udkj wNsudkh wysñ j hEuls' fuh iudchla ;=< hy meje;au i|yd wjYH uq,sl yelshdjla fyda fkdue;sùfï ;;a;ajhls' iudchl ´kE u mqoa.,fhl=g wjYH ;rug wdydr" we÷ï me<÷ï" hdug mdi,la fyda fi!LH uOHia:dkhla" wdydr fNda.hla j.d lr .ekSug wjYH ìï lene,a,la" Ôj;a ùug /lshdjla fyda wjYH;djlg Khla ,nd .; fkd yels jkafka kï" th ÿmam;alu jYfhka y÷kd

È<s÷ nj ;=rka lsÍug uQQ,H idlaIr;dfõa

we;s jeo.;alu

.; yel' ñka meyeÈ,s jkafka mqoa.,hska" mjq,a iy ck iudcj, mj;ak wkdrlaIs; nj iy ÿn, ;;a;ajhhs'

f,dal nexl=j o fï ms<sn| j bÈßm;a lr we;s ks¾jpkh wkqj" ÿmam;alu hkq hymeje;afï wysñùu iy ;j;a fndfyda wysñùï f.dkakls' thg wvq wdodhï yd f.!rjkSh meje;au i|yd wjYH uQ,sl NdKav yd fiajd ,nd .ekSug fkd yels ùu o we;=<;a fõ' ;j o" my< uÜgfï fi!LHh yd wOHdmkh" msßisÿ c,h yd ikSmdrlaIdjg we;s wju m%fõYh" m%udKj;a fkd jk YdÍßl wdrlaIdj iy jvd fyd| Ôú;hlg m%udKj;a Odß;djla yd wjia:djla fkdue;s ùu ÿmam;alu iu. wE÷kq ,laIK fõ'

ld,h iy rgj,a w;r ia:djr jk iïu;hka wkqj ÿmam;alfï m%udKh m%ldY lrhs' m<uq j 1990 § y÷kajd fok ,o wka; oßø;d f¾Ldj jk Èklg wdodhu fvd,rhla hkak mokula f,i f.k f,dalfha ÿmam;alu m%ñ;shg wkqj uksk ,È' f,dal nexl=j jir 2008 § 2005 jir i|yd kj cd;Hka;r oßø;d f¾Ldj Èklg wdodhu fvd,¾ 1'25 f,i w¾: ±laùh' ;j o" 2015 Tlaf;dan¾ udifha §" Tjqka fuh Èklg fvd,¾ 1'90 olajd h<s fjkia lrk ,§' wka; oßø;dj hkq wdydr" mdkSh c,h" ikSmdrlaIl myiqlï" fi!LH" ksjdi" wOHdmkh iy f;dr;=re hkd§ uQ,sl ñksia wjYH;d" oreKq f,i wysñ jk ;;a;ajhls' fuu ;;a;ajh wdodhu u; muKla fkd j wod< fiajd j,g we;s m%fõY u; o r|d mj;S'

tï' iS' È,aydka o is,ajd

fcHIaG iyldr wOHlaI

m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Ok fomd¾;fïka;=j

Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j


oßø;dj wdodhï wiudk;dj ukskq ,nk ñïula f,i y÷kd .; yel' .sks ix.=Klh fyda f;hs,a ^Theil& o¾Ylh jeks ;j;a úúO wdodhï wiudk;dj uksk mrdñ;sl o f.dvke.S we;' fï wOHhkhkag wkqj o ÿmam;alu hkak ksjerÈ j y÷kd .; yels w;r" ixLHdkuh jYfhka uksk wdldrh o wjfndaO lr .; yel' kuq;a" ÿmam;alu l=uk wdldrfhka ks¾jpkh jqj o" j¾;udk iudc" wd¾Ól yd foaYmd,ksl miqìu hgf;a jvd;a jeo.;a jkafka" th udkj iudcfhka bj;a lrkafka flfia o hkakhs' ta i|yd jk ÿ.S nj ;=rka lsÍug úúO rgj, úúO wdldrfha l=vd" uOH iy uyd mßudKfha jevigyka l%shd;aul lrk w;r" tlS ñksiqkaf.a uQQ,H idlaIr;d uÜgu by< oeófuka fuu .eg¨j úi£ug we;s yelshdj ms<sn| j i,ld ne,Su b;d jeo.;a h' fuu ,smsh u.ska W;aidy lrkqfha ta ms<sn| jvd;a ir, fuka u ;d¾lsl úu¾Ykhla isÿ lsÍu h'

uQQ,H idlaIr;dj y÷kd.ksuq

f,dj uQQ,H lafIa;%fha isÿ jk fmr<sldß fjkialï iu`. w¨;ska uQQ,H fjf<|fmd<g tk úúOdldr jQ ir, fuka u ixlS¾K uQQ,H WmlrK fj; m%fõY jkakg" yiqrejkakg" wkq.; jkakg iy ta Tiafia jvd;a ;d¾lsl mßfNdackhg iy wdfhdackhg fhduq fjkakg rgl ck;dj fldf;la ÿrg fmdfydi;a o@ kd.ßl fuka u .%dóh ish¨ iudc fldgiaj, ck;dj fï fmr<sh .ek oekqj;a o@ hkak i,ld ne,Su b;d jeo.;a h' ÈhqKq jk uQQ,H fjf<|fmd<l kj iy ixlS¾K uQQ,H ksIamdok iy wod< fiajd imhk iemhqïlrejka ms<sn| fuka u Tjqkaf.a l%shdldß;ajh ms<sn| oekqfuys jeo.;alu ksid u" ixj¾ê; fuka u ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk wd¾Ólhka ;=< uQQ,H moaO;shg jvd;a iqNjd§ j wkq.; ùug kï uQQ,H idlaIr;dj ,eîu wjYHfhka u ;sìh hq;a;ls' t ksid u th kQQ;k iudcfha w;sYh ckm%sh ud;Dldjls'

uQQ,H idlaIr;dj hkq l=ulao@ uQQ,H l<ukdlrK oekqu we;s mqoa.,hska iEu úgl u jdis iy.; .kqfokqj, fhfokq wmg oelsh yels fohls' kuq;a l=ula o fï uQQ,H idlaIr;dj hkq@ fmd,S wkqmd;slh" WoaOukh hkd§ id¾j úp,Hhkaf.a yeisÍu ms<sn| wjfndaOh o@ tu úúO ixl,amhka

.ek we;s isoaOdka;uh oekqu o@ úêu;a iy wúêu;a uQQ,H wdh;k .ek we;s wjfndaOh o@ tfia;a ke;skï .Dy whjehla msysgqjd ta wkqj wdodhï bmhSu" úhoï lsÍu iy l,g fõ,djg Kh jdßl" ì,am;a hkdÈh mshùu ms<sn| oekqu o@ uqo,a iu`. yeisÍu ms<sn| ñkqula o@ b;=reï ms<sn| ixl,amhla o@ ksjerÈ wdfhdackh ms<sn| ixl,amhla o@ wd¾Ól msróvh ;=< m;=f,a isák ck;djg mjd uQQ,H idlaIr;dj wod< ldrKhla o@ fï ish¨ u m%Yak i|yd ms<s;=r jkafka —Tõ˜ hkakhs' uQQ,H idlaIr;dj mq¿,a ixl,amhls' thg f;dr;=re iy yeisÍu hk fol u wod< fõ' th lsisÿ fNaohlska f;dr j ish¨ Okj;a fyda ÿmam;a mdßfNda.slfhl=g u fuka u wdfhdaclfhl=g u wod< fõ'

wd¾Ól iyfhda.S;dj iy ixj¾Okh i|yd jQ ixúOdkfha ^Organization for Economic Co-

operation and Development - OECD& w¾: oelaùug wkqj" uQQ,H idlaIr;dj hkq uQQ,H hy-;;a;ajhla we;s lr .ekSu i|yd ksjerÈ f;dard .ekSug" uQQ,H wjYH;d i|yd hd hq;= ia:dkh .ek ;SrKh lsÍug iy uQQ,H moaO;sh ;=< fjk;a l%shdldrlul fh§ug mqoa.,fhl= $ wdfhdaclfhl= i;= uQQ,H ksIamdok" ixl,am .ek we;s oekqu iy uQQ,H wjodku iy wjldYh jgyd .ekSug we;s úYajikSh;ajhhs' wdishdkq ixj¾Ok nexl=j ^Asian Development Bank - ADB& ks¾jpkh lrkqfha uQQ,H idlaIr;dj hkq uQQ,H ksIamdok iy fiajd ms<sn| uQ,sl f;dr;=re wjfndaOhg we;s yelshdjhs' uQQ,H WmlrK iy fiajd fkdlvjd u ixj¾Okh jk fyhska" mßfNda.slhskag iy wdfhdaclhskag uQQ,H idlaIr;dj wjYH fõ' ;j o" wkd.; wd¾Ól lïmk u.ska úm;a ùug we;s wjodku jeä ÿmam;a ck;djg fuu oekqu úfYaIfhka u wjYH fõ' jvd;a ir, j ye¢kajqfjd;a" uQQ,H idlaIr;dj hkq ;ud we;=¿ mjqf,a idudðlhskag jvd fyd| Ôjk ;;a;ajhla ,nd .ekSu i|yd uqo,a bmhSug" úhoï lsÍug" b;sß lsÍug iy wdfhdackh lsÍug mqoa.,fhl= i;= j we;s oekqu fõ'

rgl uQQ,H fjf<|fmd< kùlrKh iy mq¿,a ùu;a iu`. úfYaIfhka .%dóh ck;djg ;ukag jdis iy.; f,i ;SrK .ekSug wjYH úg uQQ,H


wOHdmkh b;d ;on, wjYH;djla ù we;' uQQ,H wOHdmk ld¾hfha § wdodhï bmhSu" úhoï lsÍu" whjeh yeisrùu" b;sß lsÍu" Kh l<ukdlrKh" .e,fmk uQQ,H fjf<|fmd< f;dard .ekSu iy Kh fyda fjk;a uQQ,H W.=,a hkdÈh ms<sn| mq¿,a mqoa., iún, .ekaùula isÿ fõ' fuhska jk wdl,amuh j¾Okh iy ksjerÈ yeisÍu ÿmam;alñka ñ§ug mqoa.,fhl=g uxfm;a újr lrkq we;' fuu oekqu mqoa.,fhl=g ;u Ôú; ld,h ;=< úáka úg mek k.sk ÿIalr uQQ,H ;;a;ajhkag uqyqK §u i|yd wjodku wju lrjk l%fudamdhka jk ;ekam;= /ia lsÍug" j;alï úúOdx.SlrKhg iy rlaIK l%u Ndú;hg yqre lrùu i|yd w;sYfhka u wjYH jkq we;' mq¿,a jQ úoHq;a yd uqøs; ckudOH l%shdldrlïj,g wu;r j uQQ,H wOHdmk lghq;af;a § msßia ixúOdkh úúO wdldrfhka isÿ lrkq ,nhs' mka;s ldur ixjdo iy jevuq¿ hkdÈh ld¾hd, ;=<" wOHdmk wdh;k ;=<" fmdÿ ia:dkhl úúO lKavdhï b,lal lr f.k isÿ lrhs' fuu l%shdldrlï mjq,l wdodhï by< kexùug" b;=reï j¾Okhg" ksjerÈ wdfhdackhg ud¾. y÷kd.ekSug" th Tiafia ia:djr uQQ,H moaO;shlg iy ÿmam;alu wvq lsÍug uyÕ= ld¾hhla isÿ lrhs'

uQQ,H idlaIr;dj iy wd¾Ólh

uQQ,H fiajd iemhqul ld¾hlaIu iy .=Kd;aul nj by< kexùug fuka u" ia:djr uqo,a fjf<|fmd<la mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd uQQ,H wka;¾.;Ndjh jvd;a jeo.;a fõ' uQQ,H wka;¾.;Ndjh we;s lsÍu i|yd ck;dj w;r" uQQ,H idlaIr;dj m%j¾Okh lsÍu w;sYhska jeo.;a fõ' nexl= .sKqï" b;sßlsÍï l%u" Kh l%fudamdhka" f.ùï WmlrK" wdfhdack l%u iy rlaIK wdjrK wd§ uQQ,H moaO;shl mj;sk ksIamdok iy fiajdjka ms<sn| j fuka u" úêu;a uQQ,H wdh;k iy jxpksl uqo,a .kqfokq .ek hï wjfndaOhla mdßfNda.slfhl= i;= úh hq;= hs' mdßfNda.slfhl=g jvd uQQ,H fiajd imhkakd i;= j ie,lsh hq;= f;dr;=re jdishla we;akï th uQQ,H fjf<|fmd< ÿ¾j, lrhs' f;dr;=re wiuñ;sl;ajfha jdish uQQ,H wdh;khlg ,enqk mßirhl §" iSñ; iïm;a iys; uQQ,H fiajd .kqfokqlreg wjdis iy.; jk w;r" uQQ,H ksIamdok iy fiajdj, fldkafoais ms<sn|" Tjqkaf.a ysñlï iy j.lSï .ek" uQQ,H wjodkug

ksrdjrKh ùï .ek ksis wjfndaOhla fkd ,efí' fuys § uq,sl wd¾Ól isoaOdka;hla jk ksjerÈ f;aÍula ^Choice& isÿ fkd ùug bv we;' fuu f;aÍu úhoï wêl" ;ukaf.a wjYH;djg ^Need& fkd .e,fmk iy jvd;a wjodkï uqo,a .kqfokqjla njg m;a ùug o bv we;'

kuq;a" uQQ,H idlaIr;dj iys; .kqfokqlre fyd| ñ,la iy úksúoNdjfhka hq;= fiajdjla fjkqfjka ksjerÈ ;¾lkhka ;=<ska" ksjerÈ m%Yak weiSfuka iy idlÉPd lsÍfuka uQQ,H wdh;khlg ;r.ldÍ mSvkhla fhdohs' ;j o" fu jka .kqfokqlrejka fjf<|fmd< m%ñ;Ska iy uQQ,H moaO;sh fj; ksis wjOdkhla rdcH n,OdÍkag iemhSug n, lrhs' fuh ;sridr uQQ,H fiajdjlg fyd| mokula iy mßirhls' uQQ,H idlaIr;dj jeäÿrg;a wjfndaO lr .kakd .kqfokqlre" uQQ,H fiajd i|yd we;s b,a¨u by< oeóu u.ska uQQ,H fjf<|fmd< ia:dhs;dj ;yjqre lrk w;r" fuh wd¾Ólfha mq¿,a j¾Okhg iy ixj¾Okhg jeo.;a h' rgl b;sßlsÍï jeäùu" jHdmdr .kqfokq fjkqfjka kj uQQ,H WmlrK ìysùu" t u.ska m%d.aOkh mq¿,a ùu" kj wdfhdack ;SrK u.ska iy úY%dñl ie,iqï i|yd wdfhdack we;s lsÍu wdÈfhka wd¾Ól j¾Okhg Okd;aul f;rmqula we;s lrkq ,nhs' fuu ;;a;ajh .Dy tallhl ÿmam;alu wvq lsÍug fuka u tal mqoa., wdodhu by< oeóug b;d jeo.;a fõ'

ÿ.S nfõ úIu pl%h

ÿ.S nfõ úIu pl%h yg .ekSu iudc - wd¾Ól isoaOdka; u.ska úúO whqßka ks¾jpkh fõ' fï w;ßka iemhqï wxYfha úIu pl%h" b,a¨ï wxYfha

wvq k

sIam

dok à wvq wdodhï

à

wvq b

;sßlsÍï à wvq wd

fhdac

k à

úIu pl%h iy fjf<|fmd< wmq¾K;dfõ ^Market

Imperfections& úIu pl%h m%uqL fõ' fï w;ßka iemhqï wxYfha úIu pl%h jvd ixfõ§ iy .%dóh ck;dj w;r jvd iq,N fjhs'

iemhqï wxYfha úIu pl%h ixlaIsma; j .;a úg ol=Kqmi rEmfha ±lafjk mßÈ fõ'


fuh úfYaIfhka ixj¾Okh fkd jQ iy ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj, iq,n wdldrhls' my, uÜgfï uQ¾; wdodhula ^Real Income& meje;Su fya;=fjka mqoa.,hska ÿ.S núka fmf<k w;r" thg fya;= jkafka wvq uÜgfï m%d.aOk iïmdokh ksid jk wvq ksIamdok uÜguhs' wvq m%d.aOkhla meje;Sug fya;=j jkafka wvq wdfhdack uÜgu iy my< uÜgfï b;sß lsÍï rgdj fõ' b;sß lsÍï wju ùug fya;= jkafka wvq wdodhï uÜguhs' fuu úIu pl%hg wkqj mqoa.,fhl=g b;sß l< yels jkafka uq¾; wdodhu mdßfNdackhg jvd by< .sh úg § h' fï wkqj" by< wdodhï uÜgula ,nd .ekSu;a" mßfNdack úhoï wvq lr .ekSu;a ;=<ska fyd| b;sß lrkafkla njg m;aù fuu úIu pl%h ì|,Sug mokula idod .; yel' fï yryd uQQ,H wka;¾.;Ndjh by< hdu" tu iqÿiqlu yryd úêu;a uQQ,H wdh;khlska ,nd .kakd Kh uqo, iy ta iu`. u b;sß lr .;a uqo,o tla fldg wdfhdackh lsÍfuka ksIamdok uÜgu by< oeóug fyd| f;rmqula ,nd Èh yel' thska mqoa.,hskaf.a wdodhï ;;a;ajh by< hEfuka ÿ.S nfõ úIu pl%h ì|,Sug yelshdjla ,efí'

ir, .Dy tallhl uQQ,H idlaIr;dj

ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgl fndfyduhla mqoa.,hska ÿ.S nfõ úIu pl%h ì| .ekSug wmyiqfjka" tu pl%h ;=< isr ù" mj;sk rgdj ;=< by< Ôjk ;;a;ajhla ,nd .ekSfï jrï fkdue;s j yelsf,k .Dy wd¾Ólhl idudðlhka j isàu iq,n h' fuu ÿ.S nfõ úIu pl%h ì£ug kï fudjqka ksjerÈ uqo,a yeisrùula l< hq;= hs' uQQ,H idlaIr;dj fï iïnkaOfhka mj;sk b;d jeo.;a ixl,amhls' ;uka we;=¿ mjqf,a Ôjk ;;a;ajh by< kexùu i|yd uqo,a bmhSu" úhoï lsÍu" b;sß lsÍu iy úêu;a uQQ,H moaO;shlg m%fõYùu flfrys .Dy tallhl idudðlhska i;= j we;s oekqu by< kexùu uQQ,H idlaIr;dfõ m%Odk mshjrhka fõ' t jeks wh wúêu;a uqo,a .kqfokq j,ska je<elS ksjerÈ wdfhdack isÿ lrkq we;'

wdodhï uÜgu by< oeóu( fuys § uq,sl mshjr follska wdodhï uÜgu by< kexúh yel' m<uq j" mjq,a tallfha idudðlhska oekgu;a isÿ lrk wdodhï bmhSfï lghq;= jvd;a M,odhS f,i isÿ

lsÍfuka ;jÿrg;a wdodhï by< kexúh yels wjia:d ;sfí oe hs fidhd ne,sh hq;= h' ld¾hlaIu;dj by< kexùu" wu;r ld,h fhoùu" kj ;dlaIKh iy ksjerÈ fhojqï Ndú;h" kj ks¾udKd;aul ksIamdok iy fiajd fjf<|fmd<g f.k tau iy kj fjf<|fmd< .fõIKh iy mq¿,a lsÍu wd§ úúO Wml%u mj;sk wdodhï ud¾. i|yd w;ayod ne,Su jeo.;a h'

fojkqj" kj wu;r wdodhï ud¾. fidhd ne,Su .Dy wd¾Ólhlg b;d jeo.;a fjhs' m%Odk /lshdjg wu;r j fjk;a wdodhï ud¾. i|yd ;u ld,h fjka lsÍu ixj¾Okh jQ rgj, mjd iq,N jqj;a" Y%S ,xldfõ iudch ;=< fuh ÿ,N w;aoelSuls' fï i|yd iudch ;=< uq,a nei .;a iSudldÍ wdl,amuh fjkil wjYH;dj b;d by<ska i,ld ne,sh hq;= h' by< fyda my< uÜgï f,i /lshd j¾.SlrKh iy m%Odk wdodhï ud¾.hg ,enqK iudc uÜgu iu`. ieie£u wd§ úúO neyer l< hq;= iudÔh wdl,am yuqfõ w;rux jQjkag iydh §u i|yd .%dóh ixj¾Okh ;=< m%uqL ia:dkhla ,nd Èh hq;= h' fuh ch.;a mqoa.,hd fojk wdodhï ud¾.hlg m%úIaG ùfuka jeä wdodhula mjq,a tallhg f.k tk w;r m%Odk wdodhï ud¾.fha we;s wjodkï iy lïmk wjfYdaIKhg o iqodkï fjhs'

fuu fojeoEreï uQQ,sl l%shdj,ska ÿ.S nfõ úIu pl%h ì§ug Wiia wä;d,ula ,nd fokq fkd wkqudk h'

úhoï md,kh( my< uQQ,H idlaIr;dj fya;=fjka wdodhug fkdiß,k" wkd.; úhou ms<sn| ie,iqï rys;" ;r.ldÍ udkisl;ajhlska hq;= j" msßueiqï rys; úhoï rgdjla mj;ajd f.k hEu .%dóh ck;dj w;r iq,N j ±lsh yel' fuhska ñ§fï wdl,amuh úma,jhlg ck;dj yqre lrùu" uQQ,H idlaIr;dfõ ;j;a m%n, mshjrla fõ' tÈfkod Ôú;h mj;ajd .ekSug w;HjYH úhoï" wfmalaIs; iy yÈis úhoï" l,a oeñh yels úhoï iy wkjYH úhoï wd§ f,iska úúO úhoï ldKav l< yels jqj;a" fuu ldKav ;=< úhou md,kh .ek by< wjfndaOhla Tjqkg ,nd Èh hq;= h' wdydr" ksjdi" we÷ï me<÷ï" fi!LH" m%jdyk" úÿ,sh" c,h" ÿrl:k hkd§ mdßfNda.sl fiajd úhoï iy wOHdmkh wdÈh w;HjYH


tÈfkod úhoï f,i y÷kd .;a; o" fndfyduhla wh fuu úhoïj, m%udKd;aul iy .=Kd;aul iSud y÷kd f.k fkdue;' WodyrK f,i .Dy tallhl wdydr kdia;sh" l=i.skak" fmdaIKh iy rij;a wdydr fõ,l wjYH;dfjka Tíng .sh ‘lEor’ ^Greediness& wdydr úhoï rgdj ;ukaf.a .Dy tallfha idudðlhkag iy wdodhï uÜgug fkd .e,fmk" Ôú; ld,h mqrdjg wjika lsÍug wmyiq" úYd, úhoï oeßh hq;= ksjdi ;ekSug .kakd ;SrK yeÕSïj,g jy,a ù iy wfkla mqoa.,hska yd ixikaokh fjñka wjYH;dfjka Tíng .sh we÷ï me<÷ï iy fjk;a foa i|yd isÿ lrk úhoï o myiqfjka md,kh l< yels jqj;a fkd ie,ls,su;alu fya;=fjka isÿ lrk úÿ,sh" .Eia iy c,h kdia;sh ksid oeÍug isÿjk úYd, ì,am;a o oelaúh yel' fï wkqj" ÿ.S núka ñ§u i|yd yqre lr .; hq;= l%uj;a úhoï rgdj uQQ,H idlaIr;dfõ m%n, wx.hla nj jgyd .; hq;= h' uQQ,H idlaIr;djlska fyì mqoa.,hd ;u NdKav yd fiajd wjYH;d i|yd úhoï lsÍfï § my; lreKqj,ska fmdfydi;a úh hq;= h' iSudiys; wdodhï ud¾.hla ;ukag we;s nj isys ;nd .ekSu" wdodhfuka fldgila muKla ^75] muK& úhoug ie,iqï lsÍu" wdodhug iß,k fia wjYH NdKav yd fiajd f;dard .ekSu" f.jk uqo,g iß,k jákdlula iys; NdKav yd fiajd ñ, § .ekSu" wdl¾YKSh fjf<| m%pdrj,g jYS fkd ùu" ñ, § .ekSfï § ye.Sïj,g jy,a fkd ù" NdKav yd fiajdj, m%fhdackj;a nj" .=Kd;aul nj iy ienE jákdlu .ek fidhd ne,Su tu lreKq fõ'

b;sß lsÍu( wvq uQQ,H idlaIr;djla iys; .%dóh iudchl mj;sk wdodhug iy úhoï rgdjg idfmalaI j b;sß lsÍu b;d wmyiq ld¾hhla nj fndfyda whf.a woyils' by; i|yka l< u. fmkaùfuka fï ;;a;ajhg iykodhS miqìula Wod jk uq;a" b;sß lsÍfï mqreoao ÿ.S nfõ úIu pl%h is|,Sfï uQQ,sl iy m%n, u wúh fjhs' mjq,l ffoksl idudkH úhoñka l=vd fldgila t kï mßfNdackhg kshñ; uqo,ska fldgila b;sß lsÍï yeáhg fjka fldg ;eîfï mqreoaog ck;dj yqre l< hq;= h' t muKla fkd j ksjil mdie,a hk l=vd orejkag mjd l=vd m%udKfhka fyda uqo,la b;sß lsÍug mqreÿ l< hq;= h' fuu b;sß lrk

fldgfia m%udKh jeä lsÍug" wdodhu jeä lsÍfï iy úhoï md,kh lsÍfï m%fhda. ish,a, u n,mdk neúka uQQ,H idlaIr;dj hkq fuu l%shdldrlï ish,a, u wvx.= oekqula nj meyeÈ,s h' uQQ,H idlaIr;dfõ fuu mshjr úêu;a uQQ,H moaO;shlg wka;¾.; ùug fodrgq újr lsÍula f,i ye¢kaúh yel' w; b;sß lr .;a uqo, ksjerÈ ld¾hhlg fkd fhÿjfyd;a th wiïmq¾K jQ uQQ,H idlaIr;dj ms<sn| oekquls' fï wkqj b;sß lsÍu i|yd úêu;a uQQ,H moaO;sh ;=< we;s ms<s.;a .e,fmk wdh;khla yd iïnkaO ùu b;d jeo.;a h'

úêu;a uQQ,H moaO;shg msúiSu( úêu;a uQQ,H moaO;shla ^wdh;khla& hkq rgl uQQ,H wêldßh fyda fjk;a j.lsj hq;= wdh;ksl rduqjl md,khg yd kshdukhkag hg;a wdh;khla fõ' Y%S ,xldfõ úêu;a uQQ,H moaO;sh ;=< Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j hgf;a ,shdmÈxÑ jQ jd‚cH nexl= 25la iy úfYaIs; nexl= 7la we;' ;j o" nexl= fkd jk uQQ,H wdh;k 46l m%udKhla ,shdmÈxÑ ù we;' fuu f;dr;=re ksrka;rfhka Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j m%isoaO mqj;am;a yryd ck;dj oekqïj;a lrhs' fuhg wu;r j iuqmldr mk; hgf;a ,shdmÈxÑ jQ Èú ke.=u nexl=j iy .%dóh nexl=j jeks wdh;k o we;' .%dóh ck;dj fï w;ßka ;ukag .e,fmk uQQ,H wdh;khla f;dard .ekSu jeo.;a h' uQQ,H wdh;khla" úfYaIfhka nexl=jla f;dard .ekSfï §" wdikak nj yd myiqfjka <Õd úh yels nj" fyd| mdßfNda.sl fiajdjla ,nd §u" cx.u fuka u ia:djr yd úúO úfYaIs; ;ekam;= j¾. ;sîu" ;ekam;=fõ iqrlaIs; nj iy ;ekam;= rlaIK" yr iy ner ldâ m;a ,nd.ekSfï yelshdj" wkd.;fha § wvq fmd,shlg Kh uqo,la ,nd .; yelshdj iy fjk;a úúO myiqlï ,nd .; yels nj wd§ ,laIK i,ld ne,Su b;d jeo.;a fõ'

b;sß lr .;a uqo, f;dard .;a uQQ,H wdh;khlg /f.kú;a wvq u jYfhka uilg jrla fyda ;ekam;a lsÍug we;s mqreoao yryd mqoa.,fhl= nexl=jl .kqfokqlrefjl= njg m;a ùu uQQ,H idlaIr;dfõ ch.%yKhls' ir, .Dy wd¾Ólhl uQQ,H idlaIr;dj by< oeóu yryd mqoa.,hska úêu;a uQQ,H moaO;shlg we;=¿ ùu iy tu uQQ,H wdh;khl ks;H id¾:l .kqfokqlrefjl= ùu


.%dóh wd¾Ólh kxjd,Sfï iy ÿ.S nj ÿr,Sfï m%Odk u wä;d,uhs'

id¾:l .kqfokqlrefjl= i;= j mj;sk iy kj jHdmdrj, ksIamdok" lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= iy fiajdj, j¾Okhg wjYH kj m%d.aOk iïmdokhg úêu;a uQQ,H wdh;k u.ska ,efnk iyfhda.h buy;a h' wvq fmd,S wkqmd;slhla hgf;a iykodhS jdßl l%uhlg iy wju wem wdjrK hgf;a Kh uqo,la ,nd .ekSu fyd| .kqfokqlrefjl=g myiq ldrKhls' fuhg wu;r j fndfyduhla nexl= yryd l%shd;aul jk Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j u.ska ia:dms; laIqø" l=vd yd uOHu mßudKj, jHjidhlhska i|yd jk b;d iykodhS fmd,S wkqmd;sl hgf;a l%shd;aul jk fi!Nd.Hd" iajYla;s" iajhx /lshd W;amdok Wm Kh fhdackd l%%uh (SEPI) l=vd mßudK lDIs jHdmdr iyNd.S;aj jevigyk (SAPP) jeks úúO Kh fhdackd l%uj, o" fmd,S iykdOdr ,nd fok uyd mßudK lsß ksIamdok ixj¾Ok Kh fhdackd l%uh iy ireidr j.d Kh fhdackd l%uh jeks jHdmD;sj, o m%;s,dN ú£ug fyd| .kqfokqlrefjla iqÿiqlï ,nhs' ,nd .kakd Kh uqo, wjNdú;fhka je<lS jHdmdrfha ÈhqKqj i|yd u fhoùfuka" ksjerÈ j wdmiq f.ùfuka uQQ,H wdh;k iu`. we;s lr .kakd jQ úYajikSh;ajh yryd jvd;a mq¿,a jQ myiqlï N=la;s ú¢ñka ;u jHdmdr mq¿,a lr .ekSug id¾:l .kqfokqlrefjl= iu;a fjhs'

nexl= moaO;sfhka Tíng hk ;eke;a;ka ksjerÈ wdfhdack l%u jk fldgia fjf<|fmd< iy rdcH iq/l=ïm;a fjf<|fmd< ;=< o ;u uqo,a wdfhdackhg o fm<fò'

.%dóh ck;dj l%uj;a uQQ,H moaO;shlg fhduq lsÍfuka" ÿ.S nj ;Sj% lrk wúêu;a uQQ,H wdh;k yryd isÿ lrk Kh W.=,aj,ska" msróv iy fjk;a uqo,a u.äj,ska" by< fmd,S f.jk kS;s úfrdaë ;ekam;= tl;= lrkakkaf.ka iy wl%uj;a iSÜgq l%uj,ska fírd .ekSug yelsfõ'

Wla; úia;r l< wdldrfhka uQQ,H idlaIr;d we;s lr .;a ;eke;a;d ;u .Dy tallh ;=< udisl whjehla mj;ajd .ksñka" ;ukaf.a wdodhï iSudj ;=< úhoï md,kh lr .ksñka" wdodhï Wmhk w;r u wkd.;h i|yd l%uj;a uQQ,H ie,iqula ms<sfh< lr .ksñka" ;u foam< iy b;=reï

j¾Okh lr .ekSug mshjr .kS' flá ld,Sk" ueÈ ld,Sk iy È.= ld,Sk ie,iqï yryd ÈhqKqùfï iqN isysk idlaId;a lr .ekSug;a" yÈis wkfmalaIs; ÿIalr;djkag myiqfjka uqyqK Èh yels iqrlaIs; wkd.;hlg;a ysñlï lshhs'

cd;Hka;r w;aoelSï ;=<ska W.; yels foa

f,dj mqrd ÿmam;a lñka fmf<kakka uQQ,H idlaIr;dj w;ska wvq uÜgul mj;sk nj" ta ms<sn| j isÿ l< m¾fhaIK wdY%s; f;dr;=re wkqj fmkS hhs' ´iafÜ%%,shdj" tlai;a ckmoh ;=< mjd fuu ldKavfha mqoa.,hskaf.a nexl= b;=reul fyda fjk;a wdfhdackhl fmd,S .e,mSu" whjeh" l%uj;a b;sß lsÍfï ie,iqï" úY%dñl ie,iqï" rlaIK l%u ms<sn| ±kqu b;d my< m%;sY;hl mj;S' t fuka u ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj, b;d my< uÜgul uQQ,H idlaIr;djla mj;S' WodyrK f,i bkaÈhdfõ lïlrejka w;r isÿ l< iólaIKhla u.ska" ksji ;=< u uqo,a b;sß lsÍu iy wêl fmd,shlg wúêu;a l%u yryd Kh .ekSu isÿ lrk nj y÷kd f.k we;' ñ, wêl Kh iy m%;s,dN rys; b;sß lsÍfï mßirh ;=< fidr i;=re wjodkug o uqyqK fok fuu ck;dj w¾nqoldÍ uQQ,H ;;a;ajhl miqfjhs' fï ;;a;ajh yuqfõ myiqlï imhk uQQ,H WmlrK i|yd Tjqkaf.a fodrgq jeiS we;' ieïìhdj iy ;j;a wm%sldkq rgj,a yhl jd¾;d.; jk wkaoug" jeäysáhka 29] lg muKla b;sß lsÍfï .sKqï we;s w;r" 50] la lsis u uQQ,H WmlrKhla Ndú; fkd lrhs' ieïìhdfõ 66] la muK m%udKhla cx.u .sKqï" iajhxl%Sh fg,¾ hka;% iy ner ldâm;a .ek fkd oekqj;a h' ol=Kq wm%sldfõ iólaIKhlg ,la jQ msßi w;r 60] lg —fmd,sh˜ .ek wjfndaOhla ke;'

fï wdldrfhka u" uQQ,H idlaIr;d jevigyka Tiafiaa fjkila isÿ l< yels nj o wOHhk lghq;= u.ska fmkajd we;' tlai;a ckmofha wOHhkhlg wkqj" meh 12l Wmßuhla olajd mqyqKq lrkq ,nk ld,h yd b;sß lsÍfï m%udKh w;r iyiïnkaO;djla we;' ;j o" rdcldß ia:dkfha uQQ,H wOHdmkh ,nd §u iy by< b;sß lsÍu w;r o iïnkaO;djla we;' úfYaIfhka u fuhska l,ska b;sß fkd l< iy wvqfjka u b;sß l< whg n,mEula we;s nj fmkajd fohs'


fuu uQQ,H idlaIr;d oekqu i|yd iqÿiq u —b.ekaúh hq;= fudfyd;˜ y÷kd .ekSu o jeo.;a nj m¾fhaIlhska mjihs' kj /lshdjlg hEfï § iy orejka ,nk úfgl jeks Okd;aul wjia:djka fuka u uQQ,H w¾nqo ^Crisis& ;;a;aj jeks RKd;aul wjia:djka o fuys § M,odhS nj Tjqka mjihs' tlai;a ckmofha isÿ l< wOHhk lSmhlg wkqj" wvq iqÿiqlï we;s j Kh ,nd .;a mdßfNda.slhskag Kh Wmfoia ,nd §ulska wk;=re j" tf,i Kh fkd ,enQ whg idfmalaI j 12] lska m%;sKh ,nd .ekSu wvqùula ksÍlaIKh úh' ;j o fuu lKavdhu wkjYH f,i Ndú; l< uq¿ Kh iy nerm;a Ndú;h o wvq úh' t f,i u" Wlia lghq;= ms<sn| j Wmfoia ,ndÿka my< wdodhï iys; l=gqïnhka lKavdhul wl%sh Kh wjodku o" th fkd ,enQ whg idfmalaI j" wvlg jvd wvq úh'

W.kavdfõ isÿ l< úYd, b;sß lsÍfï iÔúldrl jHdmdrhlg miq j" jir ;=kla we;=<; kj nexl= .sKqï 300"000la ia:dms; úh' f.da;ud,dfõ laIqø uQQ,H lKavdhï w;r isÿ l< wOHhkhlg wkqj" uQQ,H wOHdmk jevigyka" by< Kh jdßl f.ùug" by< m%udKhla Kh ,nd .ekSug iy laIqø uQQ,H lKavdhï w;r m%Yak b;d wju ùug o fya;= jk nj fmkajd we;'

flfia jqj o" uQQ,H wka;¾.;Ndjh" ÿ.S nj ;=r,Su iy uQQ,H idlaIr;dj w;r iyiïnkaO;dj fjkqfjka l< iólaIK f,dj mqrd wju jk w;r" úfYaIfhka m%;sm;a;s iïmdokfha §" Y%S ,xldfõ o úêu;a iólaIKj, wjYH;dj ;Èka oefkhs'

mj;sk wNsfhda.j,g uqyqK §u wmyiq o@

uQQ,H idlaIr;dj ,nd §u fuka u tys id¾:l;ajh uekSu o b;d jeo.;a h' ck;djf.a ÿ.S nj wvq lsÍug iy Ôjk uÜgu by< hdug fuh n,mE wdldrh iy m%udKh wOHhkh l< hq;= h' t fuka u" uQQ,H idlaIr;dj by< kexùu fjkqfjka uqo,a fhoùu iy m%;sm;a;suh wjOdkh jvd;a jeä f,i fhduq ùu fya;=fjka tu ld¾hhka we.ehq wjYH;dj o by< fjhs' kuq;a uQQ,H wOHdmkh w.h lsÍu wdfõksl j u wmyiq fohls' iq¿ jYfhka fyda isÿ lr we;s wOHhk u.ska iy ,enqKq ñY% fuka u wúksYaÑ; m%;sM, u.ska meyeÈ,s l< yels

jkafka o fldgils' ukao" uQQ,H wOHdmkfha we;s wdfõksl ixlS¾K nj iy iM,;dj w.h lsÍu wmyiq neúks' fuu ld¾hfha § mdol iólaIKhl ^Baseline Survey& o;a; fkdue;s ùu o w.h lsÍu iy wëlaIKfha § wmyiq;d we;s lrkq ,nhs' mdol iólaIKhla wjYH jkafka" tu o;a; fkdue;s j uQQ,H idlaIr;dj ,nd §fï wruqKq j, m%.;sh ueksh fkd yels ksid h' t fuka u uQQ,H idlaIr;dj ud;Dldj ms<sn| jegySula ,nd .ekSug iy uQQ,H wxYfha l=uk wdldrfha oekqula ck;djg wjYH fõ o hkak ixjdohlg ,la lsÍug wjYH W;afma%rlhla f,i o mdol iólaIKh jeo.;a fõ' Y%S ,xldj fuka u fndfyduhla rgj, fu jeks mdol iólaIKhl m%;sM, m%ldYhg m;a fldg fkdue;'

t fuka u uQQ,H idlaIr;dj hkq" uQQ,H moaO;sh hdukh i|yd wkqmqrlhla ñi wdfoaYlhla fkd fõ' uQQ,H moaO;sfha f;dr;=re ksrdjrKhka i|yd m%ñ;s ieliSfï § rdcH m%;sm;a;sj,g iqúYd, ld¾hNdrhla we;' mdßfNda.slhka iq/lSu Yla;su;a lsÍu iy tu ld¾hh wëlaIKhg wjYH wdh;ksl myiqlï .ek o rch j. n,d .; hq;= h'

;j o" wo iq,N j mj;skafka iemhqï wxYfha o;a; u; mokï jQ uQQ,H wka;¾.;Ndjh .ek ñkqula f.k ta wkqj uQQ,H idlaIr;dj ,nd §u i|yd jk l%ufõohka fõ' kuq;a wNsfhda.h jkafka" úfYaIfhka ÿmam;=kaf.a wjYH;djg .e,fmk ksIamdok iy fiajd uQQ,H moaO;sh ;=< ;sfnkjd o" fuu b,a¨ï o;a;j,g .e,fmk fia uQQ,H wka;¾.;Ndjh by< oeóug iqodkï o hkak h'

;ukaf.a uQQ,H ;;a;ajh jeäÈhqKq ùfuka by< Ôjk uÜgulg hd yels nj oefkk uq;a" mqoa.,fhl=g b;sß lsÍug iy whjehlg wkqj uqo,a yeisrùug fkd yels jkafka wehs@ iuyrla uQQ,H idlaIr;d jevigyka fya;=fjka thg iyNd.Sjkakkaf.a yeisÍfï ie,lsh hq;= fjkila we;s jk uq;a" iuyrl § muKla b;d iq¿ m%udKhla fjkia jkafka wehs@ fï wd§ m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re iemhSug fuka u uQQ,H idlaIr;dfõ id¾:l;ajh by< kexùu ms‚i p¾hd;aul wd¾Ól úoHd" ufkdaúoHd iy iudc úoHd m¾fhaIKhkaf.a oekqu ixl,kh o jeo.;a h'


uqo,a iy uqof,a ld¾hNdrh ms<sn| j l:d lsÍfï § uqo, iy Okh hk mo jYfhka fjka l< yels nj uQ,sl woyila fõ' uqo,a bmoùu iy Okh bmoùu iïmQ¾Kfhka tlsfkflka fjkia w¾:hka olajhs' Okh bmoùu ;=< § isÿ jkafka ñksia yelshdjka Ndú;fhka iajNdúl iïm;a fhdoñka wjYH jkakd jQ NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh lsÍuhs' kuq;a uqo,a bmoùfï § isÿ jkafka lsishï ixfla;hla we;s lsÍu fõ' ta wkqj" Okh bmoùu ;=< ksIamdokh jQ NdKav yd fiajd ,nd .ekSu i|yd uqo,a keu;s ixfla;h Ndú; lrkq ,nhs' idudkHfhka rgl uqo,a Ndú;h cd;sl ;;a;ajfha mj;S' ta wkqj" ta ta rgj,a i|yd Ndú; lrkq ,nk uqo,a ixfla; fjkia fõ' ta ta rgj, Ndú; jk jHjydr uqo,aj, idrdxYhla my;ska oelafõ'

fuu uqo,a i|yd fmdÿ tlÕ;d iy Wmudkhka mj;S' flfia jqj o 19 jk Y; j¾Ifha § fm!oa.,sl uqo,a ^Private Currency& Ndú;fha j¾Okhla we;s jk whqre oel .; yels h' fm!oa.,sl uqo,a jYfhka ye¢kafjkafka mqoa.,sl iud.ï fyda ixúOdk úiska ksl=;a lrkq ,nk w.h tallhka h' cd;sl jHjydßl uqo,g úl,amhla f,i Ndú; jkakd jQ fuu w.h tallhka m%%Odk jYfhka ksl=;a lrkq ,nkafka mqoa.,sl wdh;k fyda ixúOdk úisks' fu jeks fm!oa.,sl uqo,a ksl=;=j fndfyda rgj,aj, kS;sfhka ;ykug ,la jqj o ;ju;a fu jeks fm!oa.,sl uqo,a f,dj mqrd úYd, jYfhka mßyrKh jk ;;a;ajhla oel .; yels h' idudkHfhka fu jeks fm!oa.,sl uqo,a ks;r u ksl=;a lrkq ,nkqfha r;%%ka" ß§ jeks fN!;sl

wkq wxlh rfÜ ku uqo,a tallh

1 weußld tlai;a ckmoh weußlka fvd,¾

2 tlai;a rdcOdksh iag¾,ska mjqï

3 cmdkh fhka

4 m%%xYh hqfrda

5 Ökh hqjdka

6 iaúiag¾,ka;h iaúia *a?kala

7 tlai;a wrdì tó¾ rdcH ärdï

8 ol=Kq wm%%sldj ?kaâ

9 bkaÈhdj bkaÈhdkq remsh,a

10 reishdj rEn,a

11 ijqÈ wrdìhdj ijqÈ wrdìhdkq ßhd,a

12 ol=Kq fldßhdj ol=Kq fldßhdkq fjdka

tï'tia' y÷kaf.a

m%%dfoaYSh l<ukdlre - ud;r

YS%% ,xld uy nexl=j

w;:H uqo,a ^Virtual Currency& hkqfjka y÷kajkafka l=ula o @


jYfhka yqjudre jk NdKavhlska wdjrKh jk mßÈ fõ' fu u.ska fm!oa.,sl uqo,a ksl=;a lrkakka" uqo,a i|yd wdrlaIdldÍ njla we;s fõ' t fia u fu jeks yqjudre NdKavj, ñ, .Kka WoaOukhla mj;sk úgl fjkia jk ksidfjka WoaOukldÍ ;;a;ajhl § jqj o fu jeks uqo,aj, jákdlu wdrlaId lr .; yels jkq we;'

tlai;a ckmoh jeks rgj, fu jeks fm!oa.,sl uqo,a 18 jk ishji ueo Nd.fha § wdrïN ù ;ju;a Ndú;d fõ mj;S' WodyrKhla f,i b;dld meh Îthaca Hours & keue;s uqøs; fkdaÜgqj 1991 isg ksõfhda¾lays b;dld m%%foaYh ;=< Îthaca" New

York& yqjudre jk ;;a;ajhla mj;S' fuu l%%uh ;=< fuu m%%foaYfha iyNd.S;aj fiajlhka yg b;dld meh Wmhd .ekSï iy ñ, § .ekSï l%%ufõohla meje;s w;r" fïjd Ndú;fhka foaYSh j NdKav yd fiajd ñ, § .ekSfï yelshdj ,enq‚' ueipqfiÜiays ^Massachusetts& o n¾lafYhd¾ia The Berkshares& l,dmh ;=< ixirKh jQ fm!oa.,sl uqo, n¾lafYhd¾ia ^Berkshares& hkqfjka yeÈkaúks' fuu uqo,a j¾.h 2016 iema;eïn¾ ui 29 Èk y÷kajd fok ,È' n¾lafYhd¾ia ks, fjí msgqfjys i|yka mßÈ fuu fm!oa.,sl uqo,a Ndú;h i|yd iyNd.S jk foaYSh jHdmdßlhka m%%udKh 400la muK fõ' fuu uqo,a Ndú;h ;=<ska m%%foaYh ;=< u m%%d.aOkh mj;ajd f.k hEula foaYSh jHdmdßl m%%cdj iy tu m%%foaYfha mqrjeishka w;r ukd iïnkaO;djla f.dvk.d .ekSula wfmalaId flf¾'

n¾lafYhd¾ia fm!oa.,sl uqo,a tu m%%foaY m%%cdjf.a wd¾Ólh ixj¾Okh lrk fuj,ula fuka u m%%foaYh iajhxfmdaIs; lrk WmlrKhla jYfhka o ie,fla' fgdÜkia mjqï ^Totness Pound& tx.,ka;fha fgdÜkia ^Totness& m%%foaYfha Ndú; lrk ,o fm!oa.,sl uqo,a j¾.hls' th 2007 ud¾;= udifha § y÷kajd fok ,È' fgdÜkia mjqï tallhl w.h iag¾,sx mjqï 1lg iudk jQ w;r" th iag¾,sx mjqïj,ska jk nexl= .sKqï fYaIhlska wdjrKh jk ,È' fuu fm!oa.,sl uqo,a i|yd fgdÜkia ^Totness& m%%foaYfha jHdmdßlhkaf.a wdl¾IKh oeä j ,enq‚' t fia u fu fia ìys jQ fjk;a fm!oa.,sl uqo,a úfYaI jkqfha ,Sjia mjqu ^Lewes Pound& ^2008&" ì%%laiagka mjqu ^Brixton

Pound& 2009&" iag%%jqâ mjqu Stroud Pound& 2009&

iy ì%%iag,a mjqu ^Bristol Pound& fõ' úfYaIfhka ì%%iag,a mjqu bf,lafg%%dksl f.ùï lghq;= lsÍu i|yd Ndú; lrk ,È' lekvdj ;=< fu fia Ndú; jkakd jQ wkqmQrl uqo,a úfYaI jkqfha le,a.ß fvd,¾ ^Calgary Dollar& iy fgdfrdkafgda fvd,¾ ^Toronto Dollar& fõ'

fl fia jqj o lekvdj ;=< fuu fm!oa.,sl uqo,a i|yd kS;Hkql+, ms<s.ekSula ,eî fkdue;' t fia u fuu fm!oa.,sl uqo,a —fvd,rh˜ jeks jpk Ndú;fhka we;s úh yels wdl+,;dj j<lajd .ekSu i|yd l+mkh ^Coupon&" nlaia ^Bucks& hk jpk Ndú; lrkq oel .; yels h'

cd;sl jYfhka jHjydr jk uqo,a jHdc f,i Ndú; jkjd fia u fm!oa.,sl uqo,a o jHdc f,i Ndú;hg meñ‚ wjia:d we;' n¾kdâ fjdka fkdÜ yEkaia ^Bernard Von Not Hans& úiska 1998 - 2009 ld,j, § NdKav yqjudre tallhkaf.ka wdjrKh jQ fm!oa.,sl uqo,a j¾.hla jk ,sn¾á fvd,¾ ^Liberty Dollar& ksl=;a lrk ,È' kuq;a uqo,a úY=oaëlrKh ^Money Laundering&" ;eme,a jxpd ^Mail Fraud&" jHdc fkdaÜgq ^Counterfeit& iy l=uka;%%K ^Conspiracy& hk jroj,a hgf;a 2011 j¾Ifha § Tyq j w;awvx.=jg .;af;a h'

w;:H uqo,a

;dlaIKfhka we;s jQ kj fmr<sh;a iu`. u m%%dfoaYSh jYfhka l%%shd;aul fm!oa.,sl uqo,a ixl,amh jvd;a jHdma; fjñka f,dal jHdma; cd,hla ;=< jvd;a fjkia wdldrhlska w;:H uqo,a kñka Ndú;hg tla úh' 1996 j¾Ifha § äðg,a r;%%ka uqo,a ^Digital Gold Currency& úoHq;a r;%%ka ê-Gold& y÷kajd §u;a iuÕ w;:H uqo,a i|yd kj mKla ,enq‚' w;:H uqo,a wm%%ldYs; úoHq;a uqo,a jYfhka y÷kajkq ,nhs' fl fia jqj o j¾;udk fjf<|fmd< f,dalh ;=< Ndú;hg fndfyda f,i .ekqko w;:H uqo,a hk kduh w¨;a fohla fkd fõ' idïm%%odhsl uqof,a we;s m%%Odk ,laIK fndfyduhla w;:H uqo,a i;= fõ' w;:H uqo,a o hïlsis w.hla i|yd ixfla;hla f,i Ndú; jk f.jqï moaO;s ;dlaIKhls' hï wdh;khl wkque;sh fkdue;s j w.h yqjudrej i|yd woyila f,i w;:H uqo,a mokï ù we;' wka;¾cd, Ndú; j¾Okh iuÕ we;s jQ uqyqKqfmd;


^facebook&" Üúg¾ ^twitter& jeks iudc cd,hkays j¾Okh;a iuÕ w;:H uqo,a Ndú;fha jeä ùula oel .; yels h' t fia u wka;¾cd, fõ.dia leisfkda Ônline Vegas Casino& jeks wka;¾cd, iQÿ Ônline Gambling& mßirh o fuu jHdma;shg fya;= ù we;' lsishï w;:H m%%cdjka ;=< isák idudðlhska w;r" fuu w;:H uqo,a yqjudre lsÍfï udOHhla ^Media of Exchange& fuka u .sKqï tallhla Ûnit of Account& f,i o Ndú; fõ' ta wkqj —w;:H uqo,a˜ hk fhÿu fmdÿfõ Ndú; jkafka äðg,a ;dlaIKh fhdod fm!oa.,sl j ksl=;a lrk ,o jákdlï iys; uqo,a tall i|yd jk w;r" tajdg wdfõksl .sKqï tall o we;' —w;:H uqo,a iïnkaOfhka we;s m%%Yakhla jkafka wdrlaIdldÍ nj iy úYajdiodhl nj hk me;af;ka i,ld n,k l< uqof,a ld¾hNdrhla jk w.h .nvd lsÍu hk ld¾h fldf;la ÿrg bgq lrkafka o hkakhs' t fia u fuu uqo,ays wjodkula we;a o" wjodkula we;akï th tu uqo,a Ndú; lrkakkag muKla o t fia ke;skï wd¾Ólh i|yd jvd;a oeä n,mEula we;s o hkakhs' hqfrdamSh uOHu nexl=j Êuropean Central Bank& uQ,sl jYfhka ks¾jpkh lrk mßÈ w;:H uqo,a hkq ksYaÑ; w;:H m%%cdjla úiska Ndú;hg iy ms<s.ekSug ,la j we;s tys ks¾ud;Djreka úiska idudkHfhka md,kh lrkq ,nk kshdukhlg ,la fkd jQ äðg,a uqo,a j¾.hls' fl fia jqj o w;:H uqo,ays by< øjYS,;d ;;a;ajhla fkd mej;Su" fuu uqo,a i|yd t;rï by< ms<s.ekSula fkdue;s ùu iy kshduk l%%ufõohlg hg;a fkd ùu fya;=fjka hqfrdamSh uOHu nexl=j —uqo,a˜ hk jpkh ks¾jpkfhka bj;a l< hq;= njg ;¾l lrkq ,eì‚' ta wkqj" hqfrdamSh uOHu nexl=j 2015 § bÈßm;a lrkq ,enQ ks¾jpkhg wkqj w;:H uqo,a hkq iuyr wjia:dj, § uqo,a i|yd úl,amhla f,i Ndú; l< yels uy nexl=j" Kh fok wdh;k fyda úoHq;a uqo,a wdh;k jeks wdh;khlska ksl=;a fkd l< hï w.hla oelaúh yels äðg,a ksrEmkhls' w;:H uqo,a i|yd fmdÿ WodyrK jkafka ìÜ fldhska ^Bitcoin&" ,hsÜ fldhska ^Litecoin& iy t;Sßhï Êthereum& jeks wm%%ldYs; úoHq;a uqo,a ^Crypto Currencies& h' fuu m%%Odk w;:H uqo,aj,g wu;r j f,dj mqrd Ndú; jk w;:H uqo,a m%%udKh w;súYd, fjhs'

f,dalfha oekg Ndú;fha mj;sk m%%Odk w;:H uqo,a tall

1' ìÜfldhska ^Bitcoin&

2' ,hsÜfldhska ^Litecoin&

3' t;Sßhï Êthereum&

4' ßm,a ^Ripple&

5' ld¾vfkd ^Cardano&

6' iafg,¾ ^Steller&

7' ksfhda ^Neo&

8' fkï ^Nem&

9' Tñfif.da Ômisego&

10' fudfkfrd ^Monero&

ìÜfldhska ^Bitcoin&

m<uqfjka u ìÜfldhska ^Bitcoin& y÷kajd fokq ,enqfõ 2008 jif¾ § h' f,dj m%%p,s; f*daíia ^Forbes& iÕrdjg wkqj iïm%%odhsl uQQ,H moaO;sh ;=< isáñka wvq u msßjehla hgf;a úoHq;a ;emE,l fõ.fhka f,dj ´kE u ;ekl isák mqoa.,hka fofofkl= w;r fõ.fhka udreùï isÿ l< yels fmdÿ yqjudre l%%uhla f,i ìÜfldhska w¾: olajd we;' ta wkqj" ìÜfldhska l%%uh l%%shd;aul lsÍu 2009 ckjdß udifha § msgq 9lska hqla; j m%%isoaO lrk ,o —ìÜfldhska ^Bitcoin& uDÿldx.h jk ìÜfldhska iómia:hka w;r bf,lafg%%dksl uqo,a


moaO;sh˜ ^Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System& yryd isÿ úh'

íÆïn¾.a ^Bloomberg& i|yka lrk mßÈ f,dj mqrd ;sìh yels ìÜfldhska j, w.fha tl;=j f,i ñ,shk 21la i|yd muKla fuu moaO;sh wkqu; lr we;s w;r" wjidk ìÜfldhska m%%udKh 2140 j¾Ifha § ksoyia lrkq we;' ìÜfldhska .kqfokq lsÍfï § wu;r msßjeh wju jk w;r" tajd nexl= iïnkaO kshdukhkag hg;a fkd fõ' fïjd u.ska nexl=j, iïnkaOhla fkdue;s j t kï w;rueÈfhl= fkdue;s j .kqfokq isÿ l< yels h' t fia u fuu uqo,a wf,ú lsÍfuka Okm;shka jQ wh o we;' 2017 j¾I ìÜfldhska w.h b;d wêl f,i by< .sh j¾Ihls'

ks¾kdñl j NdKav ñ, § .ekSu ìÜfldhska u.ska isÿ l< yels h' t fia u ìÜfldhskaj,g lsishï rglg ne£ula ke;sjdla fuka u lsishï kshdukhla o we;=<;a fkd jk neúka b;d u ,dNodhS f,i wka;¾cd;sl jYfhka f.ùï lsÍu i|yd Ndú; fõ' Kh ldâm;a .dia;= jeks by< .dia;= wh ùula fkdue;s neúka fndfyda úg l=vd jHdmdr o fu jeks .kqfokq i|yd fhduq ù we;' t fia u bÈßfha

§ ñ, by< hkq we;e hs wfmalaIdfjka ìÜfldhska ñ, § .ekSu wfhdackhla f,i o isÿ lrkq ,nhs'

ìÜfldhska yqjudre wdh;k yryd úúO uqo,a Ndú; lrñka ìÜfldhska ñ, § .ekSu iy úlsŒu isÿ l< yels h' fu jeks m%%isoaO yqjudre wdh;k f,i fldhska fíia ^Coin Base&" ìÜiagEïma ^Bitstamp&" ìÜ*sfklaia ^Bitfinex& ye¢kaúh yels h' mß.Kl fyda cx.u ÿrl:k uDÿldx. Ndú;fhka ìÜfldhska tla mqoa.,fhl= úiska ;j;a mqoa.,fhl=g heúh yels h' th äðg,a ;dlaIKh Ndú;fhka uqo,a heùug iudk fõ' hï mqoa.,fhl= by; mßÈ ìÜfldhska ñ, § .;a úg th äðg,a miqïìhl .nvd fõ' äðg,a miqïìhla hkq w;:H nexl= .sKqula jeks fohls' fuu äðg,a miqïìh ìÜfldhska ñ, § .ekSug" úlsŒug" NdKav i|yd f.ùï lsÍug iy b;sß lsÍug Ndú; l< yels h'

woDYHudk uqo,a miqïìhla f,i .efkk fjd,Ü bka la,jqâ ^Wallet in Cloud& ;;a;ajh ;=< § we;s úh yels wjodku fya;=fjka i¾j¾j, ^Server& we;s o;a; wkjirfhka ,nd .ekSu;a iud.ï .kqfokqlrejkaf.a ìÜfldhska /f.k

2017 j¾Ifha ìÜfldhska uqo,a tallfha ñ, WÉpdjpkh

uQ,dY%%h - www'coindesk'com


w;=reoyka ùula oel .; yels h' t fuka u mß>Klh ;=< äðg,a miqïìhla ;sîu fya;=fjka mß>Klhg ffjrihla we;=¿ ùfuka tu o;a; úkdY ù hEfï oeä wjodkula we;s jkjd fuka u wu;l ùfuka tu o;a; uld oeñh yels h' ìÜfldhska .kqfokq j,§ .kqfokq isÿ lrkakd fyda ,nkakdf.a ku lsisÿ úfgl fy<sorõ fkd jk w;r th miqïì ye÷kqï wxlhla wdY%%fhka isÿ fõ' fuys § .kqfokqj, fm!oa.,sl;ajh wdrlaId jqj o fuu l%%uh u.ska ´kE u wdldrfha .kqfokqjla ^kS;Hkql+, fkd jk .kqfokq mjd& isÿ ùu ;=< Tjqka y÷kd .; fkd yels fõ' t neúka kS;súfrdaë u;aøjH" wú wdhqO jeks foa ñ, § .ekSfï § fuu l%%uh fndfyda wmrdOlrejka úiska isÿ lrkq ,nhs' t fia u kS;súfrdaë whqßka Wmhk ,o uqo,a úY=oaêlrKh i|yd o ìÜfldhska Ndú; lrkq ,nhs' t fia u fy<sorõ fkd jk .kqfokq fya;=fjka rchg remsh,a ñ,shk .Kkla wysñ fõ'

ìÜfldhska .kqfokqj, iajNdjh

1' fjkia fkd l< yels nj - hï .kqfokqjla ;yjqre l< miq th lsisfjl=g fjkia l<

fkd yels h' lsisfjl= ìÜfldhska uqo,a heùula ;yjqre lf<a kï th uqo,a i;H jYfhkau heùuls' th fjkia l< fkd yels h' lsisfjl=g th fjkia lsÍug o Woõ l< fkd yels h' ta i|yd lsisÿ wdrlaIs; cd,hla fkdue;'

2' jHdc kdu Ndú;h - .kqfokq fyda ìÜfldhska .sKqï i|yd i;H kdu Ndú; fkd fõ' t neúka wkkH;dj y÷kd .; fkd yels h'

3' fõ.j;a nj iy f,dj mqrd úys§ we;s nj - wka;¾cd,h ;=< .kqfokqj laI‚l j yqjudre jk w;r úkdä lsysmhla ;=< .kqfokqj ;yjqre fõ'

4' wkque;shla wjYH fkd ùu - w;:H uqo,a .kqfokq i|yd lsisfjl=f.a wkque;sh wjYH fkd fõ' th ´kE u flfkl=g f,fyisfhka fkdñf,a nd.; yels uDÿldx.hls' th nd.; lr .;a miq ta yryd ìÜfldhska ñ, § .ekSu" úlsŒu" NdKav ñ, § .ekSu isÿ l< yels h'

miq.sh j¾I 5 l ld,h ;=< ìÜfldhska uqo,a tallfha ñ, WÉpdjpkh



,hsÜfldhska ^Litecoin&

w;:H uqo,a w;r ,hsÜfldhska i|yd o ckm%%sh;dj mj;S' fuys ckm%%sh;dj fldf;la o h;a 2017 j¾Ifha § ìÜfldhska tll ñ, 1731] lska jeä jk úg ,hsÜfldhska tll ñ, 7291] lska jeä úh' ,hsÜfldhska y÷kajd §fï m%%uqLhd jkqfha

pd,s ,S ^Charlie Lee& h' pd,s ,S .+.,a iud.fï isá fiajlfhl= jk w;r" ìÜfldhskaj,g jvd by< w;:H uqo,la y÷kajd §fï oelaulska hq;= wfhl= úh'

idudkHfhka È.= ld,Sk wjYH;dj i|yd w.h .nvd lsÍfï l%%uhla f,i ìÜfldhska Ndú; jk w;r" th —r;%%ka˜ f,i olS' kuq;a jvd flá ld,Sk tÈfkod wjYH;djka i|yd Ndú; lrk l%%uhla f,i ,hsÜfldhska Ndú; jk w;r" th —ß§˜ f,i oelafõ' ,hsÜfldhska l%%uh 2011 Tlaf;dan¾ 13 Èk mgka l%%shd;aul fõ' ,hsÜfldhska hkq ìÜfldhskays laf,dakhla f,i ye¢kaúh yels h'

ìÜfldhska yd ii`ok l< ,hsÜfldhskays idudkHfhka tla .kqfokqjla wjika lsÍug .; jk idudkH ld,h ^Average Block mining

speed& ñks;a;= 2'5 ls' th ìÜfldhskays ñks;a;= 10 ls' ta wkqj" Èklg b;d l=vd mßudKfha .kqfokq fndfyda m%%udKhla isÿ lrk fjf<÷kag fuu ,laIKh m%%fhdackj;a fõ' ìÜfldhskays tla .kqfokqjla wjidk ùug .; jk ld,h ;=<

2017 j¾Ifha ,hsÜfldhska uqo,a tallfha ñ, WÉpdjpkh



,hsÜfldhska .kqfokq 4la isÿ l< yels h' 2015 cQ,s udifha § ,hsÜfldhska cd,h *a,â wegEla ^Flood

Attack& ;¾ckhlg ,la úh' *a,â wegEla tlla jYfhka ye¢kafjkafka wdhdÑ; ;eme,a ^Spam& .kqfokq w;súYd, m%%udKhla tljr we;=,a ùuhs' fuu wjia:dfõ § wdhdÑ; ;eme,a .kqfokq oyia .Kkla tljr ,hsÜfldhska cd,hg we;=¿ úh'

f,dj mqrd ìÜfldhska tl;=j ñ,shk 21l mj;soa§ ,hsÜfldhska tl;=j ñ,shk 84la j mj;S' BTC-e" la/lka ^Kraken&" l%%smais ^Cryptsy& jeks yqjudre l%%u yryd ,hsÜfldhska ñ, § .kS' 2018 foieïn¾ 18 jeks Èk ,hsÜfldhska tll Wmßu w.h jk weußldkq fvd,¾ 360'93 jd¾;d jQ w;r" jirlg fmr th weußldkq fvd,¾ 4'40la úh' ta wkqj" jákdlu j¾Okh jQ m%%udKh 8200] ls'

iaj¾KdNrK" iqmsß fjf<|ie,a" we÷ï wdh;k" bf,lafg%%dksl wdh;kj,ska NdKav ñ, § .ekSfï § fuu w;:H uqo,a Ndú; lrk m%%jK;djla oel .; yels h' iuyr rgj,aj, ,hsÜfldhska ;ykï jqj o ´kE u mqoa.,fhl=g ,hsÜfldhska .kqfokq

isÿ l< yels h' t fia u nexl= jeks w;rueÈfhl= fuu .kqfokq i|yd fkd isàu ;=< .kqfokq msßjeh wju fõ' fuu .kqfokq úoHq;a ;emE,l fõ.fhka isÿ fõ' fl fia jqj;a fuu .kqfokq wdh;khl kshdukhg ,la fkd fõ' tu ksid kS;s úfrdaë .kqfokq i|yd o fuu l%%uh Ndú; l< yels h' fuu l%%ufhka uqo,a úY=oaêlrKh l< yels neúka wkjir u;aøjH fjf<|dï" wdhqO fjf<|dï lghq;= l< yels h' ;j o" jákdlï iS>%% f,i wvq ùu ;=< wdfhdaclhkag úYd, f,i mdvq o we;s úh yels h'

t;Sßhï ^Ethereum&

ìÜfldhska" ,hsÜfldhska hkdÈh iuÕ ii|k l< t;Sßhïj, wjYH;dj yd yelshdj w;ska ie,lsh hq;= fjkialï mj;S' w;:H uqo,a ms<sn| m¾fhaIlhl= iy ìÜfldhska iÕrdfõ jevigyka ksIamdolfhl= jk úg,sla negßka ^Vitalik Baterin& úiska t;Sßhï ms<sn| fhdackdj 2013 § bÈßm;a l< w;r" 2015 cQ,s ui 30 jk Èk t;Sßhï ldis ñ,shk 11'9la wf,úh i|yd bÈßm;a úh'

miq.sh j¾I 5 l ld,h ;=< ,hsÜfldhska ^Litecoin& uqo,a tallfha ñ, WÉpdjpkh



2017 j¾Ifha § muKla t;Sßhï w.h 13000] l m%%;sY;hlska by< .sfha h' ìÜfldhska i|yd .kqfokqjla ;yjqre lsÍug hk úkdä 10la ;rï ld,hla yd idfmalaI j n,k l< t;Sßhïys tu ld,h ;;amr 14la muK b;d u fõ.j;a ld,hls' t;Sßhï .kqfokqjl § tys .dia;= ;SrKh lsÍfï § ixlS¾K nj" .nvd myiqlï wjYH;dj hkdÈh i,ld n,k ksid ìÜfldhska iuÕ iiod ne,Sfï §

fuys .kqfokq msßjeh wvq h' WodyrKhla f,i 2017 foieïn¾ udifha § ìÜfldhska .kqfokqjla i|yd idudkH .dia;=j weußldkq fvd,¾ 23l ;rï by< w.hla .ksoa§ t;Sßhï .kqfokqjl .dia;=j weußldkq fvd,¾ 0'33la ;rï my< w.hla úh' ;e/õlrejka w;:H uqo,a yqjudrelrejka fuka u wka;¾cd, w;:H uqo,a miqïì ^Online Crypto

Currency Exchange& yryd fuu .kqfokq isÿ l< yels h'

YS%% ,xld uy nexl=fõ m‚jqvh

YS%% ,xld uy nexl=j úiska 2018 wfm%%a,a ui 16 jk Èk YS%% ,xldj ;=< w;:H uqo,a Ndú;h ms<sn| j uyck;dj fj; oekqïj;a lsÍula isÿ lrk ,§' tys § úfYaIfhka w;:H uqo,a Ndú;h ksid uyck;djg we;s úh yels wjodkï ;;a;ajhka ms<sn| j oekqïj;a lsÍula isÿ lr we;' úfYaIfhka w;:H uqo,aj, jákdlu ms<sn| j iy;sl lsÍug iy tu .kqfokq kshdukh lsÍug uy nexl=j jeks flakaøia: wêldßhla fkdue;s ùu ;=< tu .kqfokq isÿ l< wh w;r fyda .kqfokq wdY%%s; .eg¨ we;s jQ ;;a;ajhka ;=< tajd ksrdlrKh

2017 j¾Ifha t;Sßhï ^Ethereum& uqo,a tallfha ñ, WÉpdjpkh



lr .ekSug ueÈy;a jk j.lsj hq;= md¾Yajhla

fkdue;s ùu fuu .kqfokqj, wjodku jeä lrkq

,nhs' t fia u w;:H uqo,aj, jákdlu ;SrKh

jkqfha iufmalaIKh u; jk w;r thg mdol jQ

j;alï fyda ta i|yd n,mj;ajk kshduk rduqjla

fkdue;' ta ksid wfkl=;a uqo,a fuka fkd j

fïjdfha jákdlï úYd, f,i WÉPdjpkh úh

yels h' ta wkqj" jákdlï úYd, f,i wvqùu ;=<

wêl w,dN oeÍug isÿ úh yels h' t fia u úúOdldr

jQ kS;súfrdaê lghq;= i|yd w;:H uqo,a Ndú;

lsÍfï iïNdú;dj by< hd yels h' ;j o" w;:H

uqo,a Ndú;h u.ska uqo,a úY=oaêlrKh je<elaùug

yd ;%%ia;jdohg wruqo,a iemhSu uevmeje;aùfï

kS;s W,a,x>kh ùug wjldYh we;' ta wkqj" fuu

lreKq ms<sn| j i,ld ne,Sfï § fu jeks wm%%ldYs;

úoHq;a uqo,a Ndú;h rfgys uyck;djg fuka u

rfÜ wd¾Ólhg o uQQ,Huh" fufyhqï" kS;suh" mdßfNda.sl iqrlaIs;;dj iy wdrlaIdj hk wxYj,ska ie,lsh hq;= wjodkula we;s lrhs'

ta wkqj" YS%% ,xld uyd nexl=j úiska uyck;djg wjOdrKh lr isákqfha YS%% ,xld uy nexl=j lsisÿ wdh;khlg fyda iud.ulg wm%%ldYs; úoHq;a uqo,a we;=¿ w;:H uqo,a iïnkaO l%%shdud¾. .ekSug n,m;%% ,nd §u fyda n,h mejÍula lr fkdue;s nj iy lsisÿ wdh;khlg uQ,sl ldis w¾mkhla ^Initial Coin Offering - ICO& i|yd n,h mejÍula lr fkdue;s njhs'

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2 3 9 16 - central bank of sri lanka · 2018-11-07 · 2 3 9 16 - central bank of sri lanka ... b

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