Journal #1 Brooklyn’s #42• 1) Who is this man?• 2) What sport did he

play?• 3) What makes his

involvement so pivotal?

Civil Rights Movement

(1955 – 1968)

White: YESRED: NO

Civil Rights Movement

• De Facto Segregation• segregation that exists by practice and custom

• Civil Rights• NAACP• Boycott• Sit-in• Nonviolent Resistance• Civil Disobedience

Montgomery (AL) Bus Boycott• Dec 1, 1955 – Dec 20, 1956• Rosa Parks refused to get up and move from a row

of seats when ordered to by the bus driver• Community leaders organized to make an

example of this situation, with Martin Luther King leading the campaign

• People walked, took taxis, rode mules or bikes, or hitchhiked in order to avoid taking the bus

• King himself was arrested for impeding usage of busses. His trial did nothing but bring the spotlight

Rosa Parks

• Feb 4, 1913 – Oct 24, 2005• Seamstress by occupation• Secretary of the NAACP when arrested• Fined $10 fine + $4 court fee• Presidential Medal of Freedom – 1996• Congressional Medal of Honor – 1999• Body laid in state for two days in the Capitol

http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/par0bio-1

The Reverend - Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

Martin Luther King Jr.• Jan 15, 1929 Born Atlanta, GA• Morehouse College; PhD from Boston College in

Theology• Marries Coretta Scott (King) in 1953

• During the Alabama boycott, his home will be fire bombed

Southern Christian Leadership Conference(SCLC)• Civil Rights group• Martin Luther King Jr. is its 1st president• Churches joining this organization faced threats

from the KKK and other groups

Greensboro Sit-In

Greensboro Sit-In• Feb. 1, 1960• Four African Americans sit at the “WHITES ONLY”

counter, and ordered coffee, and were refused• They stayed there until close

• Went from four, to 20, to eventually 300 strong.

Greensboro Sit-In• The movement spread to other cities, some

violently• Led to Civil Rights Act 1964 – Desegregate Public

Areas

• “I am deeply sympathetic with the efforts of any group to enjoy the rights of equality that they are guaranteed by the Constitution” – President Eisenhower

• (Wilkinson, Doris Yvonne. Black Revolt: Strategies of Protest. Berkeley: McCutchan Publishing Corporation, 1969.)

Brown vs. Board of Education • Ordered the Desegregation of schools in America

(1954)

The “Little Rock Nine”

Little Rock Nine• Central High School in Little Rock, AR (1957)

• Little Rock school board will approve admission of nine students to the high school

• The best overall students (academically/morally) were chosen

Governor & the National Guard• Governor Orval Faubus (D)• Will order the blockade of the black students• He will meet with President Eisenhower, to no

avail

The Little Rock Nine• Melba Pattillo Beals (b. 1941)• Minnijean Brown (b. 1941)• Elizabeth Eckford (b. 1941)• Ernest Green (b. 1941)• Gloria Ray Karlmark (b. 1942)• Carlotta Walls LaNier (b. 1942)• Thelma Mothershed (b. 1940) • Terrence Roberts (b. 1941) and • Jefferson Thomas (1942–2010)

Yay Ike; Go Army• President Eisenhower will send the U.S. Army to

insure the students be safely allowed into the school

• The National Guard will be federalized (Eisenhower will take power away from the governor to control them)

Lost Year• Governor will shut down all high schools for the

1958 school year• A public referendum will support the governor

• The Black community will receive the community wrath for preventing students from going to school

Freedom Rides

Freedom Rides• May 4, 1961• Blacks and Whites travelling into the Deep South

in order to test Desegregation policies at stops and cities

• They went in two busses• Generally ok in VA, NC, SC• Things went bad in Alabama• Police will conspire with KKK groups in Anniston and

Birmingham to allow free access with no police intervention for 15 minutes• One bus had its tires slashed and was firebombed

• The second bus is boarded by the KKK and riders are beaten

• As they escape the bus, they are greeted by mobs outside with baseball bats and pipes

• One hospital will refuse to treat the victims, and they’ll be moved in secret

Whites will be singled out

• May 22 – New group arrives to replace those unable to continue (Montgomery, AL)

• Kennedy arranges a deal with local leaders • Protect group on the last stretch• Feel free to arrest them on Segregation violations in

Jackson, MS

Dr. King’s March on Washington

• Aug. 28, 1963

• “I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character…”