1st yr alarm reaction
TRANSCRIPT
-
7/31/2019 1st Yr Alarm Reaction
1/31
Alarm Reaction
-
7/31/2019 1st Yr Alarm Reaction
2/31
What is Stress? Stress is a nonspecific response to real or
imagined challenges or threats
A stressor is an environmental stimulus
that affects an organism, producing
physical and psychological effects such as
tension and anxiety
-
7/31/2019 1st Yr Alarm Reaction
3/31
What is stress?????What is stress?????A pattern of negative physiologicalA pattern of negative physiological
states & psychological responsesstates & psychological responses
occurring in situations where peopleoccurring in situations where peopleperceive threats to their well beingperceive threats to their well being
which they may be unable to meet.which they may be unable to meet.
R.Lazurus & S. Folkman (1984)R.Lazurus & S. Folkman (1984)
-
7/31/2019 1st Yr Alarm Reaction
4/31
The Bodys Response to Stress General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS):
Hans Selye described the 3 stages of the
general adaptation syndrome:
Alarm reaction -Alarm reaction - the body detects andthe body detects andprepares to mount a response to an externalprepares to mount a response to an external
stimuli or stressstimuli or stress
Adaptation -Adaptation - the body protectively respondsthe body protectively respondsto the perceived stressto the perceived stress
Exhaustion -Exhaustion - Failure of the body to fullyFailure of the body to fullyadapt to the stressadapt to the stress
-
7/31/2019 1st Yr Alarm Reaction
5/31
-
7/31/2019 1st Yr Alarm Reaction
6/31
-
7/31/2019 1st Yr Alarm Reaction
7/31
Bodily Systems Activated By
Stressors
Autonomic nervous system Endocrine system
-
7/31/2019 1st Yr Alarm Reaction
8/31
Autonomic Nervous System Stressor Adrenal glands secrete adrenaline
Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic
Sympathetic Physiological response Heart rate increases
Muscles tense
Blood pressure rises
Pupils dilate
Breathing increases
Perspiration
-
7/31/2019 1st Yr Alarm Reaction
9/31
-
7/31/2019 1st Yr Alarm Reaction
10/31
Endocrine System Stressor Hypothalamus CRF released
Pituitary gland ACTH
Bloodstream Adrenal glands Produce
adrenaline and glucocorticoids
Physiological response
63-173, winter 2007
-
7/31/2019 1st Yr Alarm Reaction
11/31
-
7/31/2019 1st Yr Alarm Reaction
12/31
Systems Affected By Stress Immune system
Cardiovascular system Gastrointestinal system
Muscles
Skin Sexual reproduction
-
7/31/2019 1st Yr Alarm Reaction
13/31
-
7/31/2019 1st Yr Alarm Reaction
14/31
Stress response system
Stress hormones epinephrine (adrenaline)
norepinephrine
Fight or flight preparation of body
General adaptation syndrome (GAS)
bodys adaptive response to stress very general
responds no matter what stressor used
While positive emotions such as love a
-
7/31/2019 1st Yr Alarm Reaction
15/31
Stress and Adaptation Approximately 60-80% of all visits to
health care professionals are for stress-
related disorders
Stress may cause: Disability
Absenteeism
Decreased productivity
Costs billions of dollars to employers annually
-
7/31/2019 1st Yr Alarm Reaction
16/31
The GAS
(General Adaptation Syndrome)
Hans Selye (Canadian physician)
flight or fight response Alarm
Adaptation Exhaustion
-
7/31/2019 1st Yr Alarm Reaction
17/31
The GAS
(General Adaptation Syndrome)(contd)
Some physiological changes include: dilatation of pupils
increased respirations/heart
rate/perspiration/blood pressure/muscle
tension/gastric motility/blood glucose levels
peripheral vasoconstriction release of adrenalin
raising of body hair and cold/clammy hands
-
7/31/2019 1st Yr Alarm Reaction
18/31
Behaviour and Stress
Hebb has argued that effective behaviour
depends on a persons state of arousal
A moderate level of stress may be desirable
Overarousal tends to produce disorganized,
ineffective behaviour
-
7/31/2019 1st Yr Alarm Reaction
19/31
Stress and Health
Researchers have been interested in the link
between stress and heart disease
-
7/31/2019 1st Yr Alarm Reaction
20/31
Heart Disease and Stress
Lifestyle factors are important in the
development of heart disease
One of the first attempts to link behaviour
and heart disease is the study of Type A
behaviour
-
7/31/2019 1st Yr Alarm Reaction
21/31
Heart Disease and Stress (contd)
Type A behaviour is a pattern of
competitive, impatient, hostile behaviour
Type B behaviour is exhibited by peoplewho are calmer, less hurried, and less
hostile
Research on the components of Type Ahave shown that hostility and angerdo
relate to the development of heart disease
-
7/31/2019 1st Yr Alarm Reaction
22/31
Stress and Infectious Disease
Stress is related to the development of
disease through its effects on the immune
system The study of this connection is called
psychoneuroimmunology (PNI), the
interdisciplinary study of behavioural,neurological, and immune factors, and their
relation to the development of disease
-
7/31/2019 1st Yr Alarm Reaction
23/31
Stress and Health-Related Behaviours
Stress can influence health through
behaviours that increase the risk for
disease and death Stress affects how people behave and may
stimulate behaviours that can damage or
enhance health
-
7/31/2019 1st Yr Alarm Reaction
24/31
Minimize the Frequency of Stress-
Inducing Situations
Change the environment
Avoid excessive change
Time control
Time management
-
7/31/2019 1st Yr Alarm Reaction
25/31
Coping Strategies Increase resistance to stress
Physically
Psychologically
Setting realistic goals
Building coping resources
Counter-conditioning to avoid physiologic
arousal
-
7/31/2019 1st Yr Alarm Reaction
26/31
Factors Influencing our Ability to Cope
with Stress Situational
Changing jobs/Chronic illness, etc
Maturational
Teens and self identity/Older adults and loss
of muscle strength, etc
Socio-cultural Living in violence/Cultural influence, etc
-
7/31/2019 1st Yr Alarm Reaction
27/31
Attachment theory (Bowlby, Imre Hermann) Physiological, psychological and developmental
importance of the early childhood affective
mother-child bond and the negative consequences
of the disruption of this relationship.
According to follow up studies, insecure
attachment predicts later emotional instability and
health deterioration. Maltreatment at an early agecan have enduring negative effects on a childs
brain development and function, and on his or her
vulnerability to stress.
-
7/31/2019 1st Yr Alarm Reaction
28/31
Learned helplessness as result of
chronic stress A condition of loss of control created by
subjecting animals or humans to an unavoidable,
emotionally negative life situation (such asunavoidable shocks, relative deprivation, role
conflict, etc). Being unable to avoid or escape
(flight or fight) an aversive situation for a long
period of time produces a feeling of helplessnessthat generalises to subsequent situations.
-
7/31/2019 1st Yr Alarm Reaction
29/31
Brain consequences of learned
helplessness: The hippocampus is primarily affected by
the long-lasting elevations of circulating
corticosteroids resulting from
uncontrollable stress. Severe stress for a
prolonged period causes damage in
hippocampal pyramidal neurons, especiallyin the CA 3 and CA4 region and reductions
in the length and arborization of their
dendrites.
-
7/31/2019 1st Yr Alarm Reaction
30/31
Main biological pathways of chronic
stress: Dysregulation of the hypothalamus-hypophysis-adrenocortical (HPA) axis and the sympathetic-
adrenal-medullary system (SAM) resulting in
elevations in serum catecholamin and cortisollevels.
Sympathoadrenal hyperactivity contributes to the
development of CVD through effects of
catecholamines upon the heart, blood vessels and
platelets.
Sympathoadrenal activation modifies the function
of circulating platelets.
-
7/31/2019 1st Yr Alarm Reaction
31/31
Stress
Have a nice day, filled with only good
stress!