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TECHNICAL PROCEDURES FOR

TOPOGRAPHIC FOREST SURVEYS AND

TREE MAPPING

Ministry of Forestry

January, 2007

Third Edition


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Art Klassenegiona Director, TFF

and

as i aIL Trainer TFF

January, 2007,

Third Edition

rigina manua Prepare un erITTO Project

D 110 / 01 Rev. 4 (I)

TROPICAL FOREST FOUNDATION

TECHNICAL PROCEDURES FOR

TOPOGRAPHIC FOREST SURVEYS

A N D T R E E M A P P I N G


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ISBN : 979-97847-0-0

This publication is intended for widespread use and distribution. All parts of this document may be reproduced to advance the adoption of improved forest practices, providing the Tropical Forest Foundation isacknowledged as the source. Digital copies of all or part of this manualcan obtained from the Tropical Forest Foundation upon payment of adupplication and handling charge.

TROPICAL FOREST FOUNDATIONManggala Wanabakti Build., Block IV, Floor 7, Wing BJl. Jend. Gatot Subroto, Jakarta 10270, IndonesiaTelephone: (62-21) 573 5589, Fax. (62-21) 5790 2925E-mail : [email protected]://www.tff-indonesia.org


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uthors :Art K assen an Has i a

Editor :asbillah

esign Layout :Mario Ekaroza

January, 2007, Edition Three

Original manual Prepared under ITTO ProjectD 110 / 01 Rev. 4 (I)

TECH NICAL PROCEDUR ES FOR

TOPOGRA PHIC SURVEYS AN D

T R E E M A P P I N G

Forestry DepartementEPUBLIK OF INDONESIA

TROPICALFOREST FOUNDATION


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iTropical Forest Foundation

Technical Procedures for Topographic Forest Surveys and Tree Mapping

F OREWORD

F or ew

or

d

s manual has beene rst in a series of inten e to provi e

gui ance on t es of implementing a

ct Logging strategyand hill dipterocarpnesia.

rovidesn detail consistentorest policy andn onesia. From apective, however theprocedures described

l can also be appliedest managementroug out t e

sia and Pacic region.

third edition of thislished by the Tropical

ation TFF any the Association of Forest ConcessionHI). Funding for theof this edition has

e entire y y t e TFF.preparation of theual was provided by

tional Tropical TimberITTO .

of this manual is tond facilitate forestto achieve sustainable


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F o r e w o r d

orest management t roug t e a option o RIL practices.

Critical comments and suggestions for improvements are welcomed.Please address your correspondence to:

T e Regiona Director, Tropica Forest Foun ationMangga a Wana a ti, B . IV, 7 F oor, Wing BJl. Jend. Gatot Subroto, Senayan, Jakarta 10270Telephone : (21) 5735589Fax : (21) 57902925E-mai : t @c n.net.i

This manual is also available as a PDF le and can be downloadedfrom the TFF website www.tff-indonesia.org


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T ABLE OF C ONTENTS

T a b l e

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Foreword ................................................................................................... iTable of Contents ................................................................................................... iList of Figures ................................................................................................... iList of ables .................................................................................................. iiList of Photos ................................................................................................. iiiPreface ...................................................................................................1

CHAPTER I - ntroduction .....................................................................................31.1 Objective ...................................................................................................31.2 What is a contour map ? ...................................................................................31.3 Limitations ...................................................................................................31.4 Assumptions ...................................................................................................4

CHAPTER II - Planning ..........................................................................................62.1 The Topographic Survey Team ........................................................................62.2 Survey Equipment ............................................................................................ 72.3 Slope Corrections .............................................................................................92.4 Tieing to a Controlled Map Base ...................................................................122.5 Establishing a Baseline ..................................................................................142.6 Establishing Strips or Survey Lines ...............................................................17

CHAPTER III - Special Survey Situations ......................................................20

CHAPTER IV - Some Sources of Errors ..........................................................284.1 Error in Compass Reading .............................................................................284.2 Error in Slope Reading ..................................................................................294.3 Distance Measurement Error ......................................................................... 304.4 Incorrect, Incomplete or Unclear Notes . .......................................................31

CHAPTER V - Tree Mapping Field Procedures ..............................................325.1 Data Collection Considerations .....................................................................325.2 The Inventory Team .......................................................................................355.3 Field Procedure 36

CHAPTER VI - Tree Mapping Field Procedures ............................................. 06.1 Assumptions ................................................................................................ 06.2 Preparing the Field Notes ............................................................................. 0


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T a b l e o f C o n t e n t s

6.3 Preparing the Contour Map 416.4 Adding Tree Location Data ............................................................................ 7

APPENDIX I - English / Indonesian Terms ....................................................49

APPENDIX II - Horizontal Slope Table (20 m) ...............................................51

APPENDIX III - Standard Slope Table (20 m) ..................................................52

APPENDIX IV - Slope Table 20/10/1 m, Interval .............................................53

APPENDIX V - Contour Data Sheet ................................................................ 56

APPENDIX VI - Inventory Sheet ......................................................................57

APPENDIX VII Other Technical Procedures anuals in This Series ............58


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L IST OF F IGURES

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Figure 1 : A typical countour map showing slope categories, stream buffer zones, roads, skid trail projections, contours, andcommercial tree locations. ....................................................................1

Figure 2 : Example of a 3-dimensional representation of countour map. .............4

Figure 3 : Slope correction using trigonometric functions. ..................................9

Figure 4 : A practical application of trigonometric functions. ...........................10

Figure 5 : Using the slope table method to establish 20 meter horizontal survey intervals. ................................................................12

Figure 6 : A proposed base line grid and block layout for anannual operating area. ......................................................................... 3

Figure 7 : A sample baseline from a known starting point. ................................14

Figure 8 : An example of plastic tag/survey ribbon attached to a stake. ............16

Figure 9 : An example of typical survey notes along a xed bearing line. ........17

Figure 10 : Illustration of a closed traverse for a pair of survey lines. .................18

Figure 11 : Illustration of note keeping protocol for an error of closure. ............. 9

Figure 12 : Survey protocol for crossing a stream and recording anIntermediate Foreshot (IFS). ...............................................................20

Figure 13 : How to record intermediate survey information whencrossing a stream or gully. ..................................................................21

Figure 14 : Survey protocol for crossing a ridge. 22

Figure 15 : How to record intermediate survey informationwhen crossing a ridge. .........................................................................23


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ListofFigures,

T a b l e s a n d P h o t o s

Figure 16 : Survey protocol for avoiding an obstacle. 24

Figure 17 : How to keep notes for an off-set around an obstacle. .........................25

Figure 18 : How to deal with a major obstacle occurring within the block. .........26

Figure 19 : Checking the accuracy of a clinometer. ..............................................30

Figure 20 : Hight measurement Situation 1 .......................................................33

Figure 21 : Height measurement Situation 2 ......................................................34

Figure 22 : Field procedure for tree mapping ........................................................36

Figure 23 : 3-part label on a tree marked for felling. ..........................................38

Figure 24 : Locating tree positions within a plot. .................................................39

Figure 25 : Tally sheet including a sketch of tree positions. .................................39

Figure 26 : A completed and corrected set of eld notes for a closed traverse. ...42

Figure 27 : Error of Closure ................................................................................. 3

Figure 28 : Adjusting the horizontal error of closure. .......................................... 4

Figure 29 : Corrected contour map for two strips. ............................................... 6

Figure 30 : Composite contour and tree osition map showingcommercial trees only. ........................................................................ 7

Figure 31 : Sample inventory eld notes with tree position data ..........................48


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Hand Compass ...................................................................................................7

Clinometer ...................................................................................................7

35 m Survey Tape ...................................................................................................8

Altimeter ...................................................................................................8

Clip-Board ...................................................................................................8


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P REFACE P r ef a

c e

Figure 1 : A typical countour map showing slope categories, stream buffer zones,roads, skid trail projections, contours, and commercial tree locations.

T e pro uction o contour maps or orest concessions HPH s , isrequired by the Indonesian Ministry of Forests (MoF). The scalerecommended by Government regulation is 1:25,000. These mapsare useful for concession level planning but they are inadequate forthe kind of planning required to implement Reduced Impact LoggingRIL . Wit out t e imp ementation o RIL, or simi ar, ow impact

harvesting strategies, sustainable forest management cannot beachieved.

Operational contour maps can be produced from aerial photographs ata sca e o 1:5,000. A t oug t ere are no signi cant tec nica arriersto the production of such contour maps for the Indonesian production


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P r e f a c e

orests, a com ination o economic an po icy isincentives avediscouraged the adoption of such mapping technology in Indonesia.

Ultimately, Indonesian companies may acquire the capability to

produce operational scale contour maps from aerial photographs. Int e meantime, owever, an opportunity exists to t is in ormationgap imme iate y t roug existing survey practices.

The TPTI 1 silvicultural system under which most of Indonesiasnatural forests are managed, requires that 100% stock mapping

e carrie out e ore annua arvesting permits are issue . T eresulting survey procedures implemented by the forest companies,can be modied to include the collection of elevation data from which

contour maps can be prepared at an operational scale.T is proce ures manua escri es ow to co ect t e necessary atato create operational scale contour and tree position maps as partof the 100% inventory procedure. This manual also describes howto process the data and how to prepare a contour map using manualcartographic methods.

Tebang Pilih Tanaman Indonesia / Indonesian Selective Cutting and Planting Silvicultural System.


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I NTRODUCTION

I n t r o d u c t i on

CHAPTER I

Topographic surveys are best carried out simultaneously with 100%cruising and tree mapping. This guide book describes a topographiceld survey and mapping procedure which is easy to implement andw ic wi permit t e pro uction o reasona y accurate contour antree position maps.

1 .1 Objec t iveT e main o jective or con ucting a topograp ic survey is to pro ucean accurate contour map which, together with tree position data,can be used to carry out detailed harvest planning and control.

1 .2 What i s a contour map ?

A contour map presents the 3-dimensional reality as a 2-dimensionalmap. Lines of altitude or contour represent regular changes inelevation. The elevation interval between contours should be adaptedto suite the terrain. On gentle topography, an interval of 2 meterscou e use w i e on t e more typica , i y topograp y, an intervaof 5 meters is more appropriate.

For detailed logging planning, a scale of 1 : 2,000 or 1 : 1,000 ispreferred. The smallest suitable scale is probably 1 : 5,000. Suchcontour maps s ou s ow t e ocation o a streams an rainagepatterns. Existing roads, boundaries, or miscellaneous physicalfeatures such as rock outcrops and swamps, should also be shown.Finally, to be an effective planning tool, contour maps should alsoshow the location of all commercial trees.

1 .3 Limi ta t ions

Although the data collection procedure described in this manual isast an easy to imp ement, it is a so prone to errors. T is gui e oo

will identify the major potential sources for error and will suggestways to minimize and adjust for these errors.

The procedures described in this manual are not necessarily the only

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I n t r o d u c t i o n

Figure 2 : Example of a 3-dimensional representation of countour map.

way to create a contour map from a ground survey. However, theseprocedures support the prescriptions of the Indonesian SelectiveCutting and Planting Silvicultural System (TPTI). Variables such as

oc s ape, survey ine spacing an survey interva , re ate irect yto the prescriptions in the TPTI system but can easily be modied tosuite different requirements.

1 .4 Assumpt ions

The survey procedures described in this technical manual, are builton the following assumptions.

T e asic mapping units wi e operationa areas or peta s o+ - 100 a in size.

Parallel strips will be surveyed at right angles from a baselinewhich will be established through a block. The baseline should besta is e at a nort sout or east west earing. Strips wi e

esta is e at regu ar interva s a ong t e ase ine an wi e runat a xed bearing, usually at right angles to the baseline. Blockboundaries can also be used as a baseline. C

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I n t r o d u c t i on

A constant eld measurement of 20 horizontal meters will be usedto collect data along each strip. Slope corrections will be carriedout in the eld.

T e 20 meter orizonta e measurements a ong eac strip,are intended solely to facilitate accurate tree position mapping.Twenty meter slope distances can also be used, however, the mapinterval will then not be a consistent 20 m interval and accuratemapping of tree positions will become problematic.

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Note: The Suunto compass is a reliable, handheld instrumentsed to establish a bearing. The most commonly used model

does not have a magnetic correction capability, consequentlyall bearings will be magnetic. When relating field surveys andesulting block maps to a larger base map which has beenroduced from aerial photos, keep in mind that the base map is

orientated to true North while your field surveys are orientatedo magnetic North. Check your base maps for the magnetic

declination in your area.


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P LANNING

F i e l d S u r v e y P r o c e d u r e s

CHAPTER II

An eight to ten member inventory crew is commonly used on forestconcessions to carry out the 100% cruising. This crew is dividedinto two teams. T is ivision o t e inventory crew into two teams ismaintaine un er t e RIL mapping system.

Survey Team: (4 men)The survey team establishes the boundaries, baselines and surveyines. T e survey team co ects a ata nee e to ma e a contour

map. Numbered stations are established along survey lines at20 m horizontal interval to facilitate tree mapping.

Inventory Team: 4 menT e Inventory Team carries out t e 100% inventory using t esurvey lines and survey stations established by the SurveyTeam.

It is important to remem er t at t is ivision o a our is ase oncurrent practices within the forest sector in Indonesia. Companieswho wish to achieve greater efciency, may want to use lesspersonnel or may want to organize the composition of the teamsdifferently. The following procedures could be carried out by as fewas two ig y traine men.

2 .1 The Topographic Survey Team

It is assumed that the topographic survey team will consist of fourpersons.

Compassman : This is the lead man. His job is toestablish a straight line according to the desired bearing.He wi a so cut away any o stac es a ong t e ine annotc sma trees a ong t e way to ma e t e ine visi efor the following members of the team.

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Hand Compass

Clinometer

Hea C a nman T is man wi pu t e survey c ainalong the cut line and will be responsible for markingeach new survey point. He should also check theaccuracy of the bearing which has been established by

the Compassman.Rear C a nman : T e Rear C ainmans jo is to othe end of the chain, measure the slope, and adjust themeasured slope distance to achieve a horizontal distanceof 20 meters.

Note Keeper : T e Note eeper recor s t e s ope anthe actual slope distance needed to achieve a horizontal

distance of 20m. He must also record a sketch of thetopographic and planimetric detail along the survey line.

2 .2 Survey Equipment

Topographic forest surveys require only simple hand instruments.T e Survey an Inventory Teams s ou e equippe wit t efollowing:

Two hand compasses per Survey Team.A variety of compasses are available.Ma e sure a compasses are ca i rateconsistently (all corrected or not correctedfor magnetic declination). The InventoryTeam should also have one compass forgeneral orientation purposes.

Each Survey Team should have twoclinometers. Suunto and Silva clinometersare the most reliable and durable. If treeheights are being measured (instead of estimate , t e Inventory Team s oualso have two clinometers.

One altimeter, should be assigned to theSurvey Team. Gra ations s ou e tot e nearest 10m.

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Altimeter

35 m Survey Tape

Clip-Board

One 35 or onger survey tape or eacSurvey Team. If proper survey chainsare not available, use a polypropylenerope. The rst 20m should have marksat 5m interva s an t e remaining

section of the rope should have marksat one meter intervals.

One note book or clip-board for botht e Survey an t e Inventory Teams(see Appendix I for a suggested notekeeping format).

Slope tables. Each survey teams ou ave a genera s ope ta eshowing variable slope distancesand slopes in percent, as well asa xed 20m horizontal slope table(see Appendix I).

The Survey Team should have asupply of plastic tags or survey agging tape and felt pens formar ing survey points.

The Inventory Team will requiretree number tags, paint and feltpens.

Usually each man except theNote Keeper, carries a cutlass

or parang for line clearing andgeneral brushing.

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Figure 3 : Slope correction using trigonometric functions.

2 .3 Slope Correc t ions

Indonesias remaining dry-land forests are rarely found on at terrain.However, since maps are always presented in horizontal format,eld measurements must be corrected to adjust for slope. Basic

trigonometric functions can be used to correct for measurementinaccuracies ue to s ope.

In forest surveys, it is common practice to measure slopes in percent.The relationship of rise over run expressed as a percent, is easyto visualize. For example, a 1% slope simply means that for every100 orizonta meters t ere is a one meter c ange in e evation.

Trigonometric functions permit rapid calculation of any variable ina right angle triangle provided that two sides or one side and the

ang e are known. In order to use trigonometric functions, however,angles must be converted from percent to degrees. This conversion

can be achieved with the Cotan function which states that :

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Figure 4 : A practical application of trigonometric functions.

is measured in percent, the degree value for can

be calculated by recognizing the horizontal / veritical relationshiprepresente y a percent ang e. As an examp e, an ang e o 51% isequal to 51 meters of elevation charge per 100 horizontal meters.Using a scientic calculator to nd the Cotan value for 0.51, we ndthat 51% = 27 degrees.

Sample Problem :

You are measuring up a hill at a slope of 70% and you would like toesta is a 20 meter orizonta survey interva . How many metersslope distance would you have to measure?

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So ut on :

First, convert 70% to degrees using a scientic calculator.

Cotan 70 / 100 = 35o

Then solve for C w ere

Cos = a / c

c = a Cosc = 20 Cos 35c = 24.4 meter

Since this type of questioned will have to be solved many times whencarrying out topograp ic surveys, t e s ope istance va ues or a 20meter horizontal survey interval have been calculated and presentedin an easy to use table in Appendix II.

The solution to this question can be found by simply looking up thes ope istance va ue or a orizonta istance o 20 meters at a s opeof 70%. (see table below).

It is recommen e t at copies o t e s ope correction ta ein Appendix II be plasticized for easy eld use. Using the slopetable method, eld adjustment to slope measurements can be madequickly and accurately.

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Slope (%) Slope distance (m) Vertical difference (m)

68 24.2 13.6

69 24.3 13.8

70 24.4 14.0

71 24.5 14.2

72 24.6 14.4


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Figure 5 : Using the slope table method to establish 20 meter horizontal surveyintervals.

2 .4 Tie ing to a Contro l led Map Base

Inventory teams in forest concessions normally prepare tree positionmaps at a scale of 1:1,000 or 1:2,000. These maps are essential toolsin planning for and implementing improved operational activitiessuch as skidding and land use planning.

Unless these large scale maps are related to a smaller scale, controlledmap base, such as the management maps which are available at ascale of 1:20,000 or 1:25,000 , the usefulness of the 100 ha block mapwi e s ort ive . I , owever, t e entire oc map gri is accurate yconnecte to t e sma er sca e, 1:25,000 map, ogging recor s at t e1:1,000 operational scale become meaningful management tools forlong-term planning and recording of management activities.

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easurement HorizontalDistanceRequired Slope

Distance

st interval = 35% 20 meter 21.19 meter

2nd interval = 30% 20 meter 20.88 meter

3 rd interval = 55% 20 meter 20.83 meter


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Figure 6 : A proposed base line grid and block layout for an annual operatingarea.

In or er to esta is a contro e mapping gri or an annuaoperating area or RKT , a starting point s ou e c osen w iccan be recognized on the base map. A river junction is usually areliable starting point. A systematic grid is then projected onto the

map base and additional control points are identied. As the baselinean e surveys progress over annua mapping area, a surveyeconnection should be made to these control points. This will oftenresult in slight changes to the grid which should be reected on theindividual block maps.

I e evations ave not a rea y een esta is e or contro points, anumber of methods can be used to determine the starting elevationfor a baseline. The easiest method is to use an altimeter with has

been calibrated against a known elevation point. A GPS receivercan also be used to set the starting elevation. If those instrumentare not avai a e, t e starting e evation can e interpo ate rom t e1 : 25,000 contour basemap.

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Figure 7 : A sample baseline from a known starting point.

2 .5 Es tabl i sh ing a Basel ine

It is essentia t at a ase ine or a oun ary e esta is e accurate yand that elevations are determined for each survey point on thebaseline since this information will provide the starting data for

all subsequent survey work in the block. Baselines are usuallyesta is e on a nort sout or east west car ina earing.

To ensure greater accuracy, the baseline should be establishedwith a staff or a tripod compass and a reliable survey chain. If this equipment is not available, a hand-held compass can be used.Frequent ac -s ots s ou e ta en to ensure t e accuracy o t e

earing.

It will be assumed that the baseline is completely accurate. Allsurvey strips and other survey work will be adjusted to the baseline.The baseline stations should, therefore be very clearly marked anda e e in t e e .

Field Procedure

1 C ose t e starting point o t e ase ine. T is s ou e a pointwhich is easy to recognize on the base map. The junction of tworivers is often a suitable starting point. In the absence of clearlyrecognizable topographic feature, a corner post of a previouslyestablished block or petak can be used as a starting point.

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2 Determine t e e evation at t e starting point o t e ase ine.An a timeter is t e easiest way to etermine t e e evation.Ensure that the altimeter has been recently calibrated to aknown elevation point since atmospheric pressure effects the

elevation reading which can change signicantly with changesin weat er.

3) The Compassman will run the bearing line. He will continuouslytake back-bearings to blazes on saplings or, on the HeadChainman who should also take bearings to conrm the accuracyo t e orewar earing.

4) Make a preliminary measurement of the rst 20 m slope

distance.5 T e Rear C ainman ta es t e s ope rea ing wit is c inometer

and checks the slope table for the required slope correction asthe Head Chainman procedes along the line.

6) The Rear Chainman will tell the Head Chainman to go ahead thea itiona istance nee e to o tain t e correcte orizontadistance of 20 meters. Make sure that the chain is pulled tightand straight for each measurement.

7) The Head Chainman will mark the corrected survey point andwill write the distance and line number on each point. A plastictag or survey ribbon makes a suitable label for the survey pointsand can easily be attached to a stake (see Figure 8).

8) The Rear Chainman will take a nal slope reading and theNote keeper will record this reading along with the correctedhorizontal distance. The Note Keeper will also record theposition o a streams on t e compass s eet to t e rig t o t edata entry portion of the contour data form (see Appendix V).He will also make a sketch of topographic form lines extendingapproximately 20 m to the right and left of the survey line.

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Tip : Use a 25 or 30m chain to allow for corrections ansteepslopes. The Rear Chainman stays at the lastsurvey point and the Head Chainman moves ahead.


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Figure 8 : An example of plastic tag/survey ribbon attached to a stake.

9) Once the distance measurement has been taken, the HeadChainman will make a mark on the ground where he wasstan ing so t at t e Rear C ainman can stan on exact y t esame spot.

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Tip: The Rear Chainman and the Head Chainman shouldcompare their height before beginning the work so that theclinometer reading is taken consistently to the same heightabove the ground.


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Figure 9 : An example of typical survey notes along a fixed bearing line.

Note : The elevation columns can be lled out in the ofce.

2 .6 Es tabl i sh ing St r ips or Survey Lines

The procedure for establishing the strips is the same as for establishingthe baseline. The baseline starting point for each strips has anelevation which has been transferred from the baseline startingpoint. T ese ase ine e evations ecome t e starting e evation oreac strip.

In order to monitor the accuracy of the eld survey and, in order toeffectively adjust any survey errors, it is recommended that strip

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Tip : Survey notes should start at the bottom of thepage and be recorded upwards. This will make thesketch mapping of the topographic and planimetricfeatures on the right side of the page easier sincethe notebook is held in the direction of travel alongthe strip.


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Figure 10 : Illustration of a closed traverse for a pair of survey lines.

e surveye in pairs. T e starting point o t e rst strip is on t ebaseline and the end point of the second strip is at the correspondingbaseline station. This provides the means for self checking theaccuracy of the work.

T e exact istance o t e secon strip on t e return earing to t ease ine must e recor e to t e point w ere it meets t e ase ine.

Also record the error of closure (bearing, slope distance and slopepercent) to the station on the baseline which marks the beginning of the second strip. Figure 9 illustrates an error of closure where thesecon strip is 5m onger t an t e rst an 4m rom t e ase inestation.

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Figure 11 : Illustration of note keeping protocol for an error of closure.

Proce ures or 100% inventory recommen e y t e Ministry oForestry, call for a strip spacing of 20 m. At this level of intensity thesurvey performance norm is for inventory team to complete a 100hectare block in one month.

Operationa e tria s ave emonstrate t at an accepta e eveof accuracy for the contour and tree position data, can be achievedusing a strip spacing of 40 meters. This essentially cuts the surveycost in half.

Companies nee to ta e t is in consi eration w en c oosing asuitable interval for the contour and tree mapping surveys.

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S PECIAL S URVEY S ITUATIONSSpecial Survey

S i t u a t i o n s

HAPTER II I

Figure 12 : Survey protocol for crossing a stream and recording an IntermediateForeshot (IFS).

Field Procedure :

T is is an important variation to t e norma 20 meter orizontameasurement since it records important data concerning topographicrelief which will be helpful to construct an accurate contour map andto accurately determine the location of the stream.

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Situation 1 : Youre line is going to cross a deep stream withinthe next 20 m shot.You would like to know the distance to the streamand the elevation at the stream for the purpose of producing an accurate contour map.


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Figure 13 : How to record intermediate survey information when crossing a streamor gully.

1) When the Head Chainman reaches the stream as he moves forwardon the bearing, he will stop for a moment to take an intermediatemeasurement of the slope distance to the stream.

2 T e Rear C ainman wi ta e t e s ope rea ing an t e s ope

measurement to the Head Chainman at the stream and the Notekeeper will record this information as an Intermediate Foreshot (IFS). This Intermediate Measurement should be recordedin brackets opposite the station from which it originates. (seesamp e notes in Figure 13 . T e Note Keeper wi accurate yindicate the stream position on the sketch map and show thedirection of stream ow with an arrow.

3 T e Hea C ainman wi t en procee ti e reac es 20m+ s ope

istance w i e t e Rear C ainman remains at t e ast station.

4) The normal survey and note keeping procedure will now apply forslope correction and measurement (see Section 2.4, Establishinga Base ine . Note t at t e measurements to t e stream o notrequire the establishment of a survey station.

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Figure 15 : How to record intermediate survey information when crossing a ridge.

2) The Rear Chainman will take the slope reading and adjust theslope measurement to achieve a horizontal distance of 10 meters.The appropriate slope measurement can be determined from the20 meter slope table by dividing the slope distance value for theappropriate percentage, y two.

3) The Head Chainman will pull the chain tight to the corrected 10meter slope distance and will make a mark on the ground withhis foot. Both men will then proceed along the bearing line.

4) When the Rear Chainman and Note Keeper reach the mark on theground, they will stop and allow the Head Chainman to proceedfor another 10 meters.

5 T e secon rea ing can now e ta en in t e norma way an t enecessary adjustment made to the slope distance to achieve asecond 10 meter horizontal measurement.

6 Note t at a survey sta e wi not e esta is e at t e interme iatemeasurements ut wi e require at t e secon , 10 metermeasurement to maintain the 20 meter sequence of horizontalsurvey points.

7 T e note eeping protoco or t is situation is i ustrate inFigure 15 . Note t at rac ets are not use . T is in icates t atboth measurements are part of the continuous measurement of the survey line.

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Special Survey

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Figure 16 : Survey protocol for avoiding an obstacle.

Field Procedure:

1) The Head Chainman has reached a small cliff which he cannotclimb on bearing. He decides that it is possible to go around thec i to t e e t o t e ine.

2) He returns to the last survey point (15) and sets a new bearingat right angles to the original line (Bearing 270 o in the followingexample). C h

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Situation 3 : Youre line has reached a cliff which you cannotclimb. How do you carry the line forward and still

aintain the accuracy of the survey pattern?


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Figure 17 : How to keep notes for an off-set around an obstacle.

3) After 10m (or a suitable distance), he checks the original bearingto see if it can get past the rock. If he thinks he can get past, hewill tell the Rear Chainman to take the measurement at 10m.

4 T e Note Keeper must recor t e earing, s ope istance an

slope % to this off-set point. The Head Chainman makes a markon the ground to note the point.

5) The Head Chainman then proceeds at the original bearing of Northunti e is past t e c i an te s t e Rear C ainman to ta e t emeasurement.

6) The Chainman pulls the chain tight and the Note Keeper recordst e new earing, s ope istance an s ope %.

7) The survey team then proceeds on the reverse of the originaloff-set bearing for the same distance to get back on the line (90 ofor 10m).

8 T e point at w ic t e origina ine is re-esta is e s ou e t enext survey point on the line or an even multiple of the standard,horizontal 20m survey interval.

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Figure 18 : How to deal with a major obstacle occurring within the block.

9) To ensure that the measurement interval of 20m horizontaldistance is maintained on the line, slope correction using thegeneral slope correction table, should be applied to all off-setmeasurements.

T is in o situation requires a exi e approac . T e e crewwill made the decision on the appropriated off-set distance and thedistance required to get past the obstacle. It is important to calculate

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orizonta istance in t e e so t at you can position t e rstsurvey sta e past t e o stac e on t e origin earing ine.

In some blocks, major problems with difcult terrain such as

extensive swampy areas or very rugged or rocky terrain, may beencountere . In suc situation it may not e possi e to imp ementa systematic survey of strips.

The solution to dealing with such a situation will, of necessity, haveto be site-specic. Strips may have to be shortened to avoid the

i cu t terrain. I t e i cu t terrain occurs wit in a oc , caremust be taken to extend the strip survey around the difcult portionof the strip in a manner which maintains a high level of accuracy and

re-establishes the survey grid beyond the major obstacle or difcultterrain.

Distance, slope, and azimuth for every measurement must berecorded in a clear and consistent manner. Ties to adjacent stripsmust be made in the eld and clearly recorded in the notes. Anillustration of such a mapping situation is provided in Figure 18w ere a rugge roc outcrop ma es it impossi e to maintain t estrip network.

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S OME S OURCES OF E RRORS

S o m e

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HAPTER IV

Contour mapping surveys are low order surveys. They represent apragmatic solution to the need for contour maps where aerial photobased contour maps are not available at an operational scale. Sincecontour mapping is very a our intensive an time consuming, an ,since the area which must be mapped in one year is often quitelarge, the survey procedure is a compromise between the need for

accuracy and the need for productivity.It is recommen e t at a contour mapping strips s ou e tieto a controlled baseline so that survey errors can be adjusted moreeasily when preparing the maps. The procedure described in thepreceding sections recommends that two lines should constitute onecontinuous survey. The survey must close. It must start and endat t e same survey point or at traverse points w ic are a rea yconnected by a previous survey. The recorded data must clearlydescribe what was done in the eld. Each section of the survey mustrecord bearing, slope distance and % slope.

In or er to minimize e survey errors, it is e p u to examine t esources of error. The following list of potential sources of error is byno means complete, however it covers the most common sources of survey error.

4 .1 Error in Compass Reading

Error in compass reading will result in a deviation of the line from theintended bearing. This error may be caused by :

(a) Holding the compass incorrectlyNot c ec ing t e earing ine care u y

Corrective Measures(a) Always ensure that the compass is held level and that the

compass nee e or w ee is rotating ree y.(b) Take frequent back shots on your line to make sure that

you do not deviate from the correct bearing.(c) The Head Chainman should also have a compass and

should check the bearing of the Compassman frequently. C h a p t e r

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I t ere is a eviation in t e ine esta is e y t ecompassman t e actua earing s ou e recor e inthe notes. Dont pretend that the line has been correctlyestablished when in fact, there is a deviation. This will

only create problems in the mapping process.Keep meta o jects, suc as a wrist watc , away rom t ecompass. C ose proximity to certain meta s can causeincorrect compass readings.

4 .2 Error in Slope Reading resulting in a high vertical errorof closure. This error may be caused by :

(a) Using uncalibrated instruments,

(b) Failing to record the correct sign (+/-)(c) Recording degrees instead of percent.T e Rear C ainman is ta er or s orter t an t e HeaChainman but takes his slope readings at the eye level of the Head Chainman. The result is a small but consistenterror which becomes quite signicant over the length of the survey strip.

Corrective Measures

(a) Check the clinometer. It may not be calibratedcorrectly.

Establish two targets 20m apart Mark the rst targetat eye level. Hold the instrument against this mark andestablish the zero slope mark on the second target.

Move t e instrument to t e zero s ope mar on t esecond target. Hold the instrument next to this markand establish the zero slope mark on the rst target.If the instrument is accurate, the zero slope mark willbe the same as the original instrument position.

If the zero mark is below the original instrumentposition, the clinometer is reading too low . Determinethe correction required by dividing the distance in half an a justing a su sequent e rea ings upwar s

y t e resu ting ang e.

If the zero mark is above the original instrument position,the clinometer is reading too high Determine the

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Figure 19 : Checking the accuracy of a clinometer.

correction require y ivi ing t e istance in a anadjusting all subsequent eld readings ownwar sby the resulting angle.

A much easier way to determine if your clinometer isrea ing correct y is to ta e it to a a e or wi e riveran s oot across to t e opposite s ore. Your rea ingwill determine whether your instrument has a negativeor a positive bias.

(b) When adding a slope correction during the strip survey,take a second reading to the corrected horizontal surveypoint. Record this second reading.

(c) The Note Keeper should always determine his eye level relative to his partner (Head Chainman) by standing nextto his partner on a at place and taking a zero slopereading on his partners head. All subsequent sloperea ings on is partner s ou e to t e same point.

4 .3 Dis tance Measurement Error

W en c osing a return traverse a ong t e secon strip to t e ase ine,the distance should be the same. If it is longer or shorter than itshould be, but if the bearing is correct, an error in the distancemeasurement has probably occurred.

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Corrective Measures.

(a) Use the correct survey tool. The preferred measurementtool is a nylon survey chain or survey tape calibrated at

one meter intervals.A ways pu t e c ain tig t an straig t w en measuringfrom point to point.

(c) If using a polypropylene rope, check it periodically againsta proper survey tape. Polypropylene will stretch withtime.

4 .4 Incorrec t , Incomple te or Unclear Notes are a verycommon source o error in ow or er e surveys.

Corrective Measures

(a) Always start the notes by clearly identifying the blocknumber, strip number, bearing of the strip, date, and thename of the Note Keeper.

(b) Clearly identify any changes of bearing in the notes.c Ma e sure t at eac survey is tie to t e next survey ine.

Record bearing, slope distance and slope for all ties.(d) Provide a sketch for each tie.(e) Sketch in all creeks and important physical features on

the compass sheet.S etc in orm ines to i ustrate t e irection o t econtours for 20m on either side of the strip.

(g) Record all errors of closure no matter how small. Makesure that distance, azimuth, and slope is recorded foreach measurement.

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T REE M APPING F IELD P ROCEDURES

TreeMappingField

P r o c e d u r e s

HAPTER V

Field survey procedures described in Chapter 2, are used to create asystematic grid with survey lines and survey stations marked at 20meter interva s in t e orest. T is 20 x 20 meter gri can e use asthe basis for a rapid and accurate mapping of tree position.

This manual assumes a basic familiarity with cruising proceduressuch as diameter measurements, height measurements, speciesrecognition, an qua ity assessment. T e ocus o t e o owingprocedural description is on tree location data collection andmapping.

5 .1 Data Col lec t ion Considera t ions

The common practices for 100% cruising, as required by theIndonesian TPTI system, is to use an 8 to 10 man crew. This manualproposes dividing this crew into two teams.

T e Topograp ic Survey Team as esta is e t e samp ing griusing 20 m horizontal intervals along the strips and has collected allinformation needed to prepare a contour map.

The Inventory Team must now follow the grid established by theTopograp ic Survey team or t e purpose o con ucting t e orestinventory and tree position mapping.

There are a number of important consideration before starting a100% cruising survey.

To measure or to estimate?

This is essentially an issue of quality versus quantity At lowsamp ing intensities, precision is essentia or a re ia e estimate o t etotal. At a sampling intensity of 100%, however, estimating diameterand heights is usually sufcient. In any case, actual measurement of every tree would be too time consuming and costly to implement. C h

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Figure 20 : Hight measurement Situation 1

In or er to eep t e estimations as accurate as possi e, it isrecommen e t at t e Inventory Team ca i rate t eir estimatesperiodically.

Checking estimates of diameters can be accomplished quickly andre ia y using a iameter tape. Eac Inventory Team s ou carry atleast one diameter tape for this purpose.

Measuring the height takes a bit longer but can be done with ameasuring tape and clinometer.

Heights should be calculated in the eld directly. Using the percentscale on the clinometer makes height determination easy, however

care should be taken with the sign (+ or -) as illustrated in thefollowing examples.

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Figure 21 : Height measurement Situation 2

Which trees to record ?

Regu atory requirements as we as operationa consi erations widictate which trees to record and map. Under the TPTI system, theregulation requires that commercial trees above the minimum fellingdiameter limit be tallied. The TPTI also requires that all protectedspecies be marked and labeled and that a forest managementunit emonstrate t at at east 25 uture crop trees e mar e anlabeled.

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Description Felling Diameter Future Crop Tree

Production Forest 50 cm + 20 - 49 cm

Limited Production Forest 60 cm + 20 - 59 cm

Protected Species Ulin, Jelutung,Tengkawan, etc.Ulin, Jelutung,

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requirements w en eci ing w ic trees to ta y an mar .

The denition of commercial is largely up to the individual companys

discretion and is inuenced by the industrial conguration of thecompany. T e primary consi eration is anticipate qua ity o t elog. If a forest management unit produce logs only for a plywoodfactory, the company policy regarding permissible defect will bemore demanding than if logs are being produced to a fully integratedindustrial complex.

Location and transport considerations are also important. If theconcession is remote and river transport using barges is not possible,

then sinker species would not be considered commercial since theycannot be oated down the river.

5 .2 The Inventory Team

The inventory team usually consists of four ti ve people.

Note Keeper : This is the key man in the inventory team.He directs the work and receives and records all data(species, tree category, diameter, length of stem andtree position). He also creates a sketch showing there ative position o eac recor e tree wit in a p otdened by the survey grid.

ruiser : There are usually two cruisers in the team.Their job is to measure tree diameters and heights of t e stem to t e rst major ranc . T e cruisers a sonumber and label the trees and, where tree position isrecorded using a co-ordinate system, they estimate theX and Y values for the tree positions. Cruisers mustcommunicate continuously with each other and conveyt eir measurements an estimates to t e Note Keeperverbally.

Tree Identier : This man is a specialist in treei enti cation. His jo a so inc u es e ping t e cruiserswit tree a e ing an tagging.

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Figure 22 : Field procedure for tree mapping

5 .3 Fie ld Procedure

Cruising an tree mapping is carrie out y t e Inventory Teamwhich follows the survey grid established by the Topographic SurveyTeam. The basic sampling unit is a 20 x 20 meter or 20 x 40 meter

plot, according to the spacing between survey strips.One strip should be kept as the reference line. Tree positions arerecorded in relation to this line. These positions are then related tothe 0 point of each plot (Figure 21).

1 . T e Note Keeper recor s a tree ata given to im y t etwo Cruisers and the Tree Identier. The Note Keeper assignsconsecutive tree numbers and tells the other crew memberswhat number to write on the tree labels.

The Note Keeper should always keep the reference strip in sightsince he must also conrm the tree position within each plot.Any stream or distinct physical feature should also be recordedon the tally sheet.

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2 . T e two Cruisers wi eac cover a o t e p ot as t ey proceein t e samp ing irection. T eir jo is to c ose w ic trees s oube recorded and labeled according to the approved samplingcriteria.

T is cou inc u e : Trees above a certain diameter limit which are of commercial

species and quality. Note that commercial species and qualityconsiderations may vary between forest management units.

Future crop trees which conform to species, diameter, and qualityconsi erations.

Protected trees according to regulatory requirements.

3 . T e Cruisers wi measure or estimate t e iameter an eig tto the rst major branch. If they require assistance in treeidentication and tree labeling, the Tree Identier will be able tohelp.

4 . T e cruisers wi s out t is in ormation to t e Note Keeper w owill tell them what tree number to use.

5). This information will be recorded on a 3-part red plastic labelwhich will be attached to the tree with a nail or staple. Futurecrop trees wi e a e e wit a simp e ye ow tag containing

just the tree number, species and diameter.

6). Additional tree marking could involve painting a yellow line onprotecte species.

7). The Cruisers should also tell the Note Keeper the positionco-ordinates of each tree using the bottom left hand corner of each plot as the zero point for the / Y coordinate system. The

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Tip : When establishing sampling criteria, clear distinctionshould be made between ecessary i nformation anddesired information. A common mistake in sampling is tocollect desired information. This can result in informationoverload and reduce the practical effectiveness of theinventory. Establish the sampling criteria on the basisof needed information only.


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Figure 23 : 3-part label on a tree marked for felling.

Note Keeper will conrm the X and Y values and may adjustthem if he is in a better position to see the tree location relativeto t e 0,0 point.

8). The Note Keeper will record all tree data including a sketch of thetree location. Figure 25 illustrates a typical tally sheet includinga s etc map. Tree num er, species co e, iameter, an eig tare required entries. Tree code is an optional column andcan be used to identify the category of tree for easy sortingof information on a computerized data base. The X andY coordinate information and the sketch map are necessaryin ormation or tree position mapping w et er t is ata istransferred onto a map manually or whether a computerizedmapping system is applied.

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Figure 24 : Locating tree positions within a plot.

INVENTORY DATA FORM

Figure 25 : Tally sheet including a sketch of tree positions.

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HAPTER V

Low order surveys such as those used in collecting contourinformation, will always have some error of closure. The key tosuccess u transcription o e ata to pro uce a re ia e contourmap, is to acknowledge the errors of closure and to adjust for themin a consistent and pragmatic manner.

The nal map should reect the corrected errors of closure. This willminimize oca ize istortion o e ata y istri uting t e errorsover a larger map area and maintaining the overall spatial integrityof the map information.

6 .1 Assumpt ions

Certain assumptions are necessary in order to successfully adjustboth the horizontal and vertical errors of closure.

One part of the total survey work must be assumed to becorrect. A a justments wi e ma e to t is correct survey.The assumed correct survey will usually be the baseline, orboundary survey. All other surveys will be adjusted to thiswork.

It wi e assume t at an error o c osure, ot vertica anhorizontal, is evenly distributed along the length of the survey.This will make it easier to adjust the error over the total distanceof the survey.

6 .2 Prepar ing the Fie ld Notes

This preparatory stage must be done on a daily basis in the eldcamp. Failure to check the eld notes in this way will lead to errorsor omissions going un etecte an wi resu t in signi cant mappingpro ems.

1) Check the eld notes for completeness on a daily basis.Make sure that all information necessary to plot the

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e notes as een c ear y note an t at a ties areaccurate y recor e an comp ete.

2) Enter the vertical distances from the slope table.

3 Ca cu ate t e e evation or eac station.

4) Calculate the horizontal error of closure.

5) Calculate the vertical error of closure.

6 .3 Prepar ing the Contour Map

Procedure:1 P ot t e ase ine on a piece o grap paper arge enoug to

accommodate the entire survey work, usually one block.Show all stations and their elevations carried forwardfrom the starting point. This sheet of paper will be usedto create a corrected composite map.

2) Plot each piece of the survey work on a separate stripof graph paper. All corrections should be made onthese individual working maps and then traced onto thecomposite map.

3) On the individual pieces of paper, lightly plot theapproximate position of the strips according to the workplan.

4 A just or orizonta error o c osure :The sample notes in Figure 26 show a continuous surveyof two strips starting at baseline station 20 and endingat baseline station 21. The survey strips also show anerror of closure of + 10m in the North / South directionan 8.5 m in t e East West irection. Accor ing to t eeld survey procedures, station 10 strip 21 should havelanded directly on baseline station 21 (Figure 27).

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Figure 26 : A completed and corrected set of field notes for a closed traverse.

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Figure 27 : Error of Closure

T is is an errorot in istance

measurement andin bearing. Since wedont know wheret e error occurre ,we must assume t atit was accumulative

and, therefore we willadjust each 20 metermeasurement.

5) The easiest way of dealing with the adjustment of aorizonta error o c osure invo ving two strips o equa

length, is to divide the error in half and adjust the endpoints of each strip.

Figure 28 illustrates the adjusted positions for station 10on strip 20 and station 0 on strip 21.

6) Reposition Strip 20 from the baseline station 20 to thenew position of station 10. Reposition all stations on thestrip by accumulating increments of :

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Figure 28 : Adjusting the horizontal error of closure.

Station 1 0.5 m Nort an 0.42 m EastStation 2 1.0 m Nort an 0.85 m EastStation 3 1.5 m North and 1.27 m EastStation 4 2.0 m North and 1.70 m East

7) Reposition Strip 21 from where the strip actually reachedthe baseline to the new position of station 0 by using thesame increments as or strip 20.

8) From the eld notes sketch in the location of the streamsand any other physical information.

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9 A just or vertica error o c osure T e samp e notes in Figure 26 s ow a ase ine e evationof station 21 of 527.0 m, however, the elevation at thisstation calculated from the eld notes, is 532.0 m. This

is an error of closure of + 5.0 m.Since we on t now w ere or ow t is error occurre ,we must assume an equal distribution of the error.

Since there are 21 roughly equal survey intervals, wemust re uce t e e evation o eac station y accumu atingincrements of :

Stat. 1 / Strip 21 528.8 0.238 = 528.6 Adjusted Elev.Stat. 2 / Strip 21 536.0 0.476 = 535.6 Adjusted Elev.Stat. 3 / Strip 21 546.8 0.714 = 546.1 Adjusted Elev.Stat. 4 Strip 21 548.3 0.952 = 547.4 A juste E ev.etc.

Write these corrected elevations (rounded to the nearest0.1 meter) lightly in pencil on your adjusted plot of thetwo stripes.

10) You are now ready to sketch in the contours on theadjusted strip map. Use the eld notes as a guide tointerpret the direction and shape of the contours. Extendt e contours approximate y 10 meter on eit er si e oyour sketch map ( Figure 29 .

11) When you have completed and checked all the individualstrip maps for the block, you are ready to start compilingt e composite map. On a ig t ta e, p ace t e in ivi uastrip maps under the large composite map and match thestarting points on the baseline. Make sure that the gridlines of the two maps match.

12 Lig t y trace t e p animetric an topograp ic etai ontothe composite map. Be sure to also transfer the correctedstrip locations so that it will be easier to plot the individualtree locations.

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Figure 29 : Corrected contour map for two strips.

13 W en t is as een comp ete , join up t e p animetricetai suc as streams an t e contours across t e entire

map sheet. Make sure that contours are labeled using theactual elevations. Contour labeling protocol requires that

the elevations of the contours should always be orientatedup i .

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Figure 30 : Composite contour and tree ositionmap showing commercial trees only.

6 .4 Adding Tree Locat ion Data

Once the corrected contour map has been completed, the nal stepis to transfer the tree position data onto this map from the eldnotes (Figure 30).

You wi ave to eci e w et er to trans er a tree positions orperhaps, just the position of the commercial trees.

You will also have to chose an appropriate system of symbols.Different shapes for different species is a common choice. If themap is eing prepare using a computer an p otter, i erent co orsis a so an option.

Figure 31 provides a sample inventory eld tally sheet for strip 20from the previous contour mapping example. Figure 30 shows thecomp ete contour an tree position map or t e same two strips.Note that only commercial trees are shown in this example.

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Cruiser Name : ________________ Comments : Tree No., Species Code, Diameter and Height are

required, Tree Code is optional. X and Y are stronglyrecommended. Tree map is required.

Figure 31 : Sample inventory field notes with tree position data C h a p t e r

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E NGLISH / I NDONESIAN T ERMS

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APPENDIX I

A P H I : Asosiasi Pengusa a Hutan In onesiaAssociation of Indonesian Forest ConcessionHolders.

Base ine : atas garis i at

Block : petak, (usually 1000m x 1000m management

unitCompassman : pengompas, ompasmen

Countour : kontur, transes

Contour Interval : interval, jarak antara kontur, skala trases

Corner post : patok batas

Creek : parit, sungai kecil

DEPHUT : Department Ke utanan In onesia Ministryof Forestry

Elevation : elevasi, ketinggian

G P S : Geograp ica Positioning System

Gully : celah

Head Chainman : penarik tali depan

Horizontal distance : jarak datar

H P H : Hak Pengusahaan Hutan / Forest Concession

I F S : Interme iate Fore S ot

I T S P : Inventarisasi Tegakan Sebelum Penebangan /Pre-harvesting Inventory

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English/Indonesian

T e r m s I T T O : Internationa Tropica Tim er Organization

Jalur : strip or survey line

Note Keeper : pencatat, recordPohon Inti : future crop tree

R I L : Reduced Impact Logging / PembalakanBerdampak Lingkungan

River : sungai

R K T : Rencana Kerja Tahunan/Annual OperatingPlan

Slope : kelerengan

Slope distance : jarak datar

Sta e : ajir, pato

Starting point : titik ikat

Station : stopan

Stream : parit, sungai kecil

Strip : jalur

Survey point : stopan

T F F : Tropical Forest Foundation

Tie : ikatan

T P T I : Tebang Pilih Tanam Indonesia / Indonesianelective cutting and planting system.

Traverse : survei

Vertical distance : beda tinggi A p p e n

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S LOPE T ABLE 20/10/1 M , I NTERVAL

Sl o

p eT a

b l e

2 0 / 1 0 / 1 m

,I n

t er v al

PPENDIX IV

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SlopeTable

2 0 / 1 0 / 1 m ,

I n t e r v a l

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Sl o

p eT a

b l e

2 0 / 1 0 / 1 m

,I n

t er v al

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I NVENTORY S HEET

I nv

en

t or y

Sh

e e t

PPENDIX VI

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O THER T ECHNICAL P ROCEDURES

M ANUALS IN T HIS S ERIESOthertechnical procedures

m a n u a l s i n t h i s s e r i e s

PPENDIX VII

P ann ng Cons erat on or Re uce Impact Logg ng August2005.

Operational Consideration for Reduced Impact Logging March 2006.

Planning, Location, Survey Construction and Maintenancefor Low-Impact Forest Roads May 2006.

Management Considerations for Successful Implementationo Re uce Impact Logg ng Ju y 2006

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The Tropical Forest Foundation

Manggala Wanabakti Build.,

Block IV, 7th Floor, Room 718B

Jl. Jend. Gatot Subroto,

Jakarta 10270, Indonesia

1st survey mapping eng

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