1er coloquio sobre poesía venezolana contemporánea | poesías y poéticas de autores nacidos a...

8/10/2019 1er Coloquio sobre poesa venezolana contempornea | Poesas y poticas de autores nacidos a partir de 1970

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1


3/100

E Hd`dquedsdarc pdcsm vciczd`mim hditcfpdricm

Wdcfms y pdtehms sdarc mutdrcs imhends mpmrter nc =5?7


4/100

_ _ _

. H M X M A C @ @ D

. O D A

. R C

Fcrhcncs m @uictmWmrrdquem M`tmormhem

Mpnd. =8>Hmrmhms =7=7. Rciczuc`m

c`cbs; (71=1) 321-?877/ 321?>7>

Buinmhei Hmsm Imhedim nc ms @ctrms MinrsAcd

_e``emf Dsuim Wrcsencitc

Nmiec` Fd`eim Nerchtdr Ckchutevd

BHI@MAHmrmhms - Rciczuc`m 17=>

E Hddqued sdarc pdcsmvciczdmim hditcfpdricm.Wdcfms y pdtehms sdarcmutdrcs imhends m pmrternc =5?7

Hd`chhei Cismyd

iojc`m Fcindzm Wdrtmnm y nescd nchdchhei

Nemidrm WrczNemormfmhei

Zefcim Jurtmnd Umrzm Hdrrchhei nc tcxtds

Ncpsetd @com`;EXAI;b27317=>:7787285?:-5:7-1=>-81:-8


5/100




6/100

i

n e h c

Mpd`dom m uim kmurm kuae`dsm Nc Iarcom, Kds Hmr`ds

==

[dd ; `m neschhei nc `m `dhurm Cshdamr, Fmremkds

=3

Arcvc mprdxefmhei m `m pdcsm nc @uesCirequc Ac`fditc

drd, Fmrm Bcriminm

1=

Idtms ocicrmhedim`csXcqucrm, Necod

1?

Ncspus nc dhtuarcQdnroucz, Fmrhd Murcèd

83

@m `ùvem hdfd pdtehm nc `m heunmnXihjcz, Kds Kmvecr

>3

Wdctms imhends ci `ds sctcitm; Kdc` QdkmsHmrre``d;Xm`fd m` hmitd

drrcmàm, _e`èmf

38

Wr`dod


7/100

?

C` dhmsd nc `d ctrcd ci `m pdcsmnc @ues Cirequc Ac`fditc

Hmez`cz ioc`, Esmms

35

@ds prcsmoeds nc `m eihcrtenufarcOuzfi, Ic`sdi

23

Nem`htehm y trmispmrcihem ci c` ncherpdtehd nc @ues Cricstd Ofcz

Nc Iarcom, Kds Hmr`ds

Xm`fds m` cxe`ed; uim mprdpemheimpmsedimnm nc` pmesmkc nc Ku`ed Adrrdf

Nc Iarcom, Kds Hmr`ds

?=

?:

Resedics nc` jchjd pdtehdci Zefcim AcitczOfcz, @ues Cricstd

:=

Fc ``mfmi Hm``cWmrrm, Kcss Cricstd

53


8/100


9/100

5




10/100

=7


11/100

==

Mpd`dom m uim kmurm kuae`dsm Kds Hmr`ds Nc Iarcom

@m ``mom quc sc rmshm hdi tmitm sdèhetun tcrfeimhmusmind p`mhcr.

Màcrt Hmfus.

Xc kuitmi, sc dèsqucmi, sc fditmi `m pmtm. / Xcrmshmi, sc smhmi `m rdihjm, sc jmhci smiormr.

@ues Cirequc Ac`fditc.

Jc mqu uim hdfpe`mhei bcstevm, hrtehm y nemòehm sdarc iucstrmfs rchecitc. Cbchtevmfcitc, `ms fcfdrems nc cstc Wrefcr Hd`dqued sdarcWdcsm Rciczd`mim Hditcfpdricm. Wdcsm y pdtehms nc mutdrcs imm pmrter nc =5?7, muspehemnd pdr `m Hmsm Imhedim` nc `ms @ctrmAc``d (? y : nc idvecfarc nc 17=8), se aeci id iecomi c` mutitehd cspretueiquesetevd nc `m Mhmncfem, prdpcinci m uim hdivcrsmhei p`mhcitcrmtcitm sdarc `m darm nc iucstrds pdctms fs kvcics. C` `chtdr sc sciter mpuitd hditcitd y rceveinehmnd, id sd`d pdr c` madrnmkc nevcrsd y neifehdnc` trmamkd pdtehd nc Hmicd Mroueizdics (=5:?), @ues Cirequc Ac`fdit(=5?=), Wmd`m Xmadom` (=5:=), Lmttem Wemiod (=5?3), Kdc` Qdkm(=5?8), Brcnny cz (=5?2), @ues Cricstd Ofcz (=5??), Kuèd HsmrAdrrdf (=5?1), Zefcim Acitcz (=5?>) y Kds Kmvecr Xihjcz (=5?7),mncfs nc` Hmt`dod nc pdctms hjmvestms amkd `m hurmnurm pd`tetc eihdrrchtm nc Necod Xcqucrm< seid tmfaei pdr c` hdihecrtd cismystpùrm` c eitcrocicrmhedim` quc trmc hdiseod c efpèhm sus vertuncs mkm `ms bte`cs prctcisedics nc vdhcs mutdrezmnms; c` neshursd hrtehd cfcitc pdèfr hd, hdfd hdrrcspdinc m uim fucstrm hditeiocitc y nehmnc` cismyd mhtum` ci Rciczuc`m. Ci cstc hmsd, tcicfds `ms mprdxefmhedu dascrvmhedics Kds Am`zmnexet nc Fmremkds Cshdamr (=5:2), FmrmBcriminm drd (=55=), Necod Xcqucrm (=5:8), Fmrhd Murcèd Qdnrou

W r ` d o d


12/100

=1

Omrhm (=533), Kds Kmvecr Xihjcz (=5?7), _e`èmf drrcmàm (=535), EsHmez`cz ioc` (=5?8), Ic`sdi Ouzfi (=53?), Kds Hmr`ds Nc Iarcom(=52>), @ues Cricstd Ofcz (=5??) y Kcss Cricstd Wmrrm (=5?5). Cstm

ndhcim nc tcxtds hrtehds hdfprcinci m rchcisei mhmnfehm y cismystehmc` cismyd èarc, c` pr`dod c eihùsd `m prcscitmhei vevmz y rcspctudsm nèards. Xc trmtm nc hc`carmr m darm nc ds pdctms fs kvcics nc` pms, seimtmnurms mrte hem`cs nc m ienmncs mhmncfehestms, encdòehms, fcrhmbchtevms d rcpu`sevms quc pcrvecrtmi `m hdisencrmhei mutitehm nc iucètcrmturm. Hdfd `d jcfds hdivcrsmnd ci dtrms herhuistmihems, `m ferm-nm hrtehm id pucnc brmhmsmr ci c` fczqueid hdfpmrtefecitd cstmihd nc`nerchtdred tc`cbiehd d c`chtriehd nc hdfpèhenmncs eihdibcsma`cs< pdr c

hditrmred, jm nc hdibrditmrsc nem`htehmfcitc hdi c` jchjd nc quc `m ètc-rmturm vciczd`mim, ci c` hditcxtd hditeicitm` y uievcrsm`, ncvecic m `m pmry m hditrmhdrrecitc nc iucstrd mhhencitmnd prdhcsd jestrehd, nmind sm`tdsbrcitehds y mseftrehds quc cs ichcsmred puitumèzmr.

M tm` rcspchtd, `m Hmsm nc Ac``d hdistetuyc ui faetd prdpehed pmrmtmi trmshcincitm` y urocitc cfprcsm. Cstm hd`chhei quc hdfcitm hdisdènmrenmn, munmhem y reodr m `m iucvm pdcsm vciczd`mim, sc sufmm hdikuitds mitdòehds quc `m hdfpcinemi tm`cs hdfd Mfmichecrdi ncam`m. Wmidrmfm mhtum` nc `m kdvci pdcsm vciczd`mim(177?, BuinmheiCnetdrem` c` pcrrd y m rmim) vmòm c` jdfcimkc pcrteicitc m` Hjeid Rm`crm Fdrm, y c` ifcrd =38 nc m rcvestmWdcsm(cicrd-kuied nc 17==, Nc-pmrtmfcitd nc @etcrmturm nc `m Nerchhei nc Hu`turm nc `m Sievcrsenmnc Hmrmadad), id dastmitc `ms hdeihencihems y `ms nebcrcihems mteicitm` eivcitmred fesfd y m `m fctdnd`dom quc mpmrckm hmnm hdfpe`mheNcstmhmfds quc iucstrm hmsm `mteidmfcrehmim mpucstm hdi nciucnd yvetmènmn pdr ui cspretu hdfuietmred, èacrtmred y pmrtehepmtevd. Mhdpmmfds m` pdctm _e`èmf Dsuim ci m nestreauhei eitc`chtum`, droiehmy `rehm nc `m Hmsm quc buin Minrs Ac``d, pucsRever ci hdfuim cs tcicrfcfdrem jestrehm hdfpmrtenm ncsnc `m eitcormhei nc m hu`turm.@ms madrcsnc` pdctm, c` ormftehd, c` ``dod y c` mimèstm nc` neshursd sc cihucitrmrcenms hdi uim pmtd`dom pmrmpdèhem` y puietevm quc cstcreèzm `mXupdic `m supcrmhei rcvdùhedimrem nc `m brmofcitmhei fm`smim y auoucsm nc` hdidhefecitd hecit hd, jufmistehd y mrtstehd, ci hditrmpd-sehei m ui prdhcsd nc o`damèzmhei eiseihcrd quc trmisorcnc `d uievcr-sm`. @m veihu`mhei nc `d hu`td y `d pdpu`mr cs ui sitdfm eicvetma`c n

cstc dasteimndvehed nc ncher , vmòm `m hetm m Ac`fditc, quc pmnchcfds ynesbrutmfds hdi sufd mpctetd. Wdr ckcfp`d, `m rcvestm neoetm`@m hdfuimnc ac``did neshecric, ie sd`mpm, fuhjd fcids eiveseaeèzm hditrmimturm`m drmènmn rurm` y uramim quc sc eihrustm ci c` neshursd `rehd nc iucst


13/100

=8

ormincs vdhcs; ncsnc Qmfi Wm`dfmrcs jmstm ds pdctms hditcfpdricdsarmse`cds hdfd Nruffdin nc Minrmnc y Fmiuc` Amincerm. Msefes-fd, `d vcre hmfds ci `m dromiezmhei, rcmèzmhei y pucstm ci cshcim

iucstrd Bcstevm` Fuinem` nc Wdcsm. Xd`d sc hdi ourm `m uiehenmnhd`fcim ci `m sm`vmkc fu`tepèhenmn nc` cikmfarc. Mbdrtuimnmfcitc, hdi `m vciem nc Neds y c` nema`d, `ds pdcfms y `d

hdfcitmreds sc huchci y rcspermi ci ui suhu`citd mkemhd prdpehemtdrequc neoie hm `m `cioum y `m cshreturm nc `ds vciczd`mids y `ds `mtfcrehmids pdr eoum`. Ncsnc `m errcvcrcihem csttehm y pd`tehm nc Xcqucrm< cihmfeimind m` mrrcamtmnd chtdr ci m heunmn pdr darm y nc `m prdsm rufacrm y hm``ckcrm nc Kds Kmvecr Xihjcz< jmstm `m p

hrtehm y `m trmispmrcihem cxprcsevm nc Fmrm Bcriminm drd quc, m `ds mpdrtcs pcrsdim`sefds nc Esmms Hmez`cz ioc` y Nmiec` Fdhdi ourmi uim huredsm y cirequchcndrm jcrfciutehm nc hmrez treodidftrehd quc ids mhcrhm m @ues Cirequc Ac`fditc. ]u ncher nc` ne`dodmpdìcd y nediesmhd quc sdstecici Ic`sdi Ouzfi y Brcnny cz,nds nc iucstrds hrcmndrcs fs mprchemnds y hdfprdfctends, fs m``nc `ds cquvdhds encdòehds y csttehds4 @cs cihdfcinmfds tmfaeisd`mzmrsc ci `m nmizm trmisocirehm, ncèhedsmfcitc dakctum` y msdfquc @ues Cricstd Ofcz rcmèzm m p`cietun hdi c` fuy tdhma`c hdrpuspdtehd nc Zefcim Acitcz.

Beim`fcitc, hdivdqucfds `m cstefmnsefm vdz nc Xusmi Xditmo,pmrm quc c` kdòdred nc cstm fmrmve``mnm kmurm pcrsestm y fdrteocitc nc aeci hdi su nesdimihem cxtrmvmomitc; Mpc`mr m uim crtehm nc`mrtc id seoie hmam fcidsprchemr c` pmpc` nc` eitc`chtd hrtehd. C`dodarm citdihcs hdincshcinenm hdfd hu`turm pdpu`mr id seoie hmam hdisci c` rcpuned nc `m m`tm hu`turm y sus hdfp`ckenmncs. Mamkd c` aecicstmr qucncscihmfeim `m venm nc `ds jdfarcs!

Ci Rm`cihem nc `ms Hdbrmnms nc Xmi Ncsencred y Qmsputi, nd3 nc dhtuarc nc 17=>.


14/100

=>

Fmremkds CshdamrHmrmhms, =5:2. Wdctm, imrrmndrm y cismyestm. @ehcihemnm ci @c-

trms SHR. Mhtum`fcitc hursm `m Fmcstrm ci @etcrmturm Hdfpm-rmnm pdr `m fesfm hmsm nc cstuneds. Jm msestend m vmreds tm``crcsnc pdcsm y prdfdhei nc `chturm. Wmrtehep ci c` Wrdychtd Xd-hedèiostehd pmrm c` Cstuned nc` Cspmd` nc Mfrehm. Mhtum`-fcitc, bdrfm pmrtc nc` hd`chtevd @ms Bu`mims Csms, ncnehmnms,ncsnc jmhc heihd mds, m nehtmr tm``crcs, jmhcr rchetm`cs y ncfsmhtevenmncs hu`turm`cs ci amrreds y hdfuienmncs nc Hmrmhms ceistetuhedics, ci c` fmrhd nc sus mhtevenmncs dromiez y nehthdi c` hd`chtevd c` m``cr nc Hd`drcs ci m Hmsm Jdomr Icorm Je-

pètm, nereoend m iems, quc tuvd uim nurmhei nc humtrd fcscs.Jm pmrtehepmnd mhtevmfcitc ci @m Bcrem Eitcrimhedim` nc` @eardnc Rciczuc`m (Be`vci) y ci c` Bcstevm` Fuinem` nc Wdcsm nc Rc-iczuc`m (ci nevcrsds mds). Jm puaèhmnd sus pdcfms, cismydsy mrthu`ds ci @ctrmèm, @m Fmihjm, hd`chtevd nc` quc tmfaeibdrfm pmrtc,C` Hdrrcd nc` Dreidhd, Heunmn Hmrmhms, rcvestmWd-ncr Rever , ms hdfd ci nevcrsms rcvestms neoetm`cs. Jm pmrtehepm-nd ci c` m``cr nc Cnehei nc` Hcim` 17==, citrc dtrds. Cstuvdcihmromnm nc mrrco`mr `m Aeaèdtchm Wrevmnm nc` HdfminmitcXuprcfd Juod Hjvcz Brms. Mòuims nc sus darms sdi; Qdsm Hmreac. Mitd`dom nc pdcsm vciczd`mim y huamim , (17==),@ms hje-hms vmi m` ame`c , (17=1),Wdcfms nc eisdfied y `ùvem . (17=8).


15/100

=3

[dd; `m neschhei nc `m `dhurm Fmremkds Cshdamr

Hmicd Mroueizdics; Mimtdfm nc uim pdctm Hdidh m Hmicd Mroueizdics ci `m Cshuc`m nc @ctrms nc `m SHR. Ids jfds mfeoms ci m uhjm, ci m pm`marm hdfd mrfm pmrm m`hmizmr m rcvFeètmfds kuitms ci ui hd`chtevd `mfmnd @m Msmfa`cm Xdhemèstm nc`quc rcuim m cstunemitcs nc @ctrms, Mrtcs, Be`dsdbm, dtrms cshuc`ms ienmncs y corcsmnds. C` p`mitcmfecitd buc, ncsnc c` preiheped, m trmisbdhei nc m uievcrsenmn y m ncbcism nc m Qcvdùhei. Crm c` md 177?

Hmicd imhc ci Hmrmhms, ci =5:?. Wms sus prefcrds mds ci C` Kuiquey secfprc cstuvd ci hditmhtd hdi `m imturm`czm, c` mrtc, `m rcvdùhei yètcrmturm. Xc bdrk ms ui m`fm scisea`c. Sim fermnm h`mrm nc m rcm`m ichcsenmn nc trmisbdrfmr`m.

Msestc Hmicd m nesteitds tm``crcs nc pdcsm. Wdstcredrfcitc, hdfecizmhuner hmnm vcz fs m rchetm`cs y hdivcrsmtdreds, ci hmènmn nc pdctm.hemèzm ci mfaecitcs id hdivcihedim`cs cs ncher, hrhc`cs, p`mzms, `m hmcs quc Hmicd hrcc rfcfcitc ci`ds pdncrcs hrcmndrcs nc` puca`d y ci `m pm`m-arm hdfd rcsdrtc pmrm hrcmr ui hmfaed nc hdihecihem quc ``cvc m `m sdhe

m su trmisbdrfmhei jmhem c` sdhemèsfd. Mhtum fcitc, y ncsnc jmhc humtrd mds, feètmfds kuitms ci c hd`chtevquc buinmrm ci 1775, ncidfeimnd @ms Bu`mims Csms, y minmfds pdr `ms``cs nc Hmrmhms jmhecind ]uekdtmnms, hdfd idsdtrms cs `mfmfds. Qchefurm`cs, tdfms hu`turm`cs, mhtevenmncs nc ad`crds y pdcsm, tm``crcs y bdrfmi pmrtc nc iucstrm hdtenemienmn, hdfpmrtenm hdi dtrms nds mfeoms tms; Ocrm`neic Oeficz y Ncesm rcfmrems.

Hmicd Mroueizdics jm send puaèhmnm ci;Rdhcs iucvms, 177>-1773.

Hc`mro (1772)


16/100

=2

Neht uim pdicihem mhcrhm nc@m pm`marm hdfd jcrrmfecitm hdfuietm-rem , ci `m Bcrem Eitcrimhedim` nc` @eard nc @m Jmamim, Huam (17=1). Jrcprcscitmnd m Rciczuc`m ci nesteitds cvcitds eitcrimhedim`cs hdfd; @m

Fukcr Qdtm, ci Oumnm`mkmrm, Fxehd< C` Idvcid Cihucitrd Eitcrimhedim`nc Wdctms C` urid nc` Dbcinend, ci Xmi Xm`vmndr, C` Xm`vmndr (17==Bcstevm` Eitcrimhedim` nc Wdcsm nc Wucrtd Qehd (17=1). Qcmèz tm`òucrre``m hdfuiehmhedim` y nc pdcsm hdi `m Dromiezmhei Nemaùfm, ]uetd y Oumymque`, Chumndr.

Ci 17== datuvd c` prcfed Einetds nc Wdcsm nc Fditc ve`m Cnetdrcs,hdi c` eard [dd; mimtdfm nc` eischtd.

[dd; mimtdfm nc` eischtdC` eard hdi c` quc Hmicd Mroueizdics omim c` Wrcfed nc Mutdrcs Einetdsnc Fditc ve`m ci 17==, sdrprcinc pdr `m fmicrm nc cstruhturmrsc ypdr `m tcisei ckcrhenm ci c` vcrad hdi c` i nc neschhedimr uid nc suspreihepm`cs tcfms; `m `dhurm.

[dd; mimtdfm nc` eischtdcst suanevenend ci dihc pmrtcs; Mitcims,Hmaczm, rmx, M`ms pdstcredrcs, crhcr pmr nc pmtms, citrc dtrdJc mqu c` prefcr rmsod nc uim dascsei quc vm nc `d bdrfm` m `d tcfte-hd; `m ncsfcfarmhei, `d scpmrmnd, `d trmstdhmnd.

Cxpcrefcitd eitcrcsmitc c einetd ci `m pdcsm vciczd`mim c` nc setumrui pdcfmred citcrd ci c` minmrsc nc ui feishu`d eischtd. Xeiou`mr madr-nmkc quc jmhc pcismr ci m eiseoie hmihem nc` jufmid, hum` eischtd crrmitc

Ci c` arcvsefd pdcfm Fcfdrem `m pm`marm ncs ormfc qucnmrjmhecind chd ci c` chtdr pucs cs m``, prchesmfcitc ci c` ufarm`, ci uim nc`ms mitcims nc` eischtd ci ndinc msestefds m `m scouinm mùsei (rchdrnc-fds quc `m prefcrm cs `m cstruhturmhei fesfm nc` èard) m `d ncshd`dhmnd.

@d ncsfcfarmnd hditeim prdbuinezindsc hdfd tcfm ci c` pdc-fm Nesdimitc quc ym ncsnc su idfarc ids setm ci `m encm nc `d idmrfiehd; Fdrnmzm nc vecitd hdfprcinc / c` eistrufcitd cst juchd/ `m adhm jeihjmnm / c` pehd jdrmnmnd / Id tciod pùfms, ie pmtms / yfc mvecitd, / fc mvecitd eicrfc.C` eischtd id tecic pùfms ie pmtms yhmc ci `d eicbma`c ninc hmc, eicrfc, eicvetma`cfcitc4 @m mùsei m `madhm ids rctrdtrmc m` oicrd jufmid. Mh pdnrmi hdfcizmr m humkmr`ms sdspchjms quc rmstrcmfds ncsnc c` eiehed nc` pdcfmred; cstc eischtd csuim m`codrm, cs uim rcprcscitmhei nc` scr jufmid.

Ci c` seouecitc pdcfm Furfu``d sc hdisdènm `m sdspchjm mitcredr;Cs quc tc jc mfmrrmnd m fe `dhurm, jc ncsquehemnd ci pdsccrtc. / Um `msvdhcs id fc prcouitmi ninc jm``mrtc, hu` tu idfarc. / C``ms hdidhcife tdrfcitd, tu ndrsd crchtd y sdrnd se`cihed.Cstc pdcfm cs efpdrtmitc


17/100

=?

ci c` hdikuitd nc `m darm pdr nds rmzdics; pdr ui `mnd, cs c` prefcrd cic` pdcfmred ci c` quc mpmrchc, cxp`hetmfcitc, `m pm`marm `dhurmnc `ds ckcs hcitrm`cs nc` èard citcrd, ym madrnmnd nc fmicrm tmiocih

ci `ds mitcredrcs, ci ndinc `m mùsei m `m fesfm cs, hdfd ci aucimpmrtc nc` tcxtd, fcnemitc efocics nc `d rdtd, qucarmnd d ncs ourmnd,pciscfds ci cstc scitend ci m dhurm hdfd ui cstmnd brmofcitmnd nc mencitenmn, nc `m pcrsdimènmn, nc` scr.

Wdr dtrm pmrtc, sc trmtm nc uid nc `ds pdhds pdcfms ci `ds quc sc jmam` sukctd mfmnd. ]u tepd nc mfdr cs hmitmnd mh4 Xc trmtm nc` mfdrdascsd, nc` quc tecic misems prdbuinms nc pdsccr m` dtrd, nc` quc cshuh`ms vdhcs mspchtd rchurrcitc ci `m `dhurm. Ci c` pdcfm Feishu`m cs

vdz pdtehm rucom; Hdrnurm, supèhd quc vuc`vms, / tc rcpetd Nefeiutmm fe cstmned. Msestefds m `m prdbuinezmhei nc `m tcfmtezmhei nc `mrm. Dascrvmfds hfd `m seouecitc cxh`mfmhei hditeim `m encite hmhcitrc dhurm y rdturm; My feishu`m nc f, / pcnmzd mste``mnd, / hdisfc!. @d hum` sc hdrrcspdinc hdi m nc iehei nc m dhurm hdfd ui cstmnrdtd nc `m fcitc jufmim.

Cihditrmfds ci cstc èard uim requczm nc efocics, nc pcrspchtevms,nc `cioumkc, nc cxpcrefcitmhei pmrm cxprcsmr uid nc `ds ormincs tcfmnc `m ètcrmturm uievcrsm`; `m `dhurm. U ids tdpmfds hdi `m pdseaeènm`dhurm hdfd rcsdrtc hrcmndr, hdfd mhehmtc vènd nc `m efmoeimhei.

C` eischtd ci [dd, cs m `m vcz vhtefm nc `m `dhurm ci tmitd quc m`codrnc `d jufmid y pdrtmndr nc `m fesfm ci tmitd quc sc `c encite hm hdi cscmòd quc ncscihmncim `m rdturm nc `m cstmaeènmn, cstd rchucrnm m `dquetds trmisfesdrcs nc cibcrfcnmncs, ms hdfd m dtrds tmitds eischtds quctrmci hdi sus pehmnurms `m hdischucihem nc `m cibcrfcnmn. Si ckcfp`d ncstd cs c` pdcfm J.D.;

Eischtd ncvdrmndr nc hdrnurm, susurrms / C``m cshmram su pec` jc` jm``mzod / c cxjeacs ci herhuibcrcihem, / hucitms hfd tu hmric sc jezfmtcrem. / Daèomnm m` chd, C``m / tcsteod nc `ms f`tep`cs pmtms nc mCi ` c` eischtd ncvdrm m hdrnurm, m cxtrmc nc` scr, m `dhurm tecic f`pmtms. C` eischtd cs mqu c` pdrtmndr y `m vevm efmoci nc `m `dhurm. pmtms `m daèom m C``m m uim pcrturamndrm cshuhjm nc` chd, rcetc`ms vdhcs m ms quc ids rcbcrefds mitcredrfcitc.

Hdfd jcfds dascrvmnd, c` tcfm nc `m `dhurm ci [dd; mimtdfm ncèischtdsc vm ncsomkmind ci sus nevcrsds mspchtds; brmofcitmrecnmn, vd

vesedics, dascsedics, mioustem, c` eisdfied, tcfdr, misecnmn pdr m vuc`tm`m hdrnurm. @m vdz pdtehm jmhc cfcrocr pdncrdsms efocics ci ui uievcsd feishu`d, pda`mnd nc pcqucds scrcs vhtefms y vehtefmreds, cshcimy hmusmitcs nc `m `dhurm ci sus f`tep`cs mrestms.


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Cs [dd uim m`codrm nc` `dhd, nc `m rdturm nc` yd. Sim rccxei pdtehmmhcrhm nc `ms f`tep`cs nefcisedics nc `m cibcrfcnmn fcitm`, madrnmnmhdi ncèhmnczm, hdi id je`mnd nc mrmm.

Dtrds tcfms sc ci`mzmi m` nc `m `dhurm; c` mfdr y c` ncscd; Re fe scidci tu adhm / fe scid `htcd, pènd, mhudsd. / Re tu adhm dshurm trmomr`d/ Re tu `maed eimfmnd nc ncscd / y fe scid eivcrtend. Ci c` quc `m rce-tcrmhei cxmhcramnm y `m dascrvmhei citrdihmi hdi c` cstmnd dascsevd n`m `dhurm< C` hucrpd @mstrc, cstms hmncrms hdi fus`ds / cfpukmnms pdpcsd, / pdr `m eicrhem () / M ncsjdrms fmrhjd, morem, ci `m idhjc teaem /hrhc` fe hucrpd / vdùtm `ms misems ci c` quc c` hucrpd pcsm, cs presei,sc modtmi `ds icrveds, `m tdrdikm ci csperm` cs efmoci nc heh`d rcpctend<

se`cihed Fdrnmzm nc vecitd hdfprcinc, / c` eistrufcitd cst juchd yhm``m< eisdfied Hdidzhd cstm sefp`c ncsenem quc trmisbdrfm m` eisdfiedci c` rcheaefecitd neurid, pmusmnd nc` se`cihed, brmikm nc fmnruomnm jmhec` au`èhed vcspcrteid< ved`cihem U vcicrd tu muscihem hdfd c` omrrdtcved`citd / quc pcrtura `m hditeiuenmn< `d fdistrudsd; Hdiscrvd uim`tmr ndfstehd, fc cihmred hdi m acstem / jmstm prcncher m mpmrehei /su pdizdm citrc dtrds.

@m idhjc, fs cxmhtmfcitc `m fmnruomnm, cs c` cspmhed preve`coemnci c` quc cstc eischtd sc neschhedim. Ci c` quc cxpdic su dhurm, ci c` quc`m vdz eischtd rccxedim, ncsnc cstm pmrtehu`mr fermnm, sdarc `ds tcfmmitcs fcihedimnds.

Wdr `tefd, id qucrm tcrfeimr cstms rccxedics sei rcbcrerfc, arc-vcfcitc, m` trmamkd einetd nc Hmicd. Mhtum`fcitc, `m pdctm hmrmqucmcst trmamkmind ci uids Brmshds fuy huredsds. ]uesecrm hdfcitmr ndsnc c``ds, y nckmr ci `m munecihem `m nunm y `ms omims nc fs. C` prefcBrmshd #= ids nm uim vesei ncfdimhm y pcsmne``cshm; Sim hmarm sdf / Sim hmarm ncitrd nc` moum / Sim hmarm hmfeimind / Sim hmarm nc pecsdarc fe hmaczm. C` scouind cs uim prdbuinezmhei nc` tcfm madrnmnd cic` pdcfmred mitcredr Brmshd #1; Hmicd id `d smac. Hmicd sc jm vuc`tdaehjd. / Wcrd c` aehjd cst m`dkmnd. / Id sc smac quei c``m quei `. / Hmicdncshdidhc. Cs cstc ui eitcitd pdr cihcrrmr ci brmshds `m `dhurm nc` eisch-td4 Xei nunm mòuim cstm pdctm scouer sdrprcineindids.


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21/100

1=

Arcvc mprdxefmhei m @ues Cirequc Ac`fditc

Fmrm Bcriminm ^drd

@ues Cirequc Ac`fditc (=5?=) cs ui kdvci pdctm vciczd`mid quc puaèhsu prefcr eard ci =55>, tetu`mndHumind fc nm pdr hmrmhd` , pdr m cnetdrem`Fuhuoèbd, nc Frenm. Um ci su prefcrm puaèhmhei, hdfd jm scm`mc` prdbcsdr y pdctm Feouc` Fmrhdtreoemid (1775)=, `m pdcsm nc Ac`fditchdistm nc ui pmrtehu`mrsefd usd nc `ms efocics, quezs kuitd m` retfduid nc `ds mhecrtds nc su cshreturm. Cstm humènmn csttehm sc rcpct`mrod nc sus pdcfmreds pdstcredrcs, mhdfpmmnm ci fuhjds hmsds ncuim c`madrmhei rceitcrprctmtevm nc `m hdtenemienmn. @m venm nc

nms sc vuc`vc m ncher ncsnc c` vcrsd quc `m jmhc cxtrmm y m `m vcsc rcvc`m m`` `m efpdrtmihem nc `ms iefecnmncs hdtenemims, pcrd qucfesfd tecfpd, hdistetutevms nc `m encitenmn. @m darm nc Ac`fditc `c jmjchjd fcrchcndr nc vmèdsds prcfeds, citrc c``ds c` Bcrimind Wmz Hmste``d ci =552 y c` Mndies nc Wdcsm, nc Cspmm, ci =55:. @m cxp`drmpdtehm quc sc prdpdic cstc mutdr rcoestrm vmreds tpehds quc hrestmènesteitm fmicrm ci hmnm pdcfmred, hdfd sc mnvecrtc ci c` pr`dod nc suWdcsm rcuienm =55>-1772(1775)1, cshretd pdr Nmiec` Fdèim< m`` `ccfds;

`m pdcsm hdfd uim jcrfciutehm nc m fmtcrem, ndinc csti ds rcsenudsndinc cst `d quc imnec vc, c` rcstd, pdrquc m`` sc ocstm `m fmtcrem, csdids pmsm hdtenemimfcitc, `d quc ids vm nc iecind. mfaei BrmiheshmIdoucrd` Keficz (177?)8 jm ncnehmnd ui cstuned hrtehd m m darm pdtehnc Ac`fditc, ci ` m rfm quc cs uim pdtehm seoimnm pdr `m ùhencz

= Fmrhdtreoemid, F. (1775).@ues Cirequc Ac`fditc. @m efmoci, `m cxestcihem; `m pdcsm. A`do pcrsdim`, hdisu`tmnd c` =? nc dhtuarc nc 17=8. Ci; j p;//dhurrcmnemred.a`dospdt.hdf/1775/75/ùes-cirequc-ac`fditc.jtf`4q6ac`fditc1 Ac`fditc, @. (1775). Wmsmnezd Wdcsm rcuienm =55>-1772. Hmrmhms; Fditc ve`mcnetdrcs, p EZ.8 Idoucrd` Keficz, B. (Sievcrsenmn nc Xm`mfmihm)(177?).@ues Cirequc Ac`fditc;`m prcouitm efp`mhma`c, nurm nc rdcr . Ci; Hmrtmpjeùs. Qcvestm nc Eivcs omhei yHr hm Cst hm=, p.55. Ci; j p;//rcvestms.uf.cs/hmrtmpjeùs/mr h`c/vecw/?1/35


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`m rccxei sdarc c` tecfpd y ci `m quc c` sukctd `rehd sc ncshuarc hdfdvdhcrd nc `m fescrma`c hdinehei jufmim. C` tcfm nc` cxestcihemèsfd,hdfd jmi miuihemnd Idoucrd` Keficz y Fdèim, cst fuy prcscitc ci m

darm nc` kdvci pdctm, ci c``d hdeihenc tmfaei Fmrhdtreoemid; quezs (csui sciter fuy pcrsdim`) ci `ds pdcfms sc mjdinm ci uim vesei rccxevmmhcrhm nc `m venm y c` scr jufmid hdfd prdtmodiestm nc csc masurnd qucrcprcscitm (dp.het.)

Ci cstc scitend, ids eitcrcsm c` tcfm nc `m encitenmn, tpehd quc scprcscitm tcfprmimfcitc ci m darm nc Ac`fditc, pucs ci c` prefcr pdcfmnc` prefcr èard quc puaèhm c` mutdr, sc cvencihem `m eiquectun nc` qucurnc uim asqucnm jmhem mspchtds dshurds nc` scr. M pcsmr nc quc c`co

ui pdcfm tmi mitcredr pmrm iucstrm mprdxefmhei pdnrm pdicrids ci c`recsod nc id tdfmr ci hucitm `ms trmisbdrfmhedics quc sc jmi cbchtumnd ci`m darm fs rchecitc nc` mutdr, hdisencrmfds quc cs ui tcxtd huym tcftehmcs rchurrcitc ci sus puaèhmhedics pdstcredrcs. Eihùsd, hdfd jmi suocrenddtrds mutdrcs, pdnrm trmtmrsc nc uid nc `ds tcfms buinmfcitm`cs nc supdtehm. Mncfs, ids eitcrcsm cstc prefcr tcxtd ci humitd nem`dom hdi c`pdcfm ZREE puaèhmnd ci c` èard Miefm` nc hdstufarc (prefcrm cnehei=535) nc Kumi Xihjcz Wc`cz. Mfads pdcfms, puaèhmnds hdi trceitm ysces mds nc nebcrcihem, rccxedimi sdarc c` tcfm nc `m encitenmn, prdpdicipdtehmfcitc fermr hdi mtcihei csd quc cst momzmpmnd ci `m eitcredre-nmn, cspcrmind c` fdfcitd dpdrtuid pmrm fmiebcstmrsc.

Jmiie Dssdtt (177:) jm ncshretd `m rc`mhei citrc c` jma`m pdtehm yc` scr, cxpèhm quc ci c` ncher mhtum`, `m vdz pdtehm sc ncshdidhc hdfhmpmz nc tdhmr c` festcred \nc` scrV, pucs `d pcrheaend m`` id pcrtcichc mfuind ie m` smacr dakctezmitc. Xei cfamrod, mquc``d quc idsdtrds ``mfm-fds scr y festcred id pucnc scr cxtrmd m `m venm>. Wdnrmfds eibcrer,hdi `ms prefcrms efprcsedics nc Dssdtt, quc c` jma`m pdtehm, pdr fmickmruim rcbcrcihemènmn hisdim hdi c` dakctd, citdihcs sc nestmihem nc pdncridfarmr m` scr. M pcsmr nc c``d, ci `d seouecitc `m mutdrm sc ncsnehc, pucsid ichcsmremfcitc `m cxp`drmhei pdtehm nc` scr cs mkcim m `m venm hrcbcrcihems csti rcp`ctms nc dakctds, nc uim rcbcrcihemènmn dakctezmitc(dp.het). Fs mnc`mitc, ci c` fesfd cismyd, Dssdtt scm`m quc cxestc uimtcisei citrc `m cshuhjm (mquc``d quc buinm `m darm) m` scr y `m cshuhjm`ds dakctds nc` mbucrm< cstds `tefds hdfifcitc, scoi `m mutdrm, mhm``mic` furfu``d nc` scr (dp.het.) Ci c` hmsd nc Xihjcz Wc`cz y Ac`fditc, m

tcisei citrc `d quc mùnc m `m eitcredrenmn y `d quc sc rc crc m `ds dakctdsnc` mbucrm cst fuy prcscitc ci ds nds pdcfms quc ids eitcrcsm rcvesmr. Ci

> Dssd , J. (177:). @m m rfmhei nc` scr ci Fcfdrem ci muscihem nc efmoci,hdfpe`mnd ci Darms hdfp`ctms . Hmrmhms; Aen& Hd, (p.?27)


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`ds tcxtds, m trmvs nc` hditrmstc citrc `m hdtenemienmn y `m eitcredrenrcvc`mi `ms hdfp`ckenmncs nc `m hdistruhhei nc `m encitenmn. Qchdrncc` eiehed nc mfads, ci `ds quc cst `m erruphei nc ui citc cxtrmd ci

`m hdtenemienmn nc` sukctd `rehd; Fe miefm` fc hdstufarc nc dascrvmfc veoe`m. /Fucvc su `mrom hd`m. Recic jmstm f / M uim jdrm efprches3 vcrcfds fs mnc`mitc quc cstc miefm` nc hdstufarc quc mpmrchc ci hum`-quecr fdfcitd, id cs prchesmfcitc cxtrmd, seid quc hdistetuyc m` sukctdquc `d ncshreac. mfaei ci c` prefcr pdcfm nc Ac`fditc sc fucstrm c`cstmr hmrmhd` hdfd mòd cxtrmd y hmse mhhencitm` ci `m hdtenemisukctd `rehd; Humind fc nm pdr hmrmhd` /mind chjmind fm`nehedicstdnd `d quc sc fc mtrmvecsm2. Nc cstm fmicrm, nmr pdr hmrmhd` pdnrm scr

hdfpdrtmrschdfd ui hmrmhd`, cs ncher, pcrfetersc hd`dhmr `m hdihjm sdarcc` dfd, y rc`mhedimrschdfd ui hmrmhd` hdi c` citdrid; minmr chjmind fm`-nehedics. M fcnenm quc sc mvmizm ci m `chturm nc mfads pdcfms, sc pdnmr hucitm nc `m trmisbdrfmhei quc subrci `ds sukctds `rehds< ci c` nc Ac`fditc cstmr hmrmhd` cs pcèordsd pucstd quc fucvc uids eisteitdsdshurds. Humind c` sukctd `rehd jchjd hmrmhd` cshuhjm m uim fuhhjm ci `m èarcrm prcouitmr sdarc `m tcdrm nc` hmds, csd nccstmr hmrmhd` `dtrmisbdrfm; Citdihcs / tcithu`ds nc pu`pd cshmramind ci c` cstfmod /ru`ctm ncsadhmnm ci `m hmaczm / tcfa`dr ci `ms pecrims / tdnd èstd pmrmmomrrc su pcshuczd èfped / y sucici sus vrtcarms hcrvehm`cs(ncf) pctmfaei, cstmr hmrmhd` nctecic, m` eistmitc, c` efpu`sd ncstruhtevd; Wcid pucnd/ fc sm`c uim sdiresm nc hdrrdihjd msustmnd/ pdrquc fc nm pdrhmrmhd`(ncf). mfaei ci Wc`cz c` miefm` nc hdstufarc jm mrrmeomci c` sukctd `rehd hecrtds eisteitds, `c jm jchjd vd`tcmr c` rdstrd m ferm`ms iefecnmncs nc `m venm, trmisbdrfind`c m ` fesfd ci uim auraukmci `m p`mym. C` miefm` nc hdstufarc M uim jdrm efprchesm / fc fmtmr/ rchdocr fes jucsds / y ym fes jucsds fctends ci ui ormi smhd, jmr ncf / ui pcqucd amrhd / uim nefeiutm auraukm sdarc `m p`mym. Cs sdhumind c` sukctd `rehd sc jm vuc`td uid nc csds dakctds eiseoie hmitpcrd fuy efpdrtmitcs pmrm c` itefd efmoeimred fmrtefd, quc `dorm scr c` ; Citdihcs s / Xcr c` / M `m ùim/ @m `ùvem / C` sd`/ U `ds ouekm`m p`mym. @ms erruphedics ci `m encitenmn quc sc pucnci mprchemr cipdcfms, id mùnci sd`mfcitc m uim rchdiheèmhei hdi `m rcmènmn, sequc fucstrmi tmfaei ms hditrmnehhedics prcscitcs ci m hdistruhhei nc`scr, nc `m encitenmn. Jcfds idtmnd quc csc efpu`sd quc ``cv m` sukctd

`rehd ncHumind fc nm pdr hmrmhd` m efmoeimrsc c` mscseimtd nc m fuhjmhjmci m earcrm sc hdituvd ci s fesfd, hdfd se m hdihecihem nccstmr hmrmhd`

3 Xihjcz Wc`cz, K. (177>). Mitd`dom pd hm. Hmrmhms; Fditc ve`m cnetdrcs, p.12.2 Dp.het.p.3


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suroecsc nc rcpcitc, nc` fesfd fdnd quc suroe c` ncscd nc qucarmr`c c`huc``d. Ci dtrd brmofcitd nc` fesfd pdcfm `ccfds; Humind fc nm pdrhmrmhd` / neod s qucrecind ncher id / mard `m adhm y fc sm`c Fcsdpdtmfem

/ eores ubrmtcs / sc nchcphedimi nc f (ncf) citdihcs, cstmr hmrmhd`ncshditrd`m, nc mòuim fmicrm, m` sukctd `rehd; sc hdivecrtc ci su prdpemhditrmnehhei. Mtcincr m `ms pu`sedics nc` eitcredr pdnrm scr ci fuhjdshmsds hditrmnehtdred, pucs `ms tcisedics citrc c` ncscd y `m hdihecihem, ceisteitd y c` pcismfecitd, csti secfprc prcscitcs. m` vcz ci cstds pdc-fms `ds miefm`cs rcprcscitci prchesmfcitc mfads cstmnds; c` ncshditrd`pdr ui `mnd y `d quc oum `m hdihecihem pdr c` dtrd. Cs pdsea`c pcrheaer mfaevm`cihem ci `m hdistruhhei nc encitenmn nc` sukctd `rehd ci c` pdcfmZREE, ci c` quc c` miefm` nc hdstufarc `dorm ci ` `m trmisbdrfmhei nc`m quc jcfds jma`mnd, `d tdrim ui scr scisea`c, pcrd id sei mitcs eitcrpc-`mr`d, mhdsmr`d; Humind vdy m m d heim, fc prcouitm; / Wdr qu trmamk kustmfcitc / mqu4 // U yd `c rcspdind, fuy amkd, hmse m` dnd; / Wdr imnpdr imnm.(dp.het.). Nc` fesfd fdnd, csc miefm` nc hdstufarc cs c` qucM uim jdrm efprchesm / Ci quc cxpd fe scn / Wmsm hdi kmrrms nc veid(ncf). Xei cfamrod, c` miefm` nc hdstufarc fc tdfm pdr `ms fuchms,fc schm `ms òrefms (ncf). Hdfd jcfds pdnend prchesmr, c` miefm` nchdstufarc cst rc`mhedimnd hdi c` sukctd `rehd nc uim fmicrm hdfp`ckm,pucs `c mrrcamtm `m ùz pcrd `c schm `ms òrefms, cxp`dtm su scn pcrd tmaei `d trmisbdrfm pmrm pdncr fermr nc hcrhm csd m `d quc mitcs iuihm buc

c`; `ds ouekmrrds nc `m p`mym, `m `ùvem, `m ùim. Ci mfads pdcfms jmycxp`drmhei nc mòuids rmsods nesteitevds nc `m encitenmn jufmim, m pmrtnc `m rc`mhei nc` sukctd hdiseod fesfd, hdi `ds miefm`cs quc `d jmaetmifctmbrehmfcitc. Cstm eiquectun, huyd imhefecitd id pdnrm uaehmr hdihcrtczm ci Xihjcz Wc`cz, sc jm vuc`td m fmiebcstmr ci `m pdcsm nc Acfditc, y `ms rccxedics quc prdpdic sc jmi nehjd iucvmfcitc ci su darmpdtehm pdstcredr.Rm`nrm `m pcim `ccr m iucstrds kvcics pdctms ci rc`mhei hdi mquc`òrmincs cshretdrcs quc ds prchcnci, y prcouitmrids hfd rcsuroci nc iuc-vd ms fesfms eiquectuncs, c` pdrqu nc m veocihem nc hecrtds tpehds. Xe cc` pdctm c` rcspdisma`c nc buinmr scitends nesteitds m ds hdivcihedim`cs ci`m pm`marm, nc vd`vcr m idfarmr c` fuind m pmrter nc hneods quc nehci sucxpcrecihem pcrd tmfaei `m nc` dtrd, citdihcs cs efpdrtmitc mtcincr cstmsrceihencihems, cshuhjmr mtcitmfcitc.


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AC@FDI C, @. (1775).Wmsmnezd Wdcsm rcuienm =55>-1772 . Hmrmhms;Fditc ve`m Cnetdrcs @mteidmfcrehmim.

AC@FDI C, @. (17=1).Hdfpmcrd pmhecitc . Hmrmhms; @uomr Hdfi.

FMQHD QEOEMID, F. (1775).@ues Cirequc Ac`fditc. @m efmoci, `mcxestcihem; m pdcsm . A`do pcrsdim`, hdisu`tmnd c` =? nc dhtuarc nc 17=8.Ci;jttp;//dhurrcmnemred.a`dospdt.hdf/1775/75/ùes-cirequc-ac`fditc.

jtf`4q6ac`fditcIDOSCQD@ KEFIC[, B. (Sievcrsenmn nc Xm`mfmihm)(177?).@uesCirequc Ac`fditc; `m prcouitm efp`mhma`c, nurm nc rdcr . Ci; Hmrtmpjeùs .Qcvestm nc Eivcsteomhei y Hrtehm Csttehm , =, (pp.55-=78).Ci;jttp;//rcvestms.uf.cs/hmrtmpjeùs/mrteh`c/vecw/?1/35

DXXD , J. (177:). @m m rfmhei nc` scr ci Fcfdrem ci muscihem ncefmoci, hdfpe`mnd ciDarms hdfp`ctms . Hmrmhms; Aen& Hd, (pp.?=5-:3=).

XIHJC[ WC@C[, K. (177>). Mitd`dom pdtehm . Hmrmhms; Fditc ve`m Cnetdrcs @mteidmfcrehmim.

Q c b

c r c i h e m


26/100

12

Necod XcqucrmHmrmhms, =5:8. csestm nc `m Cshuc`m nc @ctrms nc `m SievcrsenmnHcitrm` nc Rciczuc`m. Cnetdr nc `m Hd`chhei Wdcsm Rciczd`mimnc `m buinmhei cnetdrem` C` pcrrd y `m rmim. Jm pmrtehepmndci nevcrsds rchetm`cs nc pdcsm ci Rciczuc`m y @m Jmamim.Bdrfm pmrtc nc` hdisckd nc rcnmhhei nc `m rcvestmNm-hrtehm .rmnuhtdr nc pdcsm ci `cioum eio`csm.


27/100

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Idtms ocicrmhedim`cs;Mninc cs quc cstmfds idsdtrds4 Mpuitcs sdarc pdcsm hjmvestm

Necod Xcqucrm

=. ]u cs uim ocicrmhei4Xucim m sd sfm, m prcouitm rctrehm,pcrd id `d cs. Hfd sc setm fe ocicrmhei4 ]u `m miunm y `m uic4@m ``comnm nc `m Qcvdùhei Adèvmremim, s, pcrd csd id `m jmhctehmfcitc uim kuiturm pdr orupd ctmred ie m ienmncs c`chtevms hcrhmy mutdftehms. Id cxestc (y ym id cxester) ieioi ndhufcitd quc idsmtreauym uim encitenmn orupm`, quc ids nc im pdr idfarc< ie pdstu`mnquc prdpuoic iucstrm asqucnm csttehm, ie tmfpdhd uim hdfpdsehei

nc h`msc cstrehtm quc pcrfetm quc ocicrmhei sc hdrrcspdinm hdi orupnc scdretds aeci m d Recrics hdi h`mrm hdihecihem nc efpdrtmhei csthm y ui ùomr pcrbchtmfcitc ncèfetmnd ci c` fmrhd nc `ms ncseoum`nmsdhedchdifehms. Ie sequecrm uim cxpcrecihem mitdòehm quc hmimèhdfad nc sciseaeènmncs y herhuistmihems rc`mtevmfcitc hdfuics (hdi c`pcrni nc `ms pdhms mitd`doms quc fs d fcids ids jmi rcuiend).Wcrd sei ùomr m nunms s sdfds uim ocicrmhei, pcrd ids uic uim prdnuhhei, c` rcùfari hjmvestm y jmstm hecrtd puitd uim òehm mbchte M hditrmpc`d nc ds `fetcs nc cstm kdrimnm, sc fc jmhc efpdsea`c cxh`nc fe ocicrmhei, pdr ckcfp`d, m Mitdied Qda`cs, c` fm`minrd hjmfinc Hdrd, imhend ci =52>. Wdrquc su darm hdfciz m rdnmr y m scr pua`hmnm fs d fcids m pmrter nc 1778, 177>. U Qda`cs prdama`cfcitc scmuim nc ms cxprcsedics fs mhmamnms y nchmitmnms nc m pdcsm nc fdfcitd. Ids uic, id sd`d citdihcs, `m prdnuhhei seid `m eihùsei(cnetdrem` y madrm`), tdfmind idtm nc mquc``d quc ndi Mitdied Ormfshhdihcam hdfd `ds herhuetds nc herhu`mhei nc` hdidhefecitd.

1. @m hmihjm hjmvestm nc `m ocicrmhei. M `d quc ``mfd fe oc-icrmhei s ids uic `m pd`tehm. Fs m`` nc `ds ncsomrrds eitcrids nhmnm hum`, ids uic `m pd`tehm pcrd id c` ncsomrrd pd`tehd. Id ids uismhuni tcrrea`c y `m prdvdhmhei hditrm `ms aucims hdihecihems, hdfdpdnrm mnfeter quc buc c` hditcxtd nc `m prefcrm ctmpm nc C` chjd n


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1:

Am``cim< tmfpdhd m pcrschuhei, m tdrturm, c` jmfarc, m cibcrfcnmn, cfmrterd`doed d `m fucrtc hdfd rpehd Sid. Id sdfds uim ocicrmheipcrscouenm pdr fs quc ym jcfds brmhmsmnd pdr iucstrds prdpeds fcneds

y id pdr `m pmtm nurm nc` pdncr. @m idhei nc vmioumrnem, eihùsd, idscs eihdfpmtea`c. @m idhei nc vmioumrnem mhtum`fcitc cst rc`comnm mhèhj pd`tehd y `m fcnedhrenmn encdòehm; `m idhei nc vmioumrnemfcretdremfcitc schucstrmnm pdr mpdrrcm.dro y c` Brcitc Brmiheshd nc Fe-rminm, y fckdr quc mj sc qucnc. Ci tecfpds nc ui idsdtrds cxtcinend mvmioumrnem cs uim pdsc. @m vmioumrnemes ncmn.

8. Ie hdibrditmhedics ie ncsomkmfecitds. mfpdhd ids uic `dquc Dhtmved Wmz, corcoed scdretd, ``mf `m trmnehei nc `m rupturm.

fe hmaczm id hjdhmi Rehcitc Ocramse y Mrfmind Qdkms Oumrnem< ie KumHm`zmne``m, ie Mim Cirequctm cri, ie Rhtdr Xm`mzmr ie Feouc` Kmfcs`ccr m Kdroc @ues Adrocs brcitc m Wmhd Srdind, pdr fs quc prda`cfmsorcfem`cs-aurdhrtehds, cindboehds y amomzds nc psehdmièses nc am`ndsjmymi jchjd rdnmr `m suafmtrez nc `ds pmrrehenms. Jcfds hdfpmrtendtmrefms, rchetm`cs, mitd`doms c eiocitcs hmitenmncs nc hmm hdi iucstrcitrchdfe``mnds pmnrcs (y fmnrcs, t smacs). U m` nm nc jdy fuhjds idsprchemfds nc scouer secind mfeods, nc `ccrids y nc id pcrncr nc vestm c`jchjd nc quc cxestci dakctevds supcredrcs m` pmse``cd y m kucods m`ncmidnc` pdncr hu`turm`. Wd`cfezmr d hmcrids m hmrmkmzds id nem`chtezmi ismremfcitc ci cicfestmncs. M pcsmr nc quc mqu jma`c ncsnc ui zmikieicvetma`c; pdrquc id pucnd jma`mr nc fes hdfpmcrds cshuènds pdrquchdi fuy pdhds jc pmtcmnd hm``c ci cstd nc minmrscitepcismind y `cycind.Xe ncad tdfmr ui puitd pmrm ncher quc fe ocicrmhei mrrmih vmòm `mhditrmnehhei, m recsod nc hmprehjd, `d uaehd humind cfpczmfds m `ccr, kuitds, ci `ms amrremnms hmrmqucms, ci `m Hmrmhms prdbuinm quc spmrrdquem, prdfdvecind c` Bcstevm` Fuinem` nc Wdcsm ci 1773. U quciucstrms prdpems èmhedics pcrsdim`cs prdychtmrdi, hdihitrehmfcitc, hdi`m pdcsm kdvci quc sc jmhm ci c` rcstd nc` pms.

>. @ds iunds hditrmnehtdreds.Sim cxtrmm aesmorm pdcsm-eiste-tuhei y hjmvesfd nebusd hdfciz m mfmrrmr `ds idfarcs quc hdfpd-ici m iucstrm ocicrmhei. U ùcod c` trmamkd ci `ms eistetuhedics hu`tu-rm`cs nc` Cstmnd. Wdr `d tmitd, nds c`cfcitds hdi h`mrenmn ids uici; `mpdsehei pd`tehm y `m nespcrsei csttehm. Xdi fdtevds bucrm nc `m pdcpmrmnkehmfcitc, `d quc ids uic fs quc `m pdcsm fesfm, m pcsmr nc

quc c``m tmfaei `d jmom (vmòm `m hditrmnehhei iucvmfcitc, quc mquid vciefds m rcsd`vcr imnm seid m trmcr prda`cfms).3. Wdcsm y Cstmnd nc ncrchjd. U jctc mqu uim nc `ms h`mvcs;

Hmr`ds Bcriincz @erem, cshretdr y mhtevestm pd`tehd cspmd` quc jm p


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smnd m `m Qcvdùhei Adèvmremim sei mbmics heveèzmtdreds y icd(buhl ydu Jceiz Nectrehj ), ym pmrm c` 1773 hmusmènmn pmpy jma`mindnc` cxpcrefcitd adèvmremid nc` Hdfmi, ncstmh ci uim pdicihem quc

se mòd sc jmam ncfdstrmnd jmstm c` fdfcitd nc erruphei nc `m Qcvdùhei Adèvmremim crm quc sd`d ci ui prdychtd nc cstc drnci sc pucnvever ci ui Cstmnd nc ncrchjd quc `d scm nc vcrnmn, y ci c` hdtenemidci `d eitrmjestrehd. Cstmnd nc ncrchjd seoie hm pcrfesd y ncsmrrd``d enevenum`, p`cietun y fcids jmfarc, dphedics y uim nesfeiuhei sdstc-ienm nc rcprcsei pdèhem`< c` Cstmnd nc ncrchjd nc vcrnmn vcrnmn< cdaèo m `ds Mfds nc` vm``c m sdfctcrsc m `m `cy y id m scoursc`m mpèhminm` pms nc mhucrnd m sus putds hmprehjds< ids pcrfete m uids humitdscr

kvcicsy m mjdrrmrids uids humitds pceie``mzds quc id ids fcrchmfds


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(c)i tdnm bdrfm etcrmrem, cxestc m c`chhei ocicrm` nc ui tdid, nc uictjds se scquecrc, y cs mqu ndinc c` cshretdr sc einevenumèzm h`mrmfcitc pdrquc cs ndi-nc sc hdfprdfctc. @cioum y cs `d sdi mitchcncitcs nc tdnm prda`cf hmnc` `cioumkc, `cioum y cs `d sdi prdnuhtd imturm` nc` cfpd y nc `m pcrsdimaedòehm< pcrd `m enci nmn bdrfm` nc` cshretdr s`d sc cstma`chc rcm`fcitcbucrm nc `m eistm`mhei nc `ms idrfms nc `m ormf hm y nc `ms hdistmitcs nc`cs `d, m`` ndinc `d hdi iud cshretd, rcuiend y cihcrrmnd prefcrmfcitc ciuim imturm`czm èios hm pcrbchtmfcitc eidhcitc, sc vm m jmhcr im`fcitcui seoid tdtm`, c`chhei nc ui hdfpdrtmfecitd jufmid, m rfmhei nc hecrtdaeci, hdfprdfc cind ms m` cshretdr ci m cvencihem y m hdfuiehmhei nc uimbcèhenmn d nc ui fm`cstmr, y eomind m bdrfm m `m vcz idrfm` y seiou`mr nc su pm-`marm m m mfpèm jestdrem nc` dtrd. @cioum y cs `d sdi bucrzms hecoms< m cshreturmcs ui mhtd nc sdènmrenmn jestrehm. @cioum y cs `d sdi dakctds< `m cshreturm csuim buihei; cs `m rc`mhei citrc `m hrcmhei y `m sdhecnmn, c` `cioumkc ètcrmredtrmisbdrfmnd pdr su ncs id sdhem`, `m bdrfm hmptmnm ci su eitcihei jufmimy uienm ms m ms ormincs hreses nc m Jestdrem.

:. @ms bdrfms cstm``mnms (EE).dnm bdrfm, tdnd cste`d, cs c`chhei citdi-hcs, tdnm c`chhei efpèhm ui ormnd nc eacrtmn. U pdr eacrtmn id sc tecic quccitcincr mutdftehmfcitcckcrhehednc èacrtmn. M queci cshreac (tehd cs c`pmsd nc` pdctm) tmfaei c pucnc tdhmr `m eacrtmn pdr fmfpucstd, c`chheipdr ncsmbd< `m èacrtmn hdfd trmisorcsei pucnc scr, pcismind ci ui Qdquc

Nm`tdi, ci ui M` @mfcnm, `m eivdhmhei nc csm èacrtmn quc sc cihucitrmprdshretm ci m sdhecnmn y c` ncsmbd cs hditrm csc se`cihed nc p`dfd, pcrd, ìnd`d m iucstrd hditcxtd, csc ncsmbd pdr m eacrtmn, cstmind m pcrschuhemuscitc, rmnehm ci eivmner `m bdrfm, c eivmner `ms pm`marms. Ci rcvdùheCstmnd nc ncrchjd, `m pdcsm sc trms`mnm y sc hdihcitrm hdi fmydr cxeocihci c` `cioumkc, pdrquc tecic èacrtmn nc ncher, nc hrchcr, nc drchcr. @eacrtmnnc rcprcscitmhei nc ` d `m pdctm nc s fesfd, èacrtmn mitc c` tdrhcr c` `ci-oumkc, èacrtmn pmrm uim prda`cftehm nc` m`fm fs prdbuinm y mscitmnm.mj rmnehm m cscihem nc d fckdr nc fe ocicrmhei.

Hmt`dod (E). Wdr id cstmr idsdtrds m `m m`turm nc su èacrtmn, `m pdcsmid vevc cxmhtmfcitc su fckdr fdfcitd, se ids kmfds nc bdrfm oc-icrmèzmnm ci jmhem ninc sc fucvc su fermnm y m `m m`turm csperetumhd`chtevm quc ichcsetm se sc c ferm pdr csc ckc. Ncsnc dtrd puitd nc vestm, prdnuhhei cxtcisevm nc pdcsm, c` mhhcsd, fm` quc aeci, m uim pdseaeènmcnetdrem`, nc `ccr y nc cxester hdivdhmtdrem, jma`m nc ui auci fdfcitd ci`d humitetmtevd, ci `m hmitenmn nc ocitc cshreaecind pdcsm y msufeind`hdfd tm`. Ci csc pmidrmfm, ncitrd nc csc pmesmkc (ndinc jmy pmesmkc, jmyhu`turm scoi @czmfm @efm), suroci idfarcs quc hmèarmi csm pcrhcpheiy csm ìcm nc `m pdcsm, (y ci uim ciufcrmhei rmnehm`fcitc hmprehjdsmsei qucrcr qucrecind cxhùycitc) suroc c` idfarc nc Umiuvm @ci, nc Cn-omr Odiz`cz Marcu, nc M`ckminrd Xe`vm, nc Cricstd Hmzm`, nc Hdrm` W


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Ofcz, nc Kumi Minrs Wezzmie, nc Cnumrnd Bcarcs, nc mtemim QdkmHmicd Mroueizdics, nc Kdc` Qdkms, nc Fmrm M`ckminrm Qdkms, ci Hnc mj sm`ci Mitdied Qda`cs, Ciied uhhe, Mitjdiy M`vmrmnd, Kciiy Ouo

ci Hdrd c Eite H`mrl ci Wuitd Bekd< nc mj sm`ci Idrys Xmmvcnrm y Lc``hjchd, ci Amrquesefctd y M`cssminrm Hdrdic` ci Hmrdrm< nc mj sm`c N Mrc``m nc Frenm< nc mj sm`ci Rhtdr Fmiuc` Fudz, @ycrlm AdiimiQehmrnd [crpm ci Rm`cihem ymy nedsmitdverocinc`hmrfcic` adkdtc nc idf-arcs quc sc fc cshmpmi.

5. Hmt`dod (EE); `m pdcsm nc `mImim Qdkms mèms Beid`.Xe nci-trd nc csm ncsievc`mnm y ncseoum` èstm nc pcrsdims Mitdied Qda`cs,su hjmfmiesfd fm`minrd, su èard nc mvciturm hm``ckcrm m `d Rcric,

`cioumkc fm`m `chjc, sufmss fcnem prdhcsmnd, su rcsmaed hmfpcseid pdrfmfpucstd, cxprcsm c` puitd fs m`td nc `m encitenmn hm``ckcrm< Kdc` Qeoum`fcitc cs c` puitd nc hdihecihem hsfehm, c` fmydr y fs `dormnd nccsttehm nem`chtezmnm (c` yd y c` mbucrm) y huyd èardXm`fd m` hmitdrcsufccsc ùomr, Fmrm M`ckminrm Qdkms cs `m quc hdi fmydr ncscibmnd y trcihem neaukm `ms hmrmhtcrstehms y mtreautds nc csm pdcsm ncsmrfmrhd nc ui Cstmnd nc ncrchjd nc vcrnmn y ci ichcsmred (y hdfpèhmnd)prdhcsd nc mfpèmhei.

=7. Imrrmr `m pdcsm, imrrmrsc uim fesfm. C` msuitd hdi `m Qdkmscs quc jmhc pdcsm vcrnmncrmfcitc prd`c, jma`m ncsnc ui dreoci pdarc sci Hmrmhms d ci Amrquesefctd (hmpetm` nc Oumresti). Wcrd cstm rcprchei, fmrhmnmfcitc itefm y mutdaedor hm, cxhùyc hum`quecr mhcitummbchtmnm, hum`quecr ncsomrrd sdhedchdifehd; su fcfdrem cst ci pmz hdprctretm pdarczm y sc ciuihem ncsnc ui cspmhed efp`hetmfcitc rceveinehm U mqu dtrm h`mvc; mquc``m fmienm y bu`mim pm`marm `mfmnm hdfcihucitrm eitrischm ci su imrrmr< sdarc cstd vd`vcfds fs mjdrm.

==. Hmitmr c` ncscibmnd. M bm`tm nc cspmhed y sdfctend m mfmrrmr c`pmidrmfm, mpcims fc cstmhedid ci fuy arcvcs pmsmkcs nc nds pdcfms pmnmr hdi c` hm`dr nc m encm. U quc mpcims sdi nds mspchtds quc sc eùfeimsu pdcsm, sdarc uim trmfm fmydr. Wcrd amstm. Imim, ci su pdcfm Hmajma`m uim cspchec nc yd f`tep`c quc cs m `m vcz c``m (Imim), su maucc` hmad nc tmamhd quc `m mauc`m nck ncamkd nc `m amtcm m fcned bamtcm, csc rcsquehed nc m vevecinm quc fckdr ncshreac c` fmhjesfd mrqutiehd. Wcrd ci `, `m pmutm rtfehm `m msufc ui sdy quc, pdr rcetcrmhvm vmremind tdnm vcz quc cstma`chc ui rctrmtd ncstcfp`mnd nc s fesfm

uim cvdùhei ci su prdped tecfpd nc venm quc ciuihem su ncsprcdhupmndbmitmsfm; tdnd `d quc rchdo `d oumrn fuy ncitrd nc f / sdy `m omvctmc` kuouctc pm` quc quecrm kuomr / y sdy `m ùz quc pcom ci `m cshm`crmfctc citrc `ms adhms / nc `ds quc sc acsmi / sdy `m ùz quc hmy sdarc c` hm


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nc` Fditchmr`d / sdy `m ùz nc `m hdheim nc `m vcheim nc` dihc / `m ùz nc uitctm / sdy `m ùz quc sc vm m mpmomr / quc sc vm, quc tc vm m mpmomr, nfctm y secfprc fm`ncdkcd m queci fc nm `m omim, nehc, yd fc rcm`ciou,

nehc, y, sei qucrcr qucrecind, `m Imim cfetc uim hmrtm nc heunmnmim qurcprcscitm ci sus macreitds m ds scrcs idrfm`cs, m m ocitc nc m pec, y id m `mpcrsdims cxtrmdrneimrems, pdrquc cstc tecfpd, eisestefds, se cs nc rcvdùhei`d cs pdr `m ocitc nc m pec, `m idrfmètm. @m quc ncsnc c` pdcfm nc Imim rmkc m `m fcnenm nehc sei mbchtmhei Hmtem cs m`tm y ac``m. / Hmtemsc mie``m `ds ncnds sei ``drmr. / Eined. / @m veckm Cènc hdfecizm m ``cimr c/ c` hmac``d nc Uus`cene hrchc hdfd su smitd / hrcc pdr tdnd c` amrred. / Simfukcr `mfmnm Eres sc rc ci cstc pdcfm / vciod m prdpmomr su ioc`, c` nc Ere

/ brcitc m `m jdrie``m / c` nc Eres hdi `m fmid prdbuinm ci `m d``m. Ci tr-feids tcrehds, m pdcsm nc m Beid` pucnc uaehmrsc ci d quc Jdfe Ajmajm``mfm vdhcs eitcrstehem`cs; csc ùomr ncsnc ndinc jma`m `m fukcr, c` feormitcc` jdfdscxum`, c` icord, c` pdarc, c` humrtd fuind. Rdhcs quc jma`mi ncsncc` ncsomkmfecitd (Bduhmu`t) nc m idhei `cotefm nc hdidhefecitd. Mqujma`m uim fukcr, pdarc, jcrcncrm nc `m feormhei eitcrim nc `m hu`turm y `mchdidfm pctrd`crm.

=1. Wmictd, encitenmn y c` bu`mid hdfprdfesd. Id pdr itefd,c` pmr nc ckcfp`ds quc smhmfds, nckmi nc scr pd`tehds< id pdr pcrsdim` ncknc citcincrsc hdi m pdès, hdi c` rcstd, hdi c` mbucrm quc prdnukd m` pdcfm

Fmrhd Murcèd Qdnroucz Omrhm @m Oumerm =533. Wcrednestm, pdèt`dod, pdctm y cshretdr. Qcmèzcstuneds ci `m Sievcrsenmn Cstmtm` nc Fdsh F.R. @dfdidsdv(SQXX) y ci `m Sievcrsenmn nc Acòrmnd (QXBU). Ouediestm,trmnuhtdr, hdrrcspdism` eitcrimhedim`, puaèhestm, jufdrestm-perdthiehd ètcrmred, puaèhm pmrm pcrenehds y rcvestms. Mutdrnc `ds èardsImnm nc` dtrd fuind (17=7),Hihmfd (17=7).Buc eihùend ci `m mitd`domXucd urocitc , quc rchdoc trmamkdsnc pdctms nc Fxehd y Rciczuc`m (17=7). Wrcfed Fuiehepm` ncWcrednesfd 17=7, mncfs nc jmacr pmrtehepmnd ci c` =7 Bcstevm`Fuinem` nc Wdcsm 17=8, rcprcscitmind m` cstmnd Rmroms.


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Ncspus nc dhtuarc

@ds mrdfms nc` maesfd y c` ncsmfdr

Ndinc jmy pcsefesfd jmy cspcrmizm @ds tcfms nc `d jufmid sdi eitcrfeima`cfcitc rcpctetevds sdijufmids pdr tmitd, seouci eifutma`cs ci cscmquc``d quc ``mfmfdscscihem, m` ncher nc Wmd`m Xmadom`, `m mutdrm nc` èardNcspus nc dhtuarc ,puaèhmnd ci `m hd`chhei @m Aucim Hm``c, 17=1, Cnehedics @m Fm

Ci cstm hd`chhei nc pdcfms huyds hdfcitmreds jc qucrend ``mfmr@ds mrdfms nc` maesfd y c` ncsmfdr< c i sctcitm poeims, eihùycindprcscitmhei y mutdaedormbm, Wmd`m Xmadom` cxtecinc su ècihditmrids ui pcrdnd fuy nc iend nc su venm, muiquc c` ttu`d nc cstc,su prefcr pdcfmred, sc rc crc m ncspus nc mqu`=: nc dhtuarc nc =5:=,bchjm nc su imhefecitd. C` èard ci s mamrhm ui `mpsd, y pcsc m id chrdidòehmfcitc imrrmnd, mamrhm ncsnc m hmnm m` maesfd csmtcinenm pdr c` mfdr jmstm `m `tefm rccxei rcsufenm ci `m pm`macspcrmizm, hdfd `m `tefm odtm nc` m`mfaequc nc` ncspchjd.

C` vrteod maesfm` sc fc rcvc`m ncscd, tcitmhei.Rdy hcnecind m tu ``mfmnd, citrcoindfc m su adrnc

Mfmichcr

Ci prefcr trfeid, `m pdcsm ncac scr `m vcrnmn m hum`quecr prchepcrd m vcrnmn. Jcfds pcismnd quc ds y ms pdctms paèhmfcitc cxpdicihdi su mrtc zdims vcrnmncrmfcitc vuìcrma`cs nc s fesfds y sdi hdfd`ds mvmizmnds nc mrte``crm, quc nereoci `ds dauscs jmhem `ds am

nc uim fdrm` quc myunmi m ncrrufamr, y cstd `d jmi vciend jmhecindnc fmicrm sestcftehm. @m pdcsm tecic su hdfpdicitc prdbtehd, cstd cquc imrrm `d quc dhurrc, id ym hdfd ui fcismkcrd citrc `m neveienmn y`ds jdfarcs, seid hdfd ui hrdiestm nc` cstmnd csperetum` nc su pdhm.


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Hdfd c` mrquctpehd Xmi Kumi Amutestm, quc ncsnc `ms fmzfdrrms nJcrdncs Mitepms oretmam m` fuind `ms fescrems nc` rceid.

Xe id bucrm pdr csm hdinehei nc trmisorcsei quc tecic `m pdcsm, ids

jmarmfds pcrnend `ds vcrsds fs jcrfdsds smènds nc` mfdr fs rcm`,hdfd `ds nc` smaed Xm`dfi y cstds quc ids citrcom Wmd`m, humind ci supdcfmQcimzhd nehc;

Xd`d efpdrtmi fes necitcs ci `ds hmfeids nc tu huc``dtu rcspermhei hmnm vcz fs prdbuinm,fs teaem, fs mncitrdc` jfcnd hmunm` ci quc fc vecrtdmjdomnm nc ocfends

Xei cfamrod, fs m`` nc `m ac``czm bdrfm` nc sus cshretds, Wmd`mtdhm hmfpds quc ids daèomi m rccxedimr, pmrchecrm quc pucnciscr tmi tcrrea`cs `ms hdischucihems nc `m cxp`drmhei scitefcitm` qucncspus nc `ccr cstc èard, imnec ci su smid kuehed sc mtrcvcrm m hdfctctmfmd ncsmbucrd. Wdnrm pcismrsc ci quc cstm cs uim darm pcsefestmpcrd citdihcs jmarm quc jmhcr prchesedics mhcrhm nc` dptefesfd y c`pcsefesfd, sdarc `ds quc Kds Xmrmfmod nck uim fmrmve``dsm dpeieici sus hdivcrsmhedics hdi Kdroc Jm`pcri;

M f fc cihmitmi `ds pcsefestms, pdrquc jmy fdtevds fs quc subehecitcspmrm scr pcsefestm tdnm `m venm y, nerm, `ds pcsefestms sdi `ds iehds quctecici fdtevds pmrm qucrcr hmfaemr c` fuind, pdrquc c` fuind id cstaeci, pdr tmitd quecrci hmfaemr`d y fckdrmr`d. @ds dptefestms id. C``ds idjmhci imnm, csti hditcitsefds. Wcrd pdr dtrd `mnd, `ds jchjds sdi `dsjchjds, y `ds jchjds id sdi ie dptefestms ie pcsefestms. @m fermnm quc t``cvcs m `ds jchjds y `ds jchjds id sdi ie dptefestms ie pcsefestms.*

*(Xmrmfmod; Xdy ui hdfuiestm jdrfdim`. Hdivcrsmhedics hdi KdrocJm`pcri.@c Fdinc Nep`dfmtequc . 1778.).

U cs quc ci rcmènmn uid nc `ds tcfms nc` jdfarc hditcfpdricd,cs c` rcmhdfdnd ichcsmred quc ncacr dhurrer hdi c` fmickd nc `dsscitefecitds, nc ms rc`mhedics quc sc cstma`chci ncsnc c` mfdr, ci tdnds dsscitends, y nc `ms eistetuhedics quc ncrevmi nc `ds icxds scitefcitm`cs qucdreoeimi `m rc`mhei. Muiquc id cs c` tcfm nc` èard quc ids dhupm, aecivm`c fcihedimr`d, pdrquc mtmc m m hdikuihei jdfarc/fuind, quc cs c`

iehd tcfm pdsea`c ci m pdcsm; C` jdfarc iorefd mitc c` fuind, ncsiundbrcitc m` uievcrsd quc ids hditecic. Jmarm quc jmhcr uim hdrrchhei m `mbrmsc Imnm nc `d jufmid fc cs mkcid, ncacrmfds ncher; dnd bucrm nc`d jufmid fc cs efpdsea`c, y cs efpdsea`c pdrquc hum`quecr hdsm bucrm


37/100

8?

nc `m pcrhcphei jufmim y nc `m eitcèocihem cs efpcisma`c, y pmrm nchpmrmbrmscmind m `ds fmtcremèstms prefetevds, `m pdcsm cs `m schrnchmitmnm nc` romid hcrcarm` jufmid.

Ncspus nc dhtuarcid cs uim pdsc, cs uim vcrnmn hdibcsedim`.

@m supcr hec quc rcckm efocicsXdfds prdhcsds, ids fermfds ci c` cspckd y vcfds ms trmisbdrfmhedics

quc c` tecfpd ckcrhc sdarc iucstrd hucrpd c` tecfpd cs uim suhcseierrcvcrsea`c nc eistmitcs. Rmfds nckmind nc scr y m` ncher nc Wmd`m Xmci m prcscitmhei nc cstc eard; Xd`d humind ids dascrvmfds ci c` cspckd

nc` tecfpd cs quc pdncfds ``comr m idtmr `ds nebcrcitcs yd hdi `ds qujcfds hdivevend, muiquc pdr supucstd secfprc jmy mòd eifutma`c, cscmquc``d quc ``mfmfds cscihem.

Cscmquc``d nc` quc jma`m Wmd`m cs c`ctcridhdi d quc sc hdichtm c` pdctmy quc `c jmhc ui dfieshecitc nc s fesfd pmrm citcincr quc; ie fermrcfdsnds vchcs c` rcckd nc iucstrds rdstrds ci c` fesfd rd, ie scri `ds fesfdsrdstrds `ds quc sc rcckci ci sus moums Wcrd scrcfds idsdtrds fesfds jmstmquc iucstrds dkds id sc hecrrci ci m hcoucrm quc ids ncpmrm d ctcrid!

Xeouc Wmd`m Xmadom` ci `m Wrcscitmhei nc su pdcfmredNcspus ncdhtuarc,nehecind quc; @ds vcrsds mqu prcscitcs sdi prcouitms jchjms mmaesfd, mioustems oretmnms m` cspckd....

U cs quc ci rcmènmn ci cstc pdcfmred c` maesfd cs c` cspckd y csrcvc`mhei nc Wmd`m quc rcetcrm ci ui arcvc pdcfm sei ttu`d;

Xdfds sdfarms, fcitermsncshdihcrtmnms ncseùsedicsaushmind rcspucstms brcitc m` cspckd.

Wcrd c` cspckd s`d ids ncvuc`vc `m imnm,citdihcs hdfprcincfds trestcfcitcquc se sdfds,sdfds pmrm imnec.

(X/t. Wo. 8?)

C` cspckd, c` tcfa`drdsd cstmiquc nc Imrhesd, c` festcredsd bdsd nc `meibmihem m` quc pdnmfds hmcr pmrm id rcorcsmr< mtrmpmnds, od`pcm

c` dtrd `mnd sei pdncr scr cshuhjmnds, penecind muxeèd mitc `m einebcrcnc `ds rdstrds nc `ds scrcs qucrends, quc hmsum`fcitc pmsmami y sc fermasei vcrids mtrmpmnds ci c` cspckd, pmrm ùcod hditeiumr sus venms masdùtm idrfmènmn, muiquc ym idsdtrds id cstuvermfds fs.


38/100

8:

Xe mòd ncaermfds rchdidhcr m @cwes Hmrrd` cs jmacr trmtmnd ci `ètcrmturm eibmite` c` fetd nc` cspckd fs m`` nc `m reourdsenmn vehtdremy mncitrmrsc ci csm efmoci quc ids pcrseouc ci `m cnmn tcfprmim humind

tmitms prcouitms ids mhdsmi; `m cxestcihem ]u cs `m venm y nc nincvciefds4< `m encitenmn ]ueics sdfds4< y `m fs hdfp`ckm nc tdnms `mnc` mfdr, quc cs ci s fesfm uim rcspucstm, quc sc fmie cstm ci hmnm ocstdnc `ds scrcs quc ids prdneomi `ds prefcrds huenmnds y quc ids ``cvmi nc `mfmid ci `ds prefcrds pmsds

tmi trestc hdfd `m fmid quc sd`tci fcned nc `m tdrfcitmy quc jdy nc iucvd sdstciod

sei smacr hdi hcrtczm se cs `m fesfmId pmsm imnm

U m encitenmn, csc macreitd quc sc eiehem hdi idsdtrds, ieds masdrtds mitciucstrm efmoci, quc tecic c sdiend nc cspckd quc cs c chd, ``mfmnd hdfd `mieibm quc Imrhesd rchjmzmrm (Chd) y quc ùcod sc dhu t ci uim hucvm ndinc shdisufe jmstm quc s`d qucn su vdz. @m fesfm vdz quc sc rcpetc hdfd ui kucodnc efocics, nc hrestm`cs qucarmnds, c sdiend brmhtm nc iucstrds pcismfecitds,hdi queci fmitcicfds ui ne dod eitcrfeima`c; c neshursd, c eiquectdhdrrcr nciucstrm fcitc nc ui mnd m dtrd, aushmind rcspucstms mitc m venm.

Iucstrm vdz mtrmpmnm ci idsdtrds, rcadtmind hditrm ms pmrcncs nc m fcitc

Fe`cs nc fe``dics nc pm`marmsquc cihecrrmi c` pdrqu nc `m cxestcihem.Si ctcrid hucitd ndinc sc imrrm iucstrm jestdrem.Miteoud y fc`mihèhd pdcfm quc imnec cshuhjm

Rcrad

Ms ciNcspus nc dhtuarc , c` maesfd sc vuc`vc uim efmoci rchurrcitcquc hdfecizm hdi ms pm`marms nc m mutdrm ci ms prefcrms poeims nc` ea

@ds vcrsds mqu prcscitcs sdi prcouitms jchjms m` maesfd, mioustemsoretmnms m` cspckd, idstmòems rufemnms c` sd`cnmn y dtrms vchcs ci nestmitcshdfpmms. Xdi beim`fcitc cfdhedics vevenms nurmitc cstm brmhhei nc`trisetd `mfmnd venm.

Ncspus nc dhtuarc. Wrcscitmhei.

Hdeihencihem`fcitc `d qucm pdstcredrescrm ui cspckd, @cwes Hmrrd```d ncshreae hdfd ui maesfd ci c` idfarc eiehem` quc ned m` hucitd@ms


39/100

85

mvciturms suatcrricms nc Mèhemy quc nc ietevmfcitc ``cvmrm c` idfarcnc Mèhem ci c` pms nc `ms fmrmve``ms.Id pdncfds icomrids m `m tcitmheinc ncstmhmr cstm hmsumènmn, pdrquc ci `m Mutdaedormbm quc mitchcnc m`

pdcfmred, Wmd`m sc ncshreac hdfd uim iem nc sces mds, maurrenm, cfuind nc mnu`tds y quc pdnm pmsmr jdrms efmoeimind jestdrems qu``comami m scr tmi rcm`cs quc hmse pdnm tdhmr`ms. ]ueci `cm cstdprcouitmrsc y hucstedimr c` pdr qu id eivcitmr secfprc jestdrems bcèhccspcrd fc hrcmi humind hdi csc quc csd id ncpcinm nc f, yd mhtevmafe efmoeimhei, pcrd c``m crm mutidfm y hdrrm jmhem tcrrcids quc ydpdnm cvetmr ie cvetmrfc.

@m efmoci nc` maesfd sc vm m er cxtcinecind m `d `mrod nc tdnm `m

hdfecizm hdi `ds vcrsds tetu`mnds Hfd smacr4,ui pdcfm quc tecic hdiui cpormbc prcfdietdred; Fs m`` nc ds sucds, m prefmvcrm

Xuhcnc quc cstdy brcitc m` maesfdmounezmind m fermnm, pcictrmind su dshurenmn,trmtmind nc ncshuarer ui einehed nc su bdind.

Nc su prdbuinm idhjc cfcroc ui d`dr miteoudui rcvd`dtcmr nc m`ms, ui smadr m oumymam vcrnc,ui chd rcfdtd quc pdr fdfcitds sc pmrchc m tu vdz.

Hfd smacr4

U `m mprdxefmhei m cstc maesfd quc cs uim mfcimzm, sc miuihhmromnm nc vdhcs quc hditecici rdstrds efprchesds y cs ui recsod

Hdi fuhjd huenmnd nc id pcrncr c` adrnc,fc eihèid mitc c` vmhd y sumvcfcitc tc ``mfd,pcrd s`d rcspdinc c` se`cihed.

Hfd smacr4

Xei cfamrod `m efmoci sc cxpminc, tdhm dtrds cstfu`ds. Mòuecijmaetm c` maesfd y daèom m mrrecsomrsc m sus pcrbufcs, su d`dr miteomrdfm nc `m oumymam vcrnc, c` sdiend nc m`ms, sdi tdnds scuc`ds

(...) aushmr rcb`ckds ci c` cspckd nc ieiouid.

Qmsomr `ms vcims hdi `ms csquer`msnc `ds cspckesfds nc secfprc (...)

Ncrrdtm


40/100

>7

C` vrteod y `m hmnm Muiquc ciNcspus nc dhtuarc , Wmd`m Xmadom` id jmym dromiezmnd

`ds vcrsds pmrm trmzmr c` ncsmrrd``d èicm` nc uim jestdrem, vcfds quc jm

cihmncimfecitd nc jchjds quc `m mutdrm imrrm. M` eiehemr `m `chturm nèard vcfds quc jcfds ``comnd m uim jestdrem ym cfpczmnm, quc cstmfdsci fcned nc uim ncmormhei, quc c` mfdr mrnc mi citrc hciezms y schdisufc hdi tcrrea`c `citetun

C` cihucitrd, m sdiresm, ms hcrvczms,`ms pm`marms, `ms hmihedics, `ds vcrsds (...)

@m einchesei, fes fecnds, `m juenm,

`m pcrschuhei, m hmpturm, qucnmrfc. (...)@m eisupcrma`c uim, ms tc`mrmms, ms fescrems,`m trestczm, `m rdpm ci c` suc`d, `ms eisestcitcs òrefms, (...)

`m prnenm, `m rcseoimhei, `m rcac`nm, (...)

C` fmmim c` maesfd, c` festcredtu muscihem, `m ncrevm, `m ncspcnenm, c` mfdr.

C` mfdr, csm trmfpm.

Imepcs ci scpem

U c` maesfd cs c` hcpd y fs quc c` maesfd cs `m fcfdrem y fs quc`m fcfdrem cs `m ncènmn m` pmsmnd. Hdfd `m fukcr nc @dt, `m mutdfecitrms nckm trms nc s ui pmesmkc nc ncsd`mhei, vd`tcm m fermr, mui hdrecsod nc hdivcrtersc ci uim cstmtum mih`mnm m` pmsmnd

Xe id bucrm pdr c` mycrsmhmrm nc fe venmtus idtms rcpctetevms y cxjmustms

ncstruerm ms bdtds veckmsy adtmrm tdnms `ms rdsms schmsquc sc pecrnci ci fes schds èards (...)

Xe id bucrm pdr c` mycr, fc erm,pcrd ` fc hdincim m cspcrmrm hditmr `ds feiutds quc bm`tmipmrm c` nm ci quc tc nchenmsm nckmrfc earc.

Xe id bucrm pdr c` mycr


41/100

>=

Jmhcr paèhd uihditrd nc `ds nmds hmusmnds pdr c` mfdr, uieivcitmred nc mpdrrcds, pdnrm hd`dhmr ci setumhei ncsvcitmkdshum`quecrm, cxpdicr `ms mioustems oretmnms m` cspckd quc fcihedim

ci m prcscitmhei ncNcspus nc dhtuarc , cs mòd quc pucnc scr pmrm mòuidssdhem`fcitc hdfprdfctcndr< c` ncspchjd ids vuìcrm< ids m`ckm nc `mefmoci nc o`mnemndrcs nc` m`fm. @mncrrdtm nc `m quc jma`m c` èard;

U mprcincr m vever nc `m fcioumsei quc csd ids rdac `m sdiresm,iehm mbrcitm mitc `m ncrrdtm nc `m cspcrmizm

Ncrrdtm

Ncher cstd m m uz paèhm, humind fs aeci id ncacrm jmacr mizm trmspmsmrc iucstrd cod, ie cspmnm quc jecrm c` hdrmzi. Humind ncacr kmhtmrids nc smacr rcpc`cr hum`quecr cfacstenm, quc jcfds mfmrrmnd aiucstrds zmpmtds, `ds heiturdics jcfds hcend rfcfcitc. C` fmque``mkc,`ms rdpms ac``ms, `ms bdrfms prdiuihemnms, tdnd ids jmhc vcihcndrcvcihcndrms `ds uids sdarc `ms dtrms, y sei cfamrod;

Xc `mfm mioustem

nehc c` ndhtdr ncsnc su nestmitc a`mihurmamutezmind hdi hìehd idfarccstm efpdseaeènmn nc sukctmr mòd berfc (...)(...) fecitrms hmfeid jmhem m bmrfmhem fs hcrhmimm vcr se nc hmsumènmn id vcinciMfdr 377 feèormfds .

U quc scm c` psequemtrm c` smimndr nc` m fm, ui Wrdzmh pmrm c`Rmèuf pmrm `ds imubrmoeds.

Wdr sucrtc tdnds d hmse tdnds jcfds hdiscouend mòuim vcz smènc` maesfd, cshm`mr `m hucstm, rcorcsmr nc` dtrd `mnd nc` cspckd. Xpdnrcfds ``cvmr m hucstms iucstrd mhcrvd, c` hdstm` nc èards, `ds mndrdtds,csds pcnmhetds nc imnm

Wdr bdrtuim mi pdncfds hmromr hdi `m Cspcrmizm.

Fuinmizms

Ncspus nc dhtuarccs ui èard huyds vcrsds hdfd amèzms ids vmihdinuhecind jmstm pucrtd mpmhea`c, vmfds m trmvs nc `m adrrmshmc``m smèfds hdfd iubrmods eivehtds.


42/100

>1

Wmd`m vm hd`dhmind `ms scm`cs quc punecrmi ncher quc `m venm mhcrtekd y c` vcrsd `m rcspucstm.

Hdfprcincr `m pdcsm cs iucstrd preve`coed, pdr csd y sd`d pdr csd

ids cs efpdsea`c scouer nc mrod sei nctcicrids mitc m hditcfp`mhei nc`fs vmstd nc tdnds `ds maesfds

smacrsc ui jcrfdsd vcrsd quc imnec prdiuihemncshuarersc nc prditd tmi sd`d ci c` uievcrsd.

Fmrhd Murc`ed Qdnroucz Omrhm

17 nc dhtuarc nc 17=8Hmtem @m Fmr


43/100

>8




44/100

>>

Kds Kmvecr XihjczHmrmhms =5?7.Wdctm, ndhcitc y Wrdfdtdr nc @chturm. Buinm-ndr nc `m Qcn nc Cshretdrcs nc Rciczuc`m, `m Qcn nc Cshretdrcspdr c` M`am y `m Qcn Imhedim` nc Wrdfdtdrcs nc @chturm. Ne-reoe c` m``cr nc Wdcsm 17==, nc Fditc ve`m Cnetdrcs. Hddr-nei `ms kdrimnms Jmhem c` Bcstevm` Fuinem` nc Wdcsm. Xuspdcfms jmi send trmnuhends m` rmac y m` pdrtuous. Bdrfmpmrtc nc `ms mitd`doms; Mfmichefds nc am`m


45/100

>3

@m `ùvem hdfd

pdtehm nc `m heunmn@m ùvem tecic ui vmod schrctd nc tcriurm,mòd nc sdd`cihem rcseoimnm y mfma`c,uim fsehm jufe`nc sc ncspecrtm hdi c``m

quc jmhc vearmr c` m`fm ndrfenm nc` pmesmkc

Bcncrehd Omrhm @drhm

Ocicrmr ui cspmhed nc cihucitrd pmrm prcscitmr nesteitms mprdxefmhedm `m pdcsm hditcfpdricm vciczd`mim cspch hmfcitc nc cshretdrimhends m pmrter nc =5?7, id sd`d cs `m pdseaeènmn nc prcscitmr vdhdisdènmnms ci `m pdcsm mhtum` quc pucnci nmr bc nc iucvms prdppdtehms, nc mvmihcs y hditeiuenmn ncitrd nc ui `comnd nc vdhcpmrtehu`mrfcitc vciczd`mims, seid quc tmfaei ncac scr c` cspmhed pmrcsm`tmr tdnd c` csbucrzd cnetdrem` jchjd ncsnc c` Cstmnd vciczd`mincsnc hd`chtevds prevmnds y id ouacrimfcitm`cs, hdfd hddpcrmtevmsbdinds cnetdrem`cs pmrm veseaeèzmr vdhcs nc iucstrm pdcsm quc nc

prdpucstms id jmhci dtrm hdsm quc mfpèmr y trmisbdrfmr ds preihepedprchcptds, `ms csttehms y `ds cste`ds nc `m pdcsm vciczd`mim hdfd oquc hmnm vcz hdoc fs bucrzm y omim fs cspmhed citrc `ds `chtdrcs.

Citrc dtrms hdsms quez `m fs efpdrtmitc nc rcsm`tmr ci `ds `tefdsnecz mds jm send, pdr uim pmrtc `m pdseaeènmn rcm` quc hdfd pms tciend pmrm c`cvmr nc bdrfm fmsevm m prdnuhhei cnetdrem`, y pdr dtrm`m hmitenmn nc pdctms kvcics quc jmi vestd fmtcremèzmnd ui prdyccnetdrem`, hdsm efpdsea`c pmrm `ms fmydrms ci tdnd c` seo`d ZZ.

Wdr c``d cstc cihucitrd quc hdivdhm m prcscitmr ci hecrtd scitend c`fdnd hdfd ids jcfds mprdxefmnd m `m `chturm nc cstds iucvds mhtdrcsy hrcmndrcs, ci hecrtm bdrfm mfp`m `m rutm nc tdnd èard quc ci hefcnenm cspcrm scr rcscmnd, d tdhmnd pdr `m hrtehm pmrm hufpèr h


46/100

>2

heh`d quc eùstrc m `ds `chtdrcs ci csm`chturm hrtehm quc aeci scm`m Kumi Mitdied Hm`zmne``m ci Fnu`d pmrm tm` crcs nc prdfdhei nc `chturm yids ``cvm m hd`chtevezmr `m fermnm m iucstrds mutdrcs hditcfpdricds.

Mbdrtuimnmfcitc qucnm ùvem pdr hmcr. U sdarc c``m vdy m trmtmr nc nescci cstc cihucitrd. Xdarc uim nc sus bdrfms fmie cstms c` tcfpdrm`.Cs `m `ùvem, sfad`d rcidvmndr nc `m bcrteènmn, cèxer hrcmndr, hmpm

buiner scfe``m y tecrrm pmrm rcidvmr `m venm. @m `ùvem èfpem c` pmestrmisbdrfm. Qciucvm m imturm`czm, rcstmurm m encm prefeociem nc `m hrcQcstmurm c` heh`d nc` moum hdfd sfad`d pcrfmicitc nc rcimhcr. Xus moumfucvci iucstrd cspretu y `d hdichtmi hdi f`tep`cs scismhedics, `m `ùvemcxdrhezm ds fm`cs nc` cspretu y jmhc vesea`c iucstrd cstmnd nc iefd.

]uez scm `m idstmòem quc ids civuc`vc ci hmnm `ùvem y c` ncscd ncsupcrmr`m m quc pcrfete nmr dreoci m m venm jufmim ci m tecrrm.

Cs m ùvem nc Lmttem Wemiod (=5?3) quc `com hdfd `dvezim brcshm quc`m urac y rcbrcshm c efmoeimred nc iucstrms heunmncs, mfpèms y sei frocics.

C` fmroci ci m heunmn d efpusd m hd`diem kuitd m` aurous, m` prrdhdy m` m`hm`nc, pcrd ms heunmncs buihedimi, sc ncsmrrd``mi, sc trmisbdrfmi rceivcitmi m hmnm scouind ncsnc f`tep`cs cshcimreds.

@d quc mycr buc c` csttehm nc uim trmnehei hd`diem`, jdy csttrmstdhmnmd pdr `ms iucvms ocicrmhedics, pdr `ms hdinehedics ocdor hmhèftehms, sdhem`cs, pd`tehms, hu`turm`cs, su retfd nc ic c` ncsmrrd``d uim iucvm ocdpd`tehm nc `ms uracs.

^cfpdrm , èard cnetmnd pdr `m Hddpcrmtevm Cnetdrem` @m Fmihjm (177:y rccnetmnd ci uim hdcnehei kuitd m` `m Buinmhei Cnetdrem` c` pcrrd y `rmim (17=7), cs csc vecitd bucrtc ci c` quc sc ncamtc iucstrd cspretu hcrhmidm scr tdrfcitm, hcrhmid m `m hm`fm. Cs `m tcisei quc ids jmhc jufmids ymiefm`cs, quc pcrfetc quc `m hm`fm id ids nucrfm pdr hdfp`ctd y quc `mtdrfcitm id ids mrrmstrc m` i. Wdr d tmitd id cs c` hucitd nc Esmac` vecind

``dvcr sdarc Fmhdind. Ci cstc pdcfmred iucstrm pdctm mvmizm, cvdùhedim,rccxedim amkd uim ùvem pcrfmicitc quc sc ncsmtm ci tdnd c` eard hdi uimnem`htehm nc` seo`d ZZE.

^cfpdrm cs c` retd quc m imturm`czm c areinm m m heunmn ncvd`veind`d quc sus mihcstrds jehecrdi pmrm hdi c``m. Cs c` retd quc sc hufp`c fsm`` nc `m cvdhmhei. Xc fmie cstm ci hmnm cspmhed nc cstm heunmn pmtcstefdied nc venm. @m venm quc suhcnc, quc sc rcmèzm, quc sc ncsmrrd``seouc su hursd ci cstm heunmn ndinc t nchencs scr prdtmodiestm, cspchtmnd

d mfads rd`cs, pcrd kmfs tcinrs `m dphei nc scr eimiefmnm cstmtum.Ci ^cfpdrm secfprc cst prcscitc `m `ùvem ci f`tep`cs bdrfms, ciscismhedics c efocics, ci scitend pcrd ci mòi fdfcitd hcsm;


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M` bei `m `ùvem ncksu pmrrminm eitcrfeima`cschindsc sdarc ds t chjds nc zeih

Ci csds fdfcitds `m heunmn y sus heunmnmids sc rcstmurmi, sc ci-orminchci ds d heds y hdfd se iucvmfcitc ocrfeimrm ci ui scfe``crd,`m venm rcimhc, sc rceivcitm y hdi m`corm d hdi nd`dr smèfds m hursd m iucstrds sucds.

@m `ùvem cs csc cspmhed quc tmfaei ids nctecic pmrm jmhcrids pcihui hmrhdfends cstmfds pdr uim heunmn quc nchene scr eijufmim y idsrdc c` cspretu, ids fuc`c y rcfuc`c mspermind hdivcrterids ci mutfmtms.

Ids jmhc pcismr y vcrids juinends ci uim neifehm nc tr hds,nc ocitcs hdòmnms ci c` mutdas, nc d heims paèhms quc sc mscfckmhrhc`cs, ndinc `m aurdhrmhem y `m ruteim sdi bucrzms cstre`cs.

Sim `ùvem quc ids nm tecfpd pmrm rccxedimr sdarc `m neifehm mquc quecrc hdincimrsc m m fukcr hdfd prdnuhtd, scxum`, fcrhmite`, amim

Cs ci cstc puitd ndinc c` tcfpdrm` sdp`m hdi fmydr bucrzm y sc jmhcvcr hdfd uim vdz hditcstmtmrem, ndinc iucstrm pdctm ncsnc su vdz nc fukcsc efpdic hdfd rcidvmhei y rceveinehmhei nc oicrd, y sc iecom m scrdakctd, sei scr vhtefm, nciuihem, id m ui einevenud seid m ui sestcfm qucprctcinc hdincimr m `m vcicrmhei amim` nc` dakctd fukcr m tdnd `d quhdistetuyc `m imturm`czm nc `m fukcr.

@m ùvem bcrteèzm y m fukcr id iecom ms nefcisedics nc` mfdr nc py cxm`tm `m hdinehei nc fmnrc, sei nckmrsc fmiepu`mr. @m fukcr id cscxd nae` y tmfpdhd cs `m termim quc sustetuyc m` fmhjesfd. Ci^cfpdrm c` scr cst èomnd m `m cscihem jufmim y csm cscihem id cs hdinehedimnc` rd` quc sc tciom quc kuomr ci mòi fdfcitd. Wmrm `m pdctm c` `cfm c

ie jekm ie fmnrc ie pmnrcscr cs prefcrd

Lmttem Wemiod cs `m pdctm quc sc jmhc nc` vcrsd èarc pmrm errci `m prefcrm nhmnm nc` seo`d ZZE hdi uim vdz quc nciuihem sei scpmictd, quc scnuhc sei cnu`hdrmr, y quc nckm scitmnm su pdsehei nc fukhdfamtecitc hdi m pm`marm quc ci su nciuihem fdkm, jufcnchc y cfpmpmsu hdfprdfesd sdhem` y pd`tehd.

Xei jmhcr nc su pdcsm ui vuòmr pmictd, brmhturm `ms cstttrmnehedim`cs nc` pdcfm mfdrdsd, muiquc c` mfdr herhu`c ci sus vcrsdhdfd c` moum nc` rd ci sus hmuhcs, hdfd `m `ùvem ci `m heunmn, id scscnuher pdr `ms trmfpms cstctehestms nc `m fm` ``mfmnm ac``czm aurou


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ndfstehd ci su pdcfm cs `m ùhjm nc `m fukcr pdr sdarcvever m ui sestcfmquc prctcinc hdincimr`m m` se`cihed, y quc sc iecom m nckmr quc cstc `m ciou`

Ci cstds pdcfms rcm`zm `m rcmènmn nc `m fukcr `mteidmfcrehmim qu

sm`c tdnds ds nms m hdistruer uim imhei m ncsmrrd``mr ui pms m rcmèsucd. C` sucd nc `ds puca`ds, nc `ms amrremnms, nc `ds hmfpds.@mteidmfrehm hmfeim ci cstc tcfpdrm`. U sdarc tdnd c` Hmreac y

sus csttehms. @m sm`sm sc nckm hd`mr ci `ds cpormbcs hdfd chd quc tmprdpucstm, hdfd `m hriehm quc ncsiunm mfdrcs, quc rcbuinm cshm`crms,quc sc marc pmsd, m tecfpds fckdrcs.

@m ved`cihem nc `ms hm``cs suac y amkm `ms cshm`crms nc cstc èard, cs hèhj, id nda`com, id mtcrrm, sc vevc m pcsmr nc c``m y sc hdfamtc hdi

trmamkd, hdi sucds, hdi sdènmrenmn.Ci ^cfpdrm , Lmttem Wemiod id eivcitm ui pms, cxm`tm c` pms rcmcxm`tm `m heunmn rcm` y c` amrred rcm`, hdi sus mhecrtds y sus bm``ms.

C``m rdfpc c` hèhj quc quecrci efpdicr`cs m iucstrms fukcrcs, y `dnciuihem maecrtmfcitc;

yd id fdnc`d hmfeid.

U yd msufd cstc `cfm nc Lmttem Wemiod quc m` eoum` quc fuhjmsfukcrcs nc` seo`d ZZE ci cstc trmamkd pdtehd rciuihem m fdnc`mr`c m uisestcfm hdisufestm. @m pdctm sc iecom m scr dakctd nc hdisufd y fcrhmihmy pdr c``d hmfeim jmhem mnc`mitc, mvmizm, id sc nckm civd`vcr pdr ui sestcfnc hdisufesfd, nc amimènmn, hmfeim y mvmizm m` eoum` quc su vecitdeitcredr m` eoum` quc jmhc mvmizmr efpu`smnm pdr ui tcfpdrm` m `m ocitc `m Hdtm 573, nc` amrred Xmi Feouc`, m csms fukcrcs quc mui cstmind ci sushmsms mvmizmi, pdrquc ncsnc m`` bdrfmi m sus jekds pmrm c` trmamkd, pcstuned, pmrm c` mfdr.

Xervm cstc tcfpdrm` pmrm `ccr `m csttehm nc mquc``ms fukcrcs quc iecomi ci sus pdcfms m jmhcr hriehms scxum`cs, drosfehms, quc cstihdishecitcs, quc tdnd ui sestcfm m nemred hu`tevm `m csttehm nc `m dprcsenc `m fukcr fcrhmihm. C``m iecom ci su vcrsd `m pdseaeènmn nc hdivcrterci fukcr nc `mtm y nciuihem;

Cstm hmrm nc cstc efp`mhma`c cspckd rchdidhc quc imnmsc jm nehjd quc id scm ci tu hditrmy quc sd`d amstm imhcr iem pmrm dr `ms vdhcsquckufardsms quc c rcprdhjmi su efpcrbchtm ncsiuncz;Morrmtc aeci m tu fmrend()


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hcrvczm-tctms,hcrvczm-imòmshcrvczm-ncsiuncz pcrbchtm dpcrmnmhcrvczm-jcfarmfukcr-`mtm

]uecrd rcsm`tmr nc fmicrm cspchem` `m sdènmrenmn nc `m pdctm`ms fukcrcs quc vevci ci zdims ci hdiehtd, sdènmrenmn quc p`msfmjmheindids vcr ci sus vcrsds, `m sucrtc quc sc vevc ci cstms rcoedics yids nckm ui cspmhed pmrm quc hdfd fctm-`chturm rccxedicfds sdarc qutmitd jmhcfds ncsnc iucstrm rcmènmn pmrm quc cstm scm jaetmt ci cscshcimreds nc tcrrdr;

Hrcycrdi quc jmami vciend m sm`vmr m `ms fukcrcs y m `ds iedspcrd sc `cvmrdi sus pcrtcicihemsSim m uim nc ms fukcrcs rchdoecrdi ci uim fm`ctm efprdvesmnm`ds rchucrnds nc mquc` ùomrpmrm `ds ieds y `ms iems id juad kuouctc nc rchucrndmquc``ds quc veiecrdi m sm`vmr`ds sc bucrdi hdi `ms rueims ceistmurmrdi c` se`cihed.

^cfpdrm cs uim cxpcrecihem quc sc qucnmr ci c` `chtdr mhc`crmind `mfermnm jmhem dtrms `ùvems, quc pcrfeter `ccr m `m heunmn ncsnc `mquc hdrrci amrred mamkd, quc èfpemi, quc rciucvmi y nc scourd `c nmui tdquc pmrtehu`mr m `m adjcfem, m `m bdrfm nc bufmrids c` fuind, ncrceivcitmr d, nc ``dvcr`d.

Lmttem Wemiod id pmhtm hdi `m amimènmn, hdi `ms pdscs, hprchedsesfd. Wms pdr m Mhmncfem, acae, pcrd tmfaei dbrche sus my rdfpc ci su cshreturm hdi tdnd `d quc ids nehci `ms cshuc`ms nc @ctrmsdarc c` tcfm quc ncac scr `m pdcsm. Ci c``m id cihditrmrcfds ui vcrsdprchedsestm, c``m hmitm ncsnc sus mncitrds, ncsnc c` m`fm, ncsnc m citrid fmque``m su vcrsd, d prcscitm hdfd tcstefdied nc ui fdfcitd sdhem`,pd`tehd y hu`turm`.

@m hc`card y `m secitd hcrhmim m vdhcs hdfd `ms nc iucstrm rceimncscibmnd, nc `m errcvcrcihem y `m nciuihem @ynnm Brmihd Bmrmvcrsd; id imh pmrm dhupmr ui cspmhed y imnm fs, m M`ckminrm Wezmriel,m Dòm Drdzhd y m `ms ormincs `mteidmfcrehmims quc smaci hmitmr nfmicrm. cfpdrm cs c` eiehed nc ui trisetd pdr ms ctrms quc hdisdènmri

su vdz hdfd uim nc `ms bucrtcs nc `m pdcsm vciczd`mim hditcfpdricm.Iucstrm qucrenm pdctm bdrf pmrtc nc m mitd`dom Mfmichecrdi nc am`m(177?), cnetmnm pdr C` pcrrd y `m rmim, y su prcscihem ci cstm mitd`cs tmfaei seoid nc uim ocicrmhei quc sc rcac`m hditrm `ms bdrfms


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trmnehedim`cs nc `m pdcsm< c``m kuitd m dtrms vdhcs, sc jmhc sciter hdfdocicrmhei quc ym tecic ui cspmhed ci m `etcrmturm vciczd`mim.

Wcrd cicfpdrm nckm su tcstefdied pcrsdim`, su prdpucstm pdtehm,

c`cvm `m hdinehei nc `m fukcr `mteidmfcrehmim, rcm`zm `ms nefcisedics `m heunmn, hretehm `m aurdhrmhem, c` hdisufesfd, c` fmhjesfd y nckm vcm pmrter nc cstc su prefcr `eard, tdnd c` efpu`sd quc cst nespucstm m nmrncsnc c` oicrd pdtehd m iucstrms `ctrms hditcfpdricms.


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_e`èmf drrcmàm Hmrmhms =535. Wdctm, ndhcitc, èhcihemnd ci Cnuhmhei hdiWdsormnd ci @etcrmturm Rciczd`mim. Jm puaèhmnd M`hm`s ,(Wrcfed Hmnm nm ui èard, nc` Feiestcred nc `m Hu`turm). M`tdmècitd yNcspus nc m idhjc . Buc fcrchcndr nc` Wrcfed Cxp`d-sei Hu`turm` Aehcitcimrem Qcoei Hmpetm`. Xus pdcfms jmisend puaèhmnds ci nebcrcitcs rcvestms nc` Wms. Wmrtehep ci c`Bcstevm` Fuinem` nc Wdcsm nc @m Jmamim y ci nevcrsms cne-hedics nc` Bcstevm` Fuinem` nc Wdcsm nc Rciczuc`m. Xus pdc-fms jmi mpmrchend ci `ms mitd`doms;Heunmn smtcètc (=5:3),?7 pdctms ci sdènmrenmn hdi Erml, C` @amid y Wm`csteim, Csm ad`crm cs iucstrm, citrc dtrms. Buc nerchtdr mhmnfehd nc` @ehcd Minrs Ac``d nc Hmrmhms.


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Wdctms imhends ci `ds sctcitm; Kdc` Qdkms Hmrre``d;Xm`fd m` hmitd

@m Buinmhei Hmsm Imhedim` nc `ms @ctrms Minrs Ac``d, cshdoc peiehed m cstm screc nc cstuneds, ui hd`dqued sdarc pdcsm vciczd`mimtcfpdricm; Wdcsm y pdtehm sdarc mutdrcs imhends m pmrter nc `dssctcitm. U hdi ormi mhecrtd `dorm marer `ms pucrtms pmrm quc pmsormi ifcrd nc c``ds m scr prdtmodiestms nc `m iucvm rcmènmn nc` jchhrcmndr, ndinc `m pd`tehm cnetdrem` cs `m eihùsei. Fmydrfcitc ci ctepd nc eivcsteomhei, c` hdrpus tdfmnd hdfd fucstrm pmrm c` dakctd nccstuned cs scpmrmnd ncsnc c` puitd nc vestm ocicrmhedim`, pcrd pcèorscrm jma`mr nc c``ds hdfd ocicrmhei, pdrquc quezs qucrecind rcevenehmr`ds, hdi cstd hdiscouermfds scpmrmr`ds nc vdhcs hdi `ms quc chdivevci y scoueri hdivevecind ci c` cihucitrd nc ds rmsods hdfuics,quc id `ds uici `ms bchjms nc imhefecitd seid `ds seoids nc `m pdcsm qutecic sus prdpeds mhucrnds y ncsmhucrnds. M cstc scm`mfecitd pdnruirsc`c pmrm hdrrdadrmr `d nehjd c` dtrd seiifcrd nc vdhcs quc sc jmipuaèhmnd pdr prefcrm vcz ci `ms fesfms bchjms quc cstds kvcics cstisecind cnetmnds, y pdnrm ``mfrsc`cs tmfaei vdhcs iucvms pdr su cst

tus nc id hdidhends d einetds, quezs tmfaei tdhmnds pdr `ms fesfmseiucihems y pdrqu id, vevcihems y cxpcrecihems pdtehms hdfpmrtenm`d quc sc `c sufm tmfaei `m iucvm mpcrturm nc` èard ci Rciczuc`m y bmheènmn nc mhhcncr m `ds hcitcimrcs nc ttu`ds y mutdrcs ichcsmrec` cirequchefecitd ci c` cspchtrd pdtehd, mspchtd quc qucnm pcinecitcpmrm uim iucvm eivcsteomhei. Ncsnc c` suroefecitd nc `m cnetdrempcrrd y `m rmim, quc muiquc imhends d mitcs d ncspus nc `ds sctcitm icitrcomi fuhjds puitds ci hdfi citcinecind hdfd cs smaend quc `m

darm secfprc cstmr jcrfmimnm hdi c` hditcxtd jestrehd quc ids tdhmvever. Ci iucstrd hmsd `m darm m quc qucrcfds jmhcr fcihei cs `m ncpdctm Kdc` Qdkms Hmrrre``d y su èardXm`fd m` hmitd(=5?8) cnetmnd pdr c`Bdind Cnetdrem` Buinmrtc, m prdpsetd nc jmacr send om`mrndimnm h


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Wrefcr Wrcfed ci c` Hdihursd @etcrmred Buinmrtc 177? fcihei Wdcsm.Nc tcicr quc nc ier m` jcrfmid Kdc` Qdkms Hmrre``d, d nc ierm hdfd

eihdiheèma`c hdi `ds bmitmsfms nc `m pdcsm, id ncscm jmhcr hdihcsedi

hdi imnm ie hdi imnec, ncsmbm su prdpem c`dhucihem, `ms omims nc njmhcr ncsjmhcr c` hditrmpuitcd hditrm tdnd d hdistruend y pdr hdistruersmac ncsnc c` pdcfm csm utdpm cs pdsea`c c` pdctm cs scfenes, pmrm chmitm m` hmitd,Xm`fd m` hmitd, èturoem, m`mamizm4 C` pdcfm hrcmndr ncfuinds, c` pdcfm quc id vmhe`m, y pdr s fesfd `d quc quecrm ncher, ``c nm pdncr, èhcihem pmrm quc jmom ncsjmom, pdcfm fminmrrem pmrmod`pcc y sc marm pmsd, pdcfm quc sc èacrm y èacrm.

quecrd cshreaer ui pdcfm quc tc rcvdùhedic sei rcfcnedNerchhei smhema`c tc jmomWdcfm scfci quc hdivecrtm `ds hcitrds hdfcrhem`cs ci omromitms]uc cfa`c]uc trmehedic m` fecnd]uc m `ms drckms jmom vcitmimsXcm fecnd y vcitmim tcfa`drdsm mhc`crmnm

Wdcfm iuac pui mounmFs smardsd quc `ms heruc`ms ci su rad`]uc èacrc `ds h`mvds nc `ms pmrcncs

]uc n brd]uc huarmSi pdcfm pmrm scitrsc`d m` `mnd

]uc scpmNc` mrrcpci fecitd nc smacrsc fdnd nc scr Mpmrmtd ocs hu`mndr hmismihedSi pdcfm quc fminc m `ds pdctms cstrcends m` hmrmkd

C` pdctm sc fenc mitc su prdpem hrcmhei, sc rctm ncitrd nc` pdcfm ysm`c vehtdredsd. C` hmitd vcihc m `ms bdrfms.Ncitrd nc cstc èard m fe pmrchcr nc `chtdr eivdùhrmnd ci cstc kucod

nc hmrcd citrc uim cshreturm m rmtds mutdftehm, y rmtds pdcfm acstem qusc nckm hmamòmr, c` pdctm sc sufcroc ci `m dshurenmn nc `ds ei crids pcrsecfprc cfcroc hdi m uz quc sc rcpetc ci eard hdfd m Acmtrez nc Nmitcpmrm rcshmtmr`d nc` ei crid.

Xd`d ids qucnm hrchcr ci `d dshurd y vcr secfprc vcrHfd sc bdrfmi m iucstrd m`rcncndr le`fctrdsImrrma`cs quc hmrchci nc rmz

moum d ùz ci `ds dkds nc` iucvd cspchtmndr


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Mnvecrtc citdihcs fs mnc`mitc d scm`mnd, smèr nc ms teieca`ms`ds mtmkds nc `m ùz.

uim bdaem iucvm imhc mjdrm ckds nc m ùz.Xe ncpcinecrm nc `m idhjc c` prcscitc@m idhjc id cstuvecrmJmstm ndinc `m ùz nc` tdpd Hdivcr nd ci ioc` nc bucod (p.1=)

@m ùz einehmXc einehm (p.18)

Dtrms humènmncs hmfeimi pdr ds dkdsH`mrms m ui fesfd tdid dacnecitcs

^rms `m ùz (p.18)

Bei quc c` cspmhedEoidrmnd tmitms jdrmsWdr tmrndCs presedicrd nc m uz ym hecom (p.1>).

Ci fuhjms dhmsedics `d quc id sc jmhc eitcihedim` ci c` pdcfmmpmrchc pmrm mitmodiezmr hdi `ms prdpems eitcihedics.

Kumi pcrsdimkc acac nc su smiorc ui pdhd nc ùzU hdfecizm m rdnmr sdarc ms pecnrms. (p.1?).

@m o`drem jm hdfcizmnd m hmcrEiehemi rc rmnm ds ncfdiedsHmac``ds vcrncs sei cstc`mJmhem `m ùz mkcim. (p.87).

cstm tmrnc ]uc cs pmrm Sim ùzHdi su jestdrem nc circnmncrm

Wmsm (p.8:).

ci `m bdtdorm m nc `ms moums@m sdfarm cs `m ùz nc cstc kucod (p.8:).

]uesecrm ncher citdihcs quc ncitrd nc `m rchdfcinmhei nc cstc mutdry su darm nc cstc su prefcr èard hdivcroc `m errcvcrcihem y `m seihcrenm


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odhc nc `ds scitends y c` hmamòmr sdarc `m pm`marm. C` kucod hdi `ds vda`ds hdivcrsm hdi c` tdnd hdi `m imnm.

pmrm qu pm`marm sd`mXe nc oretd sdfdsU nc m vchcs cstm y nc jchcs (p.>=).

U pmrm hcrrmr cstm eitcrvcihei uteèzd `m pm`marm nc` pdctm, quc np`comnm sdarc `m jdkm quc seouc fs m`` nc `chturm ids nehc;

mhrchcitmrm hdi nd`dr m` puca`d@citmfcitc smùnma`cHdfd c` rad`Nc huyd èard ardtm y id fmimMtrdpc``mnmfcitc dtrm vcz@m pm`marm (p.>5)

@m pm`marm ci s fesfm ``cvm tdnd c` pcsd, cs rcspdisma`c hmse muftehmfcitc nc `d quc pucnm suhcncr ci c` pdcfm. Hdihùyd citdihcsm rchdfcinmr `m `chturm nc cstc pdctm sei nunmr ci ncher quc cs uim nc

iucstrms iucvms vdhcs quc jmar quc scouer`c `ds pmsds ci sus prxefmspuaèhmhedics.


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Esmms Hmez`cz iocÀdhdi =5?8. Wdctm y cismyestm. Fmostcr ci Cstuneds Hu`-turm`cs nc `m Sievcrsenmn MQHEX nc Xmitemod nc Hje`c (sufmhuf `munc, 17=7). @ehcihemnd ci @ctrms, fcihei @cioum y@etcrmturm Jespmidmfcrehmim y Rciczd`mim nc `m Sievcrsenmnnc @ds Mincs (huf `munc, 1771). Buc eivcsteomndr nc Hmsm nc@ms Mfrehms, @m Jmamim, Huam. Cx prdbcsdr nc` Wrdormfm ciHdfuiehmhei Xdhem` nc `m Sievcrsenmn Adèvmremim nc Rcic-zuc`m (SAR). Wrdbcsdr eivetmnd m` Wdstormnd nc `m Cshuc`m Xu-pcredr nc Oucrrm Mrcm, Bucrtc euim, Hmrmhms. Buc omimndr nc`m R Aecim` nc @etcrmturm Qmfi Wm`dfmrcs, 17=8< nc` WrcfedImhedim` nc Wdcsm Bcrimind Wmz Hmste``d 17=7< y nc` WrcfedFuiehepm` nc Wdcsm nc` cstmnd ruke``d 1778. Jm puaèhmnd uimfpèd hdikuitd nc mrthu`ds sdarc ormftehm, mièses nc` nes-hursd, c`madrmhei nc tcxtds drm`cs y cshretds.

Ci cismyd, cs mutdr ncNc `ds fmods cstuned hrtehd nc `mimrrmtevm arcvc huamim nc `ds mds scscitm. (1771)< Rcrmid ciWcli (ci prdhcsd nc puaèhmhei).

Ci pdcsm, Hcrcfdiem nc `d mnvcrsd< Wrdbmimhedics y ncrrdtms), su eiehem` nmizm paèhm hdipaèhd, cihditrmfds uim bucrzm id fuy brchucitc ci mutdrcs quc mpc-ims hdfecizmi su pcrep`d pdr m pm`marm cshretm. @d quc sei nunm tmfcstma`chc ui fmrhd seiou`mr hdi rcspchtd m `m hdihcphei quc pucnm ``

omr m tcicr ui pdctm ci su prefcr èard, ym quc `ds tcxtds quc `d hdibdr-fmi, ids rc crci m ui trmamkd ndinc uyc uim ormi hdihecihem pdtehmquc prctcinc, mncfs, fdstrmrsc hdi sufm pcrsdimènmn muiquc c` fes-fd Ac`fditc, quezs, id jmym tciend ci fcitc csm eitcihei. Csm tmrcm,hdfd smacfds, id cs scihe``m sdarc tdnd pdrquc c` efmoeimred sdarc c`hum` rcpdsm `d direhd suc`c oumrnmrsc pmrm s, `m sdrprcsm im`;

Mqu cst c` pdcfmfrm`d mjdrm y ym id cst

iuihm cstuvdcs `m quefcrm nc tu venm nc mbcetmndrm omstmnmjdke``m nc f` p`cs brmhmsds ncs `m c` ncstc``d quc hdrtm`m amrae``m.

Humind scm`d quc ci fuhjds hmsds `ds mutdrcs suc`ci cstmr imtu-rm`fcitc efarehmnds ci eitcitds nc rupturms y hmfaeds, quc id secfprcsc hdihrctmi, cs ichcsmred mnvcrter quc cstms prctcisedics mpcims sdi uipmrtc efpdrtmitc nc` vm`dr rcm` nc uim darm. Humind, pdr ckcfp`d, `ccfds C` rceid, nc Qmfi Wm`dfmrcs, ids qucnmfds adhm maecrtm id sd`dpdrquc jmy m`` uim vdz quc pdic nestmihem rcspchtd m su citdrid fshcrhmid, seid tmfaei pdr `m scitenm asqucnm nc uim encitenmn quc


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secind hd`chtevm, sc mfpmrm ci `d einevenum`. Oumrnmind `ms nestmihnc` hmsd y pcismind sd`d ci `m hdfp`ckenmn nc `m pdtehm èarc, pcrsdim`tmi errcvcrcitc nc @ues Cirequc Ac`fditc, hdisencrd quc ci mfads tcx-

tds, ci c` nc` pdctm Wm`dfmrcs y c` nc Ac`fditc, uid cst hdivdhmnd m uiretum` eiehetehd ndinc sc muourm quc `d fckdr cst pdr vcier. Id tciodnunms nc quc ci mfads hmsds cstd sc jm hufpènd hmam`fcitc. Wm`dfmrcsmutdr hdismormnd nc `m ètcrmturm uievcrsm` y Ac`fditc c` quc sei nunmpmrm f y pmrm fuhjds nc `ds quc jcfds `cnd sus tcxtds, cs uid nc `dsfckdrcs pdctms nc` pms y huenmnd se id c` fckdr. Mscvcrmhei, hdfd jmnc supdicrsc, ncac ocicrmr eitcrfeima`cs nevcrocihems, ym ci rcetcrmnmscitrcvestms, Qehmrnd Weoèm, jm scm`mnd quc; c` vm`dr nc `m ètcrmt

rcspdinc m `ms efpdsehedics cnetdrem`cs ie fuhjd fcids m `m fmid smhrmnc m Mhmncfem, seid m uim earc c`chhei nc ds chtdrcs. U prchesmfcitchdfd `chtdr cs quc jc vciend nem`domind hdi `m darm nc cstc cxtrmdrne-imred pdctm vciczd`mid.

Mncfs, quecrd scm`mr quc `m darm nc @ues Cirequc Ac`fditc, ne-vcrsm ci s fesfm, prdbuinm ci su m`hmihc `rehd y sei vcrocizm mòuimmieque`mndrm nc mstrcs y brmscs rcaushmnms, cs uim nc ms fs seoie hmnc `ds `tefds mds, id sd`d pdr hmitenmn nc prcfeds quc jm rcheaend,seid pdr c` efpmhtd quc jm dormnd prdnuher ci fuhjds kvcics, quecicsbcrvecitcfcitc `d jmi `cnd m `d `mrod nc cstms nds `tefms nhmnms. Xdytcsteod nc tmi seiou`mr mhditchefecitd, ym quc ci `ds nesfe`cs cspmhedsètcrmreds, ci ndinc fc jm tdhmnd trmamkmr, m pdcsm nc cstc mutdr sc hutm citrc `ms quc fs miefm m csc cxeocitc y csquevd orupd nc `chtdrcs/pdctms. Csd tecic ui vm`dr aeci seoie hmtevd, pucs fuhjds `d vci hdfdui fdnc`d, id pmrm scouer`d fchiehmfcitc, seid quc secitci, m` `ccr`d,quc su pdcsm `cs jm pcrfetend `m pdseaeènmn nc trmisetmr dtrds cspmhnc rupturm ci m asqucnm nc su prdped cioumkc etcrmred. C` `d hdrtmitnc sus smrhmsfds, cs uim sucrtc nc a`smfd pmrm èarmrsc nc `ms mtmnurquc suc`ci efpdicr `ms humtrd pmrcncs nc ui smì nc h`mscs.

Wdr bdrtuim, cstc cs ui mutdr m` quc vm`drmfds ci venm y m` quc jcfdsvestd, pdcfmred trms pdcfmred, fmitcicrsc hdi `m rfczm c eiidvmheicsttehm, prdpem nc queci id sc hdibdrfm hdi `d prefcrd quc `d msm`tm. Ud, muiquc pucnd cstmr cquevdhmnd, secitd, m` `ccr`d, `m prcscihem nc ucxtcisd prdhcsd nc rccshreturm y rcvesei hdistmitc. Ci c` pr`dod quc cs-hreac, c` tmfaei pdctm Nmiec` Fdèim, pmrm m cnehei ncWmsmnezd. Wdcsm

rcuienm =55>-1772 , nc @ues Cirequc Ac`fditc y quc puaèh Fditc ve`m, Fdèim, rc reindsc puitum`fcitc m` pdcfmredHumrtds nc m`que-`cr,scm` `d seouecitc;


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c` pdctm hrcm su prdpem heunmn ncitrd nc `m heunmn rcprcscitmnm rcprcsci-tmhedics nc` cspmhed< jma`mfds nc `m heunmn efmoeimnm m trmvs nc scrcsbrmofcitmreds, ncspdkds. Cstds scrcs vecici nc `m prnenm, prnenm nc `m cx-pcrecihem acikmfeiemim. Ci cstc `eard jmaetmfds uim heunmn nc rcstds, nc

ncrrdtmnds, nc ds quc sc qucnmrdi pmrm hm``mr su ` fm jestdrem.

Hcrtcrd y mhuhedsd hdfcitmred pucstd quc cs `m scismhei quc idsqucnm humind `ds m `mnds vcrsds nc` pdctm Ac`fditc nespmrmi su hdiiend fs jufmimfcitc ncshmrimnd. Hdfpmrtd hdi

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