1.energy is produced within a star's core by the...
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A) insolation B) nuclear fissionC) nuclear fusion D) radioactive decay
1. Energy is produced within a star's core by the processof
A) B)
C) D)
2. The diagram below represents a model of the size of the Sun and indicates the color of the Sun.
Which diagram best represents the relative size and indicates the color of Polaris compared to theSun?
A) 40 Eridani B B) SiriusC) Aldebaran D) Barnard's Star
3. Which star is more massive than our Sun, but has alower surface temperature?
Base your answers to questions 4 through 6 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of Earthscience.
The diagram represents the inferred changes to the luminosity and color of the Sun throughout its lifecycle. The diagonal dashed line represents the main sequence stars. The numbers 1 through 5represent stages in the life cycle of the Sun.
A) Alpha Centauri B) Procyon B C) Barnard's Star D) Polaris
4. For other stars in our galaxy that go through a similar life cycle to our Sun, which star is currently inthe late stage of its life cycle?
A) white dwarf star B) gas cloud (nebula)C) main sequence star D) giant star
5. The Sun is inferred to be the most luminous when it is classified as a
A) contracting from a gas cloud (nebula)B) as a main sequence starC) moving away from the main sequence and becoming a giant starD) changing from a giant star to a white dwarf star
6. The Sun is inferred to spend the greatest amount of time in its life cycle
A) insolation B) conductionC) nuclear fusion D) radioactive decay
7. Energy is produced within a star's core by the processof
A) hotter than RigelB) more luminous than RigelC) closer than RigelD) larger than Rigel
8. To an observer on Earth, the Sun appears brighter thanthe star Rigel because the Sun is
A) in Earth's inner coreB) on the surface of the MoonC) at lithospheric plate boundariesD) in the Sun's interior
9. Where has the process of nuclear fusion beenoccurring for over four billion years?
A) nuclear fusion B) conductionC) convection D) radioactive decay
10. Light and other forms of electromagnetic radiationare given off by stars using energy released during
A) in the Sun by fusionB) when water condenses in Earth's atmosphereC) from the movement of crustal platesD) during nuclear decay
11. The reaction below represents an energy-producing process.
The reaction represents how energy is produced
Base your answers to questions 12 and 13 on the graph below, which shows changes in the Sun'smagnetic activity and changes in the number of sunspots over a period of approximately 100 years.Sunspots are dark, cooler areas within the Sun's photosphere that can be seen from Earth.
A) B)
C) D)
12. Which graph best represents the relationship between the number of sunspots and the amount ofmagnetic activity in the Sun?
A) randomly and unpredictablyB) precisely at the beginning of each decadeC) in a cyclic pattern, repeating approximately every 6 yearsD) in a cyclic pattern, repeating approximately every 11 years
13. The graph indicates that years having the greatest number of sunspots occur
A) sun spotsB) the sun's coronaC) the sun's solar windsD) nothing of the sun, since it is totally blocked by
the moon
14. During a total solar eclipse one might view
A) solar eclipsesB) solar flaresC) meteorites entering the atmosphereD) lunar eclipses
15. What celestial phenomenum most affects radiocommunication and other electrical atmosphericchanges for us on earth?
A) more hydrogen and less heliumB) more helium and less hydrogenC) more oxygen and less carbonD) less oxygen and more carbon
16. As the sun ages it will be composed of
A) hydrogenB) heliumC) oil and various hydrocarbonsD) oxygen
17. The "fuel" of the sun is
A) solar eclipses B) sun spotsC) solar storms D) black holes
18. The most observable phenomena in the "SolarCycle" is the appearance of
A) corona B) period of rotationC) magnetic field D) changing size
19. Sun spots are believed to be most closely related tothe sun's
A) nuclear fissionB) nuclear fusionC) combustionD) electrical generation
20. Most of the radiant energy released by the sunresults from the process of
A) 10 times B) 100 timesC) 1000 times D) 10,000 times
21. Approximately how many times larger is thediameter of the sun compared to the earth?
A) hydrogen B) heliumC) carbon D) oxygen
22. The most abundant element on the sun is
A) Polaris B) BetelgeuseC) Procyon B D) Sirius
23. Which star has a surface temperature most similar tothe surface temperature of Alpha Centauri?
A) Spica, Rigel, Deneb, BetelgeuseB) Polaris, Deneb, 40 Eridani B, Proxima
CentauriC) Barnards Star, Alpha Centauri, Rigel, SpicaD) Procyon B, Sun, Sirius, Betelgeus
24. Which sequence of stars is listed in order ofincreasing luminosity?
A) Proxima Centauri B) PolluxC) Rigel D) 40 Eridani B
25. Which star is cooler and less luminous than the Sun?
A) Betelgeuse and Barnard's StarB) Procyon B and Proxima CentauriC) Polaris and the SunD) Alpha Centauri and Sirius
26. Which two stars are most similar in luminosity?
A) As temperature decreases, luminosity increases.B) As temperature decreases, luminosity remains
the same.C) As temperature increases, luminosity increases.D) As temperature increases, luminosity remains
the same.
27. Which statement describes the general relationshipbetween the temperature and the luminosity of mainsequence stars?
A) main sequence star B) red giant starC) white dwarf star D) red dwarf star
28. The star Algol is estimated to have approximatelythe same luminosity as the star Aldebaran approximately the same temperature as the Rigel. Algol is best classified as a
A) smaller, hotter, and less luminousB) smaller, cooler, and more luminousC) larger, hotter, and less luminousD) larger, cooler, and more luminous
29. Compared with our Sun, the star Betelgeuse is
A) Barnard's Star, Polaris, Sirius, RigelB) Aldebaran, the Sun, Rigel, Procyon BC) Rigel, Polaris, Aldebaran, Barnard's StarD) Procyon B, Alpha Centauri, Polaris,
Betelgeuse
30. Which list shows stars in order of increasingtemperature?
A) hotter and more luminousB) hotter and less luminousC) cooler and more luminousD) cooler and less luminous
31. Compared to the temperature and luminosity of thestar Polaris, the star Sirius is
A) Rigel B) Barnard’s StarC) Alpha Centauri D) Aldebaran
32. Which star has a higher luminosity and a lowertemperature than the Sun?
A) Sirius B) RigelC) the Sun D) Betelgeuse
33. Which star’s surface temperature is closest to thetemperature at the boundary between Earth’s mantleand core?
A) Betelgeuse and Barnard's StarB) Rigel and BetelgeuseC) Alpha Centauri and the SunD) Sirius and Procyon B
34. Which two stars have the most similar luminosityand temperature?
Base your answers to questions 35 through 37 on the diagram below, which shows two possiblesequences in the life cycle of stars, beginning with their formation from nebular gas clouds in space.
A) explode in a supernova B) become a black holeC) change into a white dwarf D) become a neutron star
35. According to the diagram, a star like Earth's Sun will eventually
A) nebula B) supernova C) red giant D) black dwarf
36. Stars like Earth's Sun most likely formed directly from a
A) mass and size B) temperature and originC) luminosity and color D) luminosity and structure
37. According to the diagram, the life-cycle path followed by a star is determined by the star's initial
A) blue B) whiteC) yellow D) red
38. Which star color indicates the hottest star surfacetemperature?
A) A B) B C) C D) D
39. The graph below represents the brightness andtemperature of stars visible from Earth.
Which location on the graph best represents a starwith average brightness and temperature?
A) It could be a main sequence star.B) It may be quite large.C) This is a typical characteristic of stars.D) There must be an error in measurement.
40. Measurements indicate that a certain star has a veryhigh luminosity (100,000 times that of our sun) andyet has a temperature that is cooler than the sun.What can you conclude about this observation?
A) among the hottest starsB) among the smallest starsC) very uniqueD) about average in all respects
41. Compared to other stars, the sun is
A) the sun B) a blue supergiantC) a white dwarf D) a red giant
42. Which of the following stars is least bright?
A) hotter and larger B) hotter and smallerC) cooler and larger D) cooler and smaller
43. Compared to the sun a white dwarf star is
A) less luminous and warmerB) less luminous and coolerC) more luminous and warmerD) more luminous and cooler
44. Compared to the Sun, the star Betelgeuse is
A) how fast the star is movingB) the strength of the light emanating from the starC) the distance from us to the starD) the amount and kind of obstacles between us
and the star
45. The apparent brightness of an object such as a stardoes not depend on
A) brighter B) smallerC) cooler D) hotter
46. Compared to our sun, the star Polaris is
A) would all lie on the main sequenceB) would be all over the diagramC) would form a horizontal lineD) would form a vertical line
47. If we plot many stars on an H-R diagram, all withthe same luminosity but different temperatures, they
A) about the same brightnessB) over 10,000 times brighterC) much redderD) much hotter
48. Compared to the sun, stars near the top of the H-Rdiagram are always
A) 300 °K B) 3000 °KC) 5000 °K D) 10,000 °K
49. Barnard's Star has a surface temperature of about
A) in the Red Dwarf region.B) in the Supergiant region.C) among the White Dwarfs.D) on the Main Sequence.
50. In the H-R diagram, 90 percent of all stars fall
A) Star A is hotter than star B.B) Star A is more distant than star B.C) Star A appears brighter in the sky than star B.D) Star A is larger than star B.
51. Two stars of the same color are plotted on an H-Rdiagram. Star A is more luminous than star B. Whichone of the following statements could explain this?
A) ageB) massC) sizeD) distance from our sun.
52. What factor below usually determines whether a starwill be on the main sequence?
A) they are more luminous but have the sametemperature
B) they are less luminous but have the sametemperature
C) they are hotter but have the same luminosityD) they are cooler but have the same luminosity
53. We know that red giant stars are larger in diameterthan the sun because
A) color and apparent brightnessB) color, apparent brightness and distanceC) apparent brightness and ageD) color and distance
54. In order to position a star on an H-R diagram youmust know at least the star's
A) main sequence regionB) red giant regionC) white dwarf regionD) quasar region
55. The region of the H-R diagram occupied by moststars is the
A) the color of the starB) the actual visual brightness of the starC) the apparent brightness of the star compared to
our sunD) the speed of the star
56. The vertical axis of an H-R diagram relates to the
A) at the upper left end of the main sequenceB) at the lower right end of the main sequenceC) at the upper right corner of the H-R diagramD) at the lower left corer of the H-R diagram
57. The smallest stars on a H-R diagram are found
A) hotter B) farther awayC) larger D) older
58. Giant stars have greater luminosity than our sunmainly because they are
A) a red giant B) a white dwarfC) the sun D) a red dwarf
59. Which of the following stars is hottest?
A) White Dwarf B) SupergiantC) Red Giant D) Main Sequence
60. What type of star is Polaris?
A) blue B) redC) yellow D) white
61. Small cool stars would most likely appear to be
A) Sun B) Alpha CentauriC) Betelgeuse D) Procyon
62. Which star has the greatest size?
A) Barnard's star B) ProcyonC) Alpha Centauri D) Rigel
63. Which star has the greatest luminosity?
A) The star's temperature.B) The star's size.C) The star's distance.D) The star's shape.
64. Which factor does not affect a star's absolutemagnitude (Luminosity)?
A) 5,000ºC B) 10,000ºCC) 20,000ºC D) 30,000ºC
65. A Red giant star would most likely have atemperature of
A) white B) redC) yellow D) blue
66. The coolest stars appear
A) size B) shapeC) color D) brightness
67. An astronomer can estimate the temperature of a starby observing its
A) main sequence star with a temperature ofapproximately 4,000ºC and a luminosity of 100
B) main sequence star with a temperature ofapproximately 6,000ºC and a luminosity of 1
C) white dwarf star with a temperature ofapproximately 10,000ºC and a luminosity of0.01
D) blue supergiant star with a temperature ofapproximately 20,000ºC and a luminosity of700,000
68. According to the graph, the Sun is classified as a
A) Deneb B) AldebaranC) Sirius D) Pollux
69. Which star is hotter, but less luminous, than Polaris?
Base your answers to questions 70 through 72 on the cross-sectional model below and the table on thefollowing page, and on your knowledge of Earth science. The model shows a reddish-orangesupergiant star. The layers in the model indicate where new chemical elements are forming fromexisting elements as temperature and pressure conditions increase with depth within the star. In eachlayer, atomic nuclei of the existing chemical element combine to form the new elements shown to theright of the arrow. The table shows the chemical symbols and names of selected elements in the star.
A) less than the luminosity of the SunB) greater than the luminosity of most stars in the main sequenceC) approximately the same luminosity as a white dwarfD) approximately the same luminosity as Aldebaran
70. The luminosity of this star can best be described as
A) 3,200 K B) 6,000 K C) 10,500 K D) 18,000 K
71. What is the approximate surface temperature of this star during this stage of development?
A) contact metamorphism B) internal crystallizationC) nuclear fusion D) radioactive decay
72. Which process represented in the model is occurring in each layer of this star to produce the newchemical elements?
Base your answers to questions 73 through 75 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of Earthscience. The diagram represents some of the inferred stages in the life cycle of stars according to theiroriginal mass.
A) lighter elements undergo fusion into heavier elementsB) heavier elements undergo fusion into lighter elementsC) cosmic background radiation is absorbedD) cosmic background radiation is released
73. Energy is produced in the cores of main sequence stars when
A) Deneb B) Spica C) Procyon B D) Proxima Centauri
74. Which star may once have been similar to our Sun in mass and luminosity?
A) black hole B) black dwarf C) supergiant D) white dwarf
75. The final stage in the life cycle of the most massive stars is a
A) nuclear fusion of lighter elements into heavierelements
B) nuclear fusion of heavier elements into lighterelements
C) radioactive decay of lighter elements intoheavier elements
D) radioactive decay of heavier elements intolighter elements
76. Which process produces the largest amount ofenergy given off by stars?
Base your answers to questions 77 through 79 on on the graph below and on your knowledge of Earthscience. The graph shows the changes in a single star's luminosity and relative temperature from itsformation (point 1) to its late stage (point 4) relative to the Sun.
A) dust collides with the starB) dust is broken apart by radiationC) lighter elements combine to form heavier elementsD) heavier elements are broken down to form lighter elements
77. Between points 1 and 3, this star is visible to observers on Earth because it emits light energy. Thisenergy is released by the process of nuclear fusion when
A) 3000 K B) 5000 K C) 7000 K D) 10,000 K
78. Which is a possible surface temperature of this star at point 2?
A) B)
C) D)
79. Which table correctly classifies this star at points 3 and 4?
Base your answers to questions 80 through 83 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of Earthscience. The diagram represents two possible sequences in the evolution of stars.
A) nuclear fusion B) thermal conductionC) convection currents D) radioactive decay
80. Which process generates the energy that is released by stars?
A)
B)
C)
D)
81. Which table includes data that are characteristic of the surface temperature and luminosity of somewhite dwarf stars?
A) mass B) color C) shape D) composition
82. Which property primarily determines whether a giant star or a supergiant star will form?
A) magnetism B) gravitational attractionC) expansion of matter D) cosmic background radiation
83. What causes clouds of dust and gas to form a protostar?
A) cosmic background radiation in spaceB) parallelism of planetary axesC) radioactive dating of Earth's bedrockD) life cycle of stars
84. Which evidence best supports the theory that theuniverse began with a massive explosion?
A) fusion B) insolationC) conduction D) radioactive decay
85. Which process combines lighter elements intoheavier elements and produces energy within theSun and other stars?
A) less luminous and have a lower surfacetemperature
B) less luminous and have a higher surfacetemperature
C) more luminous and have a lower surfacetemperature
D) more luminous and have a higher surfacetemperature
86. Compared to the luminosity and surface temperatureof red main sequence stars, blue supergiants are
Base your answers to questions 87 and 88 on the diagram below, which shows the change in the sizeof a star such as our Sun as it evolves from a protostar to a white dwarf star.
A) radioactive decay B) nuclear fusionC) conduction D) convection
87. Which process produces the energy radiated by the star when it becomes a main sequence star?
A) protostar B) main sequence C) giant D) white dwarf
88. During which stage of development does the star have a cool surface temperature and the greatestluminosity?
A) compaction B) condensationC) radioactive decay D) nuclear fusion
89. Great amounts of energy are released in the core of astar as lighter elements combine and form heavierelements during the process of
Base your answers to questions 90 through 92 on the diagram below. The diagram represents theinferred stages in the formation of our solar system. Stage 1 shows a contracting gas cloud. Theremaining stages show the gas cloud flattening into a spinning disk as planets formed around our Sun.
A) larger diameters B) higher densitiesC) shorter periods of revolution D) longer periods of rotation
90. Compared to the terrestrial planets, the Jovian planets in stage 5 have
A) 1 billion years B) 5 billion yearsC) 20 billion years D) 100 billion years
91. Approximately how long ago did stage 4 end and stage 5 begin?
A) conduction B) radiationC) radioactive decay D) nuclear fusion
92. Which process was occurring during some of these stages that resulted in the formation of heavierelements from lighter elements?
A) Barnard's Star B) Betelgeuse C) Procyon B D) Sun
93. The diagram below represents possible stages in the life cycle of stars.
Which star has the greatest probability of producing a supernova explosion?
A) nuclear fusion B) heat transferC) gravitational pull D) radioactive decay
94. By which process do stars convert mass into greatamounts of energy?
A) comet B) planetC) star D) moon
95. Which object forms by the contraction of a largesphere of gases causing the nuclear fusion of lighterelements into heavier elements?
96. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which shows an inferred sequencein which our solar system formed from a giant interstellar cloud of gas and debris. Stage A shows thecollapse of the gas cloud, stage B shows its flattening, and stage C shows the sequence that led to theformation of planets.
A) when gravity caused the center of the cloud to contractB) when gravity caused heavy dust particles to split apartC) by outgassing from the spinning interstellar cloudD) by outgassing from Earth's interior
From stage B to stage C, the young Sun was created
A) Red Dwarfs B) White DwarfsC) Red Giants D) Blue Supergiants
97. Compared to other groups of stars, the group that hasrelatively low luminosities and relatively lowtemperatures is the
A) hotter and less luminousB) hotter and more luminousC) cooler and less luminousD) cooler and more luminous
98. Compared to the surface temperature and luminosityof massive stars in the Main Sequence, the smallerstars in the Main Sequence are
A) Barnard’s Star B) BetelgeuseC) Rigel D) Sirius
99. Which star is cooler and many times brighter thanEarth’s Sun?
A) hotter and less luminousB) cooler and more luminousC) the same temperature and largerD) hotter and larger
100. Compared to the sun, Polaris is
A) the late phase for small mass starB) the remains of a larger star's explosionC) in the main sequence phaseD) early phases, soon after a star's formation
101. At which phase of its evolutionary life is a whitedwarf star?
A) to expand as a red giant, undergo a novaoutburst and end as a white dwarf
B) to shrink to a white dwarf then eventuallyexpand to a red giant
C) become hotter and expand into a bluesupergiant
D) to become a black hole
102. The probable fate of our sun is
A) massB) percentage of heliumC) percentage of carbonD) apparent brightness
103. What factor from the choices below determineswhether a star will evolve into a white dwarf, aneutron star, or a black hole?
A) white dwarf B) novaC) supernova D) black hole
104. When a star less massive than our sun consumes allof its nuclear fuel it will then become a
A) a white dwarf B) a black holeC) a supernova D) a red giant
105. According to our present theories of stellarevolution, our sun will change next into
A) carbon and hydrogenB) hydrogen and heliumC) helium and carbonD) carbon and heavy metals
106. What are the two most abundant elements in a mainsequence star?
A) Supergiant B) White dwarfC) Blue star D) Red Dwarfs
107. Which stars are the youngest?
A) nova B) pulsarC) supernova D) nebula
108. The explosion of a massive star near the end of itslife is known as a
A) measure the size of a starB) measure the altitude of a starC) identify elements in the atmosphere of a starD) measure the diameter of a star
109. By using a spectroscope an astronomer can
A) hotter and brighter in stage 2, then cooler anddimmer in stage 3
B) cooler and dimmer in stage 2, then hotter andbrighter in stage 3
C) hotter and dimmer in stage 2, then cooler andbrighter in stage 3
D) cooler and brighter in stage 2, then hotter anddimmer in stage 3
110. Stars are believed to undergo evolutionary changesover millions of years. The flowchart below showsstages of predicted changes in the Sun.
According to this flowchart, the Sun will become
A) Earth's Moon B) Halley's cometC) Venus D) Polaris
111. Which object in space emits light because itreleases energy produced by nuclear fusion?
A) reddish orange with low luminosity and highsurface temperature
B) reddish orange with high luminosity and lowsurface temperature
C) blue white with low luminosity and lowsurface temperature
D) blue white with high luminosity and highsurface temperature
112. Which characteristics best describe the star Betelgeuse?
Earth Science
Name _________________ Class _________________ Date _________
1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17.18.19.20.21.22.23.24.25.26.27.28.29.30.31.32.33.34.
35.36.37.38.39.40.41.42.43.44.45.46.47.48.49.50.51.52.53.54.55.56.57.58.59.60.61.62.63.64.65.66.67.68.
69.70.71.72.73.74.75.76.77.78.79.80.81.82.83.84.85.86.87.88.89.90.91.92.93.94.95.96.97.98.99.100.101.102.
103.104.105.106.107.108.109.110.111.112.