1978General Technical Report PNW-73

DocumentationofMeteorological Datafrom theConiferousForest BiomePrimary Stationin Oregon

R. H. WaringH. R. HolboR. P. BuebR. L. Fredriksen

Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment StationU.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service

Portland, Oregon

,0

Abstract

As part of the International Biological Program, a primarymeteorological station was installed in the west-central CascadeRange of Oregon. Short-wave solar radiation, air temperature,dewpoint temperature, windspeed, and precipitation are recordedcontinuously. Climatic data are summarized in a daily recordavailable from May 11, 1972, to date. This report details themeasurements, processing, and analyses of these variables atthe H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest.

KEYWORDS: Climatography, meteorology, Oregon (H. J. AndrewsExperimental Forest).

Autho rs

R. H. WARING, H. R. HOLBO, and R. P. BUEB are with theSchool of Forestry, Oregon State University, Corvallis.R. L. FREDRIKSEN is with the Pacific Northwest Forest andRange Experiment Station, USDA Forest Service.

Acknowledgments

We gratefully acknowledge the help of Arthur McKee, WilliamForester, Michael James, and Ross Mersereau in servicing theclimatic station.

This publication was partly supported by the National ScienceFoundation Grant No. GB-20963 to the Coniferous Forest Biome, U.S.Analysis of Ecosystems. This is contribution No. 230 from theConiferous Forest Biome, and Paper 1083, School of Forestry, OregonState University, Corvallis.

SCALE IN KILOMETERS

0 8 15 40

IntroductionAs part of the International

Biological Program, the NationalScience Foundation supported re-search on the structure and functionof coniferous forest. In 1969, theH. J. Andrews Experimental Forestwas selected for intensive study bythe Coniferous Forest Biome becausethe 6 075-hectare forest representsdiverse forest communities and streamsystems characteristic of the cen-tral Cascade Range in Oregon.Through the program, both ForestService and university scientistsstudy processes controlling water,carbon, and mineral distribution inforest and aquatic ecosystems. Theparticipating scientists selectedfive primary climatic variables af-fecting the rates at which materialsaccumulate or move through ecosystems:(1) solar radiation, (2) air tempera-ture, (3) dewpoint temperature, (4)windspeed, and (5) precipitation.This report details the measurement,processing, and analyses of thesevariables at the H. J. AndrewsExperimental Forest. Previously thePacific Northwest Forest and RangeExperiment Station of the U.S. ForestService collected valuable streamflowdata and records of precipitation,air temperature, and relative humidityin the Andrews Experimental Forest.This information is now supplementedby data collected at the primarymeteorological station maintained atthe forest.

Site DescriptionLocated in the central part of

the Oregon Cascades (fig. 1), theH. J. Andrews is about 64 km east ofEugene (lat. 44°15'N., long.122°10'W.). The forest occupies arugged mountain basin. Elevationranges from 420 to 1 630 m, and

OREGON

■ MAPLOCATION

Figure 1.--Map of the H. J. AndrewsExperimental Forest, the westernCascade Range of Oregon, and themajor rivers draining westwardinto the Willamette Valley.

mountain slopes are generally steepwith gradients between 20 and 60percent. Stream drainages aredendritic and deeply incised.

Vegetation typifies the west-central Cascades with extensiveDouglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii(Mirb.) Franco) and hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) com-munities at lower elevations andsubalpine forests, characterized byabundant silver fir (Abies amabilis(Dougl.) Forbes), at elevationsabove 1 000 m. Table 1 summarizesthe distribution of broad age classeswithin the major vegetation zones.

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40

MAXIMUM

MONTHLYMEANS

-10MINIMUM

M11111111 ONDJFMAMJJ AS

MONTH

Figure 2.--Typical monthly tem-peratures at an elevation of600 m in the H. J. AndrewsExperimental Forest.

Figure 3.--Characteristic patternof precipitation and potentialevapotranspiration on the H. J.Andrews Experimental Forest.

040z0itz

a.

w20

Fi:

a. 0

— PRECIPITATIONEXCESS

— POTENTIALEVAPOTRANSPIRATION

/

1ONDJFMAMJ JASO

MONTH

The vegetation has been detailed byDyrness et al. (1974).

Soils, poorly developed morpho-logically, may rest on deep depositsof weathered and unconsolidatedparent material. Generally veryporous, the soils prevent overlandflow of water. Originally describedas belonging to the Regosol, Lithosol,Reddish-Brown and Acid Brown forestsoils groupsli (Rothacher et al.1967), most of the soils now areclassified as Incepticols with a fewAlfisols (Soil Conservation Service1975). For more information, seeBrown and Parsons who used the latterclassification.?/

Wet, relatively mild wintersand dry, cool summers characterizethe climate of the experimentalforest (figs. 2 and 3), accordingto U.S. Forest Service records since1952 from elevations between 400 and1 000 m. At the meteorologicalstation, temperatures range from-15°C during unusually cold wintersto more than 40°C for brief periodsalmost every summer. Annual tempera-tures average 9.5 C; the

oJanuary

mean is 2 C and July, 22 C.

1/U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service. 1964. Soil surveyreport of the H. J. Andrews Experi-mental Forest, Willamette NationalForest. 52 p. USDA For. Serv.,Portland, Oreg.

2/Brown, R. B., and R. B.

Parsons. 1973. Soils of thereference stands--Oregon IBP.Coniferous For. Biome Intern. Rep.128, 76 p. Univ. Wash., Seattle.

3

Annual precipitation averages240 cm; more than 70 percent occursfrom November through March; only7 percent falls during the growingseason (fig. 3). Most precipitationin this area results from warm,moist airmasses that move in fromthe Pacific Ocean. As the airmassesrise over the Cascade crest, pro-longed periods of rain may occur.The longest single storm on record(December 18-20, 1957) produced 31.8cm of rain in 3 days, with a maximumof 15.9 cm in one 24-hour period.A total of almost 70 cm fell duringtwo consecutive major storms inDecember 1957. In contrast, themonths of July, August, and Septembermay be entirely rain free; periodsof 60 days without rain are common.

The pattern of maximum tempera-tures and minimum precipitationduring summer months creates a waterdeficiency. Computed from Thorn-thwaite's table (Thornthwaite 1948,Thornthwaite and Mather 1957), thedifference between potential andactual evapotranspiration rangesfrom 59 to 11 cm per year. Estimatedaverage evapotranspiration is 54 cm.

Relative humidity, generallyhigh throughout the winter, typicallyapproaches 100 percent each nightthroughout the rest of the yearexcept when dry air moves west fromthe high desert east of the CascadeRange. Then minimum relative hu-midity, generally ranging from 40 to50 percent during the summer, dropsto 10 percent or less. In the winter,extremely low temperatures associatedwith dry air flowing in from theeast considerably reduce the air'scapacity to hold water vapor.

Elevation markedly affectsprecipitation, especially wintersnowpack. In the subalpine zone,precipitation shows the same seasonal

pattern of wet winters and drysummers. Total precipitation, how-ever, increases with elevation andtotals 30 to 40 percent more at1 500 m than at 600 m and approaches400 cm annually in some places (U.S.Army Corps of Engineers 1956). Fur-thermore, much of that precipitation--equivalent to 100 to 180 cm of water--accumulates in snowpacks as deep as5 m in the subalpine forest. Ingeneral, temperatures also decreasewith elevation so a permanent wintersnowpack occurs above 1 000 to 1 200 m;below those elevations, snow coveris sporadic, developing during coldperiods and disappearing duringwarmer winter weather.

Elevational changes in tempera-ture are complex, varying withseason and the particular temperaturecharacteristic; e.g., mean day ornight temperature, diurnal range,maximums, and minimums. 3/ Subalpinestands above 1 200 m have dailymeans near -2

o to -4°CC n midwinter

and 13o to 16°CC n July. A mid-

elevation thermal belt results inwarmer winter minimums at higherelevations and cooler minimums atlower elevations. In fact, aselevation increases to 1 100 m,average daily minimum temperaturesin July also increase because ofcold air drainage (see footnote 3).

3/Zobel, D. B., W. A. McKee,

G. M. Hawk, and C. T. Dyrness. 1973.Variation in air and soil temperaturesin forest communities on the H. J.Andrews Experimental Forest, 1970-1972. Coniferous For. Biome Intern.Rep. 127, 43 p. Univ. Wash., Seattle.

4

At a depth of 20 cm, soiltemperatures range from summermaximums of 15° to 20°C, dependingon elevations and site; they dropto winter minimums of 0°C at allsites. Largest differences betweensites exist in spring when thetemperatures at sites retaining asnowpack lag behind those wheresnowmelt is complete. Soil rarelyfreezes, mainly because of the in-sulating snowpack.

The Meteorological Stationand Its Operation

The primary meteorologicalstation, generally accessible yearround is located on an alluvialterrace at an elevation of 430 m.The immediate area 100 m or morein all directions from the stationhas been cleared of trees. Solarradiation and wind are measured ona 2-m boom located 5 m above groundon the south side of a tower. Airtemperature and dewpoint temperaturesensors are located inside a standardmeteorological shelter 1 m aboveground. A standard precipitationcollector located 18 m up the towerfunnels precipitation into a large,covered storage tank buried in theground. These measurements havebeen compared with the sum of dailymeasurements taken by the U.S.Forest Service at an adjacent site0.2 km away.

Originally the battery-poweredstation was serviced monthly. Be-cause of equipment malfunctions(table 2), more frequent servicinghas recently been instigated, butdata still are occasionally lost.Furthermore, the sensors differ intheir dependability. Table 2,indicating equipment failures since

Table 2--Days with missing data for three meteorologicalvariables measured from 1972 through 19751/

Air 3,1 Dewpoint 4,temperature— temperature=

Year andday

Solarradiation--

1972:269-270287-306322-340

341-344 X

345-359 X360-366

1973:

3-12 X13-86

121-129130 X

131-133 X144163167-168176 X195-200

220-224 X225-306

307-319 X

320-348 X

349-365 X

1974:

1-11 X

12-73 X96-101

105-106136-140161308

1975:79-100

131-139

1/ X represents days when equipment failed anddata are missing.

?Missing solar radiation data were estimatedfrom correlations with diurnal fluctuations intemperature during a given month.

3/Missing temperature data were supplied from anearby secondary station.

/Missing dewpoint temperature data were estimated

from correlations with average night temperature.

the station was established in 1972,shows that temperature sensors aremost reliable and that radiometersand dewpoint sensors require care-ful attention. The extensive datamissing in 1973 reflect instrumentfailure and an administrative shiftin the responsibility for mainte-nance of equipment.

Procedures such as checking tomake sure that no water is insidethe radiometer and that desiccantis fresh greatly extend the operation

5

and accuracy of the instruments.Periodic calibration and servicingof equipment are also essential.Better maintenance (especially ofthe batteries), the installation ofa backup station, and more frequentinspection of the records by know-ledgeable personnel substantiallyreduced the amount of data missingin 1975. A number of temporarystations are operated to permitextrapolation of data from theprimary station.

Measured MeteorologicalVariables

So that data records can beaccurately synchronized, at exact1-hour intervals, a central clocksimultaneously interrupts the traceon the recorders for four of thefive measured variables--solarradiation, air temperature, dewpointtemperature, and wind. Only pre-cipitation is recorded withoutinterruption.

SOLAR RADIATION

Incoming short-wave solarradiation is measured with a Lintronicdome solarimeter.i Use of a desic-cant and periodic calibration gen-erally keep the instrument's accuracy

4/Mention of products by name

is for the convenience of thereader and does not constitute anendorsement or approval by theU.S. Department of Agriculture orOregon State University to theexclusion of other productswhich may be suitable.

within 10 percent. Photosyn-thetically active radiation (wave-length of 400 to 700 nanometers)important for primary productioncan be estimated by assuming thatapproximately 47 percent of theincoming short-wave solar radiationis in this spectrum.

An empirically determinedheating coefficient (Gay 1971) canbe used to estimate net radiationif the long-wave reflectivity orreradiation of the surface--whetherforest canopy, soil, or snow--isknown. For Douglas-fir, net radi-ation is about 65 percent of themeasured daily total solar radiation.This means that, on a day recording650 cal cm-2 , the net radiation ona horiztonal surface having thereflectivity of a coniferous forestis 422 cal cm-2 . Of this, abouthalf normally is dissipated byevaporating water. Because about580 cal are required to evaporatea cubic centimeter of water, evapo-transpiration rarely exceeds 0.5 cmof water without additional energysupplied by advection (drier orhotter air from another area).

On different slopes and as-pects, solar radiation can beestimated with trigonometriccalculations (Buffo et al. 1972,Buelow 1967). By this technique,total daily potential solar radi-ation at any location can beestimated and shading effects bytopography corrected.

The solarimeter signal isrecorded continually on a 30-dayRUSTRAK strip chart scaled from 0to 2.0 cal cm- 2 min- 1 and with aresolution of 0.1 cal cm- 2 min-1.The signal was damped to maintainchart readability during unsettledconditions.

6

AIR TEMPERATURETemperature, measured by a

thermistor, is continuously recordedon a separate 30-day RUSTRAK stripchart scaled from -10° to 40°C andwith an accuracy and resolution of10C.

made by weighing the precipitationcaught in the 60-cm capacity storagegage. Oil is added to preventevaporation during the warm seasonsand ethylene glycol to preventfreezing during the winter. Dailyprecipitation recorded on the gageis keypunched onto data summarysheets.

DEWPOINT TEMPERATUREWater vapor concentration in

the air is directly measured with aheated lithium-chloride dewpointsensor. The sensor temperature,measured with a thermistor, is re-corded continually on a separate30-day RUSTRAK strip chart scaledfrom -5° to 20°C and with an ac-curacy and a resolution of 1°C.

WINDSPEEDA cup-type anemometer provides

a contact closure for every 0.322 kmof air movement. This signal isrecorded by an event marker alongthe border of the same RUSTRAK stripchart used to record dewpoint tem-peratures. All the RUSTRAK stripcharts are housed as an integral unitwithin the shelter at the primarymeteorological station.

PRECIPITATIONPrecipitation is recorded con-

tinuously by a universal weighing-type rain gage located 0.2 km fromthe meteorological station. Thisis the location of the U.S. ForestService meteorological stationstill maintained by that agency.

The gages are serviced weeklyand more frequently during stormperiods. Periodic calibrations are

Data Processingand Summarizing

The strip charts are collectedat 30-day intervals and forwarded toBiome headquarters at Oregon StateUniversity for processing and sum-marizing. Hourly averages estimatedfrom the strip charts are recordedfor keypunching (fig. 4). The key-punched data are printed and checkedby the senior author to assure thatdewpoint temperatures never exceedair temperatures and that radiationand temperature follow normal pat-terns throughout the day. Extremesare checked and, if at all unusual,compared with data from secondarystations.

The decks of punched cardsrecord hourly data except the pre-cipitation data provided by theForest Service, which are summarizedfor 24-hour periods starting atmidnight. All cards are stored inthe Biome data bank at the ForestrySciences Laboratory of the U.S.Forest Service in Corvallis.

The input data for a day arecontained on six sequential cards--4 hours of data per card. Each day'sdeck of hourly radiation, temper-ature, and dewpoint is analyzed bycomputer to yield daily averageddata. The computer program islisted in the appendix, and a flowchart is presented in figure 5.

7

CLIMATIC

H. J. Andrews Experimental

Rainfall

DATA

00(?Forest

Year Day Hour RadiationAir

temperatureDewpoint Windspeed

77',/ ..;.1 / 4., 1 0 (22 0 ::.) 0.2 ;-33 0 / /4 0 /5 0 .9/ / .,;26 / 45- ,..07 -9/ // 7 C%8 7 / (.- /e) ..F9 q ,:2 c") /0 7

10 /0 ,23 /c) -711 /0 .2.3- /6..) 712 /0 ,_. 6 , // ,J213 /0 ,:',-) 7 /7 -714 2, ,f15 (..- 716 / ,2,s-- 6.17 o ,gyp /7 C18 0 4, /19 U 6, /420 0 2321 C) / / ''-'22 0 6;/ :5-- :..-'.23 0 -:5 „24 0 6 :,7

Figure 4.--Example of digitized, hourly climatic dataprepared for keypunching.

8

CHECK INPUTDATA FOR 6CARDS PER DAY

V

(STOREMAXIMUMDEWPOINT

I( READ INCURRENTDAY ANDFOLLOWING DAY

NO

(

SET UP DATAINTO DAYAND NIGHT

GET DATAHOURLYBEGINNINGAT SUNRISE

STOP

CALCULATESUNRISE,SUNSET

Do(SET STORAGEAREAS TOINITIAL VALUES

STOREMAXIMUMAIR TEMP

SUM WINDSUM AIR TEMPSUM DEWPOINT

/(STORE MINIMUMDEWPOINT

STOREMINIMUMAIR TEMP

AYES

CALCULATEWIND MOVEMENTDURING NIGHTAND DAY

CALCULATE AVGAIR TEMP &DEWPOINT FORNIGHT & DAY

V

PUT FINISHEDDAILY DATA

ON FILE

WRITEHEADING

WRITEDAILYDATA

DAY

SUM WINDSUM AIR TEMPSUM DEWPOINT

Figure 5.--Flow chart for reducing hourly data to daily summary.

9

air and dewpoint temperatures duringthe day and of the minimum valuesduring the night.

Sunrise, sunset, and day length arecalculated from sinusoidal functionslisted in the program.

The computer program next sepa-rates the hourly data into diurnaland nocturnal segments, beginningwith sunrise on the first Julianday and ending with sunrise thenext day (table 3). During the twoperiods, the values for air tempera-ture, dewpoint, and wind movementare summed for each hour in therespective period. The computerprogram keeps track of the maximum

Air and dewpoint temperaturesfor each daytime or nighttime periodare averaged by dividing the summedvalues by the number of hours in theperiod. Wind movement is summed forthe period but not averaged. Solarradiation is also summed for thedaylight hours.

The computer program compiles afile for a card-punched output and a

Table 3—Calendar and Julian dates as used in data analysisli

Dayof

month

Jan.1

Feb.1

Mar.3

Apr.4

May5

June6

July7

Aug.8

Sept.9

Oct.10

Nov.11

Dec.12

1 1 32 60 91 121 152 182 213 244 274 305 3352 2 33 61 92 122 153 183 214 245 275 306 3363 3 34 62 93 123 154 184 215 246 276 307 3374 4 35 63 94 124 155 185 216 247 277 308 3385 5 36 64 95 125 156 186 217 248 278 309 3396 6 37 65 96 126 157 187 218 249 279 310 3407 7 38 66 97 127 158 188 219 250 280 311 3418 8 39 67 98 128 159 189 220 251 281 312 3429 9 40 68 99 129 160 190 221 252 282 313 343

10 10 41 69 100 130 161 191 222 253 283 314 34411 11 42 70 101 131 162 192 223 254 284 315 34512 12 43 71 102 132 163 193 224 255 285 316 34613 13 44 72 103 133 164 194 225 256 286 317 34714 14 45 73 104 134 165 195 226 257 287 318 34815 15 46 74 105 135 166 196 227 258 288 319 34916 16 47 75 106 136 167 197 228 259 289 320 35017 17 48 76 107 137 168 198 229 260 290 321 35118 18 49 77 108 138 169 199 230 261 291 322 35219 19 50 78 109 139 170 200 231 262 292 323 35320 20 51 79 110 140 171 201 232 263 293 324 35421 21 52 80 111 141 172 202 233 264 294 325 35522 22 53 81 112 142 173 203 234 265 295 326 35623 23 54 82 113 143 174 204 235 266 296 327 35724 24 55 83 114 144 175 205 236 267 297 328 35825 25 56 84 115 145 176 206 237 268 298 329 35926 26 57 85 116 146 177 207 238 269 299 330 36027 27 58 86 117 147 178 208 239 270 300 331 36128 28 59 87 118 148 179 209 240 271 301 332 36229 29 60 88 119 149 180 210 241 272 302 333 36330 30 89 120 150 181 211 242 273 303 334 36431 31 90 151 212 243 304 365

1/For leap year, add 1 day to totals for days Mar. through Dec.

10

line printer file, then obtains morehourly data. The program will con-tinue to process data until an endof file statement appears on theinput file.

Daily Tabulation of DataAfter hourly data are processed

as daily summaries, the daily pre-cipitation values are keypunched oncards, and the output is listed(table 4).

Table 4--Example of daily climatic data surnary1/21

ID YR JOSOLRAO

AVGDAY

TEMP

MAXDAY

TEMP

AVGNGT

TEMP

MINNGT

TEMP

AVGDAY

UP

MAXDAY

DP

AVGNGT

OP

MINNGT

OF

WINDMOVEMENTCAT NGT

DAYHRS PRECIP

M070 75306 131.9 10.7 12.0 11.4 10.0 3.7 6.0 3.6 3.0 1.6 2.3 10 1.30

4070 75307 77.9 14.9 18.0 6.1 3.0 8.0 10.0 5.3 3.G 2.9 5.8 10 0.00

M070 75308 209.9 12.9 19.0 6.6 4.0 9.1 13.0 1.9 0.0 3.5 4.8 10 0.00

M0 7 0 75309 180.0 7.7 9.0 3.5 3.0 5.4 9.0 2.1 1.0 8.4 4.5 10 .56

4070 75310 65.9 4.0 5.0 3.9 1.0 4.0 5.0 4.0 1.0 5.2 5.8 10 4.09

M070 75311 30.0 4.9 6.0 1.9 1.0 4.9 6.0 1.9 1.0 2.9 3.2 10 1.72

40 7 0 75312 65.9 2.3 3.0 1.0 1.0 2.3 3.0 1.0 1.0 6.4 1.6 10 .96

M070 75313 77.9 2.8 4.0 1.1 0.0 2.8 4.0 1.1 0.6 2.3 10.9 10 .56

'1070 75314 83.9 1.8 4.0 .9 0.0 1.8 4.0 .9 0.0 6.4 1.6 10 2.87

4070 75315 71.9 3.3 5.0 -.6 -3.1, -1.5 0.0 -3.0 -3.0 3.9 7.1 10 .36

4070 75310 173.9 2.4 7.0 -.9 -3.0 .8 3.0 -3.4 -6.0 4.5 6.8 10

'1070 75317 155.9 3.6 10.0 2.1 0.0 -.6 4.0 -4.0 -5.0 3.5 6.8 10

M070 75318 119.9 6.5 8.0 7.2 6.0 6.5 8.0 7.2 6.0 2.9 8.1 10 2.82

4070 75319 59.9 5.6 6.0 2.5 2.0 5.6 6.0 2.5 2.0 5.2 2.9 9 3.48

M070 75320 47.9 2.9 4.0 .3 0.0 2.9 4.0 .3 0.6 10.3 8.7 9 1.32

M07D 75321 60.G 1.6 3.0 -1.9 -3.0 1.6 3.0 -1.9 -3.t. 1.9 5.5 9 .74

ma , o 75322 89.9 2.1 6.0 -3.7 -5.0 -1.7 -1.0 -5.2 -6.0 4.5 7.4 9 0.00

4070 75323 131.9 .6 6.0 -.5 -1.6 -2.0 1.0 -1.2 -2.0 4.5 6.1 9 0.00

M070 75324 65.9 2.7 5.0 .2 -2.0 -1.9 0.0 -3.6 -4.0 1.3 5.2 4 .33

M070 7532 53.9 3.0 9.0 -.8 -3.0 -1.0 0.0 -3.6 -5.0 4.2 6.4 9 .C5

4070 75326 107.9 2.6 5.0 2.6 2.0 2.6 4.0 2.6 2.0 2.3 3.5 9 1.40

4070 75327 59.9 6.3 10.0 1.4 -1.0 -1.0 1.0 -.7 -1.1 1.9 5.2 9 .03

M0 7 0 75328 77.9 3.9 6.0 5.0 5.0 2.6 6.0 -2.2 -4.0 2.6 2.3 9 .20

4070 75329 36.0 6.0 7 .0 5.4 5.0 1.1 2.0 3.5 1.0 99.0 99.0 9 .10

M070 75330 83.9 5.4 6.0 3.3 2.0 5.4 6.0 2.2 2.0 99.0 99.0 9 ...62

4070 75331 47.9 3.4 4.0 0.0 -1.0 2.6 4.0 -.3 -1.0 59.0 99.0 9 .86

II ID is the data set identification code; YR JD are the last two digits of the year followedby the Julian day number; solar radiation is in units of calories per square centimeter per

day; temperatures are in degree Celsius; DP is dewpoint; wind movement is in kilometers;DAY HRS is day length in hours; precipitation is in centimeters; 99.0 indicates missing data

as listed on the last 4 days under wind movement.? Complete data sets are available from Richard H. Waring, School of Forestry, Oregon

State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, for $1.50 per year, upon request.

11

Editing of DataAverages and totals for each

day are essential when daily water,energy, and mineral transfer throughforest ecosystems are estimated.To meet these requirements, thesenior author edited the originaldaily summaries and flagged missingor suspicious data. In the editingprocedures, radiation on apparentlyclear days without recorded precipi-tation was compared with previouslycompiled observed values (fig. 6).Radiation values more than 10 percentabove or below the predicted valuesled to closer inspection of thepreceding 30 to 50 days of data.Sometimes the radiometer outputprogressively decreased, probablythe result of water shorting out thesensor. In such cases, a systematic

reduction below the expected value(fig. 6) resulted in a correctionapplied to compensate for thedecrease. Usually such correctionswere less than 10 percent of theobserved radiation in any givenmonth.

In 1975 a more rugged radiometerwith a lower output signal was in-stalled, and a constant 75 langleysper day had to be added on cleardays to correct for radiation belowrecordable levels at dawn and duskperiods. At other times when theradiometer became inoperative,correlations with temperature andprecipitation patterns in the samemonth in previous years were usedto estimate the missing values.Such periods are identified in.table 2.

a 1,000

crw 800

217-=

wz 600U

cr

400

cr

a* 200

0 0

U 0 60 120 180 240JULIAN DATE

300

360

Figure 6.--Yearly variation in potential short-waveradiation reaching the earth's atmosphere (dottedline) and the maximum radiation reaching theearth's surface at 45°N. latitude (solid line).

12

80

60

E

0-10 0 20

TEMPERATURE (°C)40

Dewpoint was most difficult tomeasure accurately and continuously;as shown by the large amount ofmissing data (table 2). The impor-tance of dewpoint data increases asevaporation and radiation increase,and fortunately, this correspondswith the dry season when instrumentoperation normally is satisfactory.

Only rarely did the air tempera-ture recorder fail to operate. Inthese instances, a nearby thermo-graph provided data that agreedwithin 1 C. Periods when missingdata were supplied from this sourceare also identified in table 2.

On the hourly summaries preparedbefore keypunching, the senior authorassured that dewpoint temperaturesnever exceeded air temperatures.Because chart readings may err by1oC, rainy days occasionally had

dewpoint values listed a degree orso above air temperature. When thathappened, they were made to equalair temperature.

Fortunately, failure of thedewpoint sensor generally occursduring cold wet weather when theair is nearly saturated with watervapor and the dewpoint and airtemperatures are nearly equal any-way. The importance of this factcan be illustrated by comparing theevaporative demand in winter withevaporative demand in summer. Tofacilitate comparison, figure 7 il-lustrates the relationship betweentemperature and the water-holdingcapacity of air. To calculate theaverage evaporative demand, firstdetermine the average day temperatureand then read from the graph thecorresponding vapor pressure:760 mmHg = 1 013 mbar. The dif-ference in vapor pressure at airtemperature and at dewpoint indicatesthe evaporative demand.

Figure 7.--Saturated vapor pressure(mbar) of water in relation toair temperature where vaporpressure = 6.1078 exp(17.269n.

U37 + Ti

On an unusual winter day (March75073), the air temperature averaged12°C and the dewpoint -1.5 C. Fig-ure 7 shows that, if saturated, thewater vapor concentration of air at12

oC would be 12.3 mbar. The amount

actually in the air is equivalent tothe saturation value at the dewpointtemperature, or only 5.5 mbar. Theevaporative demand under these ratherrare winter conditions is 6.8 mbar.Usually the demand in winter averagesless than 2 mbar.

To fill in missing dewpointtemperature data during the dryseason, we tried to define correla-tions between the night temperatures,

13

APRILMAYJUNEJULY

A AUGUSTSEPTEMBER

which cooled the air and presumablycondensed water vapor, and daytimedewpoint temperatures which mightreflect the extent of cooling theprevious night. Selecting days fromApril through September that werenot preceded by rainfall for atleast 5 days, we found general agreement between the average night tem-perature and the average-day dew-point temperature (fig. 8). Thisrelationship did not hold duringextremely hot days in August whenthe night temperature did notapproach dewpoint. Fortunately,the instrument did not fail inthese periods. Most of the missingdewpoint data were estimated byassuming that average night tem-perature corresponds to average-day dewpoint temperature, unlessprecipitation occurs. Under thelatter condition, more than 0.5 cmof precipitation was assumed tocorrespond to a saturated atmos-phere, and dewpoint temperaturewas assumed to correspond with airtemperature. With less precipi-tation, dewpoint temperature wasestimated at an intermediate valueabove the average night temperatureand below the average-day temperature.

20

Z3

wxD

>-a wa ci_10w w

(.9acrw F-> ZCrF,

E3wo

0 10

20AVERAGE NIGHT

TEMPERATURE (°C )

Figure 8.--Relationship betweenaverage night temperature andaverage daily dewpoint tempera-ture. Data were selected fordays that followed a 5-day periodwithout precipitation.

English Equivalents

1 hectare = 2.47 acres1 meter = 3.27 feet

1 kilometer = 0.625 mile

14

Literature CitedBuelow, F. H.

1967. Solar energy received byinclined surfaces. Q. Bull.49:294-327.

Buffo, John, Leo J. Fritschen, andJames L. Murphy.

1972. Direct solar radiation onvarious slopes from 0 to 60degrees north latitude. USDAFor. Serv. Res. Pap. PNW-142,74 p. Pac. Northwest For. andRange Exp. Stn., Portland, Oreg.

Dyrness, C. T., J. F. Franklin, andW. H. Moir.

1974. A preliminary classificationof forest communities in thecentral portion of the westernCascades in Oregon. ConiferousFor. Biome Bull. 4, 123 p.Univ. Wash., Seattle.

Gay, L. W.1971. The regression of netradiation upon solar radiation.Arch. Meteorol. Geophys.Bioklimatol. 19:1-14.

Rothacher, Jack, C. T. Dyrness, andRichard L. Fredriksen.

1967. Hydrologic and relatedcharacteristics of three smallwatersheds in the Oregon Cascades.USDA For. Serv. Pac. NorthwestFor. and Range Exp. Stn., 54 p.Portland, Oreg.

Soil Conservation Service.1975. Soil taxonomy: A basic

system of soil classificationfor making-and interpreting soilsurveys. U.S. Dep. Agric.Agric. Handb. 436, 754 p.Washington, D.C.

Thornthwaite, C. W.1948. An approach toward a

rational classification ofclimate. Geogr. Rev. 38:55-94.

Thornthwaite, C. W., and J. R. Mather.1957. Instructions and tables forcomputing potential evapotrans-piration and water balance.Drexel Inst. Tech. Publ.Climatol. 10:183-311.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.1956. Snow hydrology: Summaryreport of the snow investigations.437 p. Portland, Oreg.

15

16

Appendix

17

PROGRAM M070PRG(TAPE3.TAPE4,TAPE6,OUTPUT,TAPE61=OUTPUTICC.4, 411, **************44.44, 41, 4, *40-04.41 . *********************** ***** 4.**************

C.4**************** PROGRAMMER - RA N, 8uE3 *********************************C****************** DATE 5/25/75 CDC CYBER KFONOS 2.1 FO R T R,AN EXT. 4.3C****************** RE V ISED 8 / 1 / 75 444444**********************************o**************************************************************************

D********************************************* ********* ...***** ******* *******orn**********44,**, DESCRIPTION ***Ai* ***** ******************* ***** ********4D. ** * ** * *** * 41,44,4* *** * * * * * * ** **** * * ** ***** *********************4 ***** *******

C PROGRAM TO C3 VEST BCD CARD IMAGE 407H(HOURLY) DATA TO BCD CARO IMAGEC M070(DAILY) DATA. READ 6 CARDS WITH 4 HRS. DATA ON EACH CARD.

C YOUR HOURLY INPUT DATA MUST CONTAIN SIX CARDS FOR EACH JULIAN DAY.C EACH CARO CONTAINS SOLAR RADIATION, AIR TEMPERATURE, DEW POINTC TEMPERATURE, AND WINO MOVEMENT, F OR EACH HOUR IN THE FOLLOWING

FORMAT:CC CARD HOURS

1 1-4C 2 5-6

3 9-12C 4 13-16

5 17-2C

C 6 21-24C

COLUMN VARIABLE FORMAT

CC 1- 4 IDENTIFIER OF DATASET A4C 5- 6 SEOUEN0E NUMB E R P ERTAINING TO CARD POSITION (1-6) 12

C 7- 9 YEAR OF DATA COLLECTION 13C 10-13 JULIAN CAY 14C 14-16 SOLAR RADIATION * HOURS F3.1

C 17-20 AIR TEMPERATURE * 1,5,9,13,17,21 F4.0

C 21-24 DEW PT TEMPERATURE • F4.0

C 25-29 WIND MOVEMENT * F5.6

C 30-32 SOLAR RADIATION * HOURS F3.1

C 33-36 AIR TE M PERATURE * 2,6,10,14,18,22 F4.0

C 37-40 DEW PT TEMPERATURE • F4.0

C 41-45 WIND MOVEMENT * F5.0

C 46-48 SOLAR RADIATION • HOURS F3.1

C 49-52 AIR TEMPERA T URE • 3,7,11,15,19,23 F4.0

C 53-56 DEW PT TEMPERATURE • F4.0

C 57-61 WINO MOVEMENT * E5.0

C 62-64 SOLAR RADIATION • HOURS F3.1

C 65-68 AIR TEMPERATURE * 4,8,12,16,20,24 F4.0

C 69-72 DEW PT TEMPERATURE 4 F4.0C 73-77 WINO MOVEMENT • F5.0

CCD.,4********************************************************************

C****************** INPUT, OUTPUT UNITS ********************* ***** ******D**************************************************************** ***** AFAA

C

C TAPES= M07H. MUST HAVE 6 CARDS FOR EVERY JULIAN DAY (ERRORS NIL

C DETECTED BY PROGRAM). IF YOU HAVE A COMPLETE YEARS DATAC MUST HAVE THE FIRST DAY OF THE NEXT YEAR AFTER THE LAST

C ORDER TO GET DAILY AVERAGES FOR THE LAST DAY.C TAPE4= LINE PRINTER OUTPUT OF DAILY AVERAGESC TAPEE= CARO IMAGE M07D DATA (DAILY AVERAGES) TO BE PUNCHEDC TAPE61= EFROR MESSAGES

18

Cc***************************************4.*******************************c****************** VARIAB LES 4*****************************************

CC

c***********************44•444.******************************************

A IDENTIFIER FOR DATA SET MOTO (DAILY AVERAGES OF M07H)C AT AIR TEMPERATURE FROM TAPE3C DAY ARRAY CONTAINING SUNRISE (OF CURRENT JO), OAYLENGTH (OF CUC CURRENT J0),SUNSET (OF CURRENT JO), AND SUNRISE (OF NEXT JO)C DP DEW POINT FROM TAPE3

ICOUNT NUMBER OF LINES OF PRINT PER PAGEC XID COUNTER FOR NUMBER OF RECORDINGS OF SOLAR RADIATIONC IDAY INTEGER COUNTERPART OF VARIABLE DAYC IERRC COUNTER OF ERRORS FOR TAPE3 IF NCT 6 CARDS PER DAYC ILOOP TOTAL DAY LENGTH FOR DAILY AVERAGED DAYC IY DAILY AVERAGED SOLAR RADIATIONC IO,IE COUNTERS USED TO READ IN HOURLY DATAC ISFO SEQUENCE CHECK FOR 6 CARDS PER DAYC IYEAR YEARC JULCK DAY SEQUENCING C H ECK VARIABLEC JULDAY1 JULIAN DAY INDICATORS USED TO CHECK FOR MORE OR LESS THANC JULDAY2 6 CARCS READ IN ON INPUT FILE TAPE3C JO JULIAN DAY FROM INPUT FILE TAPE3C NA COUNTER USED TO REORDER INPUT DATA INTO DAY AND NIGHTC NLGTH NIGHT LENGTH FCR DAILY AVERAGED DAYC SOLAR ERROR CHA P ACTER (/) FOR SOLAR RADIATION < 50 AND > 990C SR SOLAR R ADIATION FROM TAPEC SSR SUM OF SOLAR RADIATIONC SWSO SUM CF WINO MOVEMENT DURING THE OAY

C SWSN SUM CF WIND MOVEMENT DURING THE NIGHTC SNAT SUM OF NIGHTIME AIR TEMP + AVG. NGT TEMPC SNOW SUM OF NIGHTIME DEW P OINT TEMP AVG. NGT DEW TEMPC SCAT SUM OF DAYTIME AIR TEMP + AVG. DAY TEMPC SODP SUM OF DAYTIME DEW POINT TEMP + AVG. DAY DEW TEmPC WS WIND MOVEMENT FROM TAPE3

C XOAT MAX DAYTIME AIR TEMPC XDOP MAX DAYTIME DEW POINT TEMPC XNAT MIN NIGHTIME AI R TEMP

C XNOP MIN NIGHTIME DEW POINT TEMPC XAT STORAGE ARRAY FOR AIR TEMPERATURE DIVIDED INTO NIGHT AND DAYC XOP STORAGE ARRAY FOR DEW POINT TEMP DIVIDED INTO NIGHT AND DAY

C XSR STORAGE ARRAY FOP SOLAR RADIATION DIVIDED INTO NIGHT AND DAYC XWS STORAGE ARRAY FOR WIND MOVEMENT DIVIDED INTO NIGHT AND CAYC Z REAL FORMAT OF IVC

DIMENSION SR(2,24),AT(2,24),DP(2,24),WS(2.24),J0(2)10AY(4),IDAY(4)1 ,XSR(30),XAT(3G),XWS(30),XDP(30)DATA (SOLAR=1CH / )

C$$$SIV;$$$S$MMSLS$$$$$$$$MS.MS$SSWESSSMSTEMSSESSISIfSSISSif$C CHECK FOR 6 CARDS PER DAY IN ASCENDING SEQUENCING ORDER 1-6C AND THAT LAYS ARE CONSECUTIVE. CHECK FOR EACH HOUR, AIR TEM P >C DEW TEMP.CVFISMtVMS$$SLMS$SSSEEiSttSMESESSMSSSMSSVESSMSSMSSLST$

READ(3,2C1) ISEO,IYEAR,JULCKBACKSPACE 3JULCK=JULCK-1IERRC=C

2C5 DO 200 J=1,6IF(J•NE.1) GO TO 202READ(3,2G1) ISEQ,IYEAF,JULDAY1,(XAT(N),XDP(N),N=1,4)

2G1 FORMAT(4Y,I2vI311>II3,4(3X,2F4.0,5X))IF(EOF(3)) 250,209

202 READ(3,201) ISEQ,IYEAR,JULOAY2,(XAT(N),X0P(N),N=1,4)

19

IF(EOF(3)) 240,2C3240 wRITE(61,241)

241 FORMAT(t CAN NOT HAVE LESS THAN 6 CARDS ON LAST DAYt)STOP *PROBLEM WITH INPuTt

2C3 CALL ERRCK(XAT,XCP,IERRC,IYEAR,JULOAY2•ISE0)IF(ISEO.NE.J) WRITE(61,210) IYEAR,JULDAY1IF(ISEO.NE.J) IEFRC=IERRC+1IF(JULDAY1.E0.JULDAY2) GO TO 200w p /TE(61,204) IYEAR,JULDAY1,JULDAY2

204 FORMAT(t PROBLEM ON INPUT FILE TAPE3 BETWEEN YEARt,I3 I t JULIAN*DAYSt1I4,t ANDt,I4)GO TO 206

209 CALL ERRCK(XAT,XCP,IERRC,IYEAR,JULDAY1,ISE0)IF(JULDAY1.E0.366) GO TO 211IF(JULCK.GE.365) JULCK=0

211 IF((JULCK+1).EQ.JUL)AY1) GO TO 213WRITE(61,212) IYFAR,JULCK,JULDAY1

212 FORMAT(t DAY MISSING RETWEEN YEARt,I3,t JULIAN DAYSt,I4,t ANDt,I4)IERRC=IERRC+1

213 IF(ISEO.EO.J) GO TO 200WRITE(61,210) IYEAR,JULDAY1

210 FORM AT(t CARDS OUT OF SEQUENCE YEARt,I3,* JULIAN DAY 1,13)IERRC=IERRC+1

200 CONTINUEJULCK=JULDAY1GO TO 205

206 IERRC=IERFC+1BACKSPACE 3JULCK=JULOAY1GO TO 205

250 IF(IERRC.NE.0) STOP tPROBLEM WITH INPuTtREWIND 3

C$SSIMMETS$S$S$$SS3ST5SfSSMSSLSSSIESMSSiSt$SCSSISSMSSMSLSSiSIASC SET INITIAL INDICATORS + ARRAYSCt$$$$SSSft$SST$$E$S$$S$$$S$S3SS$SISMUSSSISMESE$St$333STML$M$333

ICOUNT=28A=4H4070

1 XIC)=0.ERRORS=1CHXDAT=XODP=XNAT=XNOP=SWSD=SSR=SNAT=SNOP=SDAT=SODP=SwSN=0

C13333533$M$S$333133333333333333335$33333333$33333353335$33333333$MC READ IN CURRENT DAY AND FOLLCWING DAY033$S3SS$3333$$$$tif$S$Ftt$353$$$$Sf$SBLISSSES$STSESSLSESSSMSttStil

DC 155 IOI=1,2I0=1IE=4DO 15 M=1,6READ (3,10) IYEAR,J0(I0I),(SF(I0I,I),AT(I0I,I),D0(I0I,I),wS(I0I,I

1 ),I=IO,IE)10 FORMAT (FX,I3,X.I3.4(F3.1,2F4.0,F5.0))

IF (EOF(3)) 30,3131 TO=I0+415 IE=IE+4155 CONTINUE

00 989 J=1,6989 BACKS P ACE 3

C3$SSSI$S$TSVMS$S$STS$$SSTISTSVS3$$$$M$L3335RSS333$3ST5g5SIMSS$ST$C CALCULATE SUNRIS E , OAYLENGTH, AND SUNSET OF CURRENT JO ANC SUNRISE OF THE NEXT JDCSS$S/SitSSS$5533$AS$S$5StS355$3SS$3331Sii$SSISSMISSSitStVWES$SSMS$SSS$

K = JO(1) - 86IF (K .LT. 0) K = K + 365CAY(1) = 6.06666 - 1.675*SIN(K*.017214)

20

K = K + JO(2) - J0(11DAY(4) = 6.06656 - 1.6754SIN(K*.0172141K = JD(1) - 81IF (K .LT. 0) K = K + 365DAY(2) = 12.23333 + 3.35*SIN(K..0172141

00 6 K = 1,4IF(K.EQ.31 GO TO EIDAY(K)=IFIX(OAY(K))X=(DAY(K)-FLOAT(IDAY(K)))."60.IF (X .GE. 30.) IDAY(K) = IDAY(K) 1IF (K.NE.21 IDAY(K)=IDAY(K)+1

6 CONTINUEC"" ONE DAY IS ADDED TO SUNRISE CALCULATIONS 9ECAUSE OFC"" METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION.

IDAY(3) = IDAY(1) + IDAY(21NLGTH=24-IDAY(3)+IDAY(4)ILOOP=NLGTH+IDAY(2)NA=IOAY(1)

CS$S$$$$$$$MSFStESSS$MS$SiSSSittESSiSSSESEMSEESTSt$S$SttSt$$$MfSC PUT INPUT DATA INTO DAY AND NIGHT OF CURRENT JULIAN DAYC$$$$IMS$S$VETStSSMigt$MILtSStSSiSiSSMSSt$SSI$M$S$3$$IMEStS$

00 818 J=1,30818 XAT(J)=X0R(J)=KWS(J)=XSR(J)=0

00 919 J=1,1000XAT(J1=AT(1,NA)XOP(J)=DP(1,NA)XSR(J)=SR(1,NA)XWS(J)=WS(1,NA)IF(NA.E0.241 GO TO 918

919 NA=NA+1918 K=IDAY(4)-1

00 917 NA=1,K

J=J+1XAT(J)=AT (2,NA)XSR(J1=SE(2,NA)

XWS(J)=WS(2,NA)917 XDP(J)=DP(2,NA1

CM$SSSZtSSESS$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$SVMMEMSSSMMUMSSVVESSMISMMC PROCESS 24 HOU P S OF XSR, XAT, XO P , XWS TO GET DAILY AVERAGESC3S$S$StSSMSVMS5SISSEESS34SSSMTMMEiftS6SSSVESS$SVEMS$$$$SiSM

DO 3 J=1,ILOOPIF(J.LE.IDAY(21) GO TO 4

CC

NIGHTIMEC

SWSN=SWSN+XWS(J1SNAT=SNAT+XAT(J)SNOP=SNOP+xop(j)

IF(J.GT.IDAY(2)+1/ GO TO 5XNAT=XAT(J)XNOP=XDP(J)GO TO 3

5 IF (XAT(J1 .GE. XNAT) GO TO 8XNAT=XAT(J)

8 IF (X0P(J) .GE. XND P ) GO TO 3XNDP=XDP(J)GO TO 3

CC DAYTIME

4 SWSO=SWS0+XWS(J)IF(XSR(J).LE.01 GO TO 60XID=XID+1.

21

SSR=SSR+XSR(J)SSR=SSR+XSR(J)

60 SDAT=SDAT+XAT(J)SDDP=SDOP+XDP(J)IF(J.GT.1) GO TO 11XDAT=XAT(J)XDDP=XDP(J)GO TO 3

11 IF (XAT(J) .LE. XGAT) GO TO 13XDAT=XAT(J)

13 IF (XDP(J) .LE. XODP) GO TO 3XDOP=y0p(j)

3 CONTINUEC$$$S$S$Mf$S$$$S$$$$$T$Sfi6itiM$Sti$SSMi$3$Si$$$$S;$/$$S3$S$S$SS$S$C MAKE NEW DATA FILE M070CSMVESSS$$$$MMEEMSSEISSVESSLISIMSE3SiSTS$I$MMEML33$$$$SM

IF(XID.GT.0.) GO TO 75IY=0SSR=0.GO TO 76

75 SSR=(SSR/XID)*(XID*60.)IY=IFIX(SSR416.+.05)

76 IF(SSR.LE.990.) GO TO 77SSR=990.IY=9900

77 SWS0=.322•SWS0SWSN=.322*SWSNIF(SWSD.GE.99.) SWS0=99.IF(SWSN.GE.99.) SWSN=99.SDAT=SDAT/IDAY(2)S000=SGDP/IDAY(2)SNAT=SNAT/NLGTHSNDP=SNDP/NLGTH

C CHECK ERRORS FOR RADIATIONIF(SSR.GE.800..OR.SSR.LE.50.) ERRCRS=ERRORS.AND.SOLARWRITE(6,70) A,IYEAR,J0(1),IY,SDAT,XDAT,SNAT,XNAT,SOOP,XDOP,SNOPIXN*3P,SWSD,SWSN,IDAY(2)

70 FORMAT(A4,2I3./5,10F5.1,13)C IS HEADING NECESSARY

IF (ICOUNT.LE.27) GO TO 80WRITE (4,20)

20 FORMAT(t1t,//,17X,2(2X,tAVG MAX AVG MINt),F,X,tWINOt,/,14X,4 tSOLt,2(2X,tDAY DAY NGT NGTt),$ MOVEMENT DAYt,/,*t ID YR JD RAGt,4(t TEMPt),4(t OPt),t DAY NGT MRSt)

ICOUNT=C80 WRITE (4,16) A,IYEAR,J0(1),SSP,DAT,XDAT,SNAT,XNAT,SCOP,X00P,SNOP,

1XNDP,SWSC,SWSN,ICAY(2),ERRORS16 FORMAT(t0t,A4,2I3,F6.1,10F5.1,I3,A10)

ICOUNT=ICOUNT+1GO TO 1

30 STOP tENG OF RUNEENDSUBROUTINE ERFCK(XAT,X0P,IERRC,IYEAR,JULDAY,ISED)

CC CHECK TO SEE I F AIR TEMP, (XAT) IS > DEW TEMP (XDP) FORC HOURS PASSED.C

DIMENSION XAT(30),X0P130)DO 1 J=1,4IF(XAT(J).GE.XDP(J)) GO TO 1IERRC=IERRC41THOUP=(ISEO-1)*4+JWRITE(61,2) IYEAR,JULOAY,IHOUR

22

2 FORMAT(t FOR Y 7 AFt,I3,t JULIAN OAY ^ ,I L,,t HOUR2,I3,t AIR TEMP.*,1t < OEW TEMPI

1 CONTINUERETURNENO

D1.18.59.UCLF, 23, 0,352KLNS.

GPO 986-969

23

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