182 NOTES AND QUERIES. SEPTEMBER 25, 1943.

Literary and HistoricalNotes.

PROLEGOMENA TO A TOLANDBIBLIOGRAPHY.

ENGAGED in studies about John Toland I*

J could not help noticing the present im-

perfect state of a Bibliography of his Worksandl MS. Remains. The first biography, ' AnHistorical Account of the Life and Writingsof the late eminently famous Mr. JohnToland. By one of his Intimate Friends,'1722, enumerates thirty main items. Thesecond and most authoritative biography,prefixed to ' A Collection of Several Piecesof Mr. John Toland,' 1726, under the title' Some Memoirs of the Life and Writings ofMr. John Toland : In a Letter to S . . . B . . .L . . . May 26th 1722,' written by PierreDes Maizeaux, gives no 6eparate list butmentions the works in the course of its narra-tion. The author of ' An Abstract of the Lifeof the Author,' prefixed to ' A Critical His-tory of the Celtic Religion,' 1740, believes toknow about one hundlred titles, whereasLeslie Stephen's list in the ' D. N.B.' containsonly thirty-six items.

Under these conditions it seems to berecommendable to start from Stephen's listand to arrange our contribution in such formthat it enumerates (1) the Addenda (toStephen's list); (2) the Subtrahenda, andthat it draws (3) attention to the importanceof an Anti-Tolandian Bibliography.

ADDENDA.1 ' The Fables of Aesop. With the moral

reflexions of Monsieur Baudoin. Trans-lated from the French. To which is pre-fix'd by another hand: The true life ofAesop, by Monsieur de Meziriac' London,1704.(Cf. Des Maizeaux, I.e., p. lviii. He says,

that Toland published the translation of thelife and dedicated it. to Anthony Collins, to

whom also the ' Adeisidaemon ' is inscribed.)2. ' Socinianism truly Stated, Being An

Example of fair Dealing in all TheologicalControversys. To which is prefix'd, Indif-ference in Disputes: Recommended by aPantheist to an Orthodox Friend. Totaruit Babylon; disjecit Tecta Lutherus, Cal-

vinus Muros, et Fundlamenta Socinus.'London, 1705.A small pamphlet of 15 pp., only pp. 1-10

being T..'s, the statement of Socinianism, pp.11-15, is a translation of Le Clerc's essay onFabritius in the fifth vol. of his BibliothequeUniverselle under the title " Digression."

Des Maizeaux, I.e., p. lviii; ' SocinianTracts,' vol. 5, Manchester College Library,Oxford, T.'s name entered with ink. Thistract is important by proving T.'s relation toSocinianism. Even if it was written in orderto please some Unitarian friends, Tolandaccepts the principle expressed in this sen-tence of the second part: "Nay they (theUnitarians) believe that these doctrines (re-garding the Trinity) are contrary to rightReason, which Revelation dloes not destroybut suppose " (p. 14). It is further an earlystatement of his " pantheism " which termseems to be his coinage. It reveals lastly hislove of controversies and disputes and hisbeing '' nevertheless extremely easy and un-concerned."3. ' The Ordinances, Statutes and Privileges

of the Royal Academy, Erected by hisMajesty the late King of Prussia, in hisCapital City of Berlin.' London, 1705.(Des Maizeaux, p. lix.)The introductory Letter, ' The translator

to a particular friendl/ may have beenaddressed to the third Earl of Shaftesbury.4. ' Gallus Aretalogus, odium orbis et ludi-

brium. Sive Gallantis Mercurii gallantis-simus scriptor vapulans.' Added to the 2nded. of Oratio Philippica. Amsterdam,1709. (Des Maizeaux, p. Ixv; Bodl., 8T. 40 Med.).

5. ' Mr. Toland's Reflections on Dr. Sache-verell's Sermon, Preach'd at St. Paul's,Nov. 5, 1710.' (Brit. Mus. 109, c. 33).English translation of the French edition

which appeared in Holland.6. ' The Judgment of King James the first

and King Charles the first against Non-Resistanee, discover'di by their own letters,and now offer'd to the Considerations of Dr.Sacheverell and his Party.' London, 1710.(Brit. Mus. T. 1804 (8)).

7. ' The Declaration Lately Published By theElector Palatine, In Favour of his Protes-tant Subjects. To which is Prefix'd, AnImpartial Account of the Causes of thoseInnovations and Grievances about Religion,

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SEPTEMBER 25, 1943. NOTES AND QUERIES. 183which are now so happily redress'd by hisElectoral Highness.' Londbn, 1714. (DesMaizeaux, p. lxi, quotes a 1707 ed. ; Man-chester Coll. Lib.).

8. ' Reasons most humbly offer'd to theHonble House of Commons, why the Billsent down to them from the most HonbleHouse of Lords, entitled '' An Act for thebetter Securing the Dependency of theKingdom of Ireland upon the Crown ofGreat Britain," Shou'd not pass into aLaw.' London, 1720. (Des Maizeaux, p.lxxvi; Brit. Mus. 1093, d. 35).

9 ' A short Essay on the Art of Lying : or aDefence of a Reverend Dignitary, whosuffers undier the Persecution of Mr.Toland for a Lapsus Calami.' ca. 1720/1.(Against Dr. Hare. Des Maizeaux, p.lxxvi; Abstract, p. 28. Note the differenceof expression.)

10. ' Letters from the R.H. the late Earl ofShaftesbury, to Robert Molesworth. . . Towhich is prefix'd a large Introduction bythe Editor.' London, 1721.

11. The second edition of ' The Danger ofMercenary Parliaments, etc.', about whichwe shall speak later on.

12. ' A Critical History of the Celtic Reli-gion and Learning, etc' London, 1740.(Reprint from ' A Collection of SeveralPieces.' 1726, vol. i.)The following pamphlet may be attributed

to Tolandl with a certain degree of proba-bility. It is added to the English translationof Giordano Bruno's ' Spaccio' in JamesMartineau's copy, now in the possession ofManchester College, Oxford. The binding isof the eighteenth century, but the date cannotba fixed exactly. The translation appeared1713, and since Toland published! it, it ispossible that he added the following letter,dated Paris, 14 June 1706, which in its styleand its impertinent content is congenial tohim.' A Letter from an Arabian Physician to a

famous Professor in the University of Hallin Saxony, concerning Mahomet's takingup Arms, his keeping of Concubines, andhis Paradise.' (Without date, place orprinter.)

The following exist in MS. only:1. ' Livius vindicatus : sive Titnm Livium,

in Sacris Romanorum enarrandis, neque

credulum fuisse, neque superstitiosum,Dissertatio preliminaria, Reverendo Dom-ino Smith, E.A.P., S.P.'M., JoannesTolandus.' 16 pp. quarto. (Bodl. Rawlin-son. D.377, f. 132.)A preliminary essay on Livy sent by Elisha

Smith (23 Jan. 1706) to Hearne, the editorof Livy, with the proposal to insert it in hisedition (his accompanying letter, RawlinsonC. 146, f. 47, is important in various ways).It differs from the final edition in title andlength (16 pp. MS. against 97 pp. printedtext).2. ' Certain Sayings attributed to Christ and

not found in the receiv'd Gospels.' (Brit.Mus. Addit. MSS. 4465, fol. 39.)

3. ' Proposals for regulating the Newspapers.'(ib. 4295, fol. 49.)Of the following the titles only are given

in the MSS. :1. ' The Church by Law established, or a

Treatise, wherein Is manifestly prov'd, thatthe Church of England is neither believ'din its Doctrine, nor obey'd in its Discipline,nor observ'd in its Ceremonies, by any oneConformist whatsoever, and consequentlyby nobody in the whole world.' (ib. 4295,fol. 67.)

2. ' Priesthood without Priestcraft, or Super-stition distinguish^ from Religion, Domin-ion from Order, and Biggotry from Reason ;in The most principall Controversies aboutChurch-Government, which at presentdivide and deform Christianity. In twoBooks. Call no man master.' 1705. (Onthe back a full table of contents of thetwo books notes the pages to ch. 1-5 of thefirst book.) {ib. 4295, fol. 66.)

3. ' Superstition unmask'd, wherein Thenature and effects of this vice in all Reli-gions are fairly display'd; containing 1,Plutarch's admirable Treatise of Supersti-tion, with concise notes ; 2, The preliminarydiscourse of the celebrated) Tanaquil Faber;and 3, A Letter on the same subject, princi-pally distinguishing Superstition from Re-ligion.' By Mr. Toland. (ib. 4295, fol. 71).(Further MSS. are mentioned in the firstlife, p. 102.)The following list is interesting because it

reveals the circulation of his MSS. and addssome unknown translations of GiordanoBruno.

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184 NOTES AND QUERIES. SEPTEMBER 25, 1945,Manuscripts of mine abroad:

Hartsoeker in Holland, ' Life of GiordlanoBruno.'

Mrs. Laney, ' Revelation no Rule.'Mr. Robinson, ' Piece of the Roman educa-

tion.'Mr. Hewet, ' History of the Canon.'Mrs. Laney, ' A Letter about Error.'Mr. Wrottesley, ' A piece of Dr. Chamber-

len's.'1Mr. Hewet, ' Revelation no Rule.'Lord Castleton, 'The Cloud and Pillar.'Mr. Fomine (?), ' Tolandi peregrinans.'Mr. Hewet, ' Translation of Bruno's Asse, 2

Dialogues.'Mr. Loyd, ' The Creed not Apostolick.'My Lord Molesworth, ' Specimen of the His-

tory of the Druids.'Mr. Castleton, ' Shaftesbury's Lettere.'Lady Caines, ' Part of the History of the

Druidte.'Ld. Aylmer, 'Bruno's Sermon.' (ib. 4295,

fol. 43.)It must further be noted that some parts

of his books have been published separately,thus, e.g., part II of the ' Nazarenus ' as ' AnAccount of an Irish Manuscript of the FourGospels' (Bodl. Godw. Pamphl. 2008 (16)).On the other hand the second edition of the' Adeisidaimon,' which is identical with thefirst, has as annex the ' Origines Judlaicae '(1709). The title page of the first edition isleft in *he copy of Manchester College, Ox-ford, whereas it is cut out in that of theBodleian (Line. 8, D. 232).Dubious are the following items, attributed

to Toland :' The agreement of the customs of the East

Indians with those of the Jews and otherancient people (transl. from the French of

de la Crequiniere).' London, 1705.(Brit. Mus. ; Halkett and Laing, ' Dictionof Anonymous and Pseudonymous EnglishLiterature,' new ed., 1926, I, p. 50.)

' The Jacobitism, Perjury and Popery ofHigh-Church-Priests.' London, , 1710.(Brit. Mus. and Halkett and Laing.)[Both refer to James Darling, the first to

' A Library Manual of Theological and Gen-eral Literature,' the others to ' Cyclop. Bibl.'But this attribution is without any founda-tion in fact. The pamphlet starts with an-

1 A letter from J. Chamberlayne, Esq., 21 June1718. ib. 4295, f. 27.

invective, against "Irish and other Cut-Throat Papists."' High Church displayed; being a complete

History of the Affair of Dr. Sacheverell.'London, 1711.Halkett and Laing give as reference Camb.

Mod. Hist., vol. v, p. 859; but there is noproof.' Pliny the Younger, XXXV Letters.' (Trans-

lation.) London, 1726. (F. W. Bateson,' The Cambridge Bibliography of EnglishLiterature.' Camb., 1940, vol. ii, p. 767.)

SuBTRAHENDA.

Having enumerated what ought to be addedto Stephen's list, I must point out whatshould be taken away. Certain tracts passunder his name, which are only translations,e.g. :' The funeral Elogy (not Elegy : Stephen) and

Character of her Royal Highness, the latePrincess Sophia. . . Written originally inLatin, translated into English and furtherillustrated by Mr. Toland. Who has addedthe Character of the King, the Prince andthe Princess.' 1714.It is a translation of J. F. Cramer's ' Elo-

gium et simulacrum Sophiae principis Han-overanae,' 1714. (The degree of confusionexisting in this matter is demonstrated bySeeber, ' John Toland als politischer Schrift-steller,' 1933, p. 81, 3, who takes the ' Charac-teristics ' from the reprint in Abel Boyer,' The political State of Great Britain,' vol.viii, 1714, p. 209, ff. as representing a specialbook, which, however, she is unable to findquoted anywhere, not even in the catalogue ofthe Brit. Mus.)

But much more interesting is the followingfact. Toland being a poor man was obligedto write or finish for other people pamphletswhich consequently do not belong to him.We find :1. Toland under the direction of Harley.1. ' The Memorial of the State of England,'

1705, was written " by the direction of Mr.Harley, Secretary of State," in answer to H.Poley's and! T.' Drake's ' Memorial of theChurch of England,' which represented theWhig Administration as plotting the ruin ofthe Church. " On the suggestion of Mr.Harley, who was one of Mr. Toland's bene-factors, this treatise was published withouithe author's name." As this pamphlet was

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SEPTEMBER 25, 1943. NOTES AND QUERIES. 185answered by Thomas Raulins, Toland, againdirected by Harley, wrote a second pamphletwhich was dropped! after a part of it had beenprinted (Des Maizeaux, I.e., p. lx.)

2. ' The Philippic against France' wasfound by Harley and put in Toland's handfor publication (similarly the ' Memoirs ofDenzil, Lord Hollis,' by the Duke of New-castle, one of his patrons and benefactors).

3. Harley further suggested the publica-tion of ' Harrington's Works ' (Of. ' Collec-tion ' etc. II, 227) and possibly the ' MilitiaReform'd andl the ' Propositions for unitingthe two East India Companies ' (Cf. Seeber,p 8). Even his ' Anglia Libera ' was directedby " quelques personnes des premiers dans legouvernement ' among whom, again, wasprobably Harley (Burnet de Kemney toSophia, 13-23 June 1701, O. Klopp, ' DieWerke von Leibniz,' vol. viii, p. 265).

The only really original work resulting fromthe relation to Harley is ' The Art of Restor-ing.' Deeply impressed by Harley's changeof political attitude but not at all followinghim, he drew here a parallel between GeneralMonk and Harley, now Lordl Oxford, attack-ing his old benefactor in such a brutalmanner that hi6 pamphlet reached ten edi-tions in three months.Toland under the direction, of Shaftesbury,4. I do not wish to repeat what I have

shown on another occasion,2 namely that ' TheParadoxes of State ' belong to Shaftesbury.To-day I want to point out that he is alsothe author of a pamphlet entitled ' TheDanger of Mercenary Parliaments,' pp. 8,London 1698. The opinion that Toland isthe author originated from the second edition' The Danger of Mercenary Parliaments:with a Preface, showing the infinite Mischiefsof long and pack'd Parliaments. By theEditor of the Earl of Shaftesbury's Letters toLord Molesworth.' Ldn. 1722. Yet Tolandchose this title for no other reason than thathe had edited for the same publisher, J.Peele, these letters which had been so suc-cessful that they reached a second editionin the same year 1721. The introduction tothe letters treats the corruption of Parliamentby bribery in Lord Shaftesbury'6 time in thesewordis: " I cannot better describe to you themischievous consequences of that or any the

2 ' The Philosopher of Enthusiasm ' (unpub-lished).

like future Parliament, than in the words ofa Pamphlet which was printed in the Year1698, with his Lordship's privity, and whichyou'll find in the second volume of the lastset of State Tracts.3 It is intitul'd the Dangerof mercenary Parliaments. It looks too muchlike a jest (says the Author) " etc. He givesa second quotation and adds, " This passion-ate Exclamation was chiefly occasion'dl byseveral of the Lord Shaftesbury's and thatGentleman's friends, coming into the projectof keeping a standing Army, after KingWilliam had concluded a peace -withFrance."* The publisher adds to TolanoTssecond edition of the tract, that thispublication was his latest performancebefore his death and that he wrotethe preface under the greatest indis-position. " The account he gave of the fol-lowing Pamphlet is, That it was wrote inKing William's Time by Lord Shaftesbury'sDirection, and printed andl dispersedprivately at his Expense. And as it is nowonly to be met with in the Volumes of StateTracts, he thought it would be of generalService to make it thus public." One quota-tion revealing the Earl's style and the ten-dency of the tract may follow :

This miserable disappointment of King James'shopes made way for our late glorious Revolution,which was brought about by the hearty Endea-vours, and accompanied with the most unfeign'dVows and Wishes of all true Lovers of their Coun-try, who from hence expected a full deliverancefrom their present Miseries, and a sure Remedyfor their future Fears: For what Happiness mightnot the People well hope for under the Govern-ment of the best of Kings, supported by the bestof Titles, viz. The general Consent and Electionof his People? We were fill'd with golden Dreamsnot only of a bare Security for our Estates andLives, but an inexhausted affluence of all mannerof Blessings a nation is capable of enjoying. Buttho we have dreamt the Dreams, yet have wenot seen the Visions. And tho the Nation is bythis time sadly sensible how wretchedly they havefallen short of their expected Happiness, yet arethey not at all acquainted with the true Springand Fountain from whence all their Misfortunesflow, which is indeed no other than that bare-fae'd and openly avow'd Corruption, which, likea universal Leprosy, has so notoriously infectedand overspread both our Court and Parliament.'Tis from hence are plainly deriv'd all the

3 ' A Collection of State Tracts, published dur-ing the Reign of King William III.' Ldn. 1706.Vol. ii, p. 638, under the title: 'The Danger ofMercenary Parliaments, first printed in the year1698.'

4 ' Letters from the Earl of Shaftesbury, toRobert Molesworth, Esq.' Ldn. 1721, p. 21.

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186 NOTES AND QUERIES. SEPTEMBER 25, 1943.Calamities and Distractions under which the wholeNation at present groans: 'Tis this that haschang'd the very Natures of Englishmen, and ofValiant made them Cowards, of Eloquent, Dumb,and of honest Men, Villains: 'tis this can makea whole House of Commons eat their own Words,and countervote what they had just before re-solv'd on: Tis this could summon the mercenaryMembers from all quarters of the Town in aninstant to vote their Fellow Criminals innocent. . .'Tis this that could make Men of peacable Dis-positions and considerable Estates vote for aStanding Army. . . 'Tis this could make wiseMen act agaipst their own apparent Interest. Inshort, 'tis this that has infatuated our Prudence,stagger'd our Constancy, sully'd our Reputation,and introduc'd a total defection of all true Eng-lish Principles. Bribery is indeed so sure and un-avoidable a way to destroy any Nation, that wemay all sit down and wonder that so much as thevery name of free Government is yet continued tous. And if by our wary choice of Members weshould happen to recover our antient Constitution,we shall with Horror and Amazement look back,and reflect on the' dreadful Precipice we so nar-rowly escap'd. (6).

If this is not written by Shaftesbury, theowner of great estates, the friend, of the revo-lution and King William, the man to whommorals and politics are identical, the coinerof long flowing phrases, much too long andrepetitivewho utterly dlespised briberyI donot know what Shaftesbury's style is. If itwas not -written entirely by himself, he cor-Tected it, like all his writings, before printingwith such accuracy that it is now his. Thisshort tract is really important because itmarks a missing link in Shaftesbury's inter-nal development. It shows clearly why hisenthusiasm for King William's reign fadedaway, why he arrived at the conclusion " Thatcourts have been the same in all ages " (7),why he now suddenly despaired, why he leftthe political arena and chose to retreat. 5

ANTI-TOLANDIAN BIBLIOGBAPHY.Even if we addl what ought to be added,

and omit what should be omitted our taskis not completed without an Anti-Tolandiancolumn. No philosopher has aroused so manyanti-publications. Every action provokes areaction, every attack a counter-attack. Be-cause Toland's actions are attacks, the violentopposition he encounters forms par* of his

5 Toland's versatile pen was by no means re-stricted to the service of the English nobility. TheElector Palatine's Declaration, lately published infavour of his Protestant Subjects, and notify'd toher Majesty, was published ' at the request of theElector Palatine's Minister ' (Des Maizeaux, I.e. p.lxi).

essence. This Anti-Tolandian bibliographyexcels in quantity as well as in quality. Notfewer than fifty-four answers to his \Christ-ianity not Mysterious ' have been counteddown to 1761 (according to J. M. Robertson,' A Short History of JFreethought,' 1906, vol.ii, p. 129). Such famous names as Locke,Samuel Clarke, Leibniz, (Berkeley and DanielDefoe have to be included in this list. Locke,involved in a quarrel with Stillingfleet,who had made him responsible forToland's opinions, dissociates himself fromhis follower. ' Mr. Locke's Reply to theBishop of Worcester's Answer to his. SecondLetter ' (1699) interpreted Toland as desirousto make amends for what the Unitarians had)omitted, by giving an account of reason.Leibniz in his conciliatory manner wrote' Annotatiunculae Subitaneae ad Librum deChristianismo Mysteriis carente ; Conscriptae8 Augusti 1701 ' (' A Collection of SeveralPieces of Mr. J. T.\ 1726, vol. ii, App. p. 60).Berkeley's ' Alciphron ' attacks Toland to-gether with the whole sect of Freethinkers orMinute Philosophers. Samuel Clarke -wrote' Some Reflections against Amyntor.' DanielDefoe contributed ' A farther Argumentagainst Ennobling Foreigners in Answer tothe Two Parts of the State Anatomy, 1717.'

Further material concerning this column,as well as unpublished letters of Toland, in-cluding his correspondence with Shaftesbury,will be given in my paper: " John Tolandand the Age of Enlightenment," to be pub-lished in B.E.S.

F. H. HEINEMASN.

SOME UNPUBLISHED LETTERS OFJOHN GIBSON LOCKHART TO

JOHN WILSON CROKER.I.1819-1824 (Continued).

(See ante p. 152.)T^HE most dramatic incident in Lockhart's* lifean incident which must have casta shadow over his early yearswas his chal-lenge of John Scott, editor of the LondonMagazine, at the beginning of 1821. Natur-ally in an age of periodical vindictiveness,duelling nourished. The next three lettersin Lockhart's agitated handwriting, thoughundated, must belong to early January 1821(the first letter should perhaps come last).

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