1914-1919 the world at war
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1914-1919 The World at War. “The lights are going out all over Europe: we shall not see them lit again in our lifetime.” Sir Edward Grey English Foreign secretary Monday, March 8, 1914 (4 months prior to outbreak of WWI). “The Great War” Begins (RCQs. Day 2 #10). - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
1914-1919The World at
War“The lights are going out all over Europe:
we shall not see them lit again
in our lifetime.”Sir Edward Grey
English Foreign secretaryMonday, March 8, 1914
(4 months prior to outbreak of WWI)
“The Great War” Begins (RCQs. Day 2 #10) Austria: must subdue Serbian separatism
– July 23, 1914: 10-pt. Ultimatum to Serbia Austria receives “blank check” from
Germany • July 25: William II & Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg
– Mobilization begins – War is declared• Austria vs Serbia, July 28; vs. Russia, July 30• Russia & France mobilized – Germany declares war vs.
Russia, Aug 1 / vs. Belgium, Aug 3 Germany’s Von Schlieffen Plan:
• Germany invades Belgium & violates Belgian Neutrality treaty of 1839 – France declares war, Aug 4
• 2-front: knock out France through Belgium, then on to Russia – trains troops for two fronts
– Result• Great Britain declares war on Germany, Aug 4• Aug 23 Japan (GB ally) declares war on Germany
(RCQs. Day 3 #1 & 2) – Click for Schlieffen Plan Map
Technology and Warfare
The Great Arms Race !!!! (RCQs. Day 3 #3 (last
question) Weapons were ahead of tactics– Machine guns– Barbed wire– Trench warfare– Hand Grenades– Heavy artillery– Tanks (Somme)– Gas Warfare –
mustard and nerve gas (see. CfL, 66-67)
British munitions plant
Trench Warfare on the Western Front
Machine Guns and Grenade Launchers
Trench Warfare (show scene 3 of Joyeux Noel)
Western Front: focused in France (RCQs. Day 3 #3)
Battle of the Marne: September 6-10, 1914 – GB & Fr halt German advance on Paris, spoil Schlieffen Plan
First Battle of Ypres: Oct. 14, 1914 - Trench Warfare / Second Battle of Ypres: April 22, 1915 - first use of poison gas
(RCQs. Day 3 # 8)
Battle of the Somme, 1916: Allied offensive
8 miles gained --- 2 ½ men die per inch; “I am staring at a sunlit picture of hell” Siegfried Sassoon
Battle of Verdun, 1916: German offensive
Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele): July 1917---stalemate continues – in water!
Second Battle of the Marne: March-August, 1918 – last decisive round of battles (w/ involvement of USA)
Third Battle of Ypres: Passchendaele
Almost exclusively fought in the trenches
Very little movement or capturing of enemy territory
Western Front - 1916
The War in the Air
German Aircraft
US 94th
The War at Sea
Heavy battleships – “Dreadnought”– Competition with
these ships began in the 1890s
– Each nation built heavier and larger ships
Submarines– Germans =
unlimited use– sparks US conflict
Eastern FrontEastern Front & Beyond: (RCQs. Day 3 #4, - 7)
Battle of Tannenburg – Aug. 30, 1914 (Gens. Hindenburg & Ludendorff)
Battle of Masurian Lakes – Sept. 9, 1914
Italy 1915 – abandons Germany & joins Allies by declaring war on Austria-Hungary
Gallipoli – British & Australians vs. Turks – April 1915
Ottoman Empire: Lawrence of Arabia—in 1917 British Col. T.E. Lawrence encourages Arabic revolts against Ottomans
Sinking of the Lusitania
(RCQs. Day 3 #9)
Germany sinks Lusitania – May 7, 1915 - 198 civilians, including 128 U.S. citizens killed
Great Britain and USA force Germany to adopt limited use of submarines
Jan. 1917 Germany returns to unrestricted use of subs – by April 1917 USA enters WWI!
The United States Weighs In Jan. 1917: Wilson pushes
for “peace without victory” America not involved
directly until April 6, 1917 (RCQs. Day 3 #10) Major incidents:
– Zimmerman Tele. 2/17: Germans use US telegraph lines to tell Mexico they’ll help regain territories
– Naval blockade• Jan 1917 resume unrestricted
sub warfare (against non-military vessels)
The Final Year(s) of the Great War
1917…little hope… BUT…
1917…Russian Revolution begins
1918…Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (btw. Germany and Russia)
Germany can move West!
1918…US offensive – 2nd Battle of the Marne Aug 8, 1918 German General Lundendorff admits defeat
October 6, 1918 German gov’t. requests armistice talks
Germany defeated…
Germany’s defeat – yes…Sept. 1918– Arguments over armistice ---
soldiers revolt, est. revolutionary councils (“soviets”)
– Wilhelm abdicates – flees to Holland
Nov. 11, 1918: Friedrich Ebert declares German Republic and armistice Kaiser
Wilhelm IIAbdicates 11/9/18
Victors– Great Britain– France– United States– Italy– Belgium– Portugal
Difficulty in Making Peace
Directly Defeated
–Germany–Austria-Hungary–Ottoman Empire–Bulgaria
Indirectly Defeated
–Russia
Major Personalities
Georges Clemenceau“The Tiger”
Woodrow Wilson
David Lloyd George“squeeze the orange until the pips squeak”
Italy: Vittorio Orlando
Versailles: a difficult peace
January 1919 – Paris – US, France, Great Britain, (Italy) +23 others– No Germany or Russia
The fight begins:– France: desire to punish Germany
• Demilitarized• Rhineland as buffer state
– Woodrow Wilson: desire for “Peace without Victors”• League of Nations (Jan 25, 1919); “open covenants of
peace”, reduction of armaments; self-determination
– GB: prevent France’s “buffer state”; make Germans pay $$
In the End– 5 sep. treaties w/ G, Au, Hu, Bu & OE
Results Results: Germany is blamed for the war
(Article 231 War Guilt Clause)– Army can be no bigger than 100,000– Reparations: for causing war - 32 billion dollars– Navy to be no larger than 24 ships – no subs– No new developments in air force– Demilitarize the Rhine area (but not a buffer state)– Lost 27,500 square miles of land League of Nations
(Alsace Lorraine, part of Prussia) New nations—imperialism continues
– Austria/Hungary:• Austria / Hungary / Czechoslovakia / Romania / Poland
/ Yugoslavia– “Polish Corridor” to Baltic– France: Lebanon / Syria– GB: Iraq / Palestine (w/Jewish Nat'l. home)– Japan: Germany’s holdings in China
Mandate: Countries would administer a territory on behalf of the League of Nations. But what about self-determination?
Results
The beginning of the end of 19th century imperialism…
Total number dead - over 9 million – France 1,500,000 Britain 1,000,000– Italy 500,000 US 116,708– Russia 1,700,000 Germany 2,000,000– Austria 1,250,000
A peace…made in quicksand (see Treaty of Versailles, pg. 90-91 of APEH Book 2 workbook)