19 june 2006david ng national institute of education singapore 1 strategic management of educational...
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19 June 2006 David NgNational Institute of Education Singapore
1
STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT OF EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN
SINGAPORE 1965 - 2005
19 June 2006 David Ng
National Institute of Education Singapore2
“We are not what we hope to be
But we are not what we used to be”
John Newton
19 June 2006 David Ng
National Institute of Education Singapore3
1st Industrialization and Educational Reforms
1st Industrialization Phase
1st Educational Reform
1965 – 1973:
1. Investment-oriented;
2. Labour-intensive manufacturing
1. Integrated Educational System;
2. Growth of Technical Education
19 June 2006 David Ng
National Institute of Education Singapore4
Table 2: Social Development Expenditure 1961 – 1965 (40% of Total Development Expenditure
Singapore $ million(Equivalent US $)
%
1. Health
2. Education3. Social Welfare4. Housing5. Sewerage6. Community Services7. Culture
35.80
94.48 1.77153.60 47.36 6.07 10.80
10.23
27.00 0.5143.9013. 54 1.73 3.09
349.99 (205) 100.00
1st Strategic Industrialization & Educational Reform
19 June 2006 David Ng
National Institute of Education Singapore5
1st Strategic Industrialization & Educational Reform
• Challenges
• Economic Strategy- Economic Development Board (EDB)
- Employment Act
19 June 2006 David Ng
National Institute of Education Singapore6
1st Strategic Industrialization & Educational Reform
• Educational Reform
• Strategy 1: Centralization of Primary and Secondary Education
• Strategy 2: Growth of Technical Education
19 June 2006 David Ng
National Institute of Education Singapore7
1st Strategic Industrialization & Educational Reform
• Strategy 3: EDB Training Centres
• Strategy 4: Company-based Training Centres
19 June 2006 David Ng
National Institute of Education Singapore8
1st Industrialization Phase & Reform: Achievements
• Economic Achievements
- Average growth 10%
- Manufacturing 24% share of GDP
- Unemployment rate 3.6%
19 June 2006 David Ng
National Institute of Education Singapore9
1st Industrialization Phase & Reform: Achievements
• Educational Achievements
- Student enrolment
- Primary School Leaving Examination (PSLE) 61% - 83%
- General Certificate of Education (GCE ‘O’) 53% - 69%
19 June 2006 David Ng
National Institute of Education Singapore10
2nd Industrialization and Educational Reforms
2nd Industrialization Phase
2nd Educational Reform
1974 – 1985:
1. Capital intensive industries
2. Foreign workers
3. High wage policy
1. New Education System (Efficient management sys)
2. Certification and Training in Technical Education
19 June 2006 David Ng
National Institute of Education Singapore11
2nd Strategic Industrialization & Educational Reform
1978 - 1979 1982 - 1983
Expenditure on education:
$32.75 million
Expenditure on education:
$374.68 million
19 June 2006 David Ng
National Institute of Education Singapore12
2nd Strategic Industrialization & Educational Reform
• Challenges
• Economic Strategy- Wage Correction Policy
- Higher Value Technological Industries
19 June 2006 David Ng
National Institute of Education Singapore13
2nd Strategic Industrialization & Educational Reform
• Educational Reform
• Strategy 1: Standardizing School Work Procedures and Processes
• Strategy 2: Curriculum Development Institute of Singapore
19 June 2006 David Ng
National Institute of Education Singapore14
2nd Strategic Industrialization & Educational Reform
• Strategy 3: Certification through part-time training in Technical Education
• Strategy 4: Foreign Company Participation in Institutes of Technology
19 June 2006 David Ng
National Institute of Education Singapore15
2nd Industrialization Phase & Reform:Achievements
• Economic Achievements
- Average growth 7.3%
- Nominal value-added $18,400 in 1979 to $27,000 in 1985
- Skilled manpower 11 % in 1979 to 22 % in 1985
19 June 2006 David Ng
National Institute of Education Singapore16
2nd Industrialization Phase & Reform: Achievements
• Educational Achievements
- PSLE from 83% - 88%
- GCE ‘O’ from 69% - 88%
- VITB certified 9% of existing workforce
19 June 2006 David Ng
National Institute of Education Singapore17
3rd Industrialization and Educational Reforms
3rd Industrialization Phase
3rd Educational Reform
1986 - 1997:
1. Services as engine of growth
2. Regionalization
1. Holistic Education
2. Quality Schools, Leaders, Teachers
3. Setting up Institutes of Technical Education (ITE)
19 June 2006 David Ng
National Institute of Education Singapore18
3rd Strategic Industrialization & Educational Reform
National Technology Plan
$2 billion (1991 – 1995)
National Science and Technology Plan
$4 billion (1996 – 2000)
19 June 2006 David Ng
National Institute of Education Singapore19
3rd Strategic Industrialization & Educational Reform
• Challenges
• Economic Strategy- Developing Industries Cluster Niche Areas
- Twin Pillars of Economic Growth: Services and Manufacturing
19 June 2006 David Ng
National Institute of Education Singapore20
3rd Strategic Industrialization & Educational Reform
• Educational Reform
• Strategy 1: School Leadership Training and Development
• Strategy 2: Excellence in Education through Quality Schools
19 June 2006 David Ng
National Institute of Education Singapore21
3rd Strategic Industrialization & Educational Reform
• Strategy 3: Setting up of Institutes of Technical Education
• Strategy 4: Total Training Concept of ITE
19 June 2006 David Ng
National Institute of Education Singapore22
3rd Industrialization Phase & Reform:Achievements
• Economic Achievements
- Average growth 8.6%
- Financial & business services in total GDP from 21 % in 1986 to 26 % in 1997
19 June 2006 David Ng
National Institute of Education Singapore23
3rd Industrialization Phase & Reform:Achievements
• Educational Achievements
- Enrolment of ITE students grew 84%
- GCE 5 ‘O’ Level from 70% (1991) – 82.7% (2004)
- Research scientists & engineers – 3,361 in 1987 to 11,302 in 1997
19 June 2006 David Ng
National Institute of Education Singapore24
4th Industrialization and Educational Reforms
4th Industrialization Phase
4th Educational Reform
1998 onwards:
Knowledge-based economy; Entrepreneurship
1. ‘Thinking Schools Learning Nation’
2. ITE Breakthrough Plan
19 June 2006 David Ng
National Institute of Education Singapore25
4th Strategic Industrialization & Educational Reform
Table 10: Singapore Educational Budget Allocation
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Budget (S$billion)
23.90 27.20 29.20 29.00 28.05 28.33 29.92
Percent to education
19.7 21.0 19.5 20.7 22.4 24.0 21.9
19 June 2006 David Ng
National Institute of Education Singapore26
4th Strategic Industrialization & Educational Reform
• Challenges
• Economic Strategy- Multilateral, Regional, Bilateral, FTAs
- Flexible Wage System; Low Taxes & Central Provident Fund
19 June 2006 David NgNational Institute of Education Singapore
27
ECONOMIC CHALLENGES
19 June 2006 David Ng
National Institute of Education Singapore28
Singapore’s economic growth slower and more volatile…
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001
% Change y-o-y Asian Financial Crisis
Average growth rate before crisis Average growth
rate after crisis
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001
% Change y-o-y Asian Financial Crisis
Average growth rate before crisis Average growth
rate after crisis
19 June 2006 David Ng
National Institute of Education Singapore29
China pulling lion’s share of FDI in Asia
Source: UNCTAD
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
Inward FDI, US$bn
India
Singapore
Asian Financial Crisis
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
Inward FDI, US$bn
China
ASEAN9
India
Singapore
Source: UNCTAD
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
Inward FDI, US$bn
India
Singapore
Asian Financial Crisis
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
Inward FDI, US$bn
India
Singapore
Asian Financial Crisis
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
Inward FDI, US$bn
China
ASEAN9
India
Singapore
19 June 2006 David Ng
National Institute of Education Singapore30
Develop Human Capital
• Flexible and diverse education system
• New Buzzwords: creativity, innovation, intellectual curiosity
and risk taking, entrepreneurial, broad-based education, passion, R&D, global mindset, rootedness, continual learning
19 June 2006 David Ng
National Institute of Education Singapore31
4th Strategic Industrialization & Educational Reform
• Educational Reform
• Strategy 1: School Excellence Model
• Strategy 2: Singapore Quality Class (SQC) Award
19 June 2006 David Ng
National Institute of Education Singapore32
SEM
19 June 2006 David Ng
National Institute of Education Singapore33
4th Strategic Industrialization & Educational Reform
• Strategy 3: ITE Breakthrough Plan
19 June 2006 David Ng
National Institute of Education Singapore34
4th Industrialization Phase & Reform: Achievements
• Economic Achievements
- Average growth 4%
- Strong growth in per capita GNI US$24,560 (2004)
19 June 2006 David Ng
National Institute of Education Singapore35
4th Industrialization Phase & Reform:Achievements
• Educational Achievements
- Enrolment of ITE students surpassing the 25% annual school cohort
- Continuing Education Training Programmes: trained 58,989 adult learners
- industry training partners trained 131,401 people
19 June 2006 David Ng
National Institute of Education Singapore36
4th Industrialization Phase & Reform:Achievements
• Educational Achievements
- TIMMS:
1st in Mathematics and Science
(1995, 1999,2003)
19 June 2006 David Ng
National Institute of Education Singapore37
4th Industrialization Phase & Reform:Achievements
- International Olympiads (2003):
Biology: 1 gold; 3 silver and 5th team placing out of 41 countries
Chemistry: 1 gold; 2 silver; 1 bronze and 10th team placing out of 59 countries
Mathematics: 2 bronze; 3 honourable mentions and 36th team placing out of 82 countries
19 June 2006 David Ng
National Institute of Education Singapore38
Life begins at 40
Thank You