18242266 word smart for the toefl by the princeton review excerpt
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TOEFLTRANSCRIPT
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Word Smart for the
TOEFLBy Vanessa Coggshall
PrincetonReview.com
RandomHouse,Inc.NewYork
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The Independent Education Consultants Association recognizes The Princeton Review as a valuable resource for high school and college students applying to college and graduate school.
The Princeton Review, Inc.2315 BroadwayNew York, NY 10024E-mail: [email protected]
Copyright 2009 by Princeton Review, Inc.
All rights reserved. Published in the United States by Random House, Inc., New York, and simultaneously in Canada by Random House of Canada Limited, Toronto.
ISBN: 978-0-375-42921-7ISSN: 1946-3065
Editor: Rebecca LessemProduction Editor: Emma ParkerProduction Coordinator: Kim Howie
TOEFL is a registered trademark of Educational Testing Service.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
John Katzman, Chairman, FounderMichael J. Perik, President, CEO
Stephen Richards, COO, CFORob Franek, VP Test Prep Books, Publisher
EditorialSeamus Mullarkey, Associate Publisher
Rebecca Lessem, Senior EditorLaura Braswell, Senior Editor
Selena Coppock, EditorHeather Brady, Editor
Production SErvicESScott Harris, Executive Director, Production Services
Kim Howie, Senior Graphic Designer
Production EditorialMeave Shelton, Production Editor
Emma Parker, Production Editor
random HouSE PubliSHing tEamTom Russell, Publisher
Nicole Benhabib, Publishing ManagerEllen L. Reed, Production Manager
Alison Stoltzfus, Associate Managing EditorElham Shabahat, Publishing Assistant
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acknowledgmentsThankstotheentirestaffofThePrincetonReview,includingRobFranek,SeamusMullarkey,andespeciallyRebeccaLessem.Thanksalsotomyfriendsandfamilyfortheirunwaveringsupport(youllseeyournamesthroughoutthisbook).Finally,thankstomyheadresearcherandpivottablecreator,DanCoggshall.
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contents
Introduction.................................................................................................1
Chapter1ChangeYourTune........................................................................13
Chapter2ExpressYourself..........................................................................33
Chapter3ThinkItOver...............................................................................45
Chapter4GrowingandShrinking.................................................................57
Chapter5Extra,Extra,ReadAllAboutIt!.....................................................77
Chapter6LookWhosTalking......................................................................89
Chapter7PersonalityTraits.......................................................................109
Chapter8TheUsualSuspects.................................................................... 121
Chapter9CauseandEffect........................................................................ 141
Chapter10CompareandContrast.............................................................. 153
Chapter11LargeandinCharge.................................................................. 173
Chapter12TheNaturalWorld.................................................................... 185
Chapter13SeeingIsBelieving................................................................... 197
Chapter14MakeYourCase....................................................................... 217
Chapter15ActionsSpeakLouderthanWords.............................................229
Chapter16DataandExperiments.............................................................. 241
Chapter17ItsAboutTime........................................................................ 261
Index.......................................................................................................273
AbouttheAuthor...................................................................................... 277
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IntroductIon
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WordSmartfortheTOEFL
AtThePrincetonReview,wevealwaystriedtomakethelearningprocessasenjoyableandinterestingaspossible.
Theoretically,ifyouwantedtolearnvocabulary,youcouldreadadictionary.However,thatisntmuchfun,anditscertainlynotgoingtohelpyoudowellonaspecificstandardizedtest.
So,wefiguredouthowtomakelearningenjoyableandapproachable.Weemploythismethodinourclasses,andwewriteourbookswiththeintentionthatlearn-ingshouldntbeachore.
OurfirstWord Smartbook,whichwaspublishedin1988,showedthatlearningwordscanbeapleasantexperience.ThepopularityofthatbookleadtomanyotherWord Smarttitles:Word Smart II,Illustrated Word Smart,Word Smart for the GRE,andsoon.WealsoaddedGrammar Smart,Writing Smart,andMath Smarttothemix.
Withthisbook,wevecombinedourWord SmartapproachtolearningwithourIl-lustrated Word Smartphilosophy:CreativesentencesandmemorableillustrationswillhelpyoutorememberwordsthatyouneedtoknowfortheTOEFL.
Thisbookcontains50ofthewordsmostcommonlyseenontheTOEFL,eachac-companiedbyitspronunciation,partofspeech,definition,andacleversentencetohelpyourecallthewordsmeaningwhenyouretakingthetest.Manyofthewordsaresupplementedwithanillustrationtofurtheraidyourabilitytoremem-berthewordsdefinition.
What Is the toEFL?TheTOEFLisatestthatassessesyourproficiencyinthetypeofEnglishusedinanacademicenvironment.ThetestisadministeredontheInternet.
Theexamtakesaboutfourhourstocompleteandintegratesfouressentialskillsreading,listening,writing,andspeaking.Thismeansthatanygivenques-tionortaskmayrequireyoutouseoneormoreoftheseskills.Forexample,be-foreattemptingawritingtaskontheTOEFL,youmayfirsthavetoreadapassageandlistentoalectureonthetopic.
Fortunately,becauseittestseachofthefourskillsinfairlyspecificways,theTOEFLisnotasdauntingasitmayseem.Tobecomemorecomfortablewiththetypeofwriting,speaking,reading,andlisteningskillsthatarerequiredtogetagoodscoreontheexam,pickupacopyofCracking the TOEFL iBT,whichoffersathoroughreviewoftheentiretest.
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Introduction
the Structure of the testTheTOEFLisbrokendownintofourdistinctsections,oneforeachoftheskillspreviouslylisted.However,eachsectionmayrequireyoutousemorethanoneofthesefourskills.Thestructureofthetestisasfollows:
OneReading section,consistingofthreetofivepassagesthatareroughly700wordseachEachpassagewillbefollowedby1to14multiple-choicequestionsaboutthecontentofthepassage.Mostofthesequestionswillbeworthonepointeach,thoughafewquestions,locatedtowardtheendofthesection,maybeworthmore.Youwillhave60to100minutestocompletetheentiresection.
OneListening section,consistingofsixtonineaudioselections,eachofwhicharethreetofiveminuteslongTheselectionswillconsistofeitheracademiclecturesorcasualconversations.Aftereachselection,therewillbefivetosixmultiple-choicequestionsaboutthecontentofthelectureorconversation.Youwillhave60to90minutestocompletetheentiresection.
OneSpeaking section,consistingofapproximatelysixspeak-ingtasksMostspeakingtaskswillalsorequiresomelisteningandsomereading.Youwillhavetospeakfor45or60seconds,dependingonthetask,andyouwillhave0minutestocompletetheentiresection.
OneWritingsection,consistingoftwowritingassignmentsAswiththeSpeakingsection,theWritingsectionrequireslisteningandsomereading.Youwillhave50minutestocompletetheentiresection.
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4 WordSmartfortheTOEFL
How the test Is ScoredAfterfinishingtheTOEFL,youwillreceiveascoreoffrom0to0foreachofthefoursections.Youwillalsoreceiveatotalscoreonascaleof0to10.Eachscorecorrespondstoapercentileranking.Thisnumbershowshowyourscorecompareswiththescoresofothertesttakers.Forexample,atotalscoreof100wouldputyouinthe89thpercentile,meaningthatyouscoredhigherthan89outof100testtakers,whereasascoreof50wouldputyouinthe6thpercentile.TheaverageTOEFLscoreisaround68.
Noticethatthe0to0scoresarescaledscores,meaningthatthe0to0numberdoesntrepresenthowmanyquestionsyouansweredcorrectlyorhowmanypointsyouressaywasawarded.Forexample,theReadingandListeningsectionseachcontainroughly40questions.Youwillgetapointforeachcorrectanswer(someReadingsectionquestionswillbeworthtwopoints)andapenaltyforeachincorrectanswer.Attheendofthesection,yourrawscore,whichrepresentshowmanypointsyouveearned,istalliedandconvertedtoanumberonthe0to0scale.
TheWritingandSpeakingsectionsarescoredsomewhatdifferently.Eachwritingsamplereceivesascoreofbetween0and5.Theserawscoresarethenconvertedtothe0to0scale.Similarly,eachspeakingtaskreceivesascoreoffrom0to4.Thescoresfromallsixspeakingtasksareaveragedandconvertedtothe0to0scale.
How Are the Scores used?CollegesanduniversitieswilllookatyourTOEFLscorewhenconsideringyourapplication.Ofcourse,yourTOEFLscoreisnottheonlyfactorthataffectsyourchanceofadmission.Collegesanduniversitiesalsolookatyouracademicperformance,lettersofrecommendation,applicationessays,andscoresonotherstandardizedtests.AlthoughahighTOEFLscorewillnotguaranteeadmissiontoaparticularprogram,alowtestscorecouldjeopardizeyourchances.
SomeschoolsandprogramsmayrequirestudentswithTOEFLscoresbelowacertaincutoffscoretotakesupplementalEnglishclasses.Othersmayacceptonlythoseapplicantswhoscoreaboveaparticularcutoffscore.Makesureyoucheckwiththeprogramstowhichyouareapplyingforspecificinformation.
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Introduction 5
the computer-Based Format used for Internet-Based testing (iBt)TheTOEFLisacomputer-basedtestthatisdeliveredtotestingcentersviatheInternet;therefore,theTOEFLcanbeofferedatlocationsthroughouttheworld.ThetestisadministeredbyEducationalTestingService(ETS),thesametest-ingorganizationthatadministerstheGRE,SAT,andotherstandardizedtests.AccordingtoETS,Internet-basedtesting(iBT)isaneasierandafairerwaytocapturespeechandtoscoreresponses.ItalsomakesitpossibleforETStogreatlyexpandaccesstotestcenters.
TheiBTformatwillbenewtotheuntrainedeyeandmaybeintimidating,especiallyifyouhavenevertakenatestonacomputer.AbrieftutorialisofferedatthebeginningoftheTOEFL,inordertoallowtesttakerstimetofamiliarizethemselveswiththeformat.However,youshouldconsiderfirsttakingapracticetestatETSsTOEFLpracticetestwebsite,http://toeflpractice.ets.org,soyourenotsurprisedbytheInternetformatontestday.
Clearly,youwouldntapproachacomputer-basedTOEFLreadingpassageinthesamewaythatyouwouldapproachapaper-basedtest.Foronething,youwontbeabletounderline,circle,orotherwisemakemarksonthetext.(Well,youcould,butthetestingcenterprobablywouldntbehappyifyouruineditscomputerscreens!)
Also,onthecomputer-basedTOEFL,youllhavetotakeeachportionofthetestinitsentirety.Inotherwords,youcannotskippartoftheReadingsection,goontotheListeningsection,andthenreturntotheReadingsection;however,youcanskipquestionswithincertainsectionsoftheReadingsection.
Theaudioportionsofthetestarealsocomputerbased,andthespeakingportionwillaskyoutospeakintoarecordingdevice.
registering for the toEFLTheeasiestwaytoregisterfortheTOEFLisonlineatwww.ets.org/toefl/index.html. BecausethetestisInternetbased,manytestingtimesareavailable,althoughthisisntnecessarilytrueoverseas.Makesuretoregisterearlysothatyoureceiveatestingtimeandlocationwithwhichyouarecomfortable.
YoumaytaketheTOEFLasmanytimesasyoulike.Manyprogramswillsimplytakeyourbestscore,butdontforgettocheckwithadmissionscounselorsfromtheschoolstowhichyouareapplyingforspecificinformation.
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6 WordSmartfortheTOEFL
Vocabulary and the toEFLMasteringvocabularyisanintegralpartofsucceedingontheTOEFL.OntheReadingsection,itcanaidincomprehensionofthepassage.Itcanalsohelpyoutoidentifythecorrectansweronvocabulary-in-contextquestions,whichgiveyouawordfromapassageandaskyoutoselectasynonymfromfouranswerchoices.
OntheListeningsection,masteringvocabularywillallowyoutounderstandcon-versationsandlecturesmoreeasily.Also,knowingthedefinitionandspellingofwordsthatyouarewritingdownwillhelpyoutotakenotesquickly,asopposedtoponderingeveryunknownword.
OntheSpeakingsection,yourresponsetothequestionwillbemoreimpressiveifyoucorrectlyusethesevocabularywords,includingaccuratepronunciation.Youwillbejudgedonyouruseofgrammarandvocabulary,aswellasotherfactors,suchasdelivery.Furthermore,partsoftheSpeakingsectionrequireyoutoreadandunderstandapassage,forwhichvocabularyisessential.
OntheWritingsection,youwillagainhavetheluxuryofimpressingthegraderswithresponsesthatarerichinvocabulary.And,aswiththeSpeakingsection,youwillhavetoreadandunderstandpassages,whichmakelearningvocabularycrucial.
Asyoucansee,everysectionontheTOEFLisimpactedbyvocabulary.Therefore,masteringthesewords,theirdefinitions,andthewaysinwhichtheyareusedandpronounced,isanessentialstepinTOEFLpreparation.
How We chose these WordsWechosethe50wordsmostcommonlyseenontheTOEFL.Insomecases,thesearenotthehardestwordsthatyouwillfindontheTOEFL;thisisintentional.StudyingahardwordthatwasusedononlyoneTOEFLexamandmayneverbeusedagainwillnothelpyoutodobetteronthetest.Infact,youcanfindendlesslistsonlinethatcontainincrediblydifficultwordsthatappearedononlyoneTOEFLexam;however,youwillmostlikelynotseeanyofthesewordswhenyoutakethetest.Wewantyoutolearnwordsthatappearoften,sothatwhenyouseethem,youimmediatelyknowthem.Whybotherlearningwordsthatwontappearontheexam?Spendyourstudyingtimeandenergywisely.
Furthermore,whenthetestwritersuseanincrediblydifficultword,oftentheywilladditsdefinition(eitherinparenthesesorafteracomma).Ifyouhavethedefinitioninfrontofyou,thereisnoneedtomasterthewordaheadoftime.WhenETSdoesntdefinedifficultwords,theyarenotoftenincludedintheques-tionsandare,thus,unimportantfordoingwellontheexam.Therefore,studyingthoseendlesslistsofincrediblychallengingwordswillbeawasteofyourtimeasfarasdoingwellonthetestgoes.
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Introduction 7
However,studyingmedium-levelwordsthathavebeenusedonmorethanoneTOEFL,andwillverylikelybeusedagain,willhelpyoudobetteronthetest.
Asyouflipthroughthisbook,youmaynoticethatsomeofthesemedium-levelwordslookfamiliar;youmayevenbelievethatyouknowthemeaning.However,beforecrossingoffthewordaslearned,youwillwanttobesurethatyoucandefinetheword,knowwhichpartofspeechitis,howtopronounceit,andhowtouseitinasentence.
Forinstance,youvemostlikelyseenthewordadvice.Butmakesurethatyouhavetrulymasteredit,andthatyouknowhowitdiffersfromthewordadvise.Thespellingisthesame,exceptforoneletter,butthepartsofspeechandthemeaningsaredifferent.
Trulymasteringeachwordinthisbook,nomatterhoweasysomemaylook,willmakeyoumorepreparedforallfoursectionsoftheTOEFLontestday.
Whatweresayingisthatifsomeofthewordsinthisbooksoundsimple,itsintentional.Notonlyarethesethewordsthatyouwillencounteronthetest,theyarealsotrickierthantheymayseem.Thoughtheymaysoundsimple,thesewordsareoftenunknowinglyusedincorrectlybytesttakers.
Wehavemadethedefinitionsasfundamentalaspossible:Theresnosenseinlearningawordifthedefinitionistoohardtounderstandandremember.Youcanfindmorecomplexdefinitionsinadictionary,butwefindthatthissimpleandstraightforwardapproachisbest,andthatitmakesthewordseasiertoremember.
Mostwordshavesecondandthirddefinitions.Forthewordsinthisbook,wepickedonedefinitionthedefinitionthatismostcommonlyusedontheTOEFL.Whileyoucanlearnadditionaldefinitionsbyreferencingadictionary,wehavesavedyoutime,becausethemaindefinitionsthatwepresentaretheonesyouwillneedtoknowforthetest.
Finally,mostwordshavemultipleforms;reducecanbereducing,reduced,andreduces.ThisbookpresentstheformsthataremostcommonlyfoundontheTOEFL.Ifreducedisrepeatedlyusedonthetest,wetestyouonthisformoftheword.
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8 WordSmartfortheTOEFL
How to use this BookThisbookisdividedinto17chaptersofrelatedwords.Forexample,thechaptertitledChangeYourTuneisaboutwordsthathavetodowithchangingandbeingdifferent,whilethechaptertitledExpressYourselfisaboutwordsthatrelatetogivingyouropinionandwinninganargument.Eachchapterrepresentsonemanageablesetofwordsthatcanbelearnedasachunk.
Ifyoutrytomemorizeallofthesewordsinonesitting,itwontwork.Ittakestimetotransferknowledgefromyourshort-termmemorytoyourlong-termmemory,sotakeatleastthreetofourdaystoletyourmindabsorbthewordsbeforemovingontoanewchapter.Occasionally,comebacktochaptersyouvealreadyreadtotestyourmemoryandreviewthesewords.
Attheendofeachchapter,youwillfinddrillsthatquizyouoneverywordinthechapter.Afterdoingthedrills,youcanconsulttheanswerkeytocheckyourwork.
Somechaptershavedrillsthatwillhelpyoupracticeyourspeakingandwritingskills.Thesechapterswillaskyoutoansweraquestion(eitherbyspeakingorwriting)usingeverywordinthechapter.Whiletherearemanypossibleanswerstothesequestions,ananswerkeywithsampleresponseshasbeenprovidedforyou.Anotherwaytopracticeyourspeakingskillsistoreadthesampleresponsesaloud.Themoreyoupracticeusingthesewords,themoreconfidentyouarego-ingtofeelaboutthemontestday.
Manyofthechapterscontainillustrations,whichwillhelpyoutorememberthemeaningofthevocabularywordspresented.Wehopeyouwillfindsomeoftheseillustrationsamusing,whichwillfurtherhelpyoutoremembereachwordsconnotation.
Pleasenotethatbecauseofthewaythechaptersaredivided,theydonothavetobereadinorder.Youcanchoosethechapterthatyoufindmostappealingandstartthere!
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Introduction 9
using notationsAswediscussedintheprevioussection,yourmissionistoreviewthesewordsuntilyouknowthembyheart.
Onedevicethatcanhelpyouidentifythewordsyouvemasteredandthewordsyoustillneedtolearnistheuseofnotations.Everytimeyouencounterawordinthisbook,youcanmakeamarktoindicateyourfamiliaritywithitspronunciation,itspartofspeech,anditsmeaning;allpartsareequallyimportant.Ifyouknowawordsmeaningbutcantpronounceit,thatwillaffectyourscoreontheSpeak-ingsection.Likewise,ifyouknowawordspartofspeechbutnotitsmeaning,youruntheriskofusingitincorrectlyandlosingpointsontheWritingsection.
So,toremindyourselfofyourfamiliaritywitheachofthesefactors,youcanmakemarksnexttoeachword.Forinstance:
meansWithoutadoubt,Iknowthepronunciation,partofspeech,andmeaning.
meansIdontknowthiswordoranyofitsotherparts. meansIknowoneortwothings,suchasthepronunciationorpartof
speech,butIdontknowotherparts.
Youcanconsiderthewordswithcheckmarksaswordsyouvemastered,andyoullonlyneedtoreviewthosewordsonceortwicebeforethetest.However,youllneedtocontinuetodrilltheothertwocategoriesuntiltheyfallintothecheckmarkcategory.Thisprocesswillsaveyoutimebecausethemajorityofyourstudyingwillberestrictedtothewordsthatyoustillneedtolearn.
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10 WordSmartfortheTOEFL
PronunciationWedontusestandarddictionaryphoneticsinourWord Smart books,forthesimplereasonthatmanypeopledontunderstandphonetics.Instead,weuseamodifiedphoneticapproachthatwebelieveislargelyintuitive.Thepronuncia-tionkeybelowshouldclearupanyquestionsyoumayhaveabouthowtouseourpronunciationguide:
The letter(s) is (are) pronounced like the letter(s) in the word(s)
a a bat,can ah o con,on aw aw paw,straw ay a skate,rake e e stem,hem,err ee ea steam,clean i i rim,chin,hint ing ing sing,ring oh o row,tow oo oo room,boom ow ow cow,brow oy oy boy,toy u,uh u run,bun y(ye,eye) i climb,time ch ch chair,chin f f,ph film,phony g g go,goon j j join,jungle k c cool,cat s s solid,wisp sh sh shoe,wish z z zoo,razor zh s measure
Allotherconsonantsarepronouncedasyouwouldexpect.Capitalizedlettersarethepartofthewordthatyoupronouncewithemphasis,oraccent.
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Introduction 11
other Ways to Boost Your VocabularyInadditiontoworkingwiththisbook,thereareotherwaysthatyoucanenhanceyourvocabularyonadailybasis;learningnewwordsandusingthemcorrectlywillbebeneficialtoyouoneverysectionoftheTOEFL(andinreallife!).
Herearesomeotherwaysyoucanboostyourvocabulary:
ReadmagazinessuchasTime, Discover, Entertainment Weekly, Sports Illustrated,andnewspaperssuchasUSA TodayorThe New York Times.Thiswillhelpyourcomprehensionaswellasyourvocabulary.
Watchtelevisionandlistentotheradio.Theseareenjoyablewaystolearnthelanguage!Almostanyshoworprogramwillbehelpful.
DoaquicksearchontheInternettofindanumberofhelpfulwebsiteswhicharedevotedtohelpingpeoplelearnEnglish.Youcanevenfindonlinedictionarieswithaudiothatwilldemonstratehowtopronouncenewwords.
Makeanefforttoengageinconversationusingwordsthatyouarestillintheprocessoflearning.Youcanevenchatwithpeopleonlinetotryoutyournewvocabulary.
Whenyouhearawordthatyoudontknow,writeitdownimmediately.Comebacktoitlateranddothreethings:(1) Lookupthewordinthedictionaryandwritedownonaflashcardits
pronunciation,partofspeech,anddefinition.() Makeasentenceusingthatword.() Continuetoreviewtheflashcarduntilyouknowallthepartsofyour
newwordandcanuseitinasentence.
What Is the Princeton review?ThePrincetonReviewisthepremiertest-preparationcompany;wepreparetensofthousandsofstudentseachyearfortestssuchastheTOEFL,SAT,GMAT,GRE,LSAT,andMCAT.AtThePrincetonReview,wespendcountlesshoursresearchingtestsandfiguringoutexactlyhowtocrackthem.Weofferstudentsproven,high-poweredstrategiesandtechniquesthathelpthembeatthetestsandachievetheirbestscores.
Inadditiontoourbooks,weofferbothliveclassroominstructionandonlinecourses.Ifyouwouldlikemoreinformationaboutourprograms,visitusatPrincetonReview.com.
IfyouarelookingforinformationonPrincetonReviewcoursesofferedoutsidetheUnitedStates,gotowww.princetonreview.com/international-locations.aspx.
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