1812-1824

War of 1812No burning national anger at outsetCountry divided over the battleYet outcome is renewed sense of nationalismAlso results in Protective manufacturing and

road building

CanadaArmy was ill-prepared and consisted of old

Revolutionary War vets.Lost many land battles, then tried their

success on the waterBattled on the Great Lakes

Oliver Hazard Perry-Lake ErieBattle of Thames October 1813Lost support of France due to Napoleon’s exile

Washington is Burning!4,000 Redcoats advanced on Washington

August 1814Set fire to the Capitol and the White HouseAmericans did not allow the capture of Ft.

McHenryFrancis Scott Key- Star Spangled Banner

New OrleansBritish attack in 1814Jackson pleas with governor of LA. to enlist his

free blacks to battle the British (extends them equal rights and privileges)

7,000 Sailors, regulars, pirates, Frenchmen 400 Free Blacks vs. 8,000 British vets.

Jan. 8 1815 killed 2000 British in 1st half hourCompared to 70 Americans

Treaty of GhentMediated by Tsar Alexander I of RussiaWanted to keep their British allies against

NapoleonBritish wanted neutralize Indian buffer state in

Great Lakes region.Americans flat refuse and Britain retreats due

to European ConflictsTreaty was an armistice both sides stopped

fighting and gave back their conquered territories

Federalists and Hartford Convention

New England prospers during conflictIllicit trade with enemy in Canada

Some want a separate treaty with New England“Blue Light” FederalistsDec 1814-Jan 1815 Hartford Convention-before

New Orleans victoryMassachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island,

Vermont, New HampshireDemand financial assistance from Washington for

loss of trade Want 2/3 vote before an Embargo, War, or New

State admitted

Continued Demands of HartfordWant to abolish 3/5 compromise due to Fear of

falling to agrarian South and WestProhibit the election of two successive

presidents from the same state ( Virginia Dynasty)

Arrive in torched Washington same time as News of victory from New Orleans

End of the Federalists- nominate last candidate but was defeated by James Monroe

Jeffersonian Embargo and war effort continued to support New England’s ideas of Nullification and secession

Second War for IndependenceWar of 1812 won Americans great respect and

recognitionSectionalism identified with New EnglandMain casualty of war- FederalistsWar heroes emerged- later become Presidents

JacksonHarrison

Indians give up lands in the North of Ohio RiverCanada feels betrayed1817 Rush-Bagot Agreement (Brit and US)

Limited naval armament on lakesLargest unfortified boundary 5,527 miles

Nascent NationalismInternational renown writers

Washington IrvingJames Fenimore CopperSchool Books written by Americans not British

Bank of US 1816 voted by congressArmy expands to 10,000 and Navy continues

being dominant (Africa and Mediterranean)

American SystemManufacturing became nationalized Self-Imposed Embargoes led to American

made products1815 British had an oversupply of goods and

wanted to dump them on AmericansSold at low prices in order to hurt the infant

American businessesCongress passes Tariff of 1816 20-25% used

to protect business

Henry Clay’s 3 Part Plan1. Strong Bank System

Provide abundant credit2.Protective tariff

Eastern manufacturing will flourish3.Network of roads and canals

Especially in Ohio Valley and West Leading to flow of food and raw materials with

return of manufactured productsWanted $1.5 Mil to be spent on road construction

President Madison vetoes this and leaves it up to the states to build on their own

Erie Canal (New York 1825)

New England’s Fear of Roads!Does not want a federal intrastate programRoads and Canals would lead to:

Population drainCreation of competing states

Era of Good Feelings????1816 James Monroe (R) elected-continued Virginia

DynastyNot a “showy” president, but welcomed in all

parts of the country he visited- Boston newspapers labeled it the “Era of Good Feelings”

Hot Issues on the Back BurnerTariffsThe BankInternal ImprovementsSale of public landsSectionalism

Panic of 1819- Hard TimesParalyzing Economic Panic

Deflation, depression, bankruptcies, unemployment, soup kitchens.. Sound Familiar??

Reasons: Over speculation of frontier lands in the west by government “outdoor gambling”

Poor classes imprisoned for debtMothers torn from children for a few dollarsRemedial legislation in increasing states

Growing Pains of the West9 Westward States join the 13 from 1791-1819Maintain North/South sectional balanceWhy this explosive expansion?

Continuation of older generations westward expansionCheap land “Ohio Fever” for European ImmigrantsLand exhaustion in tobacco statesSmall down payments accepted by Glib speculatorsDefeat of Indians in Northwest/South by

Jackson/HarrisonBuilding of Highways- Cumberland Rd. 1811

Maryland-IllinoisUse of Steamboats 1811 – upstream navigation

Minuses of the WestWeak in population and political influenceForced to ally with other sectionsLand Act of 1820

80 Acres for $1.25/acreCheap transportationCheap Money “wildcat” banks

Slavery and the Sectional BalanceMissouri becoming a state

Congress wanted to use as a Slave stateHouse of Representatives passed the Tallmadge

amendment No more slaves Children born to slaves are free Pushed by Federalists to hurt the “Virginia Dynasty” Northerners dominated House of Reps. Senate had 2 reps from each state and at this moment

11 slave and 11 free- Missouri would upset balance Northerners argued against this “peculiar institution”

Missouri CompromiseHenry Clay..once again interjects

1. Missouri admitted as slave state2. Maine becomes its own free state separate of

Mass.3. Future bondage prohibited in the remainder of

the Louisiana Purchase north of the southern boundary of Missouri

No real solution to the “peculiar institution” Slavery was not desired in prairie lands in the northMonroe re-elected almost unanimously- got all but 1

vote

John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism

McCullough v. Maryland 1819Maryland tried to destroy bank with taxes on notesBank is constitutional by implied powers Denied the right of Maryland to tax the bank“The power to tax involves the power to destroy”

“that a power to create implies a power to preserve”Increasing federal authority“Intended to endure for the ages to come and,

consequently to be adapted to the various crises of human affairs”

“let the end be legitimate”

John Marshall continued…Cohens v Virginia 1821

Supreme Court has the right to review state supreme court decisions on federal government matters (loto tix)

Gibbons v Ogden 1824New York to grant steamboat monopoly

between NY and NJ.Constitution conferred on Congress alone for

Interstate CommerceAnother blow at State Rights!!!

Marshall kicking states in the faceFletcher v Park 1810

Georgia grants 35 mil acres to private speculatorsAngry public tried to get legislature to cancel the

illegal transactionMarshall interjects and rules that “Constitution forbids

state laws “impairing” contracts” no matter how fraudulent

Dartmouth v Woodward 1819Granted as a charter by King George III in 1769; New

Hampshire wanted it changed Marshall rushes in and says byahh!! Or “Constitution

protected contracts against state encroachments”

Oregon and The Sunshine StateMonroe and Secretary of State JQA come up with

Treaty of 1818- Britain and US share the territory in Oregon country for 10 years

Wrath of JacksonUS had West Florida already then grabbed Mobile

and ratified it by 1812Many revolutions took place in South America and

Spain was pre-occupiedJackson took this chance to search for runaway

slaves and Seminole Indians in Spanish Florida1818 Jackson hung 2 Indian chiefs, then 2 British

subjects and almost the Spanish governor

Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819Monroe and his cabinet wanted to

stop/punish JacksonJQA did not, actually wanted concessions

from SpainSpain gave up Florida and Oregon as long as

they kept Texas….(until we again take more land from them…)

Menace of Monarchy in AmericaAfter Napoleon we have the Congress of Vienna:

Russia, Austria, Prussia and FranceThey are trying to go back to the good ol days of

despots and want to stop democracy. Specifically by restoring the revolted colonies in South

AmericaAmerica is endangered due to proximityRussian Bear barreling South from Alaska mainly

occupying from British Columbia to San Francisco BayAugust 1823 British foreign secretary Canning meets

with American minister in joining forces against Europe

The MONROE DOCTRINE>>>>>In December 1823, in a message to Congress,

Monroe set forth the following principles, which would later become known as the Monroe Doctrine: The Western Hemisphere was no longer open for

colonization The political system of the Americas was different

from Europe The United States would regard any interference in

Western hemispheric affairs as a threat to its security The United States would refrain from participation in

European wars and would not disturb existing colonies in the Western Hemisphere