179 south sudan - compounding instability in unity state

8/3/2019 179 South Sudan - Compounding Instability in Unity State

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ZCP]D ZPMIL?

JCKXCPLMELB ELZ]IFENE]U EL PLE]U Z]I]@

Igreji V`pcrt L925 92 Cjtcf`r 6899


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4/45


ZCP]D ZPMIL? JCKXCPLMELB ELZ]IFENE]U EL PLE]U Z]I]@

@T@JP]EW@ ZPKKIVU

Plety stit` jclgrclts i s`t cg jdinn`lb`s ulpirinn`n`m elZcutd Zumil. Zck` x`kpnegy jclj`rls tdit r`best`r ijrcsstd` k`rbelb r`pufnej1 ctd`rs ir` ulequ` tc td` stit`. Zet-uit`m ifrìst kuntepn` grclte`rs, ets pcnetejin, scjein, `jc-lckej ilm s`jurety men`kkis kia` gcr i p`rg`jt stcrk.Zck` div` g`st`r`m gcr yìrs, wden` kcr` r`j`lt m`v`n-

cpk`lts prckpt`m fy td` pirtetecl cg td` cnm Zumil div` `xij`rfit`m elstifenety ilm elt`lsege`m r`scurj` pr`s-sur`. V`j`lt r`f`n kenetei ijtevety dis mriwl jclsem`rifnìtt`ltecl tc td` stit`, debdnebdtelb elt`rlin grijtur`s ilmnit`lt bre`vilj`s. Fut td` giunt nel`s el Plety rul m``p`rtdil td` r`f`nnecls. I bcv`rlilj` jreses wetd i liteclinsuft`xt dis pcnires`m stit` pcnetejs ilm scwl s``ms cgmesjclt`lt. ]`rretcrein mesput`s, jrcss-fcrm`r t`lsecls,`jclckej escnitecl, m`v`ncpk`lt m`gejets ilm i stenn t`lu-cus Lcrtd-Zcutd r`niteclsdep insc gu`n elstifenety, ìjdcl` jckpculmelb td` l`xt ikem i ripemny vcnvelb pcst-elm`p`lm`lj` `lverclk`lt. Oufi, ilm ets elt`rliteclin

pirtl`rs, kust kirsdin itt`ltecl ilm r`scurj`s tcwirm td`gulmik`ltin scurj`s cg elstifenety el pnij`s nea` Plety egtd` `k`rbelb V`pufnej es tc rìnes` ets gunn pct`ltein.

Zelj` 6880, td` necls sdir` cg Oufis ilm elt`rliteclin itt`ltecl wis gcjus`m cl liteclin essu`s? ekpn`k`lti-tecl cg td` Jckpr`d`lsev` Xìj` Ibr``k`lt (JXI) tdit`lm`m td` jeven wir, vcniten` Lcrtd-Zcutd pcnetejs, td`r`g`r`lmuk tdit frcubdt ifcut Zcutd`rl elm`p`lm`ljìlm l`bcteitecls tcwirm i jclstrujtev` r`niteclsdep wetdAdirtcuk f`yclm pirtetecl. Zcutd`rl`rs nea`wes` put td`

ulegyelb bcin cg elm`p`lm`lj` idìm cg ctd`r bre`vilj`silm isperitecls. Lcw gcjus es sdegtelb tc td` nit`lt pcnete-jin, s`jurety, scjein ilm `jclckej stifenesitecl ib`lmi itdck`. Lcwd`r` ir` td` jdinn`lb`s m`g`rr`m kcr` vem`lttdil el Plety stit`.

Zetuit`m inclb td` Lcrtd-Zcutd fcrm`r ilm itcp kujd cgtd` Zcutds alcwl cen m`pcsets, Plety es i strit`bej t`rre-tcry ilm i prekiry scurj` cg td` jcultrys jclckej neg`-

fnccm. Ets suft`rrilìl r`scurj`s kim` et i j`ltr`pe`j` elZumils jeven wir1 ets p`cpn`, nilm, ilm scjein gifrej w`r`m`vistit`m fy twc m`jim`s cg jclgnejt tdit pett`m liteclin

gcrj`s, fcrm`r-irì prcxe`s, Zcutd`rl r`f`ns ilm ets cwl`tdlej Lu`r jnils ibielst cl` ilctd`r. Is fctd wculmsilm vèn`m inn`beilj`s r`kiel, td` n`bije`s cg tdes ri jcl-telu` tc elgnu`lj` td` pcnetejs, ilm elstifenety, cg td` pr`s`lt.

Xcnetejs el Plety ir` m``pny pcnires`m, ilm td` r`v`rf`ri-tecls ir` g`nt w`nn f`yclm stit` fculmire`s. Jetez`ls el kilystit`s dirfcur bre`vilj`s ifcut tdèr ncjin bcv`rlk`lts,

fut r`s`ltk`lt es pirtejunirny pinpifn` ilm wem`sprìm elPlety. ]d` mesput` it td` dìrt cg td` stit`s fcmy pcnetej es

pirtny nela`m tc frcim`r liteclin pcnetejs, td` ulr`jcljen`m

n`bije`s cg i nclb ilm mevesev` wir, ilm gulmik`ltin qu`s-tecls cg em`ltety ilm tdlej jckp`tetecl. Is l`w pcnetejinrìnete`s k`rb`, et r`kiels tc f` s``l wd`td`r td` inneilj`scg td` r`j`lt pist wenn `lmur`. Kily div` debd dcp`s tditelm`p`lm`lj` wenn piv` td` wiy gcr i l`w, kcr` m`kc-jritej ilm trilspir`lt imkelestritecl el F`lteu (is w`nn isel td` liteclin jipetin, Oufi), fut tdcs` dcp`s ir` jclme-tecl`m cl gulmik`ltin jdilb`s tiaelb pnij` el td` stit`.

I s`re`s cg irk`m r`f`nnecls k`rb`m el td` Zcutd el 6898-6899, s`v`rin el Plety. ]dcubd sck`tek`s meskess`m isk`r` irk`m cppcrtulesk, td`y div` tcb`td`r mriwl itt`l-tecl tc kcr` lm`kej bre`vilj`s, sck` cg wdejd ir` kil-eg`st el F`lteu. Mevesecls cv`r s`jurety pcnejy ilm i gniw`mjcult`r-elsurb`ljy strit`by debdnebdt`m i gikeneir men`kkicg irky elt`britecl. Il eljclsest`lt r`spcls` dis ye`nm`mkex`m r`sunts, sck`tek`s b`l`ritelb kcr` vecn`lj`, gu`n-nelb jckkulety bre`vilj`s, cr dikp`relb ggcrts tc frelbctd`r r`f`ns fija eltc td` gcnm. Lcrtd`rl suppcrt gcr sujdbrcups es debdny elgnikkitcry ilm kust jìs`, fut xt`r-lin sufv`rsecl r`kiels il xij`rfitelb ib`lt is kujd isi rcct jius`. I m`kclstrifn` jckketk`lt tc r`gcrks el td`s`jurety s`jtcr ilm run`-cg-niw elstetutecls, il cp`lelb cg

pcnetejin spij`, is w`nn is i kcr` stifn` Lcrtd-Zcutd r`ni-teclsdep wenn f` l`j`ssiry tc mesjcurib` gutur` r`f`nnecls.

Kìlwden`, fculmiry mesput`s ilm jrcss-fcrm`r t`lseclsp`rsest. ]d` Lcrtd-Zcutd fcrm`r es lcw il elt`rliteclinfculmiry, fut et es lct y`t m`kirjit`m ilm jretejin s jtecls eljnumelb el Plety r`kiel milb`rcusny kenetires`m.]d` sìsclin kebritecl cg lckimej Kess`reyi jittn`-d`rm`rstc Plety dis f``l elt`rrupt`m el r`j`lt yìrs, b`l`ritelbvecn`lj` ilm ilxe`ty inclb td` inrìmy t`ls` fcrm`r. Eltd` ifs`lj` cg l`bcteit`m kebritcry irrilb`k`lts ilmekpn`k`ltitecl cg i Lcrtd-Zcutd s`jurety pijt, td`r` r`-

kiels jclsem`rifn` ulj`rtielty is tc wdit td` jckelbsìscls dcnm. Nea`wes`, stenn ulm`gel`m elt`rlin fculmi-re`s gu`n elt`r-jckkulin t`lsecls elsem` Plety stit` ilmkily ctd`rs.


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Zcutd Zumil? Jckpculmelb Elstifenety el Plety Ztit`Jreses Brcup Igreji V`pcrt L925, 92 Cjtcf`r 6899 Xib` ee

I tukuntucus lm cg td` JXI ri, pirtetecl cg td` jcultry,mck`stej turkcen el td` Lcrtd, ilm td` ifs`lj` cg irrilb`-k`lts tc bcv`rl td` gutur` r`niteclsdep f`tw``l td` twcZumils div` jckpculm`m elstifenety ilm n`gt qu`steclsulilsw`r`m. ]`ls cg tdcusilms cg Zcutd`rl`rs r`turl`mgrck td` Lcrtd tc tdèr pnij`s cg crebel, tdèr gutur` ulj`r-

tiel is td` stit` strubbn`s tc ifscrf td`k. I Adirtcuk-ekpcs`m fncjaim` cg Lcrtd-Zcutd trilset rcut`s dis jdca`msuppny jdiels ilm jius`m `jclckej sdcja el il inrìmyescnit`m stit` jipetin. ]d` cutfrìa cg wir el lèbdfcur-elb Zcutd`rl Acrmcgil gurtd`r ulm`rkel`s jrcss-fcrm`rkcv`k`lt ilm trim`, prctrijts Lcrtd-Zcutd t`lsecl ilmdis mrev`l r`gub``s eltc Plety, kily cg wdck l``m k`r-b`ljy s`rvej`s.

Gelinny, r`scurj`s div` mrev`l elstifenety ilm wenn jcltel-u` tc sdip` td` pcnetejin, scjein ilm jclckej jdirijt`r cgtd` stit` el td` elm`p`lm`lj` `ri. Cen dis gu`nn`m td` li-

teclin `jclcky ilm b`l`rit`m stit` r`v`lu`. Fut Pletyjclstetu`lts r`kiel ulm`jem`m ifcut ets l`t `gg`jt, is til-befn` m`v`ncpk`lt biels ir` nijaelb, inn`bitecls cg cenr`v`lu` kesus` ir` wem`sprìm, ilm td` scjein ilm `lve-rclk`ltin jcls`qu`lj`s cg xtrijtecl p`rsest. ]d` issukp-tecl cg brìt`r cen s`jtcr r`spclsefenety wenn frelb jdilb`silm il cppcrtulety tc r`veset jcltrijts ilm cp`ritelb stilm-irms1 et kiy insc prckpt l`w elv`stk`lt. ]dcubd prcmuj-tecl es el m`jnel`, elmustry kilib`k`lt ilm td` r`niteclsdep

f`tw``l stit`, cen jckpile s ilm jckkulety wenn f` i a ym`t`rkelilt cg gutur` stifenety. Nirb`-sjin` nilm ijquese-tecls div` insc b`l`rit`m jcltrcv`rsy ilm mriwl itt`ltecltc elim`quit` r`bunitecl. ]d` pct`ltein gcr l`w jckk`r-jein elv`stk`lt wenn gcrj` nilm pcnejy essu`s tc td` gcr`.

]d` frutin n`sscls cg cen s`jtcr m`v`ncpk`lt el Plety ennus-trit` tdit rebcrcus r`bunitecl ilm bcv`rlk`lt cv`rsebdtir` l`j`ssiry tc prct`jt td` rebdts ilm elt`r`sts cg ncjin

pcpunitecls. Kìlwden`, vecn`lt jittn` riemelb iggnejts kilycg td` stit`s ibrc-pistcrinests, cgt`l stcaelb mesput`s wetd`tdlej Melai jckkulete`s el lèbdfcurelb Rirrip ilmNia`s Ztit`s.

Lcw tdit elm`p`lm`lj` dis f``l ijde`v`m, td` jdinn`lb`silm bre`vilj`s m`g`rr`m wenn eljrìselbny surgij` el wdites inrìmy i griben` `lverclk`lt. Kily isper` tc us` td`5td cg Ouny elm`p`lm`lj` miy tc kia` i frìa wetd td`trcufn`s, eloustej`s, ilm mevem`s cg td` pist. Fut ultil-bnelb Pletys w`f cg elt`rs`jtelb jdinn`lb`s wenn prcv` lcìsy tisa.

Oufi/Liercfe/Fruss`ns, 92 Cjtcf`r 6899


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ZCP]D ZPMIL? JCKXCPLMELB ELZ]IFENE]U EL PLE]U Z]I]@

E. EL]VCMPJ]ECL

Bev`l ets destcry, r`scurj`s, `tdlc-pcnetejin seblegejiljìlm ncjitecl it clj` fctd strit`bej ilm escnit`m Pletystit` es tcmiy i t`rretcry cg ulequ` ekpcrtilj` ilm jck-

pn`xety. Elstifenety kust f` jclsem`r`m el nebdt cg td`jckpnejit`m destcry cg tdes grcltnel` stit` wetdel td` cnmZumil, td` strit`bej elt`r`sts cg liteclin pcw`rs, ilm td`jckpn`x w`f cg r`niteclsdeps ilm sdegtelb inneilj`s ikclbtd` stit`s pcnetejin ilm kenetiry ijtcrs. I l`w jdipt`r eslcw fèlb wrett`l, is td` pcst-elm`p`lm`lj` trilsetecl

p`recm dis inrìmy prckpt`m jdilb`s ilm wenn jcltelu` tcelgnu`lj` td` jdirijt`r ilm stifenety cg td` stit`. ]des fija-brculm r`pcrt ilinys`s td` s`re`s cg elt`r-r`nit`m pr`s-sur`s ilm td` ulm`rnyelb bcv`rlilj` jreses tdit tcb`td`rtdrìt`l jcltelu`m m`stifenesitecl el Plety. Et immr`ss`sjclj`rls `xjnusev` tc td` stit`, is w`nn is tdcs` tdit `x-`kpnegy jdinn`lb`s `lm`kej tc td` `k`rbelb V`pufnej.

EE. Z]I]@ CVEBELZ ILMJDIVIJ]@VEZ]EJZ

Plety stit` ne`s el td` lcrtd-j`ltrin pirt cg Zcutd Zumil,ilm it ipprcxekit`ny :7,888 sq ak, es rcubdny td` sez` cgtd` L`td`rnilms. Et fcrm`rs Zcutd`rl Acrmcgil ilm Ifyètc td` lcrtd, is w`nn is Rirrip, Nia`s, Ppp`r Len` ilm

Oclbnè stit`s tc td` scutd. Ets lcrtd`rl fcrm`r ijjcultsgcr sck` 628ak cg td` fculmiry s`piritelb Zumil ilmZcutd Zumil, i nel` gerst stifnesd`m ulm`r Fretesd run` futwdejd r`kiels tc f` m`kirjit`m tcmiy.9

]d` Rdet` Len` Vev`r kiras kujd cg td` stit`s ìst`rlfcrm`r, wden` td` Fidr in Bdizin (Lik)6ruls w`st tc istf`gcr` ocelelb td` Rdet` Len`. ]d` Fidr in Irif ilm i s`-re`s cg ctd`r rev`rs ilm Len` trefutire`s insc triv`rs` td`stit`, tcb`td`r b`l`ritelb seblegejilt sìsclin gnccmelb.Kily cg td` stit`s ibrc-pistcrinests kcv` wetd td` sì-scls, is td` `xpilsecl ilm jcltrijtecl cg td`s` wit`rwiys

murelb td` Ouny-Z`pt`kf`r riely sìscl int`rs td` nilm-sjip` ilm kia`s gcr jclsem`rifn` irìs cg swikpy t`rriel.]d` stit`s lcrtd`rl brissnilm ilm wit`rwiys insc mriwFibbiri Irif jittn` d`rm`rs grck Zcutd`rl Acrmcgil mur-elb td` mry sìscl.

Plety es i pr`mckeliltny Lu`r dck`nilm. Ets lcrtd`rlkcstjculte`s ir` insc dck` tc s`jtecls cg td` Melai tref`,tdcubd td`y lukf`r gir g`w`r tdil td` Lu`r.:Destcrejinny,

9Gcr kcr` cl td` jclt`st`m fcrm`r, s`` Jreses Brcup Igreji

Fre`gelb L20, Zumil? M`gelelb td` Lcrtd-Zcutd Fcrm`r, 6 Z`p-t`kf`r 6898. Immeteclin r`pcrtelb cl Zcutd Zumil eljnum`s?Jreses Brcup Igreji V`pcrts L926,Xcnetejs ilm ]rilsetecl eltd` L`w Zcutd Zumil, = Ipren 68991 L905, Zumil? V`beclinX`rsp`jtev`s cl td` Xrcsp`jt cg Zcutd`rl Elm`p`lm`lj , 7 Kiy68981 ilm L90=,Oclbnès ]refin Jclgnejts? Jcult`relb Els`-jurety el Zcutd Zumil, 6: M`j`kf`r 6885. ]d` jclj`rls cgKess`reyi jckkulete`s ir` insc immr`ss`m el? Jreses Brcup Ig-reji V`pcrt L9=0, Zumils Zcutd`rl Acrmcgil Xrcfn`k? ]d`L`xt Mirgur3, 69 Cjtcf`r 6884.6Fidr in Bdizin es td` Irifej lik` gcr td` rev`r1 et es alcwl

fy td` Lu`r is td` Lik.:]d` 6884 Xcpunitecl ilm Dcuselb J`lsus jet`s td` tctin pcpu-

nitecl is ipprcxekit`ny 040,888. 0td Zumil Xcpunitecl ilmDcuselb J`lsus-6884? Xrecrety V`sunts, Xcpunitecl J`lsusJculjen, 67 Ipren 6885. Bev`l mufecus stitestejs r`jcrm`m el td`

Lcrtd, nija cg jclgem`lj` el td ijjurijy cg gebur`s el td` Zcutd


7/45

Zcutd Zumil? Jckpculmelb Elstifenety el Plety Ztit`Jreses Brcup Igreji V`pcrt L925, 92 Cjtcf`r 6899 Xib` 6

Kess`reyi lckims insc us` pirts cg td` t`rretcry tc briz`nirb` d`rms cg jittn`, tdcubd trimeteclin kebritecl prijtej-`s w`r` jckpnejit`m murelb td` wir ilm div` f``l el it`ls` deitus gcr s`v`rin sìscls.=Lel` jculte`s jckpres`Plety, ìjd cjjupe`m fy i mckelilt `tdlej suf-brcup.

Plety stit` jculte`s ilm tdèr pr`mckelilt `tdlej suf-brcup

Kiyck Fun Lu`rVufadcli N`à Lu`rIfe`klck Vuw`lb MelaiXireilb Vuw`lb Melai0Buet Oeaily Lu`rAcjd Oibè Lu`rKiy`lmet Diia Lu`rN``r Mca Lu`rXilyeoir Luclb Lu`r

Nea` kujd cg td` Zcutd, td` t`rretcry gcrk`rny alcwl isR`st`rl Ppp`r Len` (lcw Plety stit`) siw nettn` m`v`ncp-k`lt ulm`r Zumil`s` run`. Ets p`cpn` w`r` `jclckejinnyilm pcnetejinny kirbelines`m fy sujj`ssev` j`ltrin bcv`rl-k`lts el Adirtcuk. Cen wis mesjcv`r`m el td` nit` 9528sel td` Kubnim Fisel, lìr td` mestrejts imkelestritev`j`ltr` el F`lteu. ]des mesjcv`ry quejany int`r`m ittetum`sifcut td` t`rretcry, tdrust et tc td` j`ltr` cg Adirtcuksstrit`bej ib`lmi ilm untekit`ny jcltrefut`m tc td` cls`t cgZumils 954:-6880 jeven wir.

El td` ìrny 9548s, td` td`l pr`sem`lt, Oigiir Lek`re, it-

t`kpt`m tc r`mriw R`st`rl Ppp`r Len`, td` Ifyè irì,ilm pcrtecls cg Zcutd`rl Acrmcgil eltc i l`w Plety

prcvelj` il irì tdit wcunm strimmn` td` Lcrtd-Zcutdfcrm`r. ]d` riteclin` wis cst`lsefny tc prckct` td` emìnscg Lcrtd-Zcutd ulety ilm ìs` jckp`tetecl cv`r cen prc-j``ms. ]d` rìn kctevitecl, dcw`v`r, wis tc a``p td`l`wny mesjcv`r`m F`lteu irì cenge`nms iwiy grck ilyZcutd`rl r`beclin bcv`rlk`lt ilm gerkny ulm`r Adir-tcuks jcltrcn.7Fut td` prcpcsin wis r`fugg`m fy Zcutd-`rl prct`st, ilm td` jdilb` wis l`v`r rìnes`m.

ilm td` Lcrtd-Zcutd pcw`r pcnetejs tdit surrculm`m td` `x`r-jes`, td` 6884 j`lsus wis rò`jt`m fy td` BcZZ is w`nn is Zu-mils ctd`r p`repd`re`s. Jreses Brcup elt`rve`ws, j`lsus cggejeins,Oufi, G`fruiry 6899.=]d` Kess`reyi ir` Fibbiri Irif lckims wdc cjjupy pcr-tecls cg Zcutd`rl Acrmcgil stit` gcr pirt cg td` yìr ilm (lcr-kinny) kebrit` scutdwirm wetd tdèr jittn` murelb td` mry sì-scl. Z`` Z`jtecl WEE f`ncw gcr i r`ve`w cg Kess`reyi kebritecleltc Plety stit`.0]d` Vuw`lb Melai cg Xireilb ilm Ife`klck jculte`s ir`suf-mevem`m eltc td` Incr, Iw`t, ilm Auen.7Jreses Brcup kien jcrr`spclm`lj`, destcreil Mcubnis Ocdl-

scl, Iubust 6899. ]des wis lct td` gerst itt`kpt tc sèz` imkel-estritev` jcltrcn. El 9548, Liteclin Esnikej Grclt nìm`r Dissilin-]urife m`ves`m i pnil tc r`-mriw Lcrtd`rl t`rretcre`s is pirtcg td` prcpcs`m X`cpn`s V`beclin Bcv`rlk`lt Ijt, td`r`fy

El 954:, Adirtcuk r`jclstetut`m td` Zcutd`rl V`becl(Zcutd Zumil) eltc tdr`` skinn`r r`becls? Fidr inBdizin, Ppp`r Len`, ilm @quitcrei. Ppp`r Len` wis nit`rjirv`m eltc tderms, it wdejd tek` td` t`rretcry alcwl isR`st`rl Ppp`r Len` f`jik` Plety, wetd ets jipetin elF`lteu, tdcubd et r`kiel`m alcwl (pirtejunirny el td`

Zcutd) is R`st`rl Ppp`r Len`.2]d` lik` Plety stit`wis ibiel gcrkines`m upcl td` eltrcmujtecl cg Zumilsg`m`rin syst`k el 955=, wetd td` fcrm`rs tdcs` tdit r`kieltcmiy el td` l`w V`pufnej cg Zcutd Zumil.

Plety stit` cp`rit`s wetdel Zcutd Zumils g`m`rin syst`k1td` strujtur`s tdit `xest`m murelb td` p`recm cg Zcutd`rlr`beclin bcv`rlk`lt div` nirb`ny f``l rìggerk`m fy td`trilseteclin jclstetutecl cg td` V`pufnej cg Zcutd Zumil.4]d` stit` x`jutev` es dìm`m fy il n`jt`m bcv`rlcr, wdces kpcw`r`m tc ippcelt i m`puty bcv`rlcr, stit` imves`rsilm i jifel`t cg kelest`rs. Il n`jt`m stit` n`besnitev` is-

s`kfny es r`spclsefn` gcr niw-kiaelb. Fctd td` x`jutevìlm n`besnitev` t`rks ir` tc f` gev` yìrs, tdcubd td` cgge-jeins wdc wcl sìts el td` n`jtecls pr`j`melb elm`p`lm-`lj` wenn s`rv` i gcur-yìr t`rk p`r td` ibr``m trilsetecl

p`recm. I p`rkil`lt liteclin jclstetutecl ilm suppcrt-elb stit` jclstetutecls ir` tc f` m`v`ncp`m murelb td`trilsetecl.5

]d` stit` es kilmit`m tc stifnesd ncjin bcv`rlk`lt struj-tur`s el ijjcrmilj` wetd liteclin jret`rei ilm stilmirms

it td` jculty, piyik ilm fcki n`v`n.98M`spet` imcp-tecl cg td` Ncjin Bcv`rlk`lt Ijt el 6885, ncjin struj-

tur`s ir` lct w`nn `stifnesd`m el Plety cr `ns`wd`r` elZcutd Zumil, ilm wem`sprìm jckketk`lt tc m`j`ltrine-

itt`kptelb tc ill`x vinuifn` pcrtecls cg s`v`rin Zcutd`rl stit`stc eljrìs` jcltrcn cg cen ilm prek` ibrejunturin nilm. Mivem D.Zdell, Immes Ififi Ibr``k`lt? Ris et M`stel`m tc Gien ilmir` td`r` N`sscls gcr td` Jurr`lt Zumil Xìj` Xrcj`ss3,Il-lin`s m@tdecpe`, vcn. 68, lc. 68 (6880), p. 606.2Plety stit` wis int`rlitev`ny alcwl fy td`l r`f`n jckkilm`rVeà Kijdirs Lu`r-mckelit`m r`f`n gijtecls ilm tdèr jclstet-u`lje`s is Ne`jd stit`, i r`g`r`lj` tc Acit-Ne`jd, td` set` (el

pr`s`lt miy Acjd Jculty) cg td` tikirelm tr`` grck wdejd innLu`r p`cpn`s (ilm inn dukilaelm) ir` f`ne`v`m tc div` m`sj`lm-`m, ijjcrmelb tc Lu`r kytdcncby. Mcubnis Ocdlscl,Lu`r Xrcpd-`ts? I Destcry cg Xrcpd`jy grck td` Ppp`r Len` el td` Lel`-t``ltd ilm ]w`lte`td J`lture`s(Cxgcrm, 955=), pp. =0, :96.Ne`jd r`kiels il ekpcrtilt ilm speretuin pnij` gcr kily Lu`r,cgt`l veset`m gcr j`r`kcle`s ilm ctd`r kìlelbgun v`lts. Jre-ses Brcup elt`rve`ws, Lu`r nìm`rs, F`lteu, Oufi, 6899. Oclbnèilm Ppp`r Len` w`r` td` twc ctd`r stit`s tdit td`l jckpres`mtd` brìt`r Ppp`r Len` V`becl.4]d` trilseteclin jclstetutecl wis imcpt`m fy td` Zcutd ZumilN`besnitev` Iss`kfny cl 2 Ouny, ilm `lmcrs`m fy td` pr`sem`ltmurelb elm`p`lm`lj` miy j`r`kcle`s cl 5 Ouny 6899.5Plety stit` es tc f` r`pr`s`lt`m it td` liteclin n`v`n el fctd dcus-`s cg td` l`w n`besnitur`, td` Iss`kfny ilm td` Jculjen cg Ztit`s.98Ztit`s ir` mevem`m eltc jculte`s, wdejd el turl ir` sufmevem`meltc piyiks, wdejd kiy eljnum` luk`rcus fckis (vennib`s).


8/45

Zcutd Zumil? Jckpculmelb Elstifenety el Plety Ztit`Jreses Brcup Igreji V`pcrt L925, 92 Cjtcf`r 6899 Xib` :

sitecl r`kiels nusev`. Ncjin n`jtecls div` lct y`t f``ld`nm, tdcubd td` trilseteclin jclstetutecl rìggerks elt`l-tecl tc crbiles` td`k. It pr`s`lt, stit` bcv`rlcrs ippceltjculty jckkessecl`rs tc `x`rjes` ncjin `x`jutev` gulj-tecls, ilm td`s` gebur`s cgt`l cp`rit` wetd nettn` ijjculti-

fenety. ]rimeteclin iutdcrete`s ilm justckiry niw jcurts

div` insc f``l siljtecl`m fy td` stit`, tdcubd tdèr rcn`silm r`niteclsdeps tc ctd`r stit` elstetutecls ir` lct sugge-je`ltny m`gel`m.

EEE.N@BIJU CG RIV

]d` n`bijy cg wir stenn sdip`s pcnetejin rìnete`s el Plety.]d` gcrjefn` mespnij`k`lt jikpiebls eleteit`m fy td` j`l-trin bcv`rlk`lt el Adirtcuk, td` rcn` cg cen m`v`ncpk`lt

(eljnumelb cen jckpily jckpnejety) is i mrev`r cg jclgnejt,ilm td` m`vistitelb eltri-Lu`r jclgnejts tdit ulgcnm`mmurelb td` wir div` f``l xt`lsev`ny mcjuk`lt`m ilm ir`lct mìnt wetd el m`tien el tdes r`pcrt.99]des s`jtecl el-stìm debdnebdts td` preljepin mylikejs tdit jcltelu` tcjcltrefut` tc elstifenety el Plety tcmiy.

Xr`s`lt-miy Plety stit` wis ikclb td` irìs tdit sugg`r`mtd` wcrst cg td` 66-yìr jclgnejt, lct nìst mu` tc td` stri-t`bej vinu` cg ets cen ge`nms.96Murelb td` nitt`r stib`s cgXr`sem`lt Lekères run` (9575-9540), Adirtcuk f`bilirkelb prcxe`s wetd td` iek cg pusdelb td` fcrm`r gurtd`r

scutd. Keneteis ilm err`bunir s`jurety gcrj`s, `sp`jeinnytdcs` r`jruet`m ikclb lckimej Fibbiri tref`s el lcrtd`rl

fcrm`r stit`s, w`r` td` j`ltrin elstruk`lt cg tdes pcnejy.Frutin riems mespnij`m Melai ilm Lu`r jckkulete`s scutd-wirm, td`r`fy iss`rtelb bcv`rlk`lt jcltrcn cv`r jcv`t`mt`rretcry ilm r`scurj`s ilm s`jurelb i wem`r fugg`r zcl`.9:

]d` pcnejy wis sustiel`m murelb td` Zimeq in-Kidme (9547-9545) ilm Ckir in-Fisder (9545- ) imkelestritecls ilm`xpilm`m tc kpncy prc-bcv`rlk`lt Lu`r keneteis is pirtcg i mevem`-ilm-run` strit`by elt`lm`m tc inncw Adirtcuktc `xt`lm ilm ijj`n`rit` cen m`v`ncpk`lt.9=I mezzyelb

p`recm cg vecn`lt jclgnejt, `vcnvelb inneilj`s, ilm pcw`rpniys wetdel ilm ikclb Zcutd`rl gcrj`s ilm jckkulete`s(gr`qu`ltny lurtur`m fy mevesev` bcv`rlk`lt tijtejs) `l-

99Gcr m`tien`m ijjcults, s`` B`crb`tt` Biblcl, Ocdl Vyn`, V`-pcrt cg il Elv`stebitecl eltc Cen M`v`ncpk`lt, Jclgnejt ilm Mes-pnij`k`lt el R`st`rl Ppp`r Len`, Zumil, www.sumilirjdev`.l`t, Cjtcf`r 68891 Jreses Brcup Igreji V`pcrt L:5, Bcm,Cen,ilm Jculty? Jdilbelb td` Ncbej cg Rir, 64 Oiluiry 68861 ilmZumil, Cen, ilm Dukil Vebdts, Dukil Vebdts Ritjd, 688:.Gcr il iss`ssk`lt cg td` ekpijt cg kenetei-n`m jikpiebls el

R`st`rl Ppp`r Len` cl td` JXI l`bcteitecls, s``? Jreses BrcupIgreji Fre`gelb L9:, Zumils Cenge`nms Furl Ibiel? Frelakil-sdep @lmilb`rs td` Xìj` Xrcj`ss,98 G`fruiry 688:.96Plety stit`s prcmujelb ge`nms eljnum` jclj`ssecls el fncjas9, 6 ilm = ilm el 0I. ]dcubd irne`r gebur`s ir` lct w`nn mcju-k`lt`m, fncjas 9, 6 ilm = w`r` fctd td` debd`st prcmujelb ilmkcst nujritev` murelb td` JXI p`recm. Dcw`v`r, prcmujteclm`jnel`m stìmeny cv`r tdit tek`grik`. Gcr kcr` m`tien, s`` Z`j-tecl T ilm Ipp`lmex J f`ncw.9:Jreses Brcup Fre`gelb, Zumil? M`gelelb td` Lcrtd-Zcutd Fcr-m`r, cp. jet.9=]d` us` cg keneteis el tdes strit`by prcvem`m Adirtcuk i m`-br`` cg pniusefn` m`leifenety, wdejd, is JXI l`bcteitecls jcl-

telu`m, inncw`m et tc grik` td` gebdtelb is elt`r-`tdlej jclgnejt.]d` strit`by insc ulm`rkel`m Zcutd`rl r`jcljeneitecl ilm iek mtc kilepunit` td` clbcelb pìj` l`bcteitecls wetd td` ZXNI.Jreses Brcup Fre`gelb, Zumils Cenge`nms Furl Ibiel, cp. jet.


9/45

Zcutd Zumil? Jckpculmelb Elstifenety el Plety Ztit`Jreses Brcup Igreji V`pcrt L925, 92 Cjtcf`r 6899 Xib` =

su`m, it td` j`ltr` cg wdejd wis wdit sck` div` jinn`mtd` Lu`r jeven wir.90Mevesecls gcrk`m inclb `tdlej crsuf-r`beclin nel`s, fut inkcst is cgt`l irculm prckel`lt

p`rsclinete`s, p`rsclin elt`r`sts ilm sdcrt-t`rk tijtejincfo`jtev`s.

]d` s`re`s cg brcups ocja`yelb gcr jcltrcn eljnum`m? cgge-jein bcv`rlk`lt gcrj`s1 bcv`rlk`lt-fija`m Kess`reyikeneteis1 td` Zumil X`cpn`s Nef`ritecl Irky (ZXNI)1

Lu`r-mckelit`m frìaiwiy gijtecls n`m fy Veà Kijdir(eleteinny ZXNI-Liser, td`l Zcutd Zumil Elm`p`lm`lj`Kcv`k`lt ilm nit`r td` Zcutd Zumil M`g`lj` Gcrj`s)197ilm i gcrkemifn` jclst`nnitecl cg bcv`rlk`lt-fija`m

Lu`r irk`m brcups n`m fy Xiunelc Kite`p (is w`nn is td`prckel`lt jckkilm`r X`t`r Bim`t).92Kite`p i Fun Lu`rkenetei nìm`r ilm jckkilm`r cg td` Ilyilyi EE kcv`-k`lt wis td`l lc gre`lm cg ZXNI nìm`r Ocdl Birilb1el immetecl tc ijtelb is i bcv`rlk`lt prcxy el td` cen ge`nms,

d` `v`ltuinny f`jik` i pct`lt sykfcn gcr mesigg`jt`mLu`r ilm ctd`r scutd`rl`rs wdc dim rò`jt`m td` ZXNIilm ets nìm`rsdep.94

]d` pirtejunirny meggejunt `pescm`s, td` jckpn`x w`f cgp`rsclin revinre`s ilm tijtejin cfo`jtev`s tdit ulm`rpell`mtd`k ilm td` mevesecls td`y scw`m (cgt`l m`nef`rit`ny) ir`lct gcrbctt`l fy td` jeveneil pcpunitecl cg Plety stit`, kilycg wdck w`r` kcfenes`m fy cl` sem` cr ilctd`r. Is fctdwculms ilm vèn`m inn`beilj`s r`kiel, td`s` n`bije`s ir``vem`lt el td` ncjin pcnetejs, ilm elstifenety, cg td` pr`s`lt.

90Mcubnis Ocdlscl, ]d` Vcct Jius`s cg Zumils Jeven Rirs,(Fncckelbtcl, 688:), pp. 999-967.97Kijdir spnet grck td` kielstrìk ZXNI el 9559 ilm gcrb`mi tijtejin inneilj` wetd Adirtcuk el td` kem-9558s, f`gcr` r`-turlelb wetd des gcrj`s tc td` ZXNI el 6886. Kily wetdel td`kielstrìk ZXNK/I div` l`v`r gcrbev`l tdcs` wdc spnet.92Bim`t gcubdt cl fctd sem`s cg tdes jclgnejt. Z`` Z`jtecl WEgcr kcr` cl Bim`t, des fijabrculm ilm des r`j`lt r`f`nnecl.94Ocdl Uculb, @k`rbelb Lcrtd-Zcutd ]`lsecls ilm Xrcsp`jtsgcr i V`turl tc Rir, Zkinn Irks Zurv`y, Ouny 6882, p. 92.Kite`ps kenetei gcrj`s wdejd w`r` irk`m ilm fija`m fyAdirtcuk ocel`m wetd Veà Kijdir el 9559 ilm w`r` k`rb`meltc td` Zcutd Zumil M`g`lj` Gcrj`s (ZZMG) el 95521 Kite`pwis gcrkinny elt`brit`m eltc td` ZIG is i kiocr-b`l`rin el9554 ilm insc f`jik` ZZMG Jde`g cg Ztigg el 6886. ]d` meve-secl f`tw``l td` ZXNI ilm ZZMG keneteis wem`l`m it td` nit-t`rs xjnusecl grck td` pìj` prcj`ss wdejd ye`nm`m td` JXI.Kite`p ocel`m td` ZXNI el 6887 is m`puty jckkilm`r el jde`g,il elmejitecl cg des elgnu`lj` ilm tdit cg des gcrj`s. Dcw`v`r,elt`britecl cg des ilm ctd`r r`f`n gcrj`s eltc td` ZXNI r`kielseljckpn`t` ilm tdus i scurj` cg r`s`ltk`lt gcr gcrk`r ZZMG

ilm ZXNI k`kf`rs inea`. M`spet` Kite`ps cst`lsefn` pcseteclis lukf`r twc el td` irky, d` wis nirb`ny kirbelines`m, x`r-jes`m nettn` cp`riteclin jcltrcn ilm wis rir`ny jclsunt`m el m`je-secl-kiaelb prcj`ss`s.

EW.XCNE]EJIN XCNIVEZI]ECL ILM IJVEZEZ CG BCW@VLILJ@

Xcnetejs el Plety ir` m``pny pcnires`m. Jetez`ls el kilystit`s dirfcur bre`vilj`s ifcut tdèr ncjin bcv`rlk`lts,

fut r`s`ltk`lt es pirtejunirny pinpifn` ilm wem`sprìmikclb td` jclstetu`lts cg Plety, wdc g``n F`lteu es sug-g`relb i jreses cg pcnetejs.95It td` j`ltr` cg i mevesev`

pcnetejin stcrk es Bcv`rlcr ]ifil M`lb Bie,68 wdcs`nìm`rsdep ilm n`betekijy ir` fctd r`bunirny qu`stecl`milm i scurj` cg jclsem`rifn` jcltrcv`rsy. Cppcl`lts fnikÒufi gcr ekpcselb dek, irbuelb d` es lct td` bcv`rlcrcg td` p`cpn`1 d` es td` bcv`rlcr cg QXr`sem`lt[ Aeer.69Ijtcrs grck i wem` rilb` cg jclstetu`lje`s wcrry td` jur-r`lt irrilb`k`lt es lct sustielifn`, ilm td` pct`ltein ginn-cut grck jclteluelb pcniresitecl ilm elstifenety str`tjd`sw`nn f`yclm stit` nel`s.

Fim bcv`rlilj` es td` kcst cgt`l jet`m xpnilitecl gcr td`trcufn`m stit` cg iggiers.66Jckpnielts ifcut stit` imkelestri-tecl `k`rb`m is ìrny is 6880, oust kcltds igt`r ]ifilwis ippcelt`m bcv`rlcr.6:Grustritecl stìmeny kcult`mis bre`vilj`s w`lt ulimmr`ss`m, int`rlitev` vcej`s w`r`sen`lj`m, ilm pcw`r eljrìselbny ippìr`m tc j`ltrinesìrculm td` stit` `x`jutev`. I s`ls` cg eloustej` es p`r-visev`, pirtejunirny wetd r`birm tc td` run`-cg-niw (ilm id`b`kclej us` cg s`jurety gcrj`s), td` p`rjèv`m kesus`cg stit` p`trcnùk r`v`lu`s ilm i jclspejucus nija cgm`v`ncpk`lt.

]d` kcst gr`qu`ltny isa`m qu`stecl ikclb stit` jclstetu-`lts es? wd`r` es td` 6 p`r j`lt3 ]d` JXI kilmit`m tditìjd prcmujelb stit` f` inncjit`m 6 p`r j`lt cg r`v`lu`s

95Jreses Brcup elt`rve`w, Fun Lu`r kil, Iubust 6899.68]ifil es i Oeaily Lu`r grck Buet Jculty, Plety Ztit`. D`m`g`jt`m grck td` ZXNK/I tc ocel Veà Kijdirs frìaiwiy

gcrj`s el 9559 ilm sufs`qu`ltny inebl`m wetd td` bcv`rlk`ltvei td` Adirtcuk Xìj` Ibr``k`lt el 95521 d` td`l s`rv`m istd` Adirtcuk-r`jcbles`m bcv`rlcr cg Plety stit` grck 9552 tc6888. ]`lsecls k`rb`m wetd Xiunelc Kite`p murelb tdit tek`-grik`, ilm d` sccl m`pirt`m gcr Adirtcuk. ]d`r`, d` s`rv`m isstit` kelest`r gcr trilspcrt, f`gcr` ocelelb ilctd`r Kijdir gij-tecl, ilm td`l gelinny ròcel`m td` ZXNK el 6889 idìm cg Kijdir.D` wis fy td`l ikclb tdcs` urbelb Kijdir tc r`turl tc td` ZXNK.69Jreses Brcup elt`rve`w, Plety stit` jckkulety nìm`r, Oufi,Ouny 6899. I 6884 pufnej rinny gìturelb Xr`sem`lt Aeer el F`l-teu es cgt`l r`g`r`lj`m, el wdejd td` pr`sem`lts ippìrilj` wismesrupt`m fy jdilts cg ]ia` ]ifil.66Jreses Brcup elt`rve`ws, Oufi, F`lteu, Kirjd-Iubust 6899.6:Cppcsetecl pirte`s ijjus`m td` bcv`rlcr cg vecnitelb td` JXI

prctcjcn tdit kilmit`m 68 p`r j`lt cg bcv`rlk`lt pcsts f` in-ncjit`m tc ctd`r pcnetejin pirte`s. JXI, Jdipt`r EE, Xcw`r Zdir-elb Xrctcjcn, Z`jtecl =.0.


10/45


m`rev`m grck cen prcmuj`m el tdit stit`.6=]des inncjiteclsdcunm td`cr`tejinny kia` Plety kcr` geliljeinny jipifn`tdil ctd`r stit`s, fut td` nija cg tilbefn` m`v`ncpk`ltbiels dis b`l`rit`m wem`sprìm r`s`ltk`lt. Kcst surkes`td` kcl`y dis elstìm kim` ets wiy eltc td` pcja`ts cg i

film cg jcrrupt `net`, el fctd F`lteu ilm Oufi. ]d` gijt

tdit jurr`lt ilm gcrk`r gelilj` cggejeins ilm s`lecr ZtitÌss`kfny gebur`s r`pcrt tdit `v`l w` mclt alcw wditdis f``l jckelb, ilm jillct ijjcult gcr `xp`lmetur`

f`yclm vibu` b`l rinete s, ennustrit`s td` m`ptd cg td` prcf-n`k.60Il elmevemuin j`ltrin tc stit` gelilj`s murelb td`JXI p`recm r`pcrts gebur`s cg trilsg`rs r`jèv`m tdit ir`wenmny eljclbrucus wetd fctd td` sdir` mu` ilm td` r`pcrt-`m trilsg`rs, jistelb i gurtd`r sdimcw cv`r kilib`k`ltcg r`v`lu`s.67

Z`lecr stit` cggejeins fnik` Adirtcuk, irbuelb td` Li-teclin Jclbr`ss Xirty (LJX) dis r`bunirny wetdd`nm trils-

g`rs cw`m tc td` stit`. ]des es tru` tc i j`rtiel xt`lt, pir-tejunirny it td` liteclin n`v`n, is trilsg`rs w`r` m`niy`m,cp`ritecls kim` m`nef`rit`ny cpiqu`, ilm xjdilb` rit`skilepunit`m tc s`rv` Adirtcuks elt`r`st. Fut et incl`mc`s lct `xpniel td` mespirety it td` liteclin n`v`n cr elF`lteu, ilm kily gelm tdes xjus` inn tcc jclv`le`lt. ]dìjtuin kcl`tiry vinu` cg td` 6 p`r j`lt insc ippìrs tc f`sck`tek`s cv`r`stekit`m fy td` b`l`rin pcpunij` (ilmsck` k`kf`rs cg td` elt`rliteclin jckkulety), fut lè-td`r mc`s tdes prcvem` i gunn `xpnilitecl. Kesp`rj`pteclsjcunm f` r`jtege`m fy brìt`r trilspir`ljy, eljnumelb td`r`bunir pufnejitecl cg trilsg`rs r`jèv`m ilm kcr` ijj`s-sefn` bcv`rlk`lt `xp`lmetur` r`pcrtelb, fut stit` cggejeinsdiv` pursu`m lc sujd eleteitev`s. Is sujd, pniusefn` inn`-bitecls cg jcrruptecl p`rsest.

Cppcl`lts iss`rt td` bcv`rlcrs pcsetecl es kieltiel`mlct fy pcpunir n`betekijy, fut tdrcubd jc`rjecl, jcltrcncg stit` iss`ts ilm elstetutecls, ilm i syst`k cg pitrclib`tdit prcvem`s bcv`rlk`lt ocfs ilm iutdcrety el r`turl gcrsup`rgejein ncyinty ilm vct`s.62Fut pcpunir mess`lt es sup-

6=JXI, Jdipt`r EEE, Rìntd Zdirelb Xrctcjcn, Z`jtecl 0.0. Gcrkcr` cl td` 6 p`r j`lt inncjitecl ilm kilib`k`lt cg stit` cenr`v`lu`s, s`` Z`jtecl T.F f`ncw.60Jreses Brcup elt`rve`ws, F`lteu, Kirjd, Iubust 6899.67Jreses Brcup elt`rve`w, F`lteu, Iubust 6899. ]d`s` eljcl-sest`lje`s delt it keskilib`k`lt inclb td` r`v`lu` jdiel, è-td`r it td` liteclin cr stit` n`v`n, cr fctd.62 Jculty Jckkessecl`rs cjjupy pcsetecls cg jclsem`rifn`

pcw`r el tcmiys Zcutd Zumil, ilm f`jius` td`y ir` stenn ip-pcelt`m ritd`r tdil `n`jt`m, ijjcultifenety cgt`l ne`s lct wetdtdèr jclstetu`ljy fut wetd td` bcv`rlcr wdc ippcelt`m td`k.Kily cg Plety stit`s jckkulete`s div` jckpniel`m tdit tdèr

ippcelt`m imkelestritcr wis lètd`r i jipifn` jilmemit` lcrs`n`jt`m wetd tdèr elt`r`sts el kelm, ilm wis el gijt jdcs`l

pr`jes`ny f`jius` d` wis ulnea`ny tc jdinn`lb` td` iutdcrete`sel F`lteu. ]des eljnum`s it nìst twc cg td` jckkessecl`rs jur-

pr`ss`m fy i gìr cg jcls`qu`lj`s? pdysejin, pcnetejin crctd`rwes`. Kily irbu` tdes mylikej lct clny elg`jts iv-`rib` jetez`ls fut insc pr`v`lts td` jeven s`rvej`, td` stit`jifel`t ilm td` n`besnitev` iss`kfny grck `x`rjeselb

prcp`r jd`jas ilm finilj`s cl pcw`r. Elmevemuins giken-eir wetd k``telbs cg td` stit` jculjen cg kelest`rs r`pcrt-

`m tdit m`jesecls ir` rcutel`ny tia`l fy i jckkett`` cgcl`.64Ctd`rs irbu` td` stit` iss`kfny es k`r`ny i ruff`rstikp gcr td` x`jutev` (i jckpnielt lct sp`jegej tc Plety).

Is i gn`mbnelb m`kcjrijy k`rb`s el td` l`w r`pufnej, inija cg jipijety es i rìnety el kily stit` elstetutecls ilmiss`kfne`s. Fut tdit incl` mc`s lct oustegy td` gijt tdit

pcnejy m`v`ncpk`lt ilm n`besnitecl es mrev`l inkcst xjnu-sev`ny grck td` `x`jutev`, cr tdit i s`lecr iss`kfny cgge-jein sdcunm `xpniel des elstetutecls prekiry guljtecl isr`jèvelb fenns tdit crebelit` el td` `x`jutev` ilm sebl-elb td`k eltc niw.65

Zck` jclt`lm td` bcv`rlcr es kcr` prc-ijtev` tdil jcul-t`rpirts el ctd`r stit`s ilm s`ls` i b`luel` tdrust tc fuenm iw`nn-guljteclelb stit` pcnety, fut sekuntil`cusny jckpnieltdit il cv`rny j`ltrines`m ilm iutdcretireil ipprcijd tcbcv`rlilj` ulm`rkel`s tdit v`ry cfo`jtev` ilm sters mes-jclt`lt.:8]d` stit` bcv`rlk`lts fija`rs meskess td` ip-

pir`lt messitesgijtecl is `xibb`rit`m ilm td` jckpnieltsis lcrkin cppcsetecl pcnetejs cg ibetitecl. ]d`y jclt`lmjretejs ir` lct r`pr`s`ltitev` cg brissrccts cpelecl ilm irèlstìm kctevit`m clny fy i tderst gcr pcw`r ilm td` trip-

pelbs cg bcv`rlk`lt.:9

I. JCKXNIEL]Z NCMB@M

Jinjunitelb tdit lc prcbr`ss jcunm f` kim` it td` stit`n`v`n, mes`lgriljdes`m cppcl`lts, eljnumelb stit` ilm li-teclin bcv`rlk`lt cggejeins, div` kim` luk`rcus ippìnsmer`jtny tc Oufi. Z`v`rin cg td`k jdirijt`res` td` m``p meve-secls ilm wem`sprìm mesjclt`lt el Plety?

Iubust 6882? Lel` cg Plety stit`s tdert``l ippcelt`mZcutd Zumil N`besnitev` Iss`kfny k`kf`rs sebl`m

ilm m`nev`r`m il ippìn tc Xr`sem`lt Aeer.:6

Et jet`m td`stit`s imkelestritev` sdcrtjckelbs el td` irìs cg s`-jurety, s`rvej` prcvesecl, ilm elgristrujtur` ilm `jc-lckej m`v`ncpk`lt1 tirb`t`m td` bcv`rlcr el pirteju-

r`ltny cjjupyelb sìts. Jreses Brcup elt`rve`ws, F`lteu, Iubust6899.64Jreses Brcup elt`rve`ws, F`lteu, Iubust 6899.65Jreses Brcup elt`rve`w, F`lteu, Iubust 6899.:8Jreses Brcup elt`rve`ws, F`lteu, Iubust 6899.:9Zuppcrt`rs pr`g`r elstìm tc jet` stit` ekprcv`k`lts cg rcims,

elgristrujtur` ilm s`jurety. Jreses Brcup elt`rve`ws, bcv`rl-k`lt cggejeins, F`lteu, Iubust 6899.:6V`pcrt ilm V`jckk`lmitecls cl Zetuitecls cg Iggiers elPlety Ztit`, mcjuk`lt cftiel`m fy Jreses Brcup.


11/45


nir1 ilm inn`b`m wem`sprìm kinimkelestritecl, jcrrup-tecl ilm l`pctesk, kcst lctifny wetd r`birm tc inn`b`mkesus` cg td` 6 p`r j`lt cen r`v`lu` inncjitecl. ]d`jclj`rl`m r`pr`s`ltitev`s jinn`m gcr fctd il cggejeinelv`stebitecl ilm td` meskessin cg td` bcv`rlcr.

El r`spcls`, td` Bcv`rlk`lt cg Zcutd Zumil (BcZZ)iss`kfn`m il elv`stebitecl tìk tc iss`ss td` vi-nemety cg Qtd`[ jclj`rls ilm inn`bitecls. El G`fruiry6884, tdit tìk essu`m gelmelbs tdit stccm el stira jcl-trist tc td` jdirb`s.::]d` sukkiry cg elt`rve`ws wetdstit` cggejeins wis ulwiv`relb el ets suppcrt gcr td`bcv`rlcr ilm td` cp`ritecls cg td` stit` bcv`rlk`lt.:=Et elmejit`m tdit td` bcv`rlcr dim jdinn`lb`m cr rò`jt-`m lìrny `v`ry inn`bitecl, meskesselb td` ippìn islctdelb kcr` tdil il itt`kpt tc biel pcw`r, ilm is-s`rtelb sck`wdit cutnilmesdny tdit tdcs` elvcnv`mw`r` wcraelb clny tc imvilj` td` ib`lmi cg td` Litecl-

in Jclbr`ss Xirty (LJX) el Adirtcuk.

]d` jckkett`` meskess`m kcst cg td` jckpnielts cltd` brculms cg elsuggeje`lt `vem`lj` ilm r`muj`m td`bcv`rlilj` jckpnielts tc pcnetejin pcniresitecl el td`stit`. Et grik`m td` mesput` is i strubbn` f`tw``l twc`quin jikps? tdcs` wetd td` bcv`rlcr ilm tdcs` cp-

pcs`m. Et `v`l w`lt sc gir is tc pcset tdit td` inn`bi-tecls w`r` prcfifny gifrejit`m tc oustegy tdes pcnetejinstrubbn`.:0]d` jcljnusecls xcl`rit`m td` bcv`rlcrilm td` stit` bcv`rlk`lt cg inn inn`bitecls, nif`nnelbtd`k ulgculm`m, fis`n`ss, ilm pcnetejinny kctevit`m.:7

Elt`r`st`m Zcutd Zumil`s`, ocurlinests ilm elt`rlitecl-in cfs`rv`rs qu`stecl`m wd`td`r td` jckpcsetecl cgtd` jckkett`` kim` il ekpirtein elv`stebitecl ekpcs-sefn`,:2 ilm m``k`m td` `x`rjes` ilm ets gelmelbs ijckpn`t` wdet`wisd.:4

::]d` jckkett`` r`pcrt jet`s 69 elt`rve`ws jclmujt`m, eljnumelbwetd td` jckpnielilts, td` bcv`rlcr, twc stit` iss`kfny k`kf`rs,gev` stit` kelestry cggejeins, tdr`` jculty jckkessecl`rs, cl` jde`gilm cl` ctd`r r`n`vilt pirty. V`pcrt cg td` Kelest`rein Elv`stebi-tecl Jckkett`` V`birmelb Inn`bitecls Ibielst ]d` Bcv`rlcr

Cg Plety Ztit`, = G`fruiry 6884, cftiel`m fy Jreses Brcup.:=]d` r`pcrt insc nest`m ijjckpnesdk`lts ilm/cr prcbr`ss r`pcrtscl jclstrujtecl cg rcims, sjdccns, dìntd gijenete`s ilm bcv`rl-k`lt fuenmelbs, ilm imvilj`s el wit`r ilm pcw`r suppny, ilmgelinny il xpnilitecl tdcubd wetdcut et`kes`m ijjcultelb cg td` us` cg td` 6 p`r j`lt cen r`v`lu`s. Efem.:0Il inn`b`mny gcrb`m s`jclm p`tetecl wis insc elv`stebit`m tdits`rv`m tc ulm`rkel` td` jr`mefenety cg sck` elmevemuins wdcw`r` jikpieblelb gcr td` bcv`rlcrs r`kcvin.:7V`pcrt cg td` Kelest`rein Elv`stebitecl Jckkett``, cp. jet.:2]d` jckkett`` k`kf`rs w`r` Kejdi`n Kiawè, td`l n`biniggiers ilm jclstetuteclin m`v`ncpk`lt kelest`r (ZXNK)1 OcdlNua, td`l l`rby ilm kelelb kelest`r (ZXNK)1 ilm G`stc Auk-

fi, td`l ilekin r`scurj`s ilm gesd`re`s kelest`r (ZXNK)1 Kir-telscl Kittd`w Cturckce s`rv`m is s`jr`tiry.:4Jreses Brcup elt`rve`ws, Plety stit` pcnetejin ijtcrs, elt`rli-teclin cggejein, Oufi, Oul` 6899.

Cjtcf`r 6885? Gcnncwelb i milb`rcus jclgrcltiteclf`tw``l stit` ZXNI gcrj`s ilm td` p`rsclin buirm cglcw ZXNI M`puty Jckkilm`r-el-Jde`g Xiunelc Ki-te`p ìrny el td` kcltd, td` Plety Ztit` Jckkuletyel Oufi essu`m i l`w ippìn tc td` pr`sem`lt inn`belbgienelbs cg td` bcv`rlcr, nija cg n`betekijy ikclb td`

stit` n`jtcrit` ilm jcrr`spclmelb pcnetejin, scjein ilm`jclckej m`t`recritecl el td` stit`. Et jdirb`m tdit td`bcv`rlcr r`kiel`m el des pcsetecl fy s`jurelb td`suppcrt lct cg stit` jclstetu`lts fut cg il elgnu`lteinstriti cg Zcutd`rl Zumil nìm`rsdep.:5

]d` pr`sem`ltein iggiers kelestry r`spclm`m cl f`dingcg Aeer wetd i k`ssib` tdit irbu`m td` ippìn wissebl`m fy clny cl` sem` cg td` mesput`, ilm td` scurj`cg jclgnejt el Plety stit` wis i tderst gcr pcw`r ilmkit`rein elt`r`sts.=8Et mem, dcw`v`r, pn`mb` td` essu`swcunm f` tia`l up fy td` pcnetejin furìu cg td` runelb

Zumil X`cpn`s Nef`ritecl Kcv`k`lt (ZXNK). ]dcs`suppcrtev` cg td` jckpnielts gculm td` r`spcls` mesel-b`lucus ilm ir` uliwir` cg ily sufs`qu`lt r`ve`w crijtecl fy td` furìu.

Ouny 6899? Is sccl is elm`p`lm`lj` wis ijde`v`m,pcnetejin ocja`yelb f`bil gcr pcsetecls el td` gerst bcv-`rlk`lt cg td` l`w V`pufnej cg Zcutd Zumil. I brcupcg stit` cggejeins ilm elt`nn`jtuins ibiel ncffe`m td`

pr`sem`lt el Ouny ilm Iubust tc kia` i jdilb` el F`l-teu. ]d`y jinn`m itt`ltecl tc yìrs cg wem`ny-d`nm jck-

pnielts ifcut td` ekpcs m rèbl cg td` bcv rlcr, jet`m

l`w s`jurety resas ilm iss`rt`m tdit td` rìnesitecl cgelm`p`lm`lj` kìlt et wis lcw gelinny tek` gcr jdilb`.]d`y dcp`m tdit, m`spet` td` bcv`rlcrs Ipren 6898`n`jtecl kilmit`, Aeer kebdt kcv` dek eltc td` g`m`r-in bcv`rlk`lt, ippcelt il elt`rek jilmemit` ilm tduss`t td` stib` gcr gr`sd n`jtecls.=9M`spet` sck` sp`ju-nitecl tdit ]ifil ilm pct`lteinny ctd`r settelb bcv`r-lcrs kebdt f` r`-issebl`m tc g`m`rin kelestre`s cr ctd`rliteclin pcsts, lcl` w`r` kcv`m wd`l td` l`w bcv`rl-k`lt wis illculj`m cl 67 Iubust.

F. XIV]U XCNE]EJZ?IDCPZ@ MEWEM@M

Is td` ZXNK r`kiels td` mckelilt pcnetejin `ltety elPlety, stit` pirty strujtur`s div` r`gn`jt`m td` pcniresi-tecl el F`lteu. I jnìr seblin cg pcpunir s`ltek`lt wism`nev`r`m el Ipren 6884, wd`l m`n`bit`s tc td` ZXNK stit`

pirty jclbr`ss (mriwl grck piyik, jculty ilm stit` n`v-

:5Jcpy cg ippìn immr`ss`m tc Xr`sem`lt Aeer, mit`m 6= Cjtcf`r6885, cftiel`m fy Jreses Brcup.=8N`tt`r grck Mr Nuai Feclb M`lb, td`l pr`sem`ltein iggiers kel-

est`r, immr`ss`m tc F`loikel Keoia Miu, k`kf`r cg Zcutd Zu-mil N`besnitev` Iss`kfny, M`j`kf`r 68851 cftiel`m fy JresesBrcup.=9Jreses Brcup elt`rve`ws, Oufi, F`lteu, Iubust 6899.


12/45


`n) `n`jt`m Ocs`pd Kclytue`n Ròilb is tdèr jdierkililm i suppcrtelb s`jr`tireit.=6F`jius` bcv`rlcrs d`nm

pirty jdierkilsdeps el v`ry ctd`r stit` el Zcutd Zumil,td` vct` wis i jnìr r`fua` cg ]ifil. ]d` bcv`rlcr el g-g`jt rò`jt`m td` cutjck`, ilm td` s``ms cg pirty meveseclw`r` scwl. Xirinn`n pirty strujtur`s k`rb`m, seblinnelb i

m` gijtc spnet, ilm td` twc sem`s f`bil wcraelb it jrcsspurpcs`s. Kìlwden`, f`jius` Ròilb es p`rjèv`m tc div`te`s tc Wej` Xr`sem`lt Kijdir, td` stit` pirty n`jtecl mr`witt`ltecl grck gurtd`r ige`nm.=:

Zccl igt`r, Ròilb wis ippcelt`m dìntd kelest`r el Oufi.D` r`tiel`m des stit` pirty jdierkilsdep, tdcubd miy-tc-miy guljtecls g`nn tc des m`puty el F`lteu. ]d` m`puty wisnit`r cgg`r`m i pcsetecl el td` stit` bcv`rlk`lt, cst`lsefnykcvelb dek eltc ]ifils jikp, ilm Ròilb scubdt tcr`pnij` dek. ]d` m`puty ilm td` bcv`rlcrs suppcrt`rstd`l jclv`l`m i (pirtein) k``telb cg stit` pirty nìm`rs el

td` ifs`lj` cg td` jdier, ilm ulm`r td` bues` cg td` Ztit`Nef`ritecl Jculjen,==iggerk`m td` m`putys pcsetecl ilmr`jclstetut`m td` s`jr`tireit. ]d` ZXNK cggej` wis sufs`-qu`ltny tia`l cv`r el td` pr`s`lj` cg s`jurety gcrj`s ilmtd` settelb s`jr`tiry irr`st`m igt`r d` r`gus`m tc vijit`.Xr`sem`lt Aeer r`pcrt`mny dim tc elt`rv`l` tc s`jur` desr`nìs`.=0]d` liteclin s`jr`tireit elt`rv`l`m, fut itt`kptstc r`jcljen` td` gijtecls gien`m.

]d` regt jik` eltc `v`l sdirp`r gcjus el imvilj` cg td`6898 liteclin n`jtecls, is td` jilmemit` s`n`jtecl prcj`ss,eljnumelb td` buf`rlitcrein lckelitecl, jckk`lj`m. El

M`j`kf`r, il `xtricrmeliry k``telb cg td` stit` nef`ri-tecl jculjen cp`l`m fy Wej` Xr`sem`lt Kijdir wisjclv`l`m ilm i stit`k`lt sufs`qu`ltny essu`m tc td` pr`ss

=6Ròilb es i Fun Lu`r grck Kiyck Jculty ilm s`rv`m is td`LJX-ippcelt`m bcv rlcr cg Plety stit` el 688:-688=. ]d` ZXNK`kpncy`m int`rlitev` bcv`rlilj` k`jdilesks murelb td` wir,ilm mem lct r`jcbles` Adirtcuks ippcelt`m imkelestritcrs.Ztit` pirty cggejeins r`pcrt tdit kcst m`n`bit`s tc td` stit` pirty

jclbr`ss suppcrt`m Ròilb, ilm f`ne`v`m, f`jius` cg jclguseclcv`r td` ZXNK jclstetutecl, tdit tdèr vct` wis el gg`jt gcr R`-

oilb tc f`jck` bcv`rlcr. Jreses Brcup elt rve`w, F`lteu, Iubust6899.=:Kijdir r`jckk`lm`m Ròilb gcr dìntd kelest`r el 6884ilm ibiel pusd`m gcr dek tc f` ippcelt`m tc i kelest`rein pcstgcnncwelb td` 6898 `n`jtecls. Jreses Brcup elt`rve`ws, ZXNK

pirty k`kf`rs ilm Plety stit` cggejein, Oufi, Ouny 6899.==Ztit` Nef`ritecl Jculjens ir` ZXNK pirty strujtur`s, ijd isufs`t cg td` Liteclin Nef`ritecl Jculjen il n`jt`m, tdcubdnirb`ny elijtev`, quise-pirneik`ltiry pirty strujtur` cg 628k`kf`rs. ]d` liteclin fcmy dis lct k`t selj` td` pirty jcl-v`ltecl el 6884, ilm ets rcn` ilm jckpcsetecl kiy jdilb` is

td` pirty ulm`rtia`s elt`rlin r`gcrks. Jreses Brcup V`pcrt,Xcn-etejs ilm ]rilsetecl el td` L`w Zcutd Zumil, cp. jet.=0Jreses Brcup elt`rve`w, Plety stit` pirty cggejein, Oufi, Ouny6899.

tdit illculj`m Ròilb is td` pirtys lckel``.=7Fut miysnit`r, ilctd`r stit`k`lt wis essu`m rò`jtelb td` lckeli-tecl ilm jretejeselb td` prcj`ss is elvinem. Zck` p`tetecl`mOufi, jckpnielelb Kijdir dim strclb-irk`m td` prc-j`ss.=2]d` jclspejucus mevesecl, is w`nn is itt`kpts fy

fctd sem`s tc kilepunit` jerjukstilj`s el tdèr givcur,

kìlt tdit td` strujtur`s l`j`ssiry tc v`t ilm jdccs` ilckel`` jcunm lct f` gcrk`m. ]d` liteclin s`jr`tireitibiel elt`rv`l`m ilm untekit`ny r`jckk`lm`m tdit innlckel`` ippnejitecls f` tia`l tc Oufi, wd`r` il elm`-

p`lm`lt lckelitecl fcmy ilm td` pcnetejin furìu wcunmtcb`td`r r`jckk`lm i buf`rlitcrein jilmemit`.

]des mem lct sitesgy `v`rycl`. Zck` stit` pirty cggejeinsilm k`kf`rs jckpniel`m tdit liteclin s`jr`tireit ilm pc-netejin furìu k`kf`rs, jcblesilt tdit td` tem`s cg pcpunircpelecl w`r` ibielst ]ifil, jik` tc F`lteu tc usurp jcl-trcn cg td` prcj`ss ilm `lmcrs` td` furìus pr`g`rr`m

jilmemit`s.=4]d` pirty sjcrelb syst`k wis `kpncy`m elv`ttelb td` jilmemit`s, wdejd eljnum`s jret`rei sujd iskenetiry `xp`re`lj`, `mujitecl ilm pirty destcry. El td``lm, td` furìu lik`m ]ifil td` cggejein ZXNK lckel``.Et insc r`jckk`lm`m, el wdit ippìr`m il itt`kpt tc isèlt`rlin t`lsecls, tdit td` twc gijtecls mevem` td` lckeli-tecls gcr stit` n`besnitev` pcsts f`tw``l tdèr r`sp`jtev`jikps.

El iss`sselb td` m`jesecl, i stit` cggejein jncs` tc td` prc-j`ss iss`rt`m tdit sck` ZXNK net`s w`r` jclj`rl`m tditRòilb wis i r`nitev`ny r`j`lt jrcss-cv`r grck td` LJX,

ilm tdit kily pcnetejin furìu k`kf`rs elstìm pr`g`rr`mZXNK me`-dirms tc cjjupy sujd jretejin pcsts.=5]dess`ltek`lt squir`s wetd itt`kpts fy Ròilbs pcnetejincppcl`lts el F`lteu tc pielt dek is em`cncbejinny inebl`mwetd td` LJX, is w`nn is frcim`r liteclin pcnetejin kc-tev`s.08El ily jis`, td` turfun`lt prcj`ss jnìrny m`kcl-strit`m td` m``p mevesecls el F`lteu, fut insc ulm`rsjcr`mtd` xt`lt tc wdejd td` stit`s fcmy pcnetej es m``pny elt`r-twel`m wetd frcim`r liteclin pcnetejs ilm p`rsclinete`s.

J. ]@LZ@ BPF@VLI]CVEIN @N@J]ECL

Ròilb st`pp`m isem`, ilm td` stit` kelest`r gcr `l`rbyilm kelelb el td` Bcv`rlk`lt cg Liteclin Plety el Adir-tcuk, Ilb`neli ]`ly (td` weg` cg Wej` Xr`sem`lt Kijdir),n`gt td` ZXNK tc stilm is il elm`p`lm`lt jilmemit`. ]`lywis cl` cg èbdt elm`p`lm`lts wdc jclt`st`m buf`rlitcreinrij`s m`spet` cfo`jtecls grck td` ZXNK, il elmejitecl cg

=7Plety Ztit` lckelit`s ets bcv`rlcrsdep jilmemit` gcr 6898`n`jtecls, Zumil ]reful`, = M`j`kf`r 6885.=2Plety stit` bcv`rlcrsdep jilmemit` rò`jt`m, Burtclb, 98

M`j`kf`r 6885.=4Jreses Brcup elt`rve`ws, Oufi, F`lteu, Ouny, Iubust, 6899.=5Jreses Brcup elt`rve`w, F`lteu, Iubust 6899.08Jreses Brcup elt`rve`ws, F`lteu, Iubust 6899.


13/45


td` m`ser` gcr brìt`r pcnetejin spij` el Zcutd Zumil, lctclny f`tw``l pirte`s fut wetdel ets mckelilt pirty. ]`lyeld`ret`m kily cg Ròilbs suppcrt`rs ilm `locy`m td`

fijaelb cg td` vej` pr`sem`lt, m`spet` td` gijt tdit des pir-ty dim cggejeinny `lmcrs`m ]ifil. Zd` jckp`t`m el wditwis cl` cg td` kcst dctny jclt`st`m ilm jcltrcv`rsein

rij`s el Zcutd Zumil. Elm`p`lm`lt cfs`rv`rs lct`m `xt`l-sev` ilm ulniwgun elt`rg`r`lj` el d`r jikpiebl ilm td`cp`ritecls cg td` Liteclin @n`jtecls Jckkessecl, eljnum-elb tdrcubd td` us` cg stit` iss`ts ilm td` ZXNI.09

]`lys suppcrt`rs rupt`m el prct`st igt`r r`sunts el givcurcg ]ifil w`r` illculj`m pr`kitur`ny cv`r td` ncjin rimecstitecl, ifs`lt `lmcrs`k`lt cg td` Liteclin @n`jtecls Jck-kessecl ilm ikem elv`stebitecl eltc inn`bitecls cg rebbelb.]dr`` prct`stcrs w`r` aenn`m fy stit` s`jurety gcrj`s.06M`spet` td` `lsuelb stilmcgg, ]ifil wis m`jnir`m td`well`r. Jdirb`s cg rebbelb mem lct sufsem` dcw`v`r ilm

jcltelu` tc tdes miy. Immeteclin jckpnielts w`r` insc r`b-est`r`m ifcut kilepunitecl cg td` ZXNK pirty nest gcr stitìss`kfny. ]d` `lsuelb ilekcsety `xt`lm`m f`yclm td`stit` nìm`rsdep, jiuselb seblegejilt s`jtecls cg td` stit`

pcnetejin jniss tc ncs` jclgem`lj el td` BcZZ ilm liteclinZXNK nìm`rsdep.

M. ]D@ MEWEM@ V@KIELZ

]d` dìt`m n`jtecl p`recm frcubdt jclsem`rifn` itt`ltecllct clny tc mevesev` pirty pcnetejs el td` stit`, fut kcr`

sp`jegejinny tc clbcelb jckp`tetecl f`tw``l td` bcv`rlcr(ilm des fija`rs) ilm tdcs` cg Wej` Xr`sem`lt Kijdir.0:]d` pcnetejin jnisd wis il cp`l s`jr`t el r`j`lt yìrs1]ifil tcnm td` k`mei el 6884 tdit Veà Kijdir es td`scurj` cg ky prcfn`ks, irbuelb td` vej` pr`sem`lt wismesncyin tc td` pirty, ilm jniekelb des cfo`jtev`s eljnum`m

09Jreses Brcup kien jcrr`spclm`lj`, Ipren 6898, Iubust 6899.V`pcrt`m elt`rg`r`lj` insc eljnum`m dirissk`lt cg liteclin ilmelt`rliteclin cfs`rv`rs fy td` ZXNK ilm bcv`rlk`lt cggejeins.Xr`nekeliry stit`k`lt, ]d` Jirt`r J`lt`r, @n`jtecl Cfs`rvitecl

Kessecl, 92 Ipren 6898. @urcpìl Plecl cfs`rv`rs lct`m ZXNIelt`rv`ltecl el vct` ibbr`bitecl el Plety ilm r`pcrt`m tdit el-ipprcpreit` pr`ssur` es fèlb ippne`m tc n`jtecl cggejeins . tcint`r r`sunts tc givcur eljukf`lt ZXNK jilmemit`s el s`v`rinstit`s, eljnumelb Plety. Et insc r`pcrt`m tdit Ilb`neli ]`lysjikpiebl kilib`r wis irr`st`m ilm fìt`l up fy s`jurety gcrj-`s. Gelin V`pcrt cl td` @x`jutev` ilm N`besnitev` @n`jtecls,@urcpìl Plecl @n`jtecl Cfs`rvitecl Kessecl, 99-90 Ipren 6898.06Jreses Brcup elt`rve`ws, F`lteu, Iubust 6899. ]dr`` p`cpnàenn`m gcnncwelb ]ifil M`lb m`jnir`m wel el Plety stit`, Zumil]reful`, 6: Ipren 6898. It nìst cl` ocurlinest wdc wetl`ss`mtd` v`lt wis m`tiel`m fy s`jurety gcrj`s gcr kcr` tdil i w`à.0:]ifil ocel`m Veà Kijdirs frìaiwiy r`f`n gijtecl, s`rvelb

gcr yìrs is des gerst neùt`lilt. ]d` twc w`r` pcnetejin ilm kene-tiry inne`s, fut r`nitecls scur`m, lctifny gcnncwelb ]ifils r`-turl tc td` ZXNI, is elt`r`sts ilm inneilj`s sdegt`m. Jreses Brcupelt`rve`w, kien jcrr`spclm`lj`, Zumil xp`rts, Z`pt`kf`r 6899.

ulm`rkelelb td` iutdcrety cg td` bcv`rlcr ilm scwelb mes-ulety el Plety stit` ilm kcr` frcimny ijrcss td` Zcutd.0=]d` t`lsecl wis sekenirny `vem`lt it td` ZXNKs 6884liteclin jclv`ltecl, murelb wdejd i pnil wis ditjd`m tcr`kcv` Kijdir grck td` pirtys lukf`r twc pcsetecl isw`nn is Xibil Ikuk grck td` pcst cg s`jr`tiry b`l`rin.

]ifil wis tc issuk` td` nitt`r pcsetecl, tdus kieltielelbi Lu`r pr`s`lj` el td` upp`r `jd`ncl cg td` pirty. Ocja-`yelb lsu`m ikclb pirty net` ilm el td` lm, td` r`sdug-gn` wis m``k`m tcc mesruptev` ilm tdus sjripp`m.

]d` iltibclesk cg td` Ipren 6898 `n`jtecl wil`m sck`-wdit is r`sunt cg i v`ry pufnej r`jcljeneitecl f`tw``l]ifil, ]`ly ilm Kijdir. ]d` tdr`` jik` tcb`td`r ilmjikpiebl`m tc put td` vct` gcr s`ng-m`t`rkelitecl idìmcg stit` ilm liteclin mevesecls, lct nìst f`jius` sck`stit` jckkulete`s divelb r`j`ltny ncst jclgem`lj` el`n`jtecls elmejit`m i meseljnelitecl tc r`best`r cr vct` el

td` r`g`r`lmuk. ]d` trec wis sujj`ssgun el prckptelb idebd r`g`r`lmuk turlcut, fut kily f`ne`v` td` r`jcljenei-tecl s`rv`m clny tdit sp`jegej purpcs` ilm wis sup`rgejeinit f`st.

Kìlwden`, Jdierkil Ròilb ilm stit` s`jr`tireit cgge-jeins k`t wetd Xr`sem`lt Aeer el G`fruiry 6899, sp`nn`mcut tdèr bre`vilj`s ilm iek`m tc jdirt i wiy gcrwirm.]ifil sufs`qu`ltny jik` tc Oufi, ilm td` twc l`bcteit`mi s`ttn`k`lt tdit trim`m stit` x`jutev` ilm stit` pirty pc-setecls.00]des eleteitev` gien`m tc fremb` td` mevem`, ilmsccl td`rìgt`r, pr`piritecls gcr elm`p`lm`lj`, ilm nit`r

td` gcrkitecl cg td` V`pufnejs gerst bcv`rlk`lt, cjju-pe`m td` itt`ltecl cg td` liteclin nìm`rsdep. ]d` rcw r`-kiels ulr`scnv`m.

0=]d` inn`bitecls insc ekpne`m tdit Kijdir wis wcraelb el jcn-nusecl wetd td` LJX. @metcr-el-Jde`g Ldein Fcns elt`rve`w wetdBcv`rlcr ]ifil M`lb Bie, ]d` Jetez`l(Zumil), 6: Oiluiry 6884.Zekenir stit`k`lts w`r` n`v`nn`m fy td` bcv`rlcr el des elt`r-ve`w wetd td` kelest`rein jckkett`` tisa`m tc elv`stebit` desimkelestritecl. V`pcrt cg td` Kelest`rein Elv`stebitecl Jck-kett``, cp. jet.00Ròilb biv` td` bcv`rlcr td` m`puty jdierkilsdep ilm ip-

pceltk`lts gcr td` issestilt s`jr`tiry cg elgcrkitecl pcst ilmtd` jdierkilsdep cg cl` cg td` gcur jckkett``s (pirneik`ltiry)

cg td` ZXNK Ztit` Nef`ritecl Jculjen. El r`turl, td` bcv`rlcrcgg`r`m twc `x`jutev` imves`r pcsetecls ilm cl` stit` kelest`r

pcst. Jreses Brcup elt`rve`ws, s`lecr stit` pirty cggejeins, Oufi,Ouny 68991 F`lteu, Iubust 6899.


14/45


W. LI]ECLIN XCNE]EJZ I] XNIU

Bev`l Pletys seblegejilt Lu`r pcpunitecl, td` pcw`rgunelmevemuins tdit dien grck et, td` nujritev` cen elt`r`sts ilmets strit`bej ncjitecl cl td` Lcrtd-Zcutd fcrm`r, liteclin

n`v`n pcnetejs cgt`l cv`rniem ncjin mylikejs el F`lteu mur-elb td` JXI p`recm. Fut lcw tdit Zcutd`rl elm`p`lm`lj`dis f``l rìnes`m, td` liteclin pcnetejin nilmsjip` es jdilb-elb. Et r`kiels tc f` s``l wd`td`r inneilj`s tdit s`rv`m

pcnetejin, s`jurety ilm p`rsclin cfo`jtev`s el r`j`lt yìrswenn p`rsest, cr eg td`y div` `xdiust`m tdèr sd`ng neg`, isl`w pcnetejin rìnete`s `k`rb`.

F`tw``l 6880 ilm td` 6898 `n`jtecls, kcst stit` bcv`r-lcrs el Zcutd Zumil w`r` jdilb`m, sck` twej`. ]ifilwis cl` cg twc `xj`ptecls.07Kily sufsjref` tc i f`ne`gtdit d` wis ippcelt`m ilm dis sufs`qu`ltny f``l a`pt el

pnij` fy wiy cg i pcw`r inneilj` wetd i brcup cg s`lecrbcv`rlk`lt ilm kenetiry cggejeins el Oufi. Il ibbre`v`mr`sem`lt r`kira`m, td` prcfn`k cg Plety dis f``l jrìt`m el Oufi.02

]d` purpcrt`m riteclin` gcr sujd il irrilb`k`lt es is gcn-ncws? gerst, ]ifils cjjupitecl cg td` bcv`rlcrs sìt elF`lteu wcunm s`rv` is i jd`ja cl td` elgnu`lj` cg fctd Wej`Xr`sem`lt Kijdir ilm, tc i n`ss`r xt`lt, B`l`rin XiunelcKite`p, twc prckel`lt Lu`r gcr wdck trust r`kiels tdelikclb kily el td` kielstrìk ZXNK ilm `v`l tdell`rikclb kily Melai jckkulete`s.04Kijdir locys frcim

ippìn el Plety stit`, ilm kily cg td` bcv`rlcrs (ilm td`pr`sem`lts) cppcl`lts ir` Kijdir suppcrt rs. ]d` igcr -k`ltecl`m mevesecls it td` stit` n`v`n ir` el kily wiys ikileg`stitecl cg frcim`r liteclin pcnetejs. Cppcl`lts dcp`tdit a``pelb td` stit` cut cg td` dilms cg Kijdir suppcrt-`rs kebdt untekit`ny neket des jncut it td` liteclin n`v`n,is kily f`ne`v` d` r`tiels pr`sem`ltein ikfetecls. ]d` regttdus insc s`rv`s td` elt`r`sts cg tdcs` wdc pr`g`r tc a``ptd` Lu`r jckkulety mevem`m.

07]d` ctd`r bcv`rlcr wdc s`rv`m gcr td` `lter` JXI p`recmwis Jn`k`lt Rile, el J`ltrin @quitcrei. I gcrk`r kenetei nìm`rwdcs` gcrj`s dim jclsem`rifn` elgnu`lj` cv`r td` s`jurety cgOufi ilm td` surrculmelb irìs, d` wis jclgerk`m is bcv`rlcrel 6880 fy td` nit` ZXNK/I nìm`r Ocdl Birilb is i kìls cgippìselb dek ilm des gcrj`s.02Jreses Brcup elt`rve`w, Plety stit` cggejein, Oufi, Ouny 6899.04Kijdir es i Mca Lu`r grck N``r Jculty1 Kite`p es i Fun

Lu`r grck Kiyck Jculty. ]d`r` es elm``m i strclb `tdlejjckpcl`lt tc Plety stit` pcnetejs ilm tdèr xt`lsecl tc td` li-teclin n`v`n, ilm vcej`s m`kilmelb brìt`r quinety kiy k`rb`

ikclb td` Lu`r pcst-elm`p`lm`lj`. Dcw`v`r, td` mylikejsjillct f` xjnusev`ny r`muj`m tc i Melai-Lu`r giunt nel`. Xcnet-ejin inneilj`s ilm pcneje`s eljrìselbny jut ijrcss trefin nel`s,

pirtejunirny ikclb `net`s.

Z`jclmny, Oufi dim il elt`r`st el a``pelb ]ifil el pcw rtc `lsur` i strclb ilm ncyin jckkilm`r eg ilm wd`l td`s`jurety setuitecl m`t`recrit`m wetd td` Lcrtd. (]d` bcv-`rlcr dis ilm prckct`s i r`putitecl cg fèlb tcubd cl s`-jurety. Des iutdcrety `xt`lms f`yclm td` jeveneil spd`r`,is d` es jncs` tc td` =td Mevesecl jckkilm`r el F`lteu ilm

tdus locys cv`rsebdt cg td` ZXNI td`r`.) I lukf`r cg td`stit`s prckel`lt Lu`r jckkilm`rs, kcst lctifny Kite`pilm X`t`r Bim`t, gcrb`m tijtejin inneilj`s wetd Adirtcukmurelb td` wir. M`spet` tdèr sufs`qu`lt elt`britecl, tditdestcry jcltelu`s tc jckpnejit` r`niteclsdeps elsem` bcv-`rlk`lt ilm irky inea`, is kuntepn` jdiels cg jckkilmr`kiel, `v`l eg mcrkilt. Oustege`m cr lct, sck` gìr r`-kiel`m tdit eg td` sdiay JXI pìj` jcnnips`m, Adirtcukkebdt ijtev`ny m`stifenes` td` fcrm`r ilm/cr cen prcmujelbirìs ilm itt`kpt tc r`-aelmn` cnm, cr m`v`ncp l`w, inne-ilj`s.05Nit`r, bev`l td` `k`rbelb wir el Zcutd`rl Acr-mcgil el 6899 ilm ulj`rtielty is tc ets jcls`qu`lj`s,

sck` f`ne`v`m td` s`jurety jinjunitecl ibiel wcra`m el]ifils givcur ilm sck` Lufil gebdt`rs div` vcej`mstrclb suppcrt.78

]dermny, kily f`ne`v`, tdcubd nija dirm `vem`lj`, tdittd` quem prc quc wis gurtd`r scnemege`m fy jcrrupt xpnce-titecl cg td` stit`s cen r`v`lu`s, el wdejd p`trcmcnnirskim` tdèr wiy eltc td` pcja`ts cg i jnequ` cg elgnu`lteinjeveneil ilm kenetiry ijtcrs el fctd Oufi ilm F`lteu.79]ru` cr lct, td` p`rj`ptecl sdip`s cpelecls el Plety.

]dcubd sck` cg td` ifcv` cfo`jtev`s kiy r`kiel, td` frcim-

`r pcnetejin jclt`xt dis jdilb`m. ]d` pcst-elm`p`lm`lj`pcnetejin mesp`lsitecl es stenn tiaelb sdip , prckptelb net`s,`tdlej jckkulete`s ilm pcnetejin brcupelbs tc iss`ss ilmr`-jinefrit` tdèr rcn`s ilm cfo`jtev`s el td` l`w ZcutdZumil. Zekenirny, td` pcst-elm`p`lm`lj` vcnutecl cg s`-jurety pcnejy wenn pniy i rcn`, is ennustrit`m fy td` mevem`scv`r td` dilmnelb cg r`f`n brcups wdejd k`rb`m el 6899.76Kcr`cv`r, buf`rlitcrein iutdcrety cv`r irky ijtevete`silm ippceltk`lts (`b, el Plety stit`) es lct clny uljclste-tuteclin, fut r`s`lt`m el sck` quirt`rs1 i s`lecr ZXNIb`l`rin r`pcrt`m r`s`ltk`lt cv`r ijtevete`s el F`lteu tditbc f`yclm td` r`ket cg i pcnetejeil ilm `v`l r`jck-

05Kite`p dis r`kiel`m nirb`ny cut cg td` pufnej `y` selj` td`rul-el wetd ]ifil el nit` 6885, tdcubd d` suppcrt`m Ilb`neli]`lys fem gcr td` bcv`rlcrsdep el 6898. D` stenn jckkilmsjclsem`rifn` suppcrt el irìs cg Zcutd Zumil, is w`nn is wetdeltd` irky, sc kielstrìk ZXNK gebur`s tdus kieltiel i jiu-tecliry pcnejy cg ippìs`k`lt tcwirm dek. Dcw`v`r, kcstsurkes` td` nm`rny ilm lcw enn gebdt`r dis s``l et inn ilm disnettn` elj`ltev` tc ibiel f`jck` ijtev`ny elvcnv`m el s`jurety

pcnetejs.78Jreses Brcup elt`rve`w, elt`rliteclin imves`r, Liercfe, Z`p-t`kf`r 6899.79Jreses Brcup elt`rve`ws, F`lteu, Kirjd, Iubust 6899.76]d`s` mevem`s ir` gurtd`r mesjuss`m el Z`jtecl WE f`ncw.


15/45


k`lm`m tc td` pr`sem`lt tdit p`rscll`n jdilb`s f` kimìjjcrmelbny.7:

Elstetuteclin qu`stecls ilm td` sdip` cg td` k`rbelb stit`wenn insc pniy i rcn`. Gcr xikpn`, seblegejilt kesbevelbsw`r` xpr`ss`m murelb td` mrigtelb cg td` trilseteclin jcl-

stetutecl ifcut td` pcw`r cg bcv`rlcrs, untekit`ny r`sunt-elb el briltelb td` pr`sem`lt pcw`r tc r`kcv` i bcv`rlcrel td` v`lt cg i jreses tdit tdrìt`ls liteclin s`juretyilm t`rretcrein elt`brety.7=]des jcltrcv`rsein prcveseclb`l`rit`m cppcsetecl grck i vire`ty cg quirt`rs, lct nìstgrck settelb stit` bcv`rlcrs. Et r`kiels tc f` s``l wd`td`rtd` vcnvelb nilmsjip` cg elt`r`sts, elmevemuins ilm elste-tutecls wenn str`lbtd`l, cr mekelesd, tdes ilm ctd`r pcw`rinneilj`s.

7:Jreses Brcup elt`rve`w, ZXNI dìmquirt`rs, Fenpik, Oul`6899.7=Jdipt`r EE (Guljtecls cg td` Xr`sem`lt), Z`jtecl 989 cg td`]rilseteclin Jclstetutecl cg Zcutd Zumil (6899), iggcrms td`

pr`sem`lt td` pcw`r tc? r`kcv` i stit` Bcv`rlcr ilm/cr mes-scnv` i stit` N`besnitev` Iss`kfny el td` v`lt cg i jreses el td`stit` tdit tdrìt`ls liteclin s`jurety ilm t`rretcrein elt`brety. Elimmetecl tc jclj`rl tdit td` prcvesecl ulm`rjuts i jclstetuteclins`piritecl cg pcw`rs, elt`rliteclin xp`rts suppcrtelb td` jcl-

stetutecl-kiaelb prcj`ss jretejes` td` ifs`lj` cg m`gel`m jcl-metecls ulm`r wdejd td` pcw`rs jil f` elvca`m is w`nn istd` ifs`lj` cg i prcj`ss tdrcubd wdejd td` pcw`r jil f` x`r-jes`m. Jreses Brcup `kien jcrr`spclm`lj`, Z`pt`kf`r 6899.

WE.V@F@N KENE]EI BVCPXZ ILM ]D@XCNE]EJZ CG V@F@NNECL

Is Zumils pirtetecl ipprcijd`m, ijtcrs el fctd td` pcnet-ejin ilm kenetiry spd`r`s siw il cppcrtulety tc r`m`gel`

tdèr r`niteclsdep wetd td` k`rbelb stit` el td` Zcutd ilm/cr ets s`jurety irk. It nìst s`v`l r`f`n keneteis sck`kcr` gcrkemifn` tdil ctd`rs m`jnir`m tdèr cppcsetecltc td` bcv`rlk`lt el Oufi, f`bellelb el Ipren 6898. Zck`r`f`n nìm`rs ippìr`m kctevit`m fy p`rsclin cr prcg`s-seclin biel, ilm sck` w`r` ljcurib`m fy n`k`lts wetd-el td` Lcrtd. Ctd`rs, eljnumelb tdcs` ilb`r`m fy wdit td`y

f`ne`v`m w`r` ulgier `n`jtecls, iss`rt tdit r`f`nnecl wistd` clny kìls tdrcubd wdejd tc jckkulejit`, ilm xpcs`,n`betekit` bre`vilj`s, it fctd stit` ilm liteclin n`v`n.

Z`v`rin kenetei brcups div` f``l ijtev` el Plety stit`,

wden` ctd`rs div` cp`rit`m el Oclbnè ilm Ppp`r Len`.]des s`jtecl wenn lct cgg`r i m`tien`m destcry cr ilinyses cgìjd brcup, ets elmevemuin ieks cr td` elt`rpniy f`tw``l etilm td` bcv`rlk`lt. Et wenn elstìm gcjus cl s`jurety pcne-jy el Plety stit` ilm debdnebdt el pirtejunir td` r`f`nnecln`m fy X`t`r Bim`t, bev`l td` pirtejunir r`n`vilj`, wèbdtilm destcry cg Bim`t ilm des suppcrtelb gcrj`s el lcrtd`rlPlety ilm td` stenn jckpnejit`m r`niteclsdep f`tw``l desFun Lu`r jckkulety ilm td` ZXNK/ZXNI.

El r`spclmelb tc r`f`n tdrìts el Plety ilm ns`wd`r`, td`bcv`rlk`lt dis it tek`s pursu`m i strit`by cg gcrj` ilm

it ctd`r tek`s cl` cg ikl`sty ilm l`bcteitecl. Et dis insc`kpncy`m sck` jckfelitecl cg td` twc, tdcubd lct in-wiys el i jccrmelit`m gisdecl. Is r`f`n ijtevety p`rsest`mtdrcubdcut 6898 ilm eltc 6899, m``p mevesecls `k`rb`mwetdel td` runelb pirty ilm td` irky cv`r s`jurety pcnejyves--ves td` r`f`nnecls, sd`mmelb nebdt cl i gikeneir me-n`kki cg elt`britecl.

]d` 6887 elt`britecl cg Xiunelc Kite`p (is ZXNI m`putyjckkilm`r el jde`g) ilm inne`m keneteis r`kiels fctd el-jckpn`t` ilm i scurj` cg jclsem`rifn` r`s`ltk`lt wetdeltd` ZXNI, f`jius` et ilm ctd`r elt`britecls w`r` pr`k-

es`m cl ikl`ste`s ilm f`jius` cg td` kily cggej`rs wdcw`r` tia`l el it wdit w`r` p`rjèv`m tc f` irfetrireny debdrila. Zck`, jcblesilt cg i pr`j`m`lt el wdejd r`f`n nìm`rsdiv` f``l r`-elt`brit`m cl givcurifn` t`rks cr `v`l r`-wirm`m, dcp`m tc lm tdes elj`ltev` tc elsurb`ljy. ]dcs`cppcs`m imvcjit`m td` us` cg gcrj`, sc is tc jrusd td`r`f`ns ilm mesjcurib` gutur` kutely.70Ctd`rs scubdt tcjcltelu` i lìr-t`rk strit`by cg ikl`sty ilm rèlt`bri-tecl. ]dcubd iwir` et wcunm lct f` i sustielifn` strit`byel td` nclb rul, td`y w`r` `v`l kcr` jclsjecus tdit mc-

70]d` jcst cg r`-elt`britecl, l`w sinire`s, tj. es insc nik`lt`m.


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k`stej ulr`st jcunm f` enn iggcrm`m idìm cg, cr el td` ek-k`meit` wia` cg elm`p`lm`lj`.77

Il `gg`jtev` jcult`r-elsurb`ljy strit`by el Plety stit`(cr ilywd`r` ns`) r`quer`s i ulet`m grclt. ]dcs` x`jut-elb kenetiry cp`ritecls kust f` cl fcirm wetd td` pcnete-

jin cfo`jtev` s`t gcrtd fy jeveneil nìm`rsdep. Dcw`v`r,jclsem`rifn` cppcsetecl dis surgij`m el td` ZXNI (lcwtd` Zcutd Zumil Irk`m Gcrj`s).72Eljclsest`lje`s f`tw``lcr wetdel td` bcv`rlk`lt cr td` irky jil ulm`rkel` ilyibr``k`lt, is ennustrit`m el Plety stit` el r`j`lt kcltds.El sck` jis`s, td` pcnetejin, `jclckej ilm `tdlej bre`v-ilj`s cg kirbelines`m jckkulete`s w`r` `xpncet`m tckcfenes` suppcrt, ilm el i g`w elstilj`s, dìvy-dilm`mbcv`rlk`lt r`spcls`s pusd`m igg`jt`m jckkulete`s tc-wirm r`f`n jius`s.

Eljclsest`lt pcnejy ilm jcult`r-prcmujtev` r`spcls`s div`

pnibu`m r`jcljeneitecl `ggcrts, sck`tek`s ye`nmelb kcr`vecn`lj`, sck`tek`s brìt`r jckkulety r`s`ltk`lt cg td`bcv`rlk`lt ilm ets s`jurety irk. Zck` r`f`ns div` kim`meselb`lucus prckes`s tc elt`brit`, clny tc us` t`kpcriryjìs`ger`s tc ekprcv` tdèr pcsetecl cr r`jruet gurtd`r. Futsck` div` f``l k`t wetd s``kelbny m`j`ptev` `lbib`-k`lt fy stit` s`jurety crbils, wdejd dis ulm`rkel`m bcv-`rlk`lt jr`mefenety ilm jckpnejit`m itt`kpts tc frelb ctd`rr`f`ns fija eltc td` gcnm. V`f`n ijtevety jcltelu`s tc f` iscurj` cg elstifenety el lcrtd`rl Plety, is mespnij`k`lt,gccm sdcrtib`s, nilm kel`s ilm jcult`r-elsurb`ljy cp`ri-tecls igg`jt ncjin pcpunitecls. ]d` wir el Zcutd`rl Acr-

mcgil kiy jckpnejit` td` jinjunus gurtd`r.

I. KENE]EI JCKKILM@VZ ILMGNIR@M EL]@BVI]ECL

]d` gcnncwelb es i fre`g slipsdct cg i lukf`r cg keneteijckkilm`rs wdcs` gcrj`s div` cp`rit`m el Plety stit` eltd` nist èbdt``l kcltds. Z`v`rin cg td`k pirtejepit`m elgcrkelb wdit td`y jinn`m td` Zcutd Zumil Nef`riteclIrky (ZZNI) i nccs` jclst`nnitecl cg gcrj`s tdit cp`r-it`m kcr` cgt`l is elm`p`lm`lt ulets tdil i ulege`m kcv`-

k`lt. Zck` m`g`jt`m igt`r fèlb pr`vecusny elt`brit`m (crsnit`m gcr elt`britecl) eltc td` ZXNI1 ctd`rs r`kiel`m iscggej`rs el Adirtcuks irky (td` Zumil Irk`m Gcrj`s,ZIG) tdrcubdcut td` JXI p`recm. @ijd dis jnisd`m wetd

77]d` stit`m pcnejy cg tdcs` wennelb tc, cr fèlb elstrujt`m tc,rèljcrpcrit` r`f`ns eltc td` irky wis cl` cg r`stcr` fut lct

prckct`. Jreses Brcup elt`rve`ws, Oufi, Oul` 6899.72Jdipt`r ]`l, Z`jtecl E.6 cg td` ]rilseteclin Jclstetutecl cgtd` V`pufnej cg Zcutd Zumil lct`s? ]d` Zumil X`cpn`s Nef-`ritecl Irky sdinn f` trilsgcrk`m eltc td` Zcutd Zumil Irk`m

Gcrj`s, ilm sdinn f` lcl-pirtesil, liteclin el jdirijt`r, pitrect-ej, r`bunir, prcg`sseclin, mesjepnel`m, prcmujtev` ilm sufcrme-lit` tc td` jeveneil iutdcrety is stifnesd`m ulm`r tdes Jclstetu-tecl ilm td` niw.

ZXNI gcrj`s el Plety, ilm ìjd dis r`pcrt`mny `locy`msck` m`br`` cg suppcrt grck Adirtcuk ilm/cr ctd`r lcrtd-`rl n`k`lts. M`spet` sck` itt`kpts, i frcim`r ukfr`nnikcv`k`lt eljcrpcritelb td`s` ilm ctd`r r`f`n brcups dissc gir gien`m tc jcin`sj`. Inn div` sufs`qu`ltny f``l `l-bib`m el cr scnejet`m tc tinas cl elt`britecl.

Fipely Kclytuèn ilm Oik`s Bie Ucijd. I Fun Lu`rgrck Kiyck Jculty, Fipely dis d`nm td` rila cg kiocr-b`l`rin el td` ZIG selj` 6880 ilm kieltiel`m nelas tc ctd-`r gcrk`r wirncrms. Bie Ucijd es i N`à Lu`r grck Vuf-adcli Jculty ilm nea`wes` il ZIG b`l`rin. Igt`r tcyelbwetd il inneilj` wetd r`l`bim` B`l`rin B`crb` Itdcr ellèbdfcurelb Oclbnè el irny 6899, td` twc gcrk`m wditnit`r prcv`m i nccs` inneilj` wetd Bim`ts gcrj`s, ulm`rtd` sc-jinn`m ZZNI. V`pcrts elmejit` tdit td` jcr` cg ele-tein ZZNI gcrj`s wis i r`sunt cg brculmwcra mcl` fy Fi-

pely ilm Bie Ucijd. ZZNI k`kf`rs insc r`pcrt tdit Fi-

pely dis f``l i jretejin nela f`tw``l s`v`rin cg td` keneteibrcups ilm tdcs` lcrtd`rl irky ilm elt`nneb`lj` ulets

prcvemelb suppcrt.74El Iubust, td` twc jretejes`m X`t`rBim`ts jìs`ger` wetd td` bcv`rlk`lt, mestilj`m td`k-s`nv`s grck des r`-elt`britecl, ilm rèt`rit`m tdèr m`kilmgcr td` messcnutecl cg td` bcv`rlk`lt.75Luk`rcus liteclinilm elt`rliteclin ijtcrs r`kiel el jcltijt wetd Fipely,

fut td`r` ippìrs lc prcbr`ss is y`t el frelbelb dek eltctd` gcnm.

Kittd`w Xun Oilb.I Fun Lu`r grck Kiyck, Xun Oilbes i ge`nm jckkilm`r wdc pr`vecusny siem Fipely ilm Bie

Ucijd w`r` des sup`recrs1 des inn`beilj` es uljnìr igt`rtd` spnet wetdel td` ZZNI. D` m`g`jt`m grck td` ZXNI el6898, inn`b`mny el r`spcls` tc mesjclt`lt cv`r fctd elt`-britecl m`niys ilm td` jclmujt cg td` Plety stit` n`jtecl.Igt`r eletein m`stifeneselb ijtevety el Kiyck, d` f`biltinas wetd stit` cggejeins el G`fruiry 6899 ilm ibr``m wetdtd`l Jckkessecl`r Ocdl Kim`lb tc iss`kfn` des gcrj`sel Veia piyik gcr rèlt`britecl. ZXNI =td Mevesecl cg-gej`rs sufs`qu`ltny qu`stecl`m wd`td`r Xun Oilb wis el-stìm uselb td` iss`kfny p`recm tc r`brcup ilm r`jruet.28

Gebdtelb `rupt`m wetd ZXNI scnme`rs el kem-Kirjd, ilmr`-elt`britecl pnils w`r` ifilmcl`m. Zck` iss`rt td` r`-

f`ns dim lc elt`ltecl cg r`turlelb, wden` ctd`rs fnik`mtd` stit` bcv`rlk`lt gcr nurelb td`k el ulm`r gins` pr`-t`lj`s. I w`nn-pnij`m cggejein r`pcrts tdit r`j`lt irkysujj`ss`s ibielst td` gcrj`s cg B`crb` Itdcr prckpt`m i

74Jreses Brcup elt`rve`w, ZZNI k`kf`r, Oufi, Iubust 6899.Jreses Brcup `kien jcrr`spclm`lj`, Zcutd Zumil `xp`rt, Iu-bust 6899.75Xr`ss V`nìs`, ZZNI Debd Jckkilm, = Iubust 6899. @tdlejmesput`s, lctifny p`rjèv`m mckelitecl fy td` Melai, div`

f``l ikclb Fipelys jet`m bre`vilj`s. Inil Fcsw`nn, ZcutdZumil r`f`n brcups ulet`, Wcej` cg Ik`reji, 64 Kirjd 6899.28Jreses Brcup elt`rve`ws, ZXNI cggejeins, =td Mevesecl dìm-quirt`rs, Plety stit`, Iubust 6899.


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pcnejy jdilb` grck ZXNI dìmquirt`rs, givcurelb gcrj`cv`r `lbib`k`lt, tdcubd tdes jcunm lct f` v`rege`m.29Elily jis`, td` eljem`lt m``p`l`m ilb`r ikclb Fun jck-kulete`s (eljnumelb X`t`r Bim`t deks`ng) ilm wem`l`m td`mevesecl f`tw``l td` bcv`rlk`lt ilm ZZNI-iggeneit m r`-

f`ns.26

Bitnuia Bie. I Oibè Lu`r grck Acjd Jculty ilm gcrk`rkem-rilaelb ZXNI cggej`r, Bie wis i suppcrt`r cg ]`lys

fem gcr bcv`rlcr ilm r`pcrt`mny isper`m tc i jckkessecl-`r pcst el td` v`lt cg d`r wel. Rd`l tdit mem lct dipp`l,des r`f`n gcrj`s ittija`m ZXNI elstinnitecls el Kiy 6898.Zpcrimej jnisd`s jcltelu`m cl ilm cgg el Acjd ilm Kiyckjculte`s ulten kem-6899, ikem jclsem`rifn` sp`junitecl istc wd`td`r cr lct d` wis jccrmelitelb wetd ctd`r keneteijckkilm`rs. Gcnncwelb elm`p`lm`lj , ilm wetd des gcrj-`s m`pn`t`m, Bie ibr``m wetd Bcv`rlcr ]ifil cl td` elt`-britecl cg des gcrj`s is w`nn is des cwl ijj`ssecl tc td`

rila cg neùt`lilt b`l`rin, i prckctecl tdit wcunm ulmcuft-`mny div` mriwl jclsem`rifn` er` grck tcp irky friss.Dcw`v`r, miys igt`r d` r`turl`m tc des gcrj`s el AcjdJculty, d` wis sdct mìm. ]d` ZXNI kieltiels i mesput``k`rb`m wetdel des cwl brcup igt`r Bie inn`b`mny jdilb`mdes kelm ilm tdit d` wis sdct fy des m`puty.2:Ctd`rs ir`jclvelj`m tdit td` ZXNI es tc fnik`. V`birmn`ss, td` jcl-sem`rifn` mcuft cv`r td` jerjukstilj`s cg des mìtd ries`squ`stecls is tc td` bcv`rlk`lts ifenety tc pìj`gunny ilm`gg`jtev`ny surkcult td` elsurb`ljy prcfn`k.

F. ]D@ Z]IA@Z IV@ VIEZ@M?X@]@V BIM@]

I Fun Lu`r grck Kiyck Jculty, Bim`t wis i j`ltrin geb-ur` el td` strubbn` gcr jcltrcn cg lcrtd`rl Plety stit` ilmimoij`lt fcrm`rnilms murelb Zumils jeven wir. ]drcubd-cut td` 9558s ilm ìrny 6888s, des ijtevete`s w`r` kcte-vit`m fy i kextur` cg cfo`jtev`s kcr` cgt`l tijtejin tdilstrit`bej1 d` kirsdinn`m des gcrj`s sck`tek`s cl f`dingcg td` bcv`rlk`lt el Adirtcuk ilm sck`tek`s ibielst.Bim`t es wem`ny r`birm`m is fctd ulpr`mejtifn` ilm i tin-`lt`m ilm gìrsck` jckkilm`r.2=D` jdinn`lb`m des cl`-tek` jckkilm`r ilm g`nncw Fun Lu`r Xiunelc Kite`p cl

luk`rcus cjjisecls, kcst lctifny el 9555 wd`l d` r`-ocel`m td` ZXNI ilm f`bil ittijaelb td` v`ry cen elstinni-tecls tdit d` dim clj` gcubdt tc s`jur` cl Adirtcuks f`-

29Jreses Brcup elt`rve`w, cggejein jncs` tc r`jcljeneitecl `g-gcrts, Oufi, Ouny 6899.26Jreses Brcup elt`rve`ws, Oufi, Iubust, Ouny 6899.2:]d` m`puty, Kirac Jdcun, prckptny iss`rt`m des r`spclsefenetygcr Bies mìtd cl F`lteu Vimec. Jreses Brcup elt`rve`ws, Oufi,Iubust 6899. Z`jtecls cg Bies k`l nit`r f`bil kcvelb tc Kip`n

(R`st`rl Fidr in Bdizin) is i gerst pdis` cg r`-elt`britecl.2=]des ve`w es sdir`m fy ctd`r r`f`n jckkilm`rs ilm s`lecrZXNI cggej`rs. Jreses Brcup elt`rve`ws, Oufi, Fenpik, F`lteu,Ouny, Iubust 6899.

ding. Des Kirjd 6899 m`g`jtecl grck td` ZXNI ries`m td`stia`s cg r`f`n ijtevety el Plety stit` jclsem`rifny.

Et es lc jceljem`lj` tdit Bim`ts ijtevety ilm tdit cg s`v-`rin ctd`r kenetei jckkilm`rs wis gcjus`m el KiyckJculty. Bev`l td` rcn`s Kite`p, Bim`t ilm ctd`r litev`

scls pniy`m murelb td` wir, td` gijt tdit td` irì l`v`rsujjukf`m tc ZXNI jcltrcn, ilm td` Fun jckkuletysb`cpcnetejin pcsetecl it td` `mb` cg td` Lu`r ilm Zcutd`rlZumil`s` grclte`rs, td` n`bije`s cg wir ir` pirtejunirnyijut` el Kiyck ilm el elt`rijtecls f`tw``l td` Fun ilmtdèr g`nncw Lu`r jckkulete`s. ]ru` cr lct, ctd`r Lu`rcgt`l m`pejt td` Fun is i kirtein ilm w`nn-irk`m p`cpn`,inwiys ìb`r tc gebdt, ilm is sujd td`y ir` r`birm`m wetdjiutecl. Neket`m m`v`ncpk`lt, i s`ls` cg l`bn`jt, ilm jck-

pnielts tdit td`y w`r` selbn`m cut gcr i gcrjefn` mesirki-k`lt jikpiebl el 6898 insc gu`n Fun bre`vilj`s tdit sck`siy scgt`l`m td` brculm gcr r`f`n ijtcrs el Kiyck.20

J. KC]EWI]ECLZ?M@JNIV@M ILMX@VJ@EW@M

El Kirjd 6899, Bim`t n`gt Oufi ulm`r td` iuspej`s cgipprcv`m k`mejin nìv`. D` elstìm trilset`m Liercfe gcrAdirtcuk, ilm m`g`jt`m grck td` ZXNI.27Zccl td`rìg-t`r, td` Kiyck M`jniritecl wis essu`m fy Bim`t ilm twcctd`rs,22jinnelb gcr td` messcnutecl cg td` jurr`lt bcv`rl-k`lt ilm td` jrìtecl cg i l`w imkelestritecl fis`m clelput grck inn Zcutd`rl pcnetejin pirte`s. Et nik`lt`m td`

ifscnut` gienur` cg bcv`rlilj` ilm rikpilt jcrrupteclQel[ td` tcp jd`ncl cg BcZZ. ]d` m`jniritecl jclm`kl`mtd` frìamcwl cg s`jurety, s`rvej`s ilm td` run` cg niwilm jckpniel`m cg keskilib`k`lt ilm trefinesk wetdeltd` irky ilm td` bcv`rlk`lt. Gelinny, et cfo`jt`m tc ZXNKeltekemitecl ilm i pcnetejs cg `xjnusecl.24

Bim`ts bre`vilj`s ippìr`m tc gcjus gerst ilm gcr`kcstcl jcrruptecl ilm keskilib`k`lt wetdel td` ZXNI. D`jnieks tdit f`gcr` r`f`nnelb, d` w`lt tc Xr`sem`lt Aeergcur tek`s ippìnelb gcr irky r`gcrk. ]d` jrekelin n`-k`lts wetdel td` irky, d` irbu`s, ir` lcw wcraelb it

20Jreses Brcup elt`rve`ws, bcv`rlk`lt cggejeins, elt`nn`jtuins,F`lteu, Oufi, Oul`, Iubust 6899.27Il ZXNI cggejein r`pcrts alcwn`mb` cg Bim`ts nea`ny elt`l-tecls wd`l elt`nneb`lj` k`rb`m tdit d` wis neieselb wetd s`ju-rety cggejeins grck Adirtcuks kfissy el Liercfe. Jreses Brcupelt`rve`w, Oufi, 9= Oul` 6899.22 ]d` ctd`r seblitcre`s w`r` Frebime`r B`l`rin Jirnc Acn,m`puty jckkilm`r cg Ocelt Elt`brit`m Plet el Oufi, ilm Jcnc-l`n Fcn Bitacutd Acn, i gcrk`r ZXNK k`kf`r cg td` ZcutdZumil N`besnitev` Iss`kfny. Zp`junitecl lsu`m is tc wd`td`r

cr lct td` seblitcre`s iutdcr`m td` m`jniritecl, cr wd`td`r td`yr`jèv`m issestilj` grck ctd`r elmevemuins.24]d` Kiyck M`jniritecl, Zcutd Zumil Nef`ritecl Irky, =Ipren 6899, jcpy cftiel`m fy Jreses Brcup.


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Zcutd Zumil? Jckpculmelb Elstifenety el Plety Ztit`Jreses Brcup Igreji V`pcrt L925, 92 Cjtcf`r 6899 Xib` 9:

jrcss purpcs`s grck tdcs` s`àelb pìj` ilm r`gcrk.25Eljcltrist, ZXNI cggejeins, jetelb Bim`ts nclb rsuk cg m`-g`jtecls, meskess des r`f`nnecl is il xdefetecl cg il inn-tccgikeneir kcmus cp`rilme. ]d`y irbu` d` es lct i pcnetejeil(cr v`l net`rit`) ilm tdit des m`g`jtecl wis kctevit`m fyi m`ser` gcr p`rsclin biel, lct pcnetejin cr s`jurety r`gcrks.48

]des inn`bitecl, ilm il ijjusitecl tdit kcl`y wis elvcnv`mel des v`ltuin jìs`ger` irrilb`k`lts, es v`d`k`ltny m`-le`m fy Bim`t.49

Kìlwden`, kily Plety stit` `net`s, s`àelb il iv`lu`gcr tdèr cwl bre`vilj`s, itt`kpt`m tc tip eltc td` s`lte-k`lts irculm Bim`ts r`f`nnecl. ]d`y elg`rr`m tdit et wisit nìst el pirt ifcut Plety stit` pcnetejs cr tdit td` ekpc-setecl cg td` bcv`rlcr ilm ZXNI juntur` el Plety, gcr x-ikpn`, w`r` kileg`stitecls cg td` prcfn`ks d` cutnel`m eltd` Kiyck M`jniritecl.46Zck` jnìrny lmcrs` td` jcl-t`lt cg tdit mcjuk`lt fut tdela tdit Bim`t kcv`m tcc sccl.4:

9. Ittijas ilm ZXNI lbib`k`ltel Kiyck Jculty

Mriwelb cl ZZNI gcrj`s, Bim`ts k`l f`bil kcvelb elIfe`klck ilm Kiyck el Ipren 6899, r`jruetelb ilmirkelb immeteclin gebdt`rs ilm ncjin ycutd. Igt`r il is-siunt cl i skinn ZXNI cutpcst el td` irì, tdrìts cg ek-kel`lt ilm nirb`r ittijas kcult`m. ]d` twc kcst lctifn`cjjurr`m el ilm irculm td` tcwl cg Kilae`l, el KiyckJculty.

69-66 Ipren? Bim`ts gcrj`s ittija`m Kilae`l1 ZXNI=td Mevesecl cggej`rs dck`s ilm td` kira`t w`r` furl`m.V`f`ns td`l prcj``m`m lcrtd tcwirm td` jculty imkel-estritev` j`ltr` el Kiyck tcwl. =td Mevesecl gcrj`sr`spclm`m grck Aieailb ilm Acjd Jculty, ilm gebdtelbelt`lsege`m cl td` Kilae`l-Kiyck rcim.4=]dcubd je-

25Jreses Brcup elt`rve`w, X`t`r Bim`t, Oufi, Iubust 6899.48Jreses Brcup elt`rve`ws, s`lecr ZXNI cggej`rs, Fenpik, Oul`,

Ouny 6899. Ctd`rs jniek d` wis ilb`r`m fy td` gebdtelb el Ki-yck ilm td` mìtds cg r`nitev`s. Jreses Brcup elt`rve`ws, F`l-teu, Iubust 68991 Jreses Brcup `kien jcrr`spclm`lj`, Z`pt`k-

f`r 6899.49Jreses Brcup elt`rve`w, X`t`r Bim`t, Oufi, Iubust 6899.46Jreses Brcup elt`rve`ws, Oufi, F`lteu, Oul`, Iubust 6899.4:Jreses Brcup elt`rve`ws, Oufi, Oul`, Ouny 6899.4=V`f`n gcrj`s niem nilmkel`s cl tdes rcim, r`pcrt`mny tc prc-t`jt tdèr pcsetecls ilm kcv`k`lt grck imviljelb ZXNI, i tij-tej eljrìselbny kpncy`m fy iggeneit`m kenetei brcups el Plety.El td` lsuelb kcltds, nilm kel`s niem wetd n`ss ippir`lt cfo`j-tev`s aenn`m ilm elour`m lct clny ZXNI gcrj`s fut insc jeveneilsel Kiyck, Vufadcli, Ife`klck ilm Buet jculte`s. Nilmkel`s

r`strejt`m kcv`k`lts ilm jcltrefut`m tc i s`ls` cg els`juretyikclb stit` jclstetu`lts. Jreses Brcup elt`rve`ws, cggejeins ilmncjin jetez`ls, F`lteu, Iubust 68991 PL cggejeins, F`lteu, Iubust6899.

veneils w`r` mespnij`m, td`y w`r` lct tirb`t`m.40Zck`cfs`rv`rs lct`m Kilae`l jcunm lct div` f``l jip-tur`m uln`ss Bim`t dim ncjin suppcrt.47Gcnncwelb td`jnisd`s, i stit` cggejein siem cl ncjin rimec tdit inn jck-kulejitecls w`r` fèlb kcletcr`m, ilm ilycl` sup-

pcrtelb cr prcvemelb elgcrkitecl tc td` r`f`ns wcunm

f` pulesd`m. Plets grck td` ZXNIs :rm ilm 0td Meve-secls rèlgcrj`m grck Lcrtd`rl Fidr in Bdizin ilmNia`s stit`s, r`sp`jtev`ny, pr`-pcseteclelb ibielst l`wittijas.

Dukiletireil ijtcrs wetdmr`w ilm w`r` mesjcurib`mgrck r`turlelb m`spet` td` jclsem`rifn` l``ms cg tdcu-silms cg l`wny mespnij`m p`rscls, prckptelb wdit iliem wcra`r jinn`m i dukiletireil fnija dcn`. ]d`gcrk`r jculty jckkessecl`r dcp`m tc us` des jcll`j-tecls tc pursu` r`jcljeneitecl wetd td` r`f`ns fut jniekstdit d` wis lct iggcrm`m td` spij` tc try.42

68 Kiy? Igt`r kcvelb tdrcubd Bim`ts dck` irì ellèbdfcurelb Vuitdlyefcn piyik, des gcrj`s r`turl`mtc ittija td` ZXNI el Kilae`l. ]dcubd td` sem`s jniekjclgnejtelb gebur`s, gebdtelb r`sunt`m el jclsem`rifn`jisuinte`s gcr fctd.44]d` r`f`ns td`l kcv`m scutdìstcg Kilae`l, is gebdtelb jcltelu`m. ZXNI scnme`rs pur-su`m ilm sufs`qu`ltny s`t ger` tc s`v`l Fun Lu`r ven-nib`s el td` irì, inn`b`mny m`strcyelb sck` 2,488 dck`silm mespnijelb tdcusilms.45

M`spet` nit`r m`leins ilm mcwlpniyelb fy bcv`rlk`ltilm ZXNI cggejeins, td` m`strujtecl cg vennib`s wis cst`l-sefny iek`m it s`lmelb i k`ssib` tc tdcs` p`rjèv`m tc f`suppcrtelb td` r`f`ns. ]d` td`l-Kiyck jckkessecl`r,Jdirn`s Kijde`lb, wis jiubdt f`tw``l i rcja ilm i dirm

pnij`, bev`l des r`spclsefenete`s tc fctd td` stit` bcv`rl-k`lt ilm des ibbre`v`m jclstetu`lts. El td` `lm, d` puf-nejny elmejt`m td` ZXNI gcr td` vennib` furlelbs.58D` wissukkcl`m tc F`lteu miys nit`r, wd`r` i brcup cg cgge-jeins, eljnumelb td` bcv`rlcr ilm td` =td Mevesecl jck-kilm`r, urb`m dek tc r`trijt des stit`k`lt, fut d` r`-

40Jreses Brcup elt`rve`ws, Oufi, Oul` 6899. Il iem wcra`r lct-`m td` keneteis `v`l kim` jcltijt tc elgcrk ncjin LBC stiggtdit jeveneils ilm LBCs wcunm lct f` tirb`t`m.47Jreses Brcup elt`rve`ws, Oufi, F`lteu, Oul`, Iubust 6899.Bim`ts gcrj`s insc ippìr`m tc div` dim elgcrkilts wetdel td`ZXNI, is td`y w`r` r`bunirny iwir` cg ets ekp`lmelb kcv`-k`lts ilm ijtevety.42Jreses Brcup elt`rve`ws, Oufi, Oul` 6899.44Elt`rlin PL r`pcrt, 66 Kiy 6899, cftiel`m fy Jreses Brcup.45Jreses Brcup elt`rve`ws, jculty ilm elt`rliteclin cggejeins,Oufi, Oul` 6899. Elt`rlinny mespnij`m p`rscl (EMX) r`pcrts jcr-

rcfcrit` td` furlelb cg vennib`s.58Fclegijec ]ifil Auejd, ZXNI s`t ger` tc cv`r 2,888 dck`sel Plety siys Kiyck jculty cggejein, Zumil ]reful`,6= Kiy6899.


19/45

Zcutd Zumil? Jckpculmelb Elstifenety el Plety Ztit`Jreses Brcup Igreji V`pcrt L925, 92 Cjtcf`r 6899 Xib` 9=

gus`m. D` wis sdcrtny r`ne`v`m cg des pcst, igt`r oust i g`wkcltds el cggej`.59

El td` miys gcnncwelb td` s`jclm Kilae`l fittn`, td` =tdMevesecl eleteit`m cp`ritecls el Kiyck tc mrev` td` r`f`ngcrj`s cut cg Plety.56Pljclgerk`m r`pcrts elmejit` tdit

ZXNI scnme`rs, wdc dim sugg`r`m jclsem`rifn` ncss`s elr`j`lt w`às ilm w`r` sdcwelb sck` r`nujtilj` tc gebdt,w`r` p`rkett`m (`v`l `ljcurib`m) tc ncct murelb td` cp-`ritecls.5:V`pcrts cg elvcnultiry irky jclsjreptecl inscsurgij`m, wetd td` muin ieks cg r`fuenmelb m`pn`t`m gcrj`str`lbtd ilm pr`v`ltelb ycutds grck ocelelb td` r`f`n-necls.5=]d` jclsjreptecl ippir`ltny trilsper`m cutsem` cglcrkin ZXNI strujtur`s ilm eljnum`m jdenmr`l.50]d` me-vesecl jckkilm`r, Oik`s Bitmu`n, es i Fun Lu`r, fut cltd` d``ns cg td` vennib` furlelbs ilm sufs`qu`lt ZXNIifus`s, i Fun Lu`r cggejein ivcw`m tdit d` es lc nclb`r iscl cg cur jckkulety.

Zujd dìvy-dilm`m ZXNI r`spcls`s kiy ibiel fijager`,m``p`lelb kestrust ilm b`l`ritelb brìt`r sykpitdy crijtev` suppcrt gcr r`l`bim`s ikclb igg`jt`m jckkule-te`s. Z`lecr ZXNI cggejeins mem lct ijalcwn`mb` tdes, futi pirneik`ltiry jckkett`` r`pcrt`m tdit td` bcv`rlk`lts

precretesitecl cg gcrj` cv`r meincbu` pr`mejtifny xij`r-fit`m jclgnejt, is wis s``l r`j`ltny el Kilae`l ilmKiyck.57

I s`re`s cg ctd`r ittijas, jnisd`s wetd td` ZXNI, jcult`rcgg`lsev`s ilm jittn` riems ulgcnm`m el lcrtd`rl Plety ilm

ijrcss td` fcrm`r el Rirrip ilm Nia`s stit`s tdrcubdcutKiy ilm Oul`. Zck` w`r` ulmcuft`mny td` wcra cg Bi-m`ts gcrj`s, ilm is sujd lèbdfcurelb jckkulete s w`r`

59Z`lecr cggejeins grck Kiyck Jculty r`pcrt tdit jckkuletynìm`rs put jclsem`rifn` pr`ssur` cl td` jckkessecl`r lct tcr`sjelm des stit`k`lt. Jreses Brcup elt`rve`ws, Oufi, F`lteu,Oul`-Iubust 6899.56PLKEZ setuitecl r`pcrt, Kiy 6899, cftiel`m fy Jreses Brcup.5:Ncctelb eljnum`m it nìst cl` LBC jckpculm el Kilae`l,wd`r` kcr` tdil $688,888 cg prcbrik suppne`s, rimecs, gurle-

tur`, kctcrfea`s ilm ctd`r quepk`lt w`r` stcn`l ilm tia`l tcKiyck, wd`r` pccrny-suppne`m ZXNI ulets w`r` pcsetecl`m.Ctd`rs r`pcrt`m dukil rebdts ifus`s elgnejt`m fy ZXNI scn-me`rs. Jreses Brcup elt`rve`ws, dukiletireil cggejeins, PL cgge-jein, Oufi, Oul` 6899.5=Jreses Brcup elt`rve`ws, PL cggejeins, Oufi, Oul`, Ouny 6899.50 PL cggejeins r`pcrt tdit Plety stit` dis td` wcrst r`jcrmikclb Zcutd`rl stit`s gcr jdenm jckfitilts el td` ZXNI. ]d`yr`pcrt jdenmr`l ir` cgt`l m`kcfenes`m clny tc f` r`jyjn`m fijaeltc td` irky wetdel w`às. Il ZXNI cggejein jclgerk`m tc el-t`rliteclin pirtl`rs tdit tdes pirtejunir r`jruetk`lt wis lct l-mcrs`m grck Oufi fut wis mrev`l grck td` stit`-n`v`n. JresesBrcup elt`rve`ws, Oufi, Ouny 6899.57Jreses Brcup elt`rve`ws, s`lecr ZXNI cggejeins, Fenpik, Oul`,Ouny 6899. V`pcrt cl td` ZZNI/XVJ Cv`rsebdt Kessecl tc F`l-teu, Kiyck, ilm Kiniain, Zcutd Zumil N`besnitev` Iss`kfnyJckkett`` cl Xìj` ilm V`jcljeneitecl, 9=-94 Oul` 6899.

eljrìselbny inirk`m. Fut f`jius` cg td` mev`rsety cg ij-tcrs tdit dim gcubdt cl f`ding cg Bim`t, ilm f`jius` desgcrj`s dim elmesjrekelit`ny irk`m jckkulete`s ilm yculbjittn` riem`rs, td` em`ltety cg td` p`rp`tritcrs ilm tdèr cf-

o`jtev`s el kily sujd eljem`lts r`kiel ulj`rtiel.

]d` gijt tdit Bim`ts gcrj`s r`jèv`m suppcrt grck lcrtd`rlZumil es i pccrny a`pt s`jr`t. Des trccps cp`rit`m grckncjitecls el Zcutd`rl Acrmcgil stit` (is w`nn is Ifyèilm elsem` Plety), grck wd`r` td`y kim` eljursecls eltcKiyck ilm Ife`klck jculte`s.52Fctd r`f`n ilm bcv`rl-k`lt elt`nneb`lj` cggejeins r`pcrt Bim`t ilm ctd`r brcupsneies`m wetd ZIG trccps it sck` cg td`s` ncjitecls.54Z`l-ecr ZXNI cggejeins inn`b` Adirtcuk `ljcurib`m Bim`tsittijas tc mriw ZXNI itt`ltecl `ns`wd`r` is ZIG gcrj`s

pr`pir`m tc elvim` Ifyè.55Igt`r tdèr r`turl tc Oufi,Bim`ts ell`r jerjn` ijalcwn`mb`m tdit ZIG kenetiry el-t`nneb`lj` dim gijenetit`m td` purjdis`, ekpcrt ilm m`nev`ry

cg wìpcls ilm suppne`m ikkuletecl. Et insc jniek`m tcdiv` r`jèv`m wìpcls ilm ncbestejin suppcrt grck il ul-mesjncs`m gcrèbl scurj`, tdcubd tdes dis lct f``l v`rege`m.988

6. Frelbelb Bim`t fija eltc td` gcnm

Eletein itt`kpts tc lbib` Bim`t gint`r`m, ilm d` kim` jnìrtdit ily l`bcteitecls wcunm lct eljnum` td` jeveneil cr s`-jurety iutdcrete`s el F`lteu? d` m`ser`m clny tc lbib` wetdOufi. ]d` stit` nìm`rsdep, sck` cfs`rv`rs wcrre`m, jcunms`` tdes is i tdrìt.989]d` m`ser` tc mìn mer`jtny wetd td`

pr`sem`lt wis prekireny il ggcrt tc st``r jnìr cg td` meve-secls ilm ilekcsety wetdel td` irky cv`r rèlt`britecl

pcnejy. Mcelb sc wcunm iggcrm dek td` pcnetejin jcv`rl`j`ssiry tc r`turl.

52Ncjitecls eljnum`m, ikclb ctd`rs, Lyiki ilm ]eksid (Zcutd-`rl Acrmcgil). Jreses Brcup elt`rve`ws, r`f`n ZZNI k`kf`r,s`lecr liteclin s`jurety cggejein, PL cggejeins, Oufi, Ouny, Iubust6899.54Jreses Brcup elt`rve`ws, r`f`n ZZNI k`kf`r, s`lecr liteclins`jurety cggejein, PL cggejeins, Oufi, Ouny, Iubust 6899.55Jreses Brcup elt`rve`ws, s`lecr ZXNI cggejeins, Fenpik, Oul`6899.988Jreses Brcup elt`rve`w, k`kf`r cg Bim`ts r`f`nnecl, Oufi,Iubust 6899. Gcnncwelb i jnisd wetd Bim`ts gcrj`s el Kiy, ilZXNI kenetiry elt`nneb`lj` k`kc kira`m tcp s`jr`t ilm mit-`m 97 Oul` r`pcrt`m td` gcnncwelb wìpcls ilm quepk`lt w`r`r`jcv`r`m? tdr`` 78kk kcrtirs, s`v`l XAK nebdt kijdel`buls, tdr`` VXB-2 rcja`t-prcp`nn`m br`lim` niuljd`rs, 67 IAKissiunt regn`s, twc ZXB-5 ilm cl` F-98 r`jcenn`ss bul, cl` nclb-rilb` rimec ilm isscrt`m ilte-p`rscll`n kel`s. K`kc s``l fyJreses Brcup. Il PLKEZ cggejein v`rege`m td`s` r`jcv`re`s ilmlct`m tdit td`y w`r` inn l`w ilm em`ltejin ilm tdit td` ikkule-tecl ilm kibizel`s w`r` nea`wes` ulegcrk. Jreses Brcup elt`r-

ve`w, PLKEZ cggejein, Oufi, 9: Oul` 6899. ]des es rir` el ZcutdZumil, wd`r` wìpcls us`m fy irk`m brcups, ilm `v`l td`kenetiry, ir` usuinny cnm ilm cg virecus crebels.989Jreses Brcup elt`rve`w, PL cggejein, Oufi, Oul` 6899.


20/45


El Oul`, previt` elt`rliteclin ijtcrs suppcrt`m que`t itt`kptstc eleteit` meincbu` f`tw``l td` a`y r`f`ns ilm td` BcZZ.Jcltijt wis kim` el Adirtcuk wetd Bim`t is w`nn is g`n-ncw messem`lts Ifm`n Fibe (Lcrtd`rl Fidr in Bdizin),Ocdlscl Cncly (Ppp`r Len`) ilm Bcrmcl Aclb (Ppp`r Len`)ilm r`pr`s`ltitev`s c

179 south sudan - compounding instability in unity state

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