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1789-1815. in the 1600s and 1700s, french kings still ruled by “divine right” with absolute...

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The French Revolution 1789-1815

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  • Slide 1
  • 1789-1815
  • Slide 2
  • In the 1600s and 1700s, French kings still ruled by divine right with absolute power. And they lived more luxuriously than perhaps anyone, anywhere in the history of the world.
  • Slide 3
  • Louis XIV, King of France 1643-1715
  • Slide 4
  • Palace of Versailles
  • Slide 5
  • Hall of Mirrors
  • Slide 6
  • Society was divided into 3 social classes called ESTATES: 1 st 2 nd 3 rd Clergy Nobles Commoners The first 2 estates had special privileges that that 3 rd did not.
  • Slide 7
  • The problem was that the 3 rd Estate made up 98.5% of the population.
  • Slide 8
  • Commoners crushed by the Clergy and Nobility
  • Slide 9
  • In the 1600s, French commoners looked on while the Brits executed Charles I and chased off James II.
  • Slide 10
  • In the 1700s, they watched the Americans break away from England under King George III.
  • Slide 11
  • By the late-1780s, France was in deep financial trouble. At the same time, a terrible harvest created bread shortages. King Louis XVI was unsure about how to deal with the crisis.
  • Slide 12
  • Louis XVI decided to call a meeting of the Estates-General. Similar to Parliament, but with 3 houses, one for the reps of each estate. Each estate got one vote, as a result, the king always won!
  • Slide 13
  • E-G met at Versailles in 1789. 3 rd Estate demanded some rule changes be made. They wanted each rep to get one vote instead of each house. Commoners would then have the advantage, 610-589.
  • Slide 14
  • Louis XVI locked the 3 rd Estate reps out of their meeting hall. The Commoners took over one of his tennis courts and declared themselves National Assembly. They then took the Tennis Court Oath.
  • Slide 15
  • The Tennis Court Meeting
  • Slide 16
  • Louis XVI paid lip service to the National Assembly. In the meantime, he called for 30,000 troops to surround Paris. The people in Paris feared the king was planning to crush the revolution.
  • Slide 17
  • The commoners decided to strike a blow against the Old Regime. On July 14, 1789, they stormed the Bastille. This was their declaration of independence from absolute monarchy.
  • Slide 18
  • Storming the Bastille
  • Slide 19
  • Bastille commanders head on a pike
  • Slide 20
  • Research on your own: 1) The Great Fear. 2) The Declaration of the Rights of Man. 3) The March on Versailles. 4) The Constitution of 1791.
  • Slide 21
  • Louis XVI (Bourbon family) King of France 1774-1792
  • Slide 22
  • Marie Antoinette Queen of France Her family rules Austria. Let em eat cake
  • Slide 23
  • Louis & Marie were married when he was 15 and she was 14. Maries brother, Joseph II was the Holy Roman Emperor. Fans of the Old Regime hoped Joseph II would attack France.
  • Slide 24
  • With war threatening, French society was split into three main groups: Radicals Moderates Reactionarie s LeftRightCenter
  • Slide 25
  • Radicals: - Demand drastic, rapid change. - Want to completely tear down Old Regime. - Favor a REPUBLIC.
  • Slide 26
  • Moderates: - Want gradual change. - Want to fix the Old Regime not destroy it. - Favor a LIMITED MONARCHY.
  • Slide 27
  • Reactionaries: - Dislike change. - Want to go back to the way things used to be. - Favor a return to ABSOLUTE MONARCHY.
  • Slide 28
  • 1n 1791, the Legislative Assembly was dominated by radicals and moderates. The radicals wanted war. Louis XVI and the reactionaries wanted war, too.
  • Slide 29
  • In June 1791, Louis and Marie attempted to flee from Paris. They were stopped, brought back to Paris and imprisoned. The radicals thought this meant Austria was going to attack.
  • Slide 30
  • In April 1792, the radicals convinced the Legislative Assembly to declare war on Austria. Prussia quickly jumped in on Austrias side.
  • Slide 31
  • New elections in France brought more radicals into the Assembly. In Sept. 1792 the Assembly voted to abolish the monarchy. This was the beginning of the French Republic.
  • Slide 32
  • The radicals changed the name of the assembly to the National Convention. In Jan. 1793, they tried Louis XVI as an enemy of the Revolution. He was convicted and sentenced to death by guillotine.
  • Slide 33
  • The Execution of Louis XVI
  • Slide 34
  • Slide 35
  • The execution of Louis XVI brought Great Britain, Spain & the Netherlands into the war. War with 5 countries forced the National Convention to institute a draft.
  • Slide 36
  • Opposition to the war and the draft threatened to bring down the republic. The National Convention created the Committee of Public Safety to root out opponents of the revolution.
  • Slide 37
  • Maximilien Robespierre Leader of the Committee of Public Safety Do the ends justify the means?
  • Slide 38
  • Robespierre felt that saving the Revolution was more important than protecting individual rights. Opponents of the National Convention were quickly taken to the guillotine.
  • Slide 39
  • From July 1793-July 1794, 40,000 people were executed. 80% of those killed were members of the 3 rd Estate. Finally the Committee of Public Safety turned on Robespierre and he, too, was guillotined.
  • Slide 40
  • Constitution of 1795 ended the radical phase of the Revolution. Council of 500 Council of Ancients Directory Courts Legislative ExecutiveJudicial Republic Separation of Powers
  • Slide 41
  • In Oct. 1795, a mob of Royalists threatened to overthrow the Directory in Paris. The Directors called on a young general, Napoleon Bonaparte, to defend them.
  • Slide 42
  • Napoleon used cannon fire to disperse the reactionary mob. For this he was hailed as a hero of the Revolution and given command of an army in Italy.
  • Slide 43
  • Napoleon Bonaparte Born: 1769 on Corsica. Sent to military school at age 9.
  • Slide 44
  • In 1796-97, Napoleon won great victories against Austria & Prussia and increased his fame. In 1799, Napoleon decided it was time to take control of the government of France.
  • Slide 45
  • Napoleon used his fame and the support of his army to pull off a coup detat. He created a new 3-man ruling body, The Consulate. Napoleon named himself First Consul with a 10-year term.
  • Slide 46
  • In 1802, Napoleon ordered a plebiscite. Q: Should Napoleon be named First Consul for Life? Yes No 3,568,885 8,374 99.8% 0.2%
  • Slide 47
  • Assassination attempts and talk of returning to a monarchy led Napoleon to take a new title. On Dec. 1, 1804 he crowned himself: Napoleon I, Emperor of the French
  • Slide 48
  • Coronation of Emperor Napoleon I
  • Slide 49
  • By 1804, Napoleons army had successfully conquered virtually all of Europe. In 1805, Napoleon planned to invade his most hated enemy, Great Britain.
  • Slide 50
  • But at the Battle of Trafalgar, British Admiral Horatio Nelson destroyed the French fleet. Without a navy Napoleon could not invade Great Britain.
  • Slide 51
  • Trafalgar Square, London Admiral Nelson
  • Slide 52
  • After Trafalgar, Napoleon decided to hurt the British by cutting off their trade. He set up the Continental System, which said that no country in Europe could trade with the British.
  • Slide 53
  • Czar Alexander I of Russia refused to obey Napoleons trade embargo of Great Britain. Napoleon invaded Russia in June, 1812 with an army of over half a million troops.
  • Slide 54
  • Unable to stop the invasion, the Russians retreated and burned everything in their wake. This scorched earth policy denied Napoleons troops food and shelter.
  • Slide 55
  • The Burning of Moscow, 1812
  • Slide 56
  • After finding Moscow in flames, Napoleon decided to retreat before winter set in. The retreat was a disaster as French troops starved, froze and got mauled by attacking Russian cavalry called Cossacks.
  • Slide 57
  • Napoleon lost over 400,000 troops in Russia. With G.B., Russia, Prussia and Austria now allied against him, Napoleon abdicated his throne. In 1814, he went into exile on the small island of Elba.
  • Slide 58
  • Louis XVIII, the brother of Louis XVI, was installed as French king. After less than a year on Elba, Napoleon made a comeback. He returned to France, chased off Louis XVIII and gathered together a new army.
  • Slide 59
  • In June 1815, he was defeated by Great Britain and Prussia at Waterloo, in present day Belgium. Following this final defeat, the British exiled Napoleon for good to St. Helena off the coast of Africa.
  • Slide 60
  • Napoleon lived out his days under British guard, dying in 1821 at age 51. The French Revolution story ends with Louis XVIII back in charge of a limited monarchy.
  • Slide 61
  • Arc de Triomphe, Paris

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