FORCES

2 Two Year Warranty

HI-TECH Education is a market leader in the manufactureand provision of teaching equipment for Universities andTechnical Colleges worldwide for both degree andvocational level.

It has been designing and manufacturing “hands-on”Engineering teaching equipment for almost 50 years andhas a wealth of knowledge and experience within theeducational and training industry. Its worldwide networkof agents guarantees a fast and professional response toall enquiries.

The FORCES range of HI-TECH Education equipmentenables clear and comprehensive learning of STATICSand DYNAMICS covering a variety of theories andtopics. An understanding of the way in which forces actand react, is fundamental when studying the applicationof loads on a variety of fixed structures and rotatingmachinery. The FORCES form a comprehensive range ofequipment, from fixed beams through to rotatingmachines apparatus, equally suitable for demonstrationand experimental work.

STAT IC ANDDYNAMIC S

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HFC2 Triangle of ForcesA bench mounted circular table with a central pin and360º protractor has three pulleys on adjustable clampsround the edge. Conditions of equilibrium are obtained bycentralising a small cord ring over the central pin withcords to load hangers where the loads and lines of actionare variable. The triangle of forces in equilibrium can beconstructed and the resultant of two known forces can befound. The load hangers and calibrated set of weights aresupplied.

HFC4 Shear ForceThis experiment demonstrates the nature of the internal forces and theirdependence on the external system of forces for a simply supportedbeam. The experimental beam is in two parts, joined by a pair of ballbearing rollers running in flat vertical tracks. To develop the internalbeam forces at the section an underslung tension spring is used to resistthe bending moment, while an overhung spring balance provides thevertical shearing force. The shear force can then be directly read fromthe vertical spring balance. The beam is simply supported on endbearings and several weight hangers can be attached at any position oneither side of the joint. Optional accessories: HFC4a

HFC5 Bending MomentThis experiment demonstrates the nature of internal forces and theirdependence on the external system of forces for a simply supportedbeam. The experimental beam is in two parts joined by a pair of ballbearings running in a profiled groove. An underslung spring balanceprovides a resisting moment, and also allows the section bendingmoment to be measured. When load is applied to the beams thespring balance is adjusted to bring the beam horizontal and thebending moment force recorded. Load is applied by the use ofcalibrated weights and three specially designed hangers which have asingle point contact on the beam and can be positioned anywherealong the working length of the beam section. The beam is simplysupported on end bearings. The apparatus is quick and easy to set-upon a bench top and takes up little space. It is a visual experiment anddifferent loadings can be applied accurately and quickly.Optional accessories: HFC5a

HFC8 Centre of GravityThe centre of gravity of a shape of uniform thickness can easily befound by this method. It provides a simple technique forcomplicated shapes, far quicker than by using calculus forexample, although not producing an accurate answer to thehandling of a yacht, the calculation of the moments caused by thewind and water acting at the 'centre of lateral area' of the sailsand keel are still used as a starting point. A free standingbackboard has a pin from which a selection of flat shapes can behung. A simple pendulum suspended from the pin enables theline of action of the weight to be transferred to the lamina. Thecentre of gravity is the position on the shape where two or moresuch lines intersect. The shapes can be marked using a suitablepen and can be cleaned easily.

Tel: +44 (0)1794 388382 Fax: +44 (0)1794 388129 Email: sales@p-a-hilton.co.ukP.A.Hilton Ltd

HFC21 Centrifugal ForceThis apparatus is used to verify that centrifugal force varies withthe square of the speed, the rotating mass, and the radius ofgyration. The bench top mounted unit houses a speed-controlledmotor, which carries a horizontal boom assembly. This assemblyrotates up to 350rpm and onto which sliding weights are fittedand adjusted. The weights are attached to centrifugal rods, whichmove outwards during rotation and through crank levers apply aforce to an integral load cell. The speed of rotation of the boomis displayed on the front panel along with the centrifugal forcereading. A unique feature is that all three variables can be set andthe centrifugal force directly read from the digital force display.Six masses are supplied along with all the necessary tools, sparesand accessories. A protective dome covers all rotating parts givingprotection to the end user.

HFC19 Toggle JointThis apparatus is designed to evaluate forces within atoggle mechanism. Load is applied to the two pairs oflinks by a hanger suspended from their connecting pivot.One end of the link is pivoted to the base, while the otherend is able to move sideways on low friction ball bearingwheels. The moving links are restrained by a horizontalspring balance, which measures the horizontal reactiondirectly. The angle of the toggle can be varied andadjustment is provided for returning the geometry to itsoriginal unloaded state before taking measurements. Thereare many ways in which the forces can be determinedtheoretically. The instruction sheet provided with theapparatus takes the opportunity to introduce the use ofvelocity diagrams to solve essentially static problems byconsidering virtual motion.

HFC14 Wall Jib CraneThis apparatus teaches students about the confluence of the four forces at the end of thewall jib crane and clearly illustrates the application of a triangle of forces. This wallmounted self-contained jib crane has spring balances built into its two members. Afterloading the member lengths can be adjusted to their no-load lengths. The experimentallows the student to determine the experimental values of the forces in the principal partsof the jib crane, study the effect of altering the length of the tie to change the geometryand to compare the results with the forces obtained from graphical solutions using apolygon or a triangle of forces. The jib out-hangs and the crane cable inclination can bereadily changed. A set of calibrated weights and load hangers are supplied.

HFC11 Acceleration ApparatusThis type of equipment has been used for many years tointroduce students to accelerated linear motion, inparticular the dependence of the acceleration on thenet force causing the motion. Confirmation ofNewton's second law of motion and thedetermination of gravitational acceleration arepossible with this apparatus. The trolley which carriesfive removable masses glides on two rails attached to the base. Electro-sensitivepaper strip attached to the trolley passes through a spark generator which producesfive impulses per second, enabling the trolley acceleration to be accuratelydetermined. The weights which produce the accelerating force are hung directlyonto the paper strip. All required equipment is supplied. Further rolls of electro-sensitive paper are available. Optional accessories: HFC11a

HFC22 Rubberin ShearRubber blocks in shear forceare often used on enginesand in equipment mountingto isolate vibrations. They dothis by absorbing shockenergy by deforming. Thisdeformation leads to adecrease in cross-section asthe block lengthens, aneffect described by Poisson'sRatio. After this experiment,students will understand thebehaviour of a very flexiblematerial such as rubber. A rubber block 150 x 75 x25mm is bonded to twoaluminium alloy plates. Oneplate is attached to a verticalwall, whilst the other has avertical shear load appliedby a loaded weight hanger.A dial gauge measures thedeflection of the block. Allcalibrated weights, loadhangers and accessories aresupplied.

Tel: +44 (0)1794 388382 Fax: +44 (0)1794 388129 Email: sales@p-a-hilton.co.ukP.A.Hilton Ltd

HFC29 Coriolis ForceThis bench top unit gives excellent visual demonstration to the Coriolis Force on a jetof water. A horizontal boom sits on top of the main base unit and rotates in ahorizontal plane. Attached to the boom is a water tank which projects a jet of waterinto the tank towards the centre of rotation of the boom. An electronicallycontrolled motor rotates the boom at different rotational speeds. As the speed ofboom rotation is changed, the jet of water deflects under the Coriolis affect (force).The amount of deflection can be seen on increments on the water tank. The speedof rotation of the boom is digitally displayed and controlled using the front panelmounted knob. The jet motor is operated using batteries supplied. A charger for thebatteries is supplied also. All rotating components are protected within a clear safetydome.

HFC26 Apparatus for StaticsExperimentsThe unit allows the fundamentals of Statics, such asequilibrium, force resolution, the principles of levers, andsimilar issues to be clearly demonstrated. The base unit is afreestanding board. All the parts necessary for theexperiment can be quickly attached to the board straps andperimeter grooves on the edge of the board. Linear scalesaround the perimeter of the board allow for accuratemeasuring. Two large board straps allow the mounting ofthe individual experiment components. Each strap has equi-spaced threaded holes to allow mounting positions to bevaried widely. Two ball bearings facilitate low friction torqueexperiments. All forces measured using analogue springbalances. The board can be written on with the use of thenon-permanent pens. The individual parts are supplied in astorage case.

HFC31 Combined Shear Force and Bending MomentThis compact bench top unit allows the observation andanalysis of both Shear Force and Bending Moment within oneunit. A rigid, aluminium beam is cut into two unequal lengths.Each part of the beam is then simply supported on verticalsupports. Each support can be moved along the beam sectionlength creating varied support positions. At the ‘cut’ section, abearing allows for both vertical movement (shear) androtation (bending) to occur. The Shear Force is measured usinga vertical spring balance and the bending moment ismeasured using the horizontal spring balance. Special loadhangers are provided that can be positioned accurately alongthe beams length by using the graduated scales attached tothe side of the beams. The smooth design of the beamsections allows a wide variety of unrestricted load positions tobe used along the beam lengths. A full set of calibratedweights is included.

HFC34 Torque Vector ApparatusThe HFC34 investigates plane and spatial equilibrium ofmoments and vector addition. A table top base plate, withintegral feet, supports a vertical pillar. The vertical pillar passesair through itself to the top. A small ball is rested at the topof the pillar and when air flows a small cushion of air iscreated for the ball to sit on. This creates a friction freebearing. The air flow iscreated using manualoperation of a handpump. The ball hassix perpendicular rodsprotruding from itssurface. Onto theends of these rodshang load hangersand weights. Theweights createvarying moments andequilibrium positions.The six rods alsoallow up to six forcesto be observedsimultaneously. Thelength and angularposition of each rodis measured using theintegral linear scaleand protractorsupplied.

HFC35 Rotational ApparatusThe HFC35 investigates rotational dynamics. A table top baseplate, with integral feet, supports a rotating base plate. Thebase plate has a stepped pulley with three varying diametersonto which a cord can be wrapped. The free end of the cordattaches to a load hanger via a pulley. The rotating plate canbe accelerated by adding weights to the load hanger.Attachments to the rotating plate include a hollow cylinderand rectangular bar, which varies the mass of the initialrotating plate. The rotating plate speed is captured using asensor. The sensor points towards a black and white strip onthe perimeter of the large rotating disc and the sensor picksup the different colours in order to monitor the speed. DataAcquisition Software supplied captures the key experimentalparameters.

HFC33 Conservation of LinearMomentumThe HFC33 apparatus consists of a long precision air trackmanufactured from sturdy lightweight extrusion. A blower forcesair through the extrusion and miniature holes running along itslength. This creates a near frictionless ‘cushion’ of air onto whichtwo trolleys can me moved which is crucial in preservingmomentum in the Conservation of Momentum theory. Thetrolleys can be set onto each other in different modes. Thetrolleys can accept additional masses onto them to vary theexperimental parameters. The trolleys are projected along the airtrack by means of a catapult device with buffers installed to stopthe trolleys if necessary. Light gates on the track monitor thetiming of each trolley and a linear scale allows the distance to berecorded and the timing gate positions to be accurately set. Theapparatus can also teach kinetic and potential energy, velocity,acceleration and force.

HFC38 Combined Work Done by a Variable ForceThis experiment is designed to reinforce the general principle that the work done,particularly by a variable force, can be determined by measuring the area under the graphof force against distance moved. On one side of the board a suspension cord carrying aloaded trolley at mid span is tensioned by passing the cord over a pulley at one end anddown to a weight hanger. As the vertical effort is increased, the tensioned cord will moveto a new equilibrium position lifting the loaded trolley. Heights of the load and effort aremeasured relative to the base. On the other side of the board a pivoted arm carrying aload hanger at its end is restrained by a spring balance at right angles to the arm. Theangular position of the arm is indicated by a protractor scale attached to the back board.The effort is the force needed to hold the weighted arm at a particular angle. This can berepeated for several different weights. The back board is bench mounting.

Tel: +44 (0)1794 388382 Fax: +44 (0)1794 388129 Email: sales@p-a-hilton.co.ukP.A.Hilton Ltd

Horsebridge Mill, King's Somborne, StockbridgeHampshire SO20 6PX, EnglandTel: +44 (0)1794 388382Fax: +44 (0)1794 388129Email: sales@p-a-hilton.co.ukWeb: www.p-a-hilton.co.uk

P.A.Hilton LtdRepresented by:

HFC1 Reactions of BeamsHFC1a Forces on a BeamHFC3 Funicular Polygon and ForcesHFC6 Work done by a Variable Force (Vertical Effort)HFC7 Work done by a Variable Force (Tangential Effort)HFC9 Bell Crank LeverHFC10 Fletchers TrolleyHFC12 Three Wire SuspensionHFC16 Tension Coefficients

HFC17 Basic Roof TrussHFC18 Shear LegHFC20 Simple Moment HFC23 Forces ApparatusHFC26a Supplementary Kit Inclined Plane/FrictionHFC26b Supplementary Kit Block and TackleHFC26c Supplementary Kit Gear SystemHFC27 Projectile Launcher

OTHER EXPERIMENTS AVAILABLE (Refer to our Website for details)