•16th Century religious reform movement

•Led to new Christian sects not answerable to the Pope

•Also known as the

•PROTESTANT REFORMATION

•Renaissance- Humanism led people to question Church authority

•Political Power shifted to strong Monarchs

•Church Corruption & Extravagance

•German Monk Martin Luther posts 95 Theses on the door of a church in Wittenberg•Protested the sale of indulgences •The Printing Press helped spread his ideas throughout Northern Europe

•Luther is excommunicated by Pope Leo X•Emperor Charles V’s Edict of Worms declares Luther an outlaw & Heretic

•Believed Pope could not grant a pardon for sins

•Believed Christians reached heaven only by faith in God

•Priests did not have special powers

•Established the Lutheran Church in Germany

•Frenchman lead Protestants in Geneva ,Switzerland•Believed ideal govt. was a THEOCRACY•Promoted the idea of PREDESTINATION•Calvinist led strict, disciplined & frugal lives•Calvinism spread to Germany, France, Scotland & England

Many Protestant sects have roots in Calvinism

•Scottish Preacher brought Calvin’s teachings to Scotland

•Knox’s followers were known as:

•Presbyterians

•Henry the VIII broke with the Catholic Church because the Pope refused to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon

•Parliament passes law ending the Pope’s power over England

•Parliament makes the English King head of England’s church

Henry VIII marries 6 times

•Following Henry VIII’s death his 3 children eventually ruled•Edward VI continued Protestant reforms•Mary returned the English church to the Pope•Elizabeth I returned kingdom to Protestantism•Gave tolerance to Catholics•Aided Dutch Protestant Rebellion against Spain;Defeated Spanish Armada

•Known as the Catholic Reformation•Purpose was to strengthen Catholic Church & keep Catholics from converting to Protestantism•Pope approves new religious orders such as the Jesuits•Pope Paul III Convenes the Bishops at the Council of Trent redefining the mission of the church•Reinforced the Inquisition in Papal territory

•Religious Unity in Europe was shattered

•Lutheran, Calvinist, Anglican, & other Protestant Churches formed

•Lead to anti- Semitism in Europe

•Religious wars break out in Europe for over 100 years

The Peasants War- 1524-1526 (German States)

Peace of Augsburg ended fighting between Charles V & German Lutheran Princes

Wars of Religion (1562-1598) French Huguenots vs. French Catholics ( Edict of Nantes)

The Thirty Years War (1618-1648) involved Catholics & Protestants from various European Countries