16. reproductive systems.ppt

8/10/2019 16. Reproductive systems.ppt

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REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM


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Human reproduction depends on structures called gonads.

Gonads are the organs (testes and ovaries) that produce sexcells (sperm and egg cells).

The Ability to Reproduce Begins at Puberty (8-15 years old)

Puberty the period of growth when sexual maturity is reached. Time when hormones that control sexual function start to

influence body structures.

Secondary sexual characteristics appear.


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Puberty Brain

HypothalamusGonadotropin Releasing Hormone

GnRH

Pituitary Gland

Leutinizing hormoneLH

Follicle Stimulating hormoneFSH

Egg and Sperm Estrogen and Testosterone

testesovaries testesovaries


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Effects of estrogen

Effects of testosterone Testes enlarge Facial and body hair growth Larynx enlarges (deeper voice) Muscles develop

Broad shoulders

Breast development Body hair grows Hips to widen Menstruation starts Fat tissue increases

S e c on

d ar y

S ex

u al

Ch

ar a

c t er i s t i c s
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Function: production of sperm and sexual hormones. (testosterone)

Scrotum

Testes

Tubules : EpididymisVas deferensUrethra

Glands : Seminal vesiclesProstaticBulbo urethral

Male Reproductive System


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The male reproductive glands are called: TESTESTestes are located: outside the body cavity in a pouch called the SCROTUMTestes function : production of sperms and testosterone

37 C is the average bodys temperature But a lower temperature is required forthe development of sperm.

Because the scrotum is located outside of thebody, it is several degrees cooler.

Scrotum function : Regulate testes temperature.

Lap top on the lap and hotwater kill sperms!!!!
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1. Sperms develop in the testes , in the seminiferous tubules .These tubules produce100-200 millions of sperms each day.

2. Next, sperm travel to the epididymis , a structure locatedon top of each testis. In here the sperm will complete theirmaturation stored in the vas deferens.

3. When the sperm are released from the body,they travel through the vas deferens , a ductleading away from each testis (two vas deferens).

4. The two vas deferens join together and enter theurethra , tube that carries both semen and urineoutside of the body through the penis.

Process of sperm production and the path that sperm followsinside the male tract:


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Semen : refers to the fluid that contains: spermsnourishmentother fluids

SEMINAL VESICLES : contribute over half of the semen and secrete sugar into the fluid, whichprovides ENERGY.

PROSTATE GLAND : contribute an alkaline solution to the fluid to neutralize acidic conditionssperm might encounter in the urethra and the female reproductive tract.

BULBOURETHRAL GLAND: alkaline and lubricant solution.

SPERMS: sex cells.

COMPONENTS


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Human female reproductive system

Function :- Production of egg cells

- Recieves sperm- Provide an environment for fertilization of an egg and the

development of an embryo.


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Ovary : the female reproductive cells (eggs) are produced in the ovaries, each ovaryis about the size of an almond.Function : house the eggs and produce estrogen.

Oviduct (Fallopian tube) : Tube that connects to the uterus.Function : Transport eggs from the ovary to the uterus.

Uterus : size of an average human fist and iswhere the baby develops before birth.

Cervix : lower end of the uterus has a narrowopening into the vagina.

Vagina : leads to the outside of the females

body, receptacle for semen, birth canal.


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The Menstual Cycle

Events that take place each month in the human female tohelp prepare the female body for pregnancy.

The length of the menstual cycle can vary from 23 to 35days but it typically last around 28 days.

The Menstrual cycle can be divided into three phases:

FLOW PHASE

FOLLICULAR PHASE

LUTHEAL PHASE


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FLOW PHASE

Day one of the menstrual cycle, menstrual flow begins.

The shedding of blood, tissue fluid,mucus and epithelial cells form theENDOMETRIUM

Is where the embryo will implant iffertilization of the egg occurs.

Ovary Estrogen levels are low.

Uterus Around day five, repair of the endometrial lining begins.

From day 1 to day 5


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FOLLICULAR PHASE

Ovary Estrogen increases, production of FSH and LH slows down, just beforeovulation, estrogen levels peak, stimulating a sudden increase of LH.

Uterus Repair of the endometrial lining of the uterus.

Cervix Produces large amounts of mucus (lubrication).

Lasts from about day 6 to day 14OVULATION occurs in day 14


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Pituitary LH stimulates the corpus luteum to develop from the ruptured follicle.

Ovary Corpus luteum, part of an ovarian follicle that remains in the ovary afterovulation; produces estrogen and progesterone: pregnancy hormone.

Towards the end of the cycle, the corpus luteum breaks down, no longer producingprogesterone and estrogen triggers detachment of the endometrium and the

Flow phase of a new menstual cycle begin.

If the egg is fertilized the progesterone levels remain high and increase the bloodsupply to the endometrium, the corpus luteum does not degenerate and hormone

levels do not drop.

LUTEAL PHASE

Proges terone increases the blood supply ofthe endometrium, causing it to accumulatelipids and tissue fluid prepairing for the arrival

of a fertilized egg.

From days 15 to 28
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CERVIC L C NCER

Risks and Causes Prevention Signs and Symptoms Treatment

- 70% of the cases arecaused by the Humanpapillomavirus (HPV).

- Smoking- HIV infection- Chlamydia infection- Stress-related disorders- Dietary factors- Hormonal contraception- Multiple pregnancies- Exposure to the

hormonal drugdiethylstilbestrol

- Family history of cervicalcancer.

- Early age at firstintercourse and firstpregnancy magnifiedby early use of

oral contraceptives.

- Pap test(papanicolaou)

- HPV vaccines

-Symptoms may be absent untilthe cancer is in its advancedstages.

- Vaginal bleeding.

- Moderate pain during sexualintercourse.

- Vaginal discharge.

In advanced stages:Loss of appetite, weight loss,fatigue, pelvic pain, back pain,leg pain, single swollen leg,heavy bleeding from thevagina, leaking of urine or fecesfrom the vagina and bonefractures.

Metastasis in abdomen, lungsor somewhere else.

- Surgery

In advanced stages:- Chemotherapy- Radiotherapy


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PROST TE C NCER

Risks and Causes Prevention Signs and Symptoms Treatment

- Age (over 50 years)

- Genetics

- Diet: Trans fatty acids.

- Lifestyle: excersise anddiet.

- Finesteride: decresetestosterone levels.

-Regular checkups after 40years.

- Diet with omega-3 fattyacids.

- Usually is a slow-growing andsymptom-free.

- Pain- Difficulty in urinating- Erectile dysfunction

- Metastasize to bones andlymph nodes.

-Surgery- Radiation therapy-Hormonal therapy- Chemotherapy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormonal_therapy_(oncology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormonal_therapy_(oncology)


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REFERENCE

Biggs, A. et al. 2007. Glencoe Science, Biology. Mc Graw Hill 2007

Textbookp. 1048
http://women4hope.files.wordpress.com/2007/12/teenagepregnancy.jpg


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HW- Wednesday April 18th

Finish Activity- Reproductive System


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Birth Control methods Amenorrea

Endometriosis


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Wednesday April 18th

Check the HW (activity) Cervical Cancer and Prostate Cancer

16. reproductive systems.ppt

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