ASHWAGOL PLANTAGO OVATA

BOTANICAL NAMEPlantago ovata Forsk.

NATURAL ORDERPlantaginaceae

CLASSICAL NAMESAshwagol, Ishadgola, Ashwakarnabeeja, Sheetabeeja, Ishrwarabola, Snigdhajeeraka.

VERNACULAR NAMESEng.- Ispaghula, Psyllium, Blond psyllium, Spogel seeds, Ripple grass. Hindi- Isabgol, Isabgul, Issufgul, Ispaghul, Isubgol. Beng.- Eshopgol, Isabgul, Ishopgul, Ispaghul. Guj.- Isapghol, Isafghol, Ghoda Jeeru, Umtojeeru, Uthamujeerun,. Kan.- Isofgolu, Visamagolu, Issabagolu, Isabakolu. Mal.- Karkatasringi, Snigddhajirakam, Ispaghal. Mar.- Isabgola, Isapghol. Punj.- Iisapghol, Bartang, Abghol. Tam.- Iskolvirai, Iskol, Isphagol, Ishappukolvirai, Ishappukol. Tel.- Isphagula, Isapgaluvittulu, Isapagala. Arab.- Bazre-quatuna, Bazre-katima. Kash.- Is-mogul, Ismogul. Oriya- Isabgul. Pers.- Ispaghol, Isparzah, Thikam-daridah, Zhikam-daridah, Isabghul. Urdu- Ispaghul.

BOTANICAL DESCRIPTIONErect, tufted, sub-caulescent or stemless annual scapigerous herb, softly hairy or woolly. Leaves simple, 7.5-22 x 0.5 cm, narrowly linear, finely acuminate, attenuated at the base, usually 3-nerved. Scapes longer or shorter than the leaves, glabrous or pubescent. Flowers in ovoid or cylindric spikes upto 10 cm long. Capsules about 0.8 cm long, ellipsoid, obtuse. Seeds about 3mm long, ovoid-oblong, boat shaped, smooth, yellowish-brown. Flowering and Fruiting: December-March.

DISTRIBUTIONIntroduced in India and commercially cultivated in North Gujarat, Western Rajasthan, Punjab, Hariyana, Uttar Pradesh, and to less extent in other states. It is indigenous to Mediterranean region and West Asia extending upto Sutlej and Sind in West Pakistan, also distributed from Canary islands across Southern Spain, North Africa, Middle East and North-Western Asia.

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PARTS USEDSeed, husk

ACTIONS AND USESThe seeds are sweet, astringent, refrigerant, emollient, mucilaginous, diuretic, laxative, anti-inflammatory, antidysenteric, expectorant, aphrodisiac, roborant and tonic. Seeds are useful in burning sensation, habitual constipation, strangury, gastritis, chronic diarrhoea, dysentery, colic pain, dry cough, erysipelas, gout, gonorrhoea, bilious fever, diseases of urinary tract, duodenal ulcers, haemorrhoids, emaciation and general debility. Husk is used as emollient, demulcent, lubricant, laxative and in the treatment of chronic constipation, amoebic and bacillary dysentery and diarrhoea due to irritative conditions of gastro-intestinal tract. Isabgol preparations are given after colostomy to assist the preparation of smooth fecal mass. The husk act as good binder and disintegrant in compressed tablets.

Ayurvedic propertiesRasa – Madhura Guna – Snigdha, Guru, PichchhilaVeerya – Sheeta Vipaka – Madhura Doshaghnata – Vatapittashamaka Rogaghnata – Vatapaittikashiroroga, Shotha, Visarpa, Visphota, Raktatisara, Amatisara, Atisara, Pravahika, Shushkakasa, Mootrakrichchhra, Mootradaha, Pooyameha, Samanyadaurbalya, Krishata, Daha, Santapa, Jwara, Raktadosha, Raktapitta, Shirodaha, Raktarsha, Antragata kshata, Shukrameha, Adhmana.Karma – Dahaprashamana, Shothahara, Snehana, Anulomana, Shamana, Pichchhila, Grahi, Trishnanigrahana, Kaphanissaraka, Mootrajanana, Balya, Brihana, Bastishodhana.Doses : Husk Powder- 0.5-2 gm; Seeds- 5-15 gm.

PHARMACOGNOSYSeed- Ovoid-oblong, boat shaped, 2-3 mm long, 0.8-1.5 mm wide, endospermic, pinkish-grey to brown in colour. The dorsal surface is convex with a small, elliptical or elongated shining reddish brown spot while the ventral surface is concave with a deep furrow, odour characteristic, taste mucilaginous. Epidermal cells of testa is filled with mucilage which swells in contact with water. The cells are large, polyhedral, thin walled, rounded in surface view. Small starch granules are simple or compound embedded in the

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mucilage. Inner layer of testa rather indistinct, thin walled, cells containing brown pigment. Endosperm is composed of thick walled cells with numerous piths and granular contents, embryo consisting of thin-walled polyhedral cells containing fixed oil and aleurone grains.Husk- White, translucent, thin, boat shaped, 2-3 x 0.5-1 mm; odourless; taste bland, mucilaginous. Microscopically shows elongated polygonal cells, 90-120 x 18-27 , cellulose-walled, thickened by secondary deposit. Physical constantsSeed- Foreign matter- Not more than 3%; Total ash- Not more than 4%; Acid insoluble ash- Not more than 1%; Swelling factor- 10.25-13.5.Husk- Foreign matter- Not more than 2%; Total ash- Not more than 2.9%; Acid insoluble ash- Not more than 0.45%; Swelling factor- 90.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTSFructose, glucose, mucilage containing arabinose, galactose, galacturonic acid, rhamnose, xylose, aucubin (glucoside), ascorbic acid, DL-alanine, L-(-) asparagine, L-cystine, glutamic acid, glycine, L-lysine, DL-norleucine, DL-valine, 9-hydroxy-octadec-cis-12-enoic acid, 9-oxooctadec-cis-enoic acid, linoleic, linolenic, lignoceric, oleic, palmitic and stearic acid, hydrocarbons (C16-C19), sitosterol, tannin, amino acids in the combine form viz. cystine, lysine, leucine, tyrosine (seeds); Planteose, raffinose, stachyose, sucrose (stem, root).

PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIESHypocholesterolaemic, nematicidal, cholinergic, antiinflammatory, anticancer, antiatherosclerosis, hypoglycaemic, hypotensive, cardiac depressant, cervical dilator, antidiarrhoeal.

THERAPEUTIC EVALUATIONA double blind clinical trial on the effect of Ispaghula husk and placebo in 26 patients of irritable bowel syndrome after 6 weeks treatment showed significant improvement in 50 percent patients with constipation due to spastic colitis. The husk had least effect in patients with mucous diarrhoea.

A herbal formulation consisting of capsules containing Aegle marmelos (Bel), Plantago ovata (Isabgol) and Lepidium sativum (Chandrashoor) was clinically evaluated for one to six months treatment and it was observed that cases of 16 years old chronic constipation and irregular bowel movements with diarrhoea were cured. The response was good in 90 percent cases and patient preference was very high.

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Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Lucknow developed a new cervical dilator (tent) using granulated P. ovata seed husk (Isapgol). The tent was subjected to a multi-centric clinical evaluation covering 804 women in different parts of India. The women were in the age group of 15 to 45 years with 0 to 10 patiry, the gestation period varying from 8 to 24 weeks. With single insertion of tent in 750 women, satisfactory cervical dilation was achieved in 94 percent cases. The tent (inserted for 4 to 24 hours) ensured a gradual and atraumatic dilatation of the cervix with no cervical injury and the vaginal flora was unaltered. Parous cervix dilated relatively easily as compared to 'Primigravidae'. The tent thus presented several advantages over the existing methods for dilatation of the cervix, being less expensive, retention of the shape of the tent, gradual and atraumatic dilatation, self-lubrication etc.

In an another clinical trial a tent prepared by using Isapgol husk was evaluated for its ability to produce a slow dilatation of the cervix in 60 pregnant women (in the first trimester). It could be inserted easily without anaesthesia. There was no cervical injury and the process of evacuation was complete in all women within 24 hours and there was no incidence of subsequent cervical uterine infection and no blood transfusion was required. Thus, the distinct advantages of the tent were the easy insertion, safety, economy and efficacy.

FORMULATIONS AND PREPARATIONSSnigdhajeeraka paka.

TRADE AND COMMERCEIndia is the main supplier of Isubgol seeds and husk to the world market. However, complete data relating to production is not available. More than 80000 Kg of isabgol seeds and 3 million Kg of husk are estimated to be exported annually. Chief importers are U.S.A., Germany, U.K., Pakistan, France, Belgium and others. For export purpose husk is graded and packed under different mesh qualities viz. 50,60,70.India topped the category HTS # 1211.90.8020 in exports to USA due to its export of psyllium seed husks (PSH) – Isabgol. Known for its natural bulking ability, PSH has considerable market potential in USA. Over a hundred PSH based products can already be found on the US market. It is used by leading food brands as a dietary fibre to help digestion, internal cleansing and as a laxative. Some also use it for weight loss. Based on epidemiological evidence, the FDA has deemed food with PSH as worthy of a 'good for your

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heart' label. Patients can apparently achieve a sustained reduction of about 10% in LDL ("bad") cholesterol levels by consuming PSH twice a day. As PSH is only found and cultivable in India (in Northern Gujarat and Southern Rajasthan), a careful promotion of its attractive characteristics could help to expand this growing market. Promotion by major US importers (eg. Kellogs, general foods) could further increase PSH consumption in USA in foods, thus leading to its increased exports from India. In 2001, India exported US $ 31 million worth of PSH to USA-a 27 % growth over 2000. There is no competitor for India over this item and scope for export growth is considerable and growing.25582.751 tonnes of psyllium husk worth Rs.240227.908 Lakhs and 403.984 tonnes of psyllium seeds worth Rs.216.204 Lakhs were exported in the year April 2001 to March 2002 respectively. 95.043 tonnes of psyllium husk worth Rs.51.991 Lakhs and 6.000 tonnes of psyllium seeds worth Rs.3.140 Lakhs were imported in the year April 2001 to March 2002 respectively. Isabgol worth Rs.57235/- was imported from Indonesia to India in year 1997-1998. Psyllium seeds and husk are exported to Italy, France, UK, Japan, USA, Switzerland and Germany in the year 1997. Isabgol husk worth Rs.1288.21 lakhs was exported from India to Australia, Bangladesh, Belgium, Libya, Mexico, Netherlands, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Sweden, UAE, UK and USA in the year 1999.Isabgol seed worth Rs.611.35 lakhs was exported from India to Canada, Germany, Nigeria, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, UK and USA.Retail market price- Isabgol Husk- Rs. 80/- per Kg; Seed- Rs.40/- per Kg (2004).

SUBSTITUTES AND ADULTERANTSSome species of Plantago, P. major L., P. media L., are the common adulterants, which swell little in water and could be differentiated from P. ovata. Seeds and husk of Plantago major Linn., P. lanceolata Linn., P. arenaria Waldst. & Kit., P. psyllium Linn., Salvia aegyptica Linn. and seeds of Lepidium sativum though differ in colour and shape, are used as adulterant or substitute to Isabgol. The husk is sometimes adulterated with Parched powdered rice.

PROPAGATION AND CULTIVATIONIt is a hardy crop and can be grown on a variety of soils, but it does well on rich, well drained loamy soil. It thrives well in warm-temperate regions. Cool and dry weather is favourable to the crop. A silty-loam soil having pH from

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4.7 to 7.7 with high nitrogen and low moisture content is ideal for growth of plants and high yield of seeds. Seeds are sown during winter months. Sowing during first week of November gives best yields. Seeds are sown broadcast or drilled in lines 30 cm apart. Seed rate varies from 6 Kg to 13 Kg per hectare. The crop is given 5-8 irrigations till it attains maturity. Weeding is done when the crop is about 1½ month old. About 10-15 tonnes of FYM per hectare or 15 tonnes cowdung per hectare is mixed in to the soil at the time of last ploughing. The field should be divided into suitable plots of convenient sizes, depending upon the texture of soil, the slope of the field and quantum of irrigation. The plant gives out profuse tillerings and the tillers vary from 25 to 80 in number depending on the fertility of the soil. Inflorescence formation starts after 1½ months and flowering starts after 2 months of sowing. The crop is ready for harvesting in about 3½-4 months from sowing. The spikes are harvested in March-April when they turn reddish or buff coloured. Harvesting is done early in the morning when a little dew is present which prevents seed shedding. Plants are cut 15 cm above the ground and threshing is done. The threshed material winnowed, sieved to obtain clean seeds. The yield of seed varies from 500 to 1100 Kg/hectare. The plant is infected by downy mildew or powdery mildew. Spraying Thayrum or Seresan (3 gm per 1 Kg seed) is control measure.

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