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1.6 A LIBRARY OF PARENT FUNCTIONS
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
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• Identify and graph linear and squaring
functions.
• Identify and graph cubic, square root, and
reciprocal function.
• Identify and graph step and other
piecewise-defined functions.
• Recognize graphs of parent functions.
What You Should Learn
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Linear and Squaring Functions
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Linear and Squaring Functions
The graph of the linear function f (x) = ax + b is a line with
slope m = a and y-intercept at (0, b).
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Linear and Squaring Functions
Characteristics of the Linear Function:
• Domain: the set of all real numbers.
• Range: the set of all real numbers.
• x-intercept: (–b/m, 0)
• y-intercept: (0, b).
• The graph is increasing if m 0, decreasing if m 0,
and constant if m = 0.
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Example 1 – Writing a Linear Function
Write the linear function for which f (1) = 3 and f (4) = 0.
Solution:
To find the equation of the line that passes through
(x1, y1) = (1, 3) and (x2, y2) = (4, 0) first find the slope
of the line.
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Example 1 – Solution
Next, use the point-slope form of the equation of a line.
y – y1 = m(x – x1)
y – 3 = –1(x – 1)
y = –x + 4
f (x) = –x + 4
cont’d
Point-slope form
Substitute for x1, y1 and m
Simplify.
Function notation
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Example 1 – Solution
The graph of this function is shown in Figure 1.65.
cont’d
Figure 1.65
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Linear and Squaring Functions
Constant Function
f (x) = c
Domain : all real numbers
Range: a single real number c.
Graph: a horizontal line
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Linear and Squaring Functions
Identity Function
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥
Domain: the set of all real numbers
Range: the set of all real numbers
Graph: a line with m = 1 and
a y-intercept at (0, 0).
a line for which each
x-coordinate equals the corresponding
y- coordinate.
increasing
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Linear and Squaring Functions
Squaring Function
f (x) = x2
Graph: U-shaped curve with the following characteristics.
• The domain of the function is the set of all real numbers.
• The range of the function is the set of all nonnegative
real numbers.
• The function is even.
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Linear and Squaring Functions
• The graph has an intercept at (0, 0).
• The graph is decreasing on the interval ( , 0) and
increasing on the interval (0, )
• The graph is symmetric with respect to the y-axis.
• The graph has a relative minimum at (0, 0).
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Cubic, Square Root, and
Reciprocal Functions
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Cubic, Square Root, and Reciprocal Functions
1. The graph of the cubic function f (x) = x3 has the
following characteristics.
• Domain: the set of all real numbers.
• Range: the set of all real numbers.
• The function is odd.
• The graph has an intercept at (0, 0).
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Cubic, Square Root, and Reciprocal Functions
• The graph is increasing on the interval ( , ).
• The graph is symmetric with respect to the origin.
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Cubic, Square Root, and Reciprocal Functions
2. The graph of the square root function f (x) = has the
following characteristics.
• Dmain: the set of all nonnegative
real numbers.
• Range: the set of all nonnegative
real numbers.
• The graph has an intercept at (0, 0).
• The graph is increasing on the interval (0, )
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Cubic, Square Root, and Reciprocal Functions
3. The graph of the reciprocal function f (x) = has the
following characteristics.
• Domain: ( , 0) (0, )
• Range: ( , 0) (0, )
• Odd.
• No intercepts.
• The graph is decreasing on the intervals
( , 0) and (0, ).
• The graph is symmetric with respect to the origin.
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Step and Piecewise-Defined Functions
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Step and Piecewise-Defined Functions
Functions whose graphs resemble sets of stairsteps are
known as step functions.
greatest integer function,
f (x) = = the greatest integer less than or equal to x.
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Step and Piecewise-Defined Functions
= (greatest integer –1) = –1
= (greatest integer ) = –1
= (greatest integer ) = 0
= (greatest integer 1.5) = 1
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Step and Piecewise-Defined Functions
f (x) =
• Domain: the set of all real numbers.
• Range of: the set of all integers.
• y-intercept: (0, 0)
• x-intercepts: interval [0, 1).
• The graph is constant between each pair of consecutive
integers.
• The graph jumps vertically one unit at each integer
value.
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Example 2 – Evaluating a Step Function
Evaluate the function when x = –1, 2 and
f (x) = + 1
Solution:
For x = –1, the greatest integer –1 is –1, so
f (–1) = + 1
= –1 + 1
= 0
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Example 2 – Solution
For x = 2, the greatest integer 2 is 2, so
f (2) = + 1
= 2 + 1
= 3.
For x = , the greatest integer is 1, so
= 1 + 1
= 2
cont’d
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Example 2 – Solution
You can verify your answers by examining the graph of
f (x) = + 1 shown in Figure 1.73.
cont’d
Figure 1.73
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Parent Functions
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Parent Functions
The eight graphs shown in Figure 1.75 represent the most
commonly used functions in algebra.
(a) Constant Function (b) Identity Function (c) Absolute Value
Function (d) Square Root
Function
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Parent Functions
.
(e) Quadratic
Function
(f) Cubic
Function (g) Reciprocal
Function (h) Greatest
Integer
Function
cont’d