157603355 adadadvance writing

8/16/2019 157603355 Adadadvance Writing

1/154

We are writing in reply to your letter of August 2nd, which was passed on to usby MCS Head Office in London. In your letter, you asked for our advice concerning the marketing of motorcycles in North African countries, in particular Tunisia.5 At the moment, it would seem to us that it is not possible to give

a definitive answer about the prospects for such a plan. This is especially so,since, in our opinion, there are such vast differences between the various countries in this area. It would appear to us that your best course would be to havean area sales survey made, a 10 task we would gladly undertake on your behalf. At the same time as finding out about sales prospects, it is essential that possible future dealers should also be investigated, and this service is part of allsalessurveys we make. In addition to having a survey made, we would also advise you to make15 a personal visit to the area, perhaps while the survey team is making

its investigations. This would enable you to 'get the feel' of the countries con

cerned, which, in our opinion, is vital for any businessman planning a major marketing venture. We look forward to hearing from you again in the near future. will be very happy to supply them.Yn u y a a i nr»OT*oT \r

If you

20 need any details about the kind of survey we undertake, Head Office

C. Clark


2/154

ADVICE >1ND OPINIONa1

| Exercises on the textVOCABULARY F ind words or phrases in the text th a t m e a n : a) advertising an d selling a com m odity b) an organisation giving professional advice c) sure a

nd final d) chances of success e) very great J) investigation to find out the chances of selling som ething g) for you h) people who sell for an organisation i) extrem ely im p o rtan t

2 T A L K IN G P O IN T S Say w hether the following statem ents are true or false. If you think the answ er is false, give your reasons. a) M r F arrin g d o n 's letter arrived at the H ead Office on A ugust 2nd. b) M r F arrin g d o n 's letter asked for advice ab o u t selling m otorbikes in N o rth A frican m arketsquares. c) M arketing C onsultancy Services cannot yet say w hether it is a good idea to sell m otorcycles in N o rth A frican countries. d) M r F arrin g d on w on't be able to sell motorcycles in all N orth A frican countries because they are so different from each other. e) M r F arringdon is advised to m ake an ar

ea salessurvey. f ) W hen M C S do salessurveys, they also find out about places which could sell the articles concerned. g) M C S think th at it is im p o rtan t for businessmen to visit areas where they w ant to sell things. h) I f M rF arrin g d o n writes to H ead Office asking for details, he will m ake them very happy. 3 W R IT IN G P O IN T S Answ er the following questions w ith com plete sentences. a) W hy did M r F arrin g d o n w rite to M C S ? b) W h at reasons do M C S give for being unable to answ er M r F arrin g d o n 's questions ab ou t m arketing? c) W h at advice do M C S give ab o u t finding out w hether m arketing prospects are good ? d) W h at do M C S advise M r F arrin g d on to dopersonally, and w hy? 4 C O N T E X T Q U E S T IO N S a) `Such a p la n ' in line 6 refers to . . . b) `T his a re a ' in line 8 refers to . . . c) W h at does `this service' in line 12 refer to?

2


3/154

j4DVICEd) W h a t does `w h ich ' in line 17 refer to ? e) `T h e m ' in line 21 refers to . ..

4ND OPINION

5 SU M M A RY W O R K Im agine you are M r F arrin g d o n . Y ou are p rep arin

g a very short m em o ran d u m for the o th er directors o f W orld M otorcycles L td. on the advice given by M C S. W rite the rep o rt in not m ore th a n50 words.

b

| Advice

1 Look a t the following ways o f giving advice, some of w hich a p p ear in the text. 1 would { advUe J 1 you to D O ... [ recommend J If you take my advice you will DO . . . If I were you I would DO . . . (informal') Susan Fisher is a stu d en t w ho is a b o u t to leave school. Use the following to give h er advice

a b o u t h er future. a) advise/learn/foreign languages b) m y ad vice/continue/study c) recom m end/get/job as soon as possible d) if I/you/go/nightschool/learn/profession e) advise/earn enough m oney/travel ro u n d the world f ) if/you/w ork/shop w ith your father g) m y advice/get m arried , settle dow n/have afam ily N ow m ake m ore sentences o f your ow n, using the language in this section, in w hich you give advice to a) Som eone whose new car keeps going w rongb) Som eone whose p et tiger has vanished c) Som eone whose w ife/husband spends m ost o f her/his tim e aw ay from hom e 2 Look a t m ore ways o f giving advice (some of w hich a p p ear in the text) in w hich the w riter/speaker gives his opinion before giving his advice.OPINION ADVICE

In my opinion As far as I 'm concerned From my point of view I think It would | se

em i (to me) that [ appearJ v

you should DO . . . the best thing you can DO .. . is DO . . . your best coursewould be to DO . . . < (formal)

3


4/154

ADVICE AND OPINIONa . Now you are giving opinions and advice to someone whose neighbours are always holding parties and throw ing litter over the fence. a) seem /m e/best course/tell them how/feel b) point/view /should call/police c) opinion/throw /rubbish back d) seem /best course/letter/com plaint e) as far/concerned/best thing /tak e th em /court f ) appear/best course/law yer g) opinion/sue them /dam ages/nervous disorder due to the continual noise

b. Now m ake m ore sentences o f your own, using language from this section,in w hich you give advice to a) Som eone who dresses shabbily, has untidy hair,seldom washes, and gets turned dow n at all the interview s he/she goes for b) Som eone w ho has been accused, by one of his/her colleagues, of em bezzling m oney, even though it is not true c) Som eone w ho is having problem s w ith his/her English 3 Look at the following ways of asking for advice. What* do vou \ aC ^* S C , 1 me to DO ?

[ re c o m m e n d J

Could you give me some advice about DOING: Where* * Other W H q u e stio n s

j

f \ DO ? (slightly informal} e.g. How/when,etc.

are also c o m m o n ,

a. U sing the language from the ch art above ask for advice in the following situations a) Y ou w ant to know w here to live in E ngland in a ru ral area, b u t near London b) Y ou w ant advice about learning a m usical in s tru m e n ti.e . you do not w ant to learn a very difficult one c) Y ou have been offered twojobs. O ne is in a nice tow n b u t the pay is low, the other is w ellpaid, b u

t in a horrible area d) W hen you try to be nice to your children, they are rude to you e) You w ant to give up smoking, b u t you do not know how to4 Below are five situations in w hich people need advice. U sing the language from 1, 2 and ^ ( o n pages 3 an d 4), im agine you are w riting the letters in

w hich advice is asked for and given.

4


5/154

ADVICE >1ND OPINIONF red erick C la y b o rn

Age 37

Heavy drinker, drink affecting his health; has been told by doctor to stop. Executive in electronics firm, says drink helps him to fulfil workload.

H e c o rre s p o n d s w it h a frie n d

corresponds

unde

,a Fernandez As ants to learn Eng) ,de or secretary

e corresponds with

Resourcesfile references 1 C2 caption b)

2 G2 caption a)

c | Sentence constructionF U T U R E T IM E C LA U SES Look at the following sentence from the text . wew ould also advise you to m ake a personal visit to the area, perhaps while thesurvey team is making its investigations' (Lines 14Ð 16) T h e second p a rt of the sentence refers to the future, b u t the present continuous tense is used because it is a t i m e c l a u s e beginning w ith while. T h e sentence is p rod u ced in the following w a y : W e w ould also advise you to m ake a personal visit to the area. P erhaps the survey team will be making its investigations ( then).

D epending on the situation an d context, there are four possible tense forms w

hich can ap p e ar in t i m e c l a u s e s you you you you DO ( Present Simple) A R E DOIJVG (Present Continuous) H A VE D O N E ( Present Perfect Simple) HA VE B E E N D O IN G (Present Perfect Continuous)

5


6/154

ADVICE >4ND OPINIONEXAMPLES

i)

will You T om He will arrive

m eetw hen

You will m eet T om when he arrives.

11!

I can m ention it I will be talking to Jack D o n 't come I will have had my lunch Y ou will get to know our m ethods You will have been working here fo r a while

w h il e

I can m ention it while I am talking to Jack.

iii)

u n t il

D o n 't come until I have had my lunch.

iv)

w hen

You will get to know our m ethods when you have been working here fo r a while.

Im agine you have been m ade red u n d an t, and you are being given inform ation at an unem ploym ent office. C om bine the following pairs of sentences in the same w ay as in the examples. a) You will get welfare m oney. t il l / u n t il You will get a new job. b) Y ou will be able to find work. AS SOON a s / o n ce T h e econom ic situation will have im proved. c) W ould you fill in this form ? W H IL E Y ou will be w aiting. d) You can apply for help w ith your rent paym ents. a s s o o n a s Y ou will have been receiving welfare m oney for a m onth. e) W e will also help you. WHEN Y our children will need to buy school books. f ) Please inform us. IM M EDIATELY You will be offered a new jo b . ! In the following sentences people are talking about their forthcom ing holidays. Com plete the sentences w ith a suitable tim e clause. a) W h e n ____ , yo u 'll need along holiday. b) I 'll be lying in the sun, w h ile _____ c) As soon a s ____ , my own holidays will be starting. d) I 'm going to book m y flight im m e d iately _____ e) 15 there any chance o f you seeing m y father, w h ile ____ ? f> By the tim e ____ , yo u 'll be too tired to enjoy your holidays. g) I 'm not going to work so h ard , once or you'll get h) Y ou'd b etter learn to drive properly, before arrested.

6


7/154

ADVICE AHD OPINION3 H ere is an advertisem ent for a career in banking. Im agine you are giving inform ation ab o u t jo b prospects to someone who is thinking o f taking up thecareer.

nageriationally oriented c in Kuwait. The /ing within a fast .ondary objective oarate

subsidiary ·lent full service

A CAREER IN BANKING ?Salary £2,400 rising to £4,800 after 7 years. Inservice tra in in g . Special 1 m onth course in London after 1 year's service. Low interest loans fo r hou sepu rch a sers w ith no m inim um service requirem ent. S a tisfa ctory experience in all d epartm ents leads to a u to m a tic co n - sideration fo r deputy m anager's post. Free m edical insurance after 3 m on ths' service. Please repty in complete confidence to M r H urst, R ecruitm ent Officer.

e.g. When you start, you will be earning at least £2,400 ayear. Resourcesfile reference B1 caption a)

d

| Structure and style

T h ere are a n u m b er o f adjectives w hich, w hen used in the p attern It is a d j e c t i v e t h a t . .. often use s h o u l d w ith the verb in the `th atclau se'. In the text, line 12, there is the clause `. .. it is essential th a t possible dealers should also be investigated This p a tte rn occurs after adjectives expressing Surprise an d shock (e.g. amazing, horrifying, crazy, etc.) D isapproval and d isap p o in tm en t (e.g. typical, sad, etc.) A dvisability an d im p o rtan ce (e.g. better, essential, vital, etc.) Ju stice (e.g. (only) fa ir,(only) natural, etc.) T h e m ain use of this p a tte rn is to com m ent on an i

dea ra th e r th an on a fact, an d such sentences w ith `should' are ra th e r subjective. C om pare i) It is surprising th a t you believe him . = The f a c t thatyou believe him is surprising. ii) It is surprising th a t you should believe him. = j u s t t h e i d e a o f you believing him is surprising. (A lthough in m any cases there is very little, if any difference, betw een aexam ple

7


8/154

ADVICE >4ND OPINIONsentence w ith `should' an d one w ithout, an advanced student ought to begin to note exam ples where `should' is used and try to im itate them .) 1 R ew rite the following sentences beginning w ith `It is a d j e c t i v e th atexam ple

You know m y uncle. T h a t is ra th e r odd. It is rather odd thatyou should kn

ow my uncle.

a) b) c) d) e) f)

C hildren are allowed so m uch freedom . T h a t is crazy. It is essential for children to be tau g h t discipline. I t is only n atu ra l for parents to spoiltheir children. It is extrem ely im p o rtan t for children to learn to share things. No two children learn in the sam e way. This is strange. It is m uch b etter for parents to know about the problem s their children have at school. g) Itis only right for parents to get involved in the education of their children. h) Some parents consider school a w aste of tim e. This is sad.

2 M an y people are w orried ab o u t the increase in noise and air pollution in towns. Im agine you believe th a t noise and air pollution should be reduced. M ake statem ents on the subject beginning as follows a) It is only fair t h a t. . . b) I t is typical t h a t . . . c) I t is horrifying t h a t . . . d) I tis absurd t h a t . . . e) I t is u nfortunate t h a t . . . f ) It is absolutely vital t h a t . . . g) It is only reasonable t h a t . . . h) I t is quite incredible t h a t . . .

e1

|Topic

vocabulary

CO N SU M ER VOCABULARY U sing a dictionary or any o th er source find out the m eaning of the following words connected w ith advertising, buying and selling.a) m arket; to m arket b) p ro d u c t; article c) ad v ertise; ad v ert(isem en t); co m m ercial; advertising cam paign d) to h ire; to ren t; hirepurchase (agreem ent) e) guarantee j ) re d u c tio n ; to re d u c e ; cu tp ric e ; value (for money) g) secondhand; shopsoiled; b arg ain ; to be (not) w orth it h) b a d ly m a d e ; w ellm ad e; to la s t; to break d o w n ; to w ear out

8


9/154

ADVICE >4ND OPINION2 U sing the vocabulary from 1 above, com plete the blanks in the following sentences a) `W o o f' dog food has started a new a d v e rtisin g ____ T hey have p u t ____ in the new spapers a n d _____on the television. b) Som ebody ow ned m y car before m e, so it is _____ c) `S m ooth' shirts a r e _____Y ou can still w ear them after ten years because they n e v e r_____ d) I f you are going to buy a new cam era, m ake sure you get a so th a t you can have it rep aired free

for the first year. e) T h e d ep a rtm en t store is holding a sale. Prices have b e e n , so th a t everything is very cheap. Y ou can pick up some really fa n ta stic f ) T h ey are n o t ____ buying. T h ey a r e _____and they o n ly _____ for two m onths. 3 Now w rite sentences of your ow n (using consum er vocabulary) about things you have b o u g h t recently. (K)

f

| W ritin g tasks

150200 words

1 Y ou w an t to m ake a career as a tourist guide, an d since you speak English you w ould obviously be interested in w orking w ith Englishspeaking tourists. W rite a letter to the British Em bassy in your country asking for advice ab ou t the best w ay to achieve this am bition. 2 O P T IO N BO X a) A letter to an English person w ho is com ing to stay in your country for two m onths. Give them advice ab o u t clothes, m oney, etc. b) A letter to som eone you know in E n g lan d asking for advice about w here to study English. Y ou should explain why you w an t to continue w ith English, and w h at sort of things you w ant todo, etc. Resourcesfile reference E2 caption c)

9


10/154

34, Clareville Mansions, Trebelwyn, Nr. Wadebridge, Cornwall.

9th November. Dear Mr Huntley,

I am writing to you in your capacity as the Member of Parliament for this constituency about a matter .which has angered and worried many of us who live in Trebelwyn and nearby. We have always known about the Craven Hill government research

station, two miles from this village, and until a month ago we had always believed that it was used for the purpose of agricultural investigation. But as you must be aware, the recent revelations in the Sunday Star, and the comments whichthe Prime Minister made mean we now know for certain that Craven Hill is 10 used for the development of materials for biological warfare.5

A lot of us have become extremely alarmed by this, and we have formed a group called 'Craven Hill Action Group'. I am the appointed leader and I am therefore writing to you to ask for help. Many of the members of our group have very strongmoral 15 objections to the idea of biological warfare. It is frightening to realise that a small testtube full of germs could destroy a whole civilisation. Eve

n those, however, who do not feel strongly about this are determined to get theCraven Hill station closed down so that our families and children do not have to live in 20 fear of some terrible accident. We are asking, therefore, for your help. In two weeks' time we are holding an afternoon fete to raise money for ourcampaign, and in the evening some of our members will be putting on a concert. We were wondering if it would be possible for you to come and meet us, and maybegive a speech since we know that you have spoken against nuclear and biologicalwarfare, and you are a man whose outspoken views on this subject are well known. If you are not able to join us then we would like to come to London and visit you at the House of Commons, and we were wondering what day would be most convenient for you. We are looking forward to hearing from you. Yours sincerely,

25

30

Kenneth Pringle Craven Hill Action Group

10


11/154

PLANS >JND ARRANGEMENTSa

| Exercises on the text®

1 VOCABULARY F ind words or phrases in the text th a t m ean: a) position b) an

area th a t elects one m em ber o f P arliam en t c) concerned w ith the land an d farm ing d) disclosures, surprising new facts e) organise, p u t together f ) feelings th a t som ething is bad, against som ebody's principles g) an openairsale ru n by people who are not shopkeepers, w hich tries to raise m oney 2 T AL K IN G P O IN T S Say w hether the following statem ents ab o u t the text are true or false. I f you think the answ er is false, give your reasons. a) M r Hu n tley is a politician. b) C raven H ill investigates agriculture. c) All thevillagers are m em bers o f the A ction G roup. d) Some m em bers of the group think it is w rong to use biological weapons. e) T h e group thinks th a t C raven H ill endangers local people. j ) T h e group w ants M r H u n tley to play in their concert. g) T h e group wishes to arran g e a m eeting in L ondon w ith M r H untley. 3 W R IT IN G P O IN T S A nsw er the following questions w ith com

plete sentences. a) W h a t is M r H u n tley , an d w ho does he represent? b) W h at is `biological w arfare' ? c) H ow could a `small testtube full o f germ s' destroy a whole civilisation?4 C O N T E X T Q U E S T IO N S

®

®

®

a) W ho is ùs' in line 3? b) W h at d o e s ìt' refer to in line 6? c) W ho are `those' line 17 ? d) W hose families are òur fam ilies' in line 19? 5 SU M M A RY W O R K

Im agine you are one of the `C raven H ill A ction G ro u p '. You w ant to placean advertisem ent in a n atio n al new spaper explaining w hat you are an d w hat you object to. Y ou hope th a t the advertisem ent will bring a lot o f people to your next m eeting. A dvertisem ents are expensive, so you m ust lim it your w ords to 60. W rite the advertisem ent, using o n l y inform ation from the text.11


12/154

PLANS AND ARRANGEMENTSb

|Revisiontest

1 J o in the following pairs of sentences to m ake one sentence. a) J o h n will not stop working. H e will have finished w hat he is doing. b) H e will stop wo

rk. H e will go and have a drink. c) H e will feel a little drunk. H e will have been drinking for a couple of hours.

(3 marks)

2 C hange each of the following sentences so th a t they start w ith the phrases given. a) `Give up d rinking' I f I were you . . . b) `Stop smoking so m any cigarettes' It w ould ap p ear . . . c) `H ow can I stop sm oking?' C an you give me . . . d) `E at sweets in stead ' In m y opinion . . . (4 marks) 3 Choose the right answer, a, b, c , or d in the following questions. a) W hen he got a jo b , he h ad no difficulty i n ____ his family. a b u y in g b d e se r tin g c su p p o r tin g d h o ld in g u p b) W hen the factory closed dow n he w a s _____ a sacked b m a

de redundant c fired d g i v e n u n e m p l o y m e n t c) This was very serious because he h ad signed a ____ agreem ent for a new car.a

rent

b

h ir e p u r c h a se

c secon d h an d

d

sh o p so ile d

(3 m a r k s )

4 W rite three sentences to someone whose son has ru n aw ay from hom e,

and has disappeared. Y ou should use Advice language T im e clauses

(5 marks) (T otal: 15 marks)

c | Arrangements and invitations1 M A K IN G A R R A N G E M E N T S Look at the following ways o f m aking arrangem ents some of w hich occur in the text. I was wondering J if \ I wonder [whetherJ ,, . ... /convenient! ► for you Monday would be < ... ' [possible we could DO . . . on Monday. it would be possible for X to DO .

( possible \ for x t o Z)0 . . . on Monday? Would it be < Lconvenient^ Could XDO . . on Monday? (slightly informal)>

12


13/154

PLANS AND ARRANGEMENTSUse the following to m ake arrangem ents. a) I w o n d er/w e/m eet/F rid ay b)W ould/possible/m e/see you/T uesday c) C ould you com e/m y house next week d)I/w ondering/possible/you/visit us/the sum m er e) w e/lunch together next weekj ) W ould /co n v en ien t/m e/p ay y o u /visit/T hursday g) I w o n d er/F riday/convenient/you h) we h ave/drink to g eth er/S atu rd ay 2 E X T E N D IN GIN V IT A T IO N S

Would you like to DO . . . ? Would you be interested in D O ING .. . ?

Use the following to extend invitations. a) you like/stay w ith us next w eekend b) you /in terested /g o in g /th eatre next T h u rsd ay c) com e to a p a rty /F rid a y d) going hitchhiking/sum m er 3 R E S P O N D IN G T O A R R A N GE M E N T S A N D IN V IT A T IO N SNoI will not be able to DO .. . I can not manage to DO . . . I am afraid < it will not be possible for X to D . . . tim e will not be convenient I would be delighted to DO . . . It will be possible for X to DO . . . ^weak)> I would love to DO . . . (slightly informal')

Yes

Below are some situations concerning invitations or arrangem ents. Say w hat you w ould w rite in each case. a) A friend has asked you to stay for the weekend.Y ou wish to accept. b) T h e gas board have w ritten you a letter asking if they can come and `read your m ete r' on T h u rsd ay . T his w ould be a b ad day foryou. c) You have w ritten to an English com pany for a jo b interview . T h ey replied, asking you to go at 12.30 next W ednesday. You wish to confirm the ap po in tm en t. d) A friend has asked you if you could arran g e a p arty for some visitors he has. You cannot. e) Y ou have been asked to a concert by one o f your distant relations. Y ou accept.

13


14/154

PLANS >4ND ARRANGEMENTS4

G eorge is a student w ho is in his last term at college. H e is trying to get a jo b teaching. Below is his diary for the next two weeks.

July

O b l u s i o k lA /v ttP i/f& y

July^M onday Week 38

t/VWWkjJ

C // A j . A

C oK C M fr l/tf/fL J tfc /h jyTuesday

5

'u o sd a ' a J Schtnrf fo y itA c /u k a /O jb /S ~ 3 0

^ ^¥% + > Wednesday / * / / / y

6 w 7;e sd a y , ■,

_

.

1 o0M 1% Thursday

L o h vcJw K k a u y Kt PAYE Week 24 .

l4(Tb F tlv h c S ^ U u v i^ y

Ð

7 T h u r s d a vB/iAAAM^ P A Y E W e o k 2 3

.____________

1^ /ftHrfi/iiAJ fr jFriday

a S o h s tttf w '

Pul w it JiK,^M,]MaMc ____________ ____________ ____ ______

/«A. //Jo

_ _ g fl


15/154

8 F rid a y ft r oSaturday

T u * n n JJ frU £ ~ ~ 1 ® / 6 ■(fo h y b r i d y w fT P ^ fe a !^ B ra d ISaturday

P n fa tv r B radhtM i?

.

F ro th e d /

foi/L C A w s ___________________

0M

Sunday

16th after Trinity

15tha"°'T r ,n ',v

lA ft/l J& tU vt] r S p o u fl i d s

Using the language o f a r r a n g e m e n t s an d i n v i t a t i o n s w rite sentences from the letters betw een G eorge and others. G eorge will refuse aninvitation if he has som ething arranged for th a t time. a) G eorge's bank m anager wants to see him at 11.00 on W ednesday the 6th. b) A school wants George togo for an interview during the afternoon of T hursday the 7th. c) J e n n y 's parents invite G eorge for lunch on Sunday the 10th. d) G eorge's landlord wants to call and see him on the m orning of Tuesday the 12th. e) G eorge's m aiden a u n twants to have dinner w ith him on the evening of M onday the 11th. f ) Professor

B radbury wants to change the tim e of the tutorial to 12.00 on T hursday the 14th. g) O ne of G eorge's lecturers invites G eorge to go sailing on S atu rd ay the 16th. h) G eorge's bank m anager now wants to see him on the m orning of Friday the 15 th. Resourcesfile references 1 D1 caption b) 2 D2 caption a)

14


16/154

PLANS AND ARRANGEMENTSd

| Sentence construction

R E L A T IV E C L A U S E S D E F IN IN G In using relative (who, that, which, etc.) clauses you need to concentrate on the following p o in ts: i) w hen it

is necessary to have a relative pronoun, an d w hen it can be left out; ii) w hether the style is < informal) or < (form al ) Look at the following exam ples from the text an d notice w hen the relative is the subject, w hen it is the object o f the following verb, an d w hen it is a possessive. su b ject . . . a matter which has angered and worried many o f us (1. 2 ) ob ject . . . the comments which the Prime Minister made . . . (1. 8/9) p o s s e s s i v e . . . a man whose outspoken views on this subject . . . (1. 27) T h e basic rules for using relatives can be sum m arised as follows. People and pets Subject( inform al)

that (who) who

Object * (that) who(m)

Possessive whose whose

With preposition * , , \ ■ PREPOSITION (that) who . . .PREPOSITION PREPOSITION

( formal)

whom

(veryformal> Things■(i n f o r m a l )

that which

* (that) which

whose (of which) (veryformal}

* , . . (that)

. . . PREPOSITION

■(f o r m a l )

preposition + which

* Cases where no relative is used are known as contact clauses. (The words in brackets are the less usual forms.) In m any cases the idea o f possession is shown by a w ^ p h ra s e , . | man ) . , ,. f ears. e.ff. A { > with big { , , \car I ° I headlights. is m ore com m on th an A I man) , ) ears ( ,. A < > whose < , are big. Icar j [headlights J * 1 M ake the following pairs or groups o f sentences into one sentence by using relative or contact clauses an d om ittin g thew ord in italics. W rite each sentence in the style indicated.

15


17/154

PLANS AND ARRANGEMENTSEX AM PLE

O ne m em ber o f P arliam en t was very helpful. I spoke to him.


18/154

PLANS AND ARRANGEMENTSThis is a com bination o f the following two sentences i) A small testtube full of term s could destroy a whole civilisation. ii) W hen anyone realises this, it is frightening/R ealising this is frightening. 1 J o in the following pairs of sentences in the sam e way. a) Som eone from o u r country has w on a gold m edal. I t is exciting w hen anyone hears this. b) Some parents m altreat their children. Believing this is hard. c) A spider spins its w eb. W hen we see how this

is done, it is fascinating. d) M ore an d m ore young people are going to university. W hen anyone sees this, it is encouraging. e) O n e d ay people will be living on V enus. V isualising this is difficult. 2 M ake sentences in the sam ew ay ab o u t the following situations (your sentences should reflect your personal opinions). a) M ore an d m ore couples are getting divorced b) M edical research is being expanded c) Y ou have passed an im p o rtan t exam ination d) O ur ancestors w ere apes e) W e sometimes th ink we have experienced som ething before, w hen in fact we have not f ) A m ericans w ere English once

f

|Topic

vocabulary

E N T E R T A IN M E N T 1 Below are w ords connected w ith different types o fen tertain m en t. F ind out w h at they m ean, using a d ictio n ary or any other source. a. Places and types a) th eatre ; cinem a; nigh tclu b ; hall b) c o n c e rt; p la y ; sh o w ; c a b a re t; festival; circu s; fair

b. Theatrea) com edy; trag ed y ; farce b) sta g e; w ings; a u d ito riu m ; orchestra pi t ; scenery c) c u rta in ; a c t; scen e; interval c. Music a) p o p ; classical; c h o ra l; j a z z ; fo lk ; opera b) th em e; m ovem ent; sym phony; concerto c) im provise; im provisation; live (a d j.); solo d. General a) p u t o n

; p erfo rm ; take p a rt in b) (go on) to u r; booking; d a te ; ru n

17


19/154

PLANS AND ARRANGEMENTSUse ap p ro p riate words from the list above to com plete the blanks in the following sentences. a) T h e first tim e Paul saw M aria, she w a s ____ in a play. She h ad the m ain fem ale role. b) T h e play was a _____It was very funny, and Paul, who was sitting in t h e ____ w atching, cou ld n 't help laughing. c) Th e next night Paul w ent to a ____ concert, w ith the famous saxophonist Bill Blowitt. P aul h ad never seen h im ____ before, he had only heard him on records

. d) L a te r th a t week Paul w ent back to w atch M aria. She first appeared from th e ____ at the side o f the stage for her scene in the first_____ She gotm arried at the end o f the play, ju st before t h e ____ fell. e) A fter t h e ____ Paul m et M aria, an d asked her if she w anted to go dancing in a ____ , w here there was a ____ w ith a famous com edian. (R)

g

I W riting tasks

150200 words

1 You are a new spaper reporter, an d you w ant to interview an English politician w ho is visiting your country. W rite a letter asking for an app o in tm en t w ith him next week (you should state w hen you are available and w hen you are n o t). 2 O P T IO N B O X a) A letter to an English friend, inviting h im /h er to stay w ith you. b) A letter to your bank m anager, asking for an ap p o intm en t next week. c) You have been invited to stay w ith an A m erican friend who lives in your country. You w ould like to take your sister w ith you becauseshe has nothing to do a t present an d w ould otherw ise be left alone in the house. W rite accepting the invitation, asking if you can take your sister. Resourcesfile references 1 A2 caption c) 2 G2 caption b)

18


20/154

PERMISSIONoman or her tiird at ird is enings uring ee to way randenterd, but rmous ie vast iation, intent

FOLLOWING his release last week after more Iff than a fortnight in the hands ofkidnappers, I f the managing director of the massive Portmann Industrial Electrics combine, Mr George 1 Myers has told the story of his terrifying ordeal to the

SUNDAY STAR. Here then is the EXCLUSIVE story, as told by Mr Myers.

Slingn be las a fact, that mous arity, ihood ing in ; have ■ e must 1 tele'ying 'Ða la ss best delany hear rks, last hich had etrirnal ave ire I'ect


21/154

PERMISSIONFrom Page 235 touch with my wife, as I knew she would

When James returned, he was carrying6 0 a small cassette recorder. With thinly

veiled sarcasm he asked me if I would mind reading a short typed message to my firm, be terribly worried, and it was then that I explaining my situation, and demanding found out just how nasty James was. `Feel a substantial ransom for my release. Once free', he said, and got out o f the van, 65 again, I begged to be permitted to make a chuckling to himself at his little joke. 40 recording to send to my wife, and you can 1 suddenly had what 1 thought was a imagine how my heart sank when he told brilliant idea. For several years I have been me that the only thing my wife might taking pills for my heart, so 1 decided to receive was my wedding ring with my feign an attack. Breathing heavily and 70 finger still in it.clutching my throat, I shouted that I was 45 having a heartattack. and that 1 needed By this time I was beginning to feel the `call o f nature', and I asked if I could use my pills. You can imagine my surprise the toilet. James agreed readily,

lifted w hen James came in with a glass o f water, down a plastic bucket from the side o f the and a bottle o f my special pills. How long 75 van. and untied my legs. They refused to had they been keeping tabs on me. I 50 wondered, to know so much about my leave me alone even for a couple of minutes . . . my humiliation and de- personal life? Having given me the pills, moralisation were complete. James told his accomplice to let me have something to eat while he `arranged things'. The second part of George Myers' As, in the position 1 was in, 1 couldn't 55 move, 1 asked them to untie me, and to let dramatic story w ill be in next me usemy hands. The accomplice undid week's SUNDAY STAR. Make sure the straps that kept me tied to the bed. but you don't miss it. ORDER YOUR he wouldn't free my hands.

COPY NOW!

Exercises on the textVOCABULARY F ind words or phrases in th e text th a t m ean: a) extrem ely carefully b) w ith very u n clear thoughts (because of alcohol or drugs) c) d) e) J)g) h) having no feelings u npleasant (of a person) laughing softly p reten d someone w ho helps (usually in a crime) the feeling th at you have lost your dignity

T A L K IN G P O IN T S Say w hether the following statem ents about the text are true or false. I f you think the answ er is false, give y our reasons. a) T he kidnappers w an ted to know w here the church hall was. b) Jam e s h ad an u npleasant sense o f hum our. c) T h ey would n ot let M yers send a message to his wife. d) M yers needed his pills. e) Jam e s w anted to cu t off M yers' ring finger. J) T h ey let M yers have som ething to eat. g) T h ey let M yers go out to the lavatory. h) T h ey ordered M yers to read a p rep ared statem ent.


22/154

PERMISSION3 W R IT IN G P O IN T S Answer the following questions w ith com plete sentences. a) W h a t did M yers usually do in the evenings ? b) W ho stopped M yers and asked him the w ay to the church hall? c) W here was the bed th a t M yers was strapped to? d) W hy was M yers surprised w hen Ja m e s b rought the pills ?4 C O N T E X T Q U E S T IO N S

(£)

®

a) b) c) d) e)

`H e ' in line 32 refers to . . . W h a t m om ent is referred to by `th e n ' in line 36 ? W h a t does ìt' refer to in line 32 ? W ho is `h e ' in line 53 ? `. . . those terrible weeks' (line 1). W hich terrible weeks?

5 SUM M ARY W O R K a) W h a t does M yers ask for perm ission to do in the story? b) C hange each of the incidents from 5 a w ith the k id n ap p ers' answers ba

ck into dialogue form.

b

| Revisiontest

1 In the following sentences, com plete the blanks and p u t the correct form of the words in the brackets. a) `W ould it b e ____ for you (come) an d see me on T h u rsd ay evening?' b) Ì 'm afraid I ____ T h u rsd ay , b u t I (love) to come some oth er d a y .' c) `(Come) you on M o n d ay ? I 'd like you to m eet the m a n ____ was at J e f f 's p a rty .' d) `T h a t sounds a good idea. W ould you (in te re st) ____ com ing w ith me som etim e next w eek?' e) Ì (be) delighted. I w an t to seeth a t p l a y ____ has h ad such good reviews.' (10 marks) 2 R earran g e the ord

er o f the following w ords to m ake sentences. a) th in k /M ars/o n /m ay /life /to /it's/th ere/exciting/be/that. b) isn't/su re /w e/o n /life/M ars/lan d ed /m an /th ere/can 't/b e /th a t/u n til/ there / has. (2 marks) 3 W rite sentences: a) asking som eone to m eet you next F riday b) asking someone for advice ab ou t w here to study b) giving your opinion ab o u t w here to study d) telling someone th a t you will not be able to m eet them on F riday (8 marks) ( T o ta l: 20 marks)21


23/154

PERMISSIONc | Permission1 In the passage you have ju st read, M yers often asks to be allowed to do things; we often use to be not allowed to to say w hat we cannot do.exam ple

You are not allowed to park on a doubleyellow line.

Below are signs in a park. Say w hat you (im personal) are not allowed to do there.

NO SUNBATHING

| KEEP OFF THE GRASSIT IS FORBIDDEN TO FEED THE DUCKSD ON O TC LIM B TH E TREES

NO RADIOS

2 W hen we talk ab o u t perm ission we say w hat we could/could not do, and w hat we can /can n o t do. Below are some ways o f saying this. a) Describes w hether we could or notallow X to DO . . . (Will not allow X to DO . . .) (Will not let X D O . . .) .f allowed ) to be < . , > to DO . . . ) permitted j

b) Describes the

act

o f saying yes or no

give X permission to DO . . . (Will not give X permission to DO . . . ) to be 1 §

^ en I permission to DO . . . ) reiused j r

a . R ew rite the following sentences starting w ith the words given. Use language from ( a) an d ( b) above.22


24/154

PERMISSIONEXA M PLE

Y esterday M a ry 's fath er said she could stay out late. M a ry 's father gave her permission to stay out late. N ow do these in the sam e way. a) A t the Zoo wew anted to feed the anim als. A notice said, `Do N ot Feed the A nim als'. W e _____ _______________________________________________________ b) Y esterday A n ita w

an ted to go to the cinem a w ith h er friend. H er father d id n 't say no. A n ita 's father __________________________________________________ c) Y esterday F re d 's boss said he could take the day off work to go to his sister's w edding. F red 's boss _____________________________________________________ d) F red 's boss told J a k e (F red 's friend) th a t J a k e couldn't have the day off to go to his frien d 's sister's w edding. J a k e ________________________________________________ ____________ e) T rain ers o f horses c a n 't give th eir horses stim ulating drugs before races. T rain ers ____________________________________________________ ___

b.

W hen Jim was in the arm y, there w ere a lot o f things he could not do, and some he could. M ake sentences using the inform ation below ab o u t w hat you think he could/could not do. S ta rt your sentences in one o f the ways suggested.Smoke d u rin g lectures. Go out drinking. T ak e his girlfriend back to the cam p. Be absent w ithout permission. Play cards for m oney in the cam p. Go on leave. T ell the sergeant w h at he th o u g h t of him .

W hen J im was in the arm y . . . O ne night the s e rg e a n t. . . T h e s e rg e a n t. . .

C an you think of oth er things th a t soldiers can /can n o t do in the arm y?3 W hen we ask ab o u t perm ission we re p o rt our questions in the followingways

if X could D O . . . X asked to be allow ed to D O . . . for perm ission to DO . . .

an d we rep o rt the answ er to o ur question in the following waysrefused ) j let X D O . . . agreed J t0 [ allow X to D O . . .

and by using expressions from 2 (above)

23


25/154

PERMISSIONU sing the language above, change the following into `reported speech'.EXAM PLE

Isa b e l: `Y ou c a n 't borrow m y pen, R o b e rt.' Isabel refused to let Robert borrow her pen. Now do the same w ith the following. a) G loria: `C an I leave the class early, please?' T each er: `N o .' b) F r e d : `C an I have m y holidays in S ep t

em b er?' F red 's boss: `Yes, o f course you c a n .' c) P au la: `C an I have a p erm it to stay in the country for three m onths longer?' Im m igration official: `You c an 't stay in the country any longer unless you are a fulltim e stu d en t.' 4 D ian a Close, of Coastal T .V ., took a film crew abroad to m ake a docum entary. Below is the film schedule she had planned.

Sub j e c t : Monday

V

S c h e d u le f o r : ■C i

A.M. P.M.

M ilitary

P h^ade

T uesday

a

. m.

I n te r v ie w

p r e s id e d

P.M. S e o o i A d a r y ScW ool q A a ss . l^ te W r e i/Op ri v \o p a l; W ednesday

A.M. VisiV t o u r is t r


26/154

PERMISSIONEX AM PLE

We asked fo r permission to film the parade on Monday, and we wanted to includepictures o f the soldiers training. Well, we were allowed to film the parade, but they refused to let us watch the soldiers training.Resourcesfile references

1 A2 caption a)

2 A2 caption b)

d


S U B S T IT U T IN G IN F IN IT IV E S F O R R E L A T IV E C L A U SE S N otice in this sentence from the text, an infinitive is used ra th e r th a n a relative clause. T h e most difficult th in g to bear (T he m ost difficult thing whi

ch I had to bear) was the inactivity. (Line 2) T his structure often occurs as a w ay o f avoiding defining relative clauses w hich either contain the verbs must, can, could, should, have to, and need or define preceding superlatives (the biggest, the only, thefirst, etc.)EXAM PLES

i) M r Myers has a lot o f letters ... li

which he must answer, to answer.

, ( who was caught) ~ 1 he last one < , , >was fames. [to be caught j (K)

1 C hange the sentences w hich follow, using an infinitive as illustrated above.

a) T h e best w ay in w hich you can learn things is by actually doing them yourself. b) T h e first people you should go to w hen you need help are your friends. c) T enzing and H illary were the first m en w ho clim bed Everest. d) Sorry I c a n 't come earlier b u t I have a lot o f arrangem ents w hich I have to m ake. e) O n e o f the problem s in some u rb a n areas is th a t children have no parks w hich they can play in. f ) C an you im agine an y th in g so frustrating Ð a bottle of wine and nothing w hich I could open it w ith? g) T h ere is no way w hich could p rev en t the disease from spreading. 2 M anchester is trying to encourage m ore tourists who visit L ondon to m ake the jo u rn e y n o rth .T h ey have p rin ted the following inform ation sheet to be h an d ed ou t a tairports and m ajor stations.

25


27/154

PERMISSIONTO THE GCE . you w a n t to v c o s t homo ts.Send for

£

BlO W . ng : ·1

.panisti■ a va ila ble M ircas i n : cco (infancy am m arca fritin g Q okk aa p in g ■tmanS c rip t ' Couraaa

a a □ □ □ □ a □ a

rWELCOME TO> MANCHESTER!I I I IH i s t o r i c p l a c e s ! F r i e n d ly p e o p l e !LOW PRICE ACCOMMODATION From London TRAIN 2j hours £13.00 (ret.) BUS 4j hours £5.00(ret.)CONNECTIONS TO THE LAKE DISTRICT

ES!RCP 29

VON* * R C P29 ,i7 4PFjs ,

M o o r g a te ,

i t > « ro fA .B.C.C.

J

I I ■ I I I I

Cathedral Northern Art Gallery over 20 cinemas Library Theatre Halle Orchestra Restaurants to suit all tastes and pocketsFurther information The Manchester Bureau King's Square, London SW1 (near Victoria Station) Accommodation arranged if desired

Use the above inform ation to m ake sentences like the following exam ple I f you want to meetfriendly people, the place to stay is Manchester.

e

| Structure

and

style

P R E S E N T AND P E R F E C T P A R T IC IP L E S ÐW R IT T E N STY LE Look a tthe following two sentences from the text a i) Breathing heavily an d clutchingm y throat, / shouted th at I was having a heartattack . (11. 4345) b i) Having given me the pills, James told his accom plice to let me have som ething to eat. (11. 5153) In speech, we w ould probably express the same ideas as follows a ii) I started to b reath e heavily, clutched m y th ro at, and shouted . . . b

ii) W hen h e'd given me the pills, Jam es told his accom plice . . . Breathing and clutching are both know n as p r e s e n t p a r t i c i p l e s . Having given is w h at is know n as a p e r f e c t p a r t i c i p l e . Perfect participl


28/154

es are rare in norm al spoken English, as are present participles, except w henthey replace relative clauses. For exam ple, Jam es p rob ab ly said to M yers (sarcastically) `W ould you m ind reading this typed message to your firm w hich explains I , . . , . , . . r > the situation you re in r

{

explaining

j

1

26


29/154

PERMISSIONN ote 1 W e only use the p e r f e c t p a r t i c i p l e if it is necessary to show clearly that one actionfinished before the other one started. If the w riter had used a present p articip le in (bi), how w ould the m eaning have changed? N ote 2 T h e subject o f the p articip le m ust be the sam e as the subject o f the m ain clause. F o r exam ple, this sentence w ould be im possible: Walking through the park, theflowers were beautiful, since it w ould m ean th a t the

flowers w ere w alking th ro u g h the p a r k ! 1 W hen G eorge M yers was released, he gave a press conference. H e questioned p articu larly ab o u t his feelings both d u rin g his captivity since his release. U sing a present or perfect participle, com bine following pairs o f sentences to show how the new spaperrep o rted interview .EX A M PLE

was and the the

Ì th o u g h t they w ould kill m e if I tried to escape, so I never tried .' i) Thinking they w ould kill him if he tried to escape, he h ad never tried. Ì never heard the accom plice's nam e, so I d o n 't know w ho he w as.' ii) Never having heard

the accom plice's nam e, he d id n 't know w ho he was. a) Ì realised very early onth a t they w ere such heartless people, so I did noth in g to antagonise th em.' b) Ì tried to reason w ith Jam e s once or twice, b u t I gave up because it clearly h ad no effect w hatsoever.' c) Ì sometimes looked a t Jam e s an d realised w hat greed for m oney could do to people.' d) Ì was very close to d ea th at times, an d I now know how m uch I value life.' e) Ì spent 14 days in captivity an d nowI am looking forw ard to a long rest.' 2 L ast n ight you w ent to a circus. U sing present an d perfect participles, w rite sentences a b o u t the following things a) T h e clowns b) T h e liontam er c) T h e trapeze artist d) A n elephant th a t got out o f control e) T h e tightrope w alker (R)

f

| Topic vocabularyH ere are some m ore com m on adjectives ab o u t people's personalities. F ind out w h at each one m eans, using a dictionary or an y o th er source. a) g o o dn atu re d ; b ad tem p ered b) g o o d h u m o u red ; cheerful

CHARACTER 1

27


30/154

PERMISSIONc) d) e) f) g) easygoing severe; strict sy m p ath etic; unsym pathetic unselfish; selfish (selfcentred) co n sid erate; inconsiderate h) i) j) k) I) generous; m ean w ellm an n ered ; illm annered selfconfident m odest; conceited hardhearted (K)

2 A w om an is gossiping to her nextdoor neighbour ab o u t an elderly m arried

couple she know's, an d ab o ut their personalities. U sing only words from the list above, com plete the blanks, according to the explanations she gives either before or afterwards. `W ell, yesterday, I m et old M rs Jones. Lovely old ladyshe is always cheerful an d helpful ever so ( a) w hich is m ore th an I can say about th a t h u sband o f hers. H e 's so (b) , arguing and shouting and com plaining all the time. A nd I th o ught m y husband was ( c) until I saw the way he holds on to his m oney! N ot th a t she worries or com plains. I 've never known anyone so (d) . But h e 's really ( e) , I m ean he never thinks ab o u t her or w h at she w ants. H e 's got no feelings at all, the (f) old d e v il! T h ey 're ju st so different if you tell her ab o u t your problem s, she listens and tries to u n d erstan d and gives you advice, you know, very (g) . A nd it's only because of her th a t their children have turned out so polite and charm ing

such (h) young people! He ju st gave them discipline, told them w hat they could n 't do, like some ( l) schoolm aster. Still, M rs Jones keeps smiling and h ap p y ÐI d o n 't think I 'd be th at (j) , m arried to him !' 3 T ake ten other words from the original list of vocabulary and try to think o f people who you know th a t you could apply them to. T h en w rite ten sentences about them , showing from the context w hy you can use th at w ord to describe them .

g

| W riting tasks

150200 words

1 W rite a com position ab o u t a teacher who once tau g h t you. You should try to include some of the ch aracter vocabulary you have been studying, and somepermission language. S tart your com position w ith the w o rd s: `O n e teacher w ho I will never forget was 2 O P T IO N BO X a) A n u nfortunate experience atthe customs. b) A jo u rn e y th a t took longer th a n expected. c) M y grandmother.Resourcesfile references

1 A1 caption a)

2 D1 caption a)

28


31/154

JULIA ELLIOTT discusses the English love of pets and makes some suggestions.

A nation of petlovers5 10 15 A RECENT survey in the United States showed that the average family there spent more money on its pets than on its children. Although this is a rather shocking statistic, it should not surprise anyone who has seen the doggy beauty parlours or the quiet shady groves where loved pets of all varieties are laid to

rest for ever. It' is possible that the Americans are unique in treating their little friends in this way, but what information we do have would suggest that the English, too, are slavish in their attentions to the whims of their pets. This can clearly be seen when we look at pet foods, which often contain more vitamins than human food or, at least, are seldom less nutritious. They certainly costas much. Last year the British public spent two hundred million pounds on pet food alone, to say nothing of veterinary brlls and animal furniture. It is difficult not to feel resentful about this when one considers what the same amount could do for victims of starvation and poverty, and so it is not unusual for me to get hot under the collar when I read about another old person who

20

25

30

35

major problem. Animals can 50 cause disease, too. It is the threat of rabiesÐa disease with no known cure that has made the English government impose strict restrictions on animals 55 coming into the United King- dom. When the Spanish government recently destroyed a number of stray dogs as protection against the same threat, English 60 tourists immediately wrote letters to the newspapers com- plainingabout 'mass murder'. Another problem is the care- lessness o f some pet owners. 65 M

ost little children want a dog or a cat, and they continually pester their mothers and fathers until they get one. It is only when the "sweet little thing' has70 been brought home that the parents realise how much time and money must be spent on 'Rover' or "Bonzo'. At this point many of them abandon 75 it. This brings meto my last point. Pets which are allowed to run free are often not sweet at all. English farmers lose hun- dreds o f sheep a year, killed by 80 someone's pet poodle or dachs- has left all his/her money to a hund, and you must have read dog or cat home. of children being mauled by There are a variety o f reasons pet alsations or even tigers. why I, personally, find the You may think that I dislike 4 0popularity of British pets alarm- 8 5 all pets, but this is not true at ing. Among other things they all. I would only suggest that cause physical problems. An we have got our priorities wrong example of this is New York and that something should be where they have great difficulty done about it. For example, the 45 getting rid of the mess that dogs 9 0 authorities clearly have a leave on the streets. Many responsibility to introduce people find this funny, but in a stricter penalties for petowners number o f large cities it is a whose animals savage livestock or harm little children. This 9 5 might deter them from being so careless. Surely it would be a good idea, too, if we made dog licences more expensive. The increased revenue from them 100 could be used for many needy causes. As far as I'm concerned, it s time we stopped being senti- mental about pets. I can see no1 0 5 reason, for example, why we should get upset when animals are cut up for medical experiments. If this will lead us to discovering cures for serious 110 human diseases, then I say. `keep cutting!' support the Dr Hadwen We are a nation of petlovers. Trust for Humane Research Wouldn't it be better to be . lovers of humanbeings?

help encourage experiments


32/154

29


33/154

SUGGESTIONSa

| Exercises

on

the text(K)

1 VOCABULARY F ind words or phrases in the text th a t m ean: a) scientificallycollected fact or figure b) buried c) tiny parts o f food, necessary for healthd) good for people as food e) upset or angry ab o u t som ething th a t has happened f ) dogs w hich ru n freely g) ask annoyingly again and again h) badly h urt i) order o f im portance j ) attack and h u rt badly 2 T A L K IN G P O IN TS Say w hether the following statem ents about the text are true or false. I f you think the answer is false, give your reasons. a) M ost A m erican families seem to be m ore concerned ab o u t their pets th an their children. b) T h e w riter thinks th a t old people usually leave their m oney to homes for pets w hen

they die. c) New Y ork's problem s am use J u lia Elliott. d) L ittle children often ab an d o n their pets. e) J u lia Elliott suggests th a t the authorities should give petow ners harsher punishm ent if their anim als cause dam age. J) Ju lia Elliott thinks we have stopped being sentim ental about pets. g) J u lia Elliott does not feel u n h ap p y about experim ents on anim als. 3 W R IT IN GP O IN T S Answer the following questions w ith com plete sentences. a) H ow does J u lia Elliott think m oney spent on pets could be b etter used? b) W hy does J u lia Elliott think th a t people should not be surprised at the w ay A m erican people spend m oney on pets? 4 C O N T E X T Q U E S T IO N S a) W h at d oe s `this' refer to in line 5? b) W h at are `they' in line 22, an d w h at does `as m u ch ' in line 23 refer to? c) W h at is `this' in line 29? d) W ho or w hat is `it' in line75? e) W h at is it th a t som ething should be done about in lines 88/89? 5 SUM M ARY W O R K a) M ake a list o f the four reasons the w riter gives for being

alarm ed at the popularity of British pets.

(g)

®

(g)

30


34/154

SUGGESTIONSb) c) M a k e a lis t o f t h e c h a n g e s t h e w r i t e r s u g g e s t s. I m a g in e th a t y o u are w r itin g a r ep o rt o n th e d a n g e r s of pets, a n d th a t in your short in tr o d u c tio n you m ust b riefly m e ntio n th ese d an gers. T a k in g y o u r in fo rm a tio n o n ly from th e text, w rite th e

in t r o d u c t io n in n o t m o r e th a n 8 0 w o r d s.

b

| Revisiontest

1 C om plete the blanks, an d p u t the correct form of the words in brackets. a) (Breathe) heavily, an d (gasp) in the hot air, Jam es clim bed the steps to his bungalow . b) Jam es h a d been told th a t the bungalow was the perfect place (spend) the h o lid a y ____ he took early this year. c) I t was the w eath er ____ m ade him happiest, an d in fact he felt alm o st____ instead o f depressed as he norm ally did. d) It was only right th a t h e ____ have a holiday, becau

se he (work) very h ard th a t year. (8 marks) 2 P u t the following into rep orted speech. T e ach er: I w onder if I could take F rid ay off. M y wife's parents are arriving at H eath ro w after th eir holiday in Greece. P rin c ip a l: I 'm afraid th a t w o n 't be possible. (4 marks) 3 W rite sentences using the following words. a) shopsoiled b) to hire c) to take p a rt in d) unsym pathetic4 P u t the following words in the correct ord er to m ake sentences.

(4 marks)

a) fath er/p erm issio n /h im /Jo h n 's/car/th e/to /g av e/b o rro w b) girlfriend's/realised/he/driving/house/tow ards/his/suddenly/ w allet/had/he/forgotten/his (2 m arks) 5 W rite a sentence ab o u t w h at you could/could not do at school, using `perm ission' language. (2 marks) (T o tal: 20 marks)

c I Suggesting courses of action1 L o o k a t th e fo llo w in g w a y s o f m a k in g su g g e stio n s, s o m e o f w h ic h a p p e a r in th e text.

31


35/154

SUGGESTIONSI w ould suggest D O IN G (Surely) it w ould be* a good idea if X D I D W ouldn 't it b e t good if X D I D (Surely) X could D O I w ould (only) suggest th a t Xshould D O (ratherform at) X clearly has the responsibility to D O (ratherform al: strong) It is tim e X D ID (strong) * O th er phrases can be used here, e.g.. . . more sensible, advantageous. t O th er words or phrases can be used here,e.g. safer, sensible, more intelligent, etc.

a. Traffic has becom e a m ajor problem in most big cities. Below are some suggestions for solving the problem . a) Surely/good idea/in crease/tax on petrol b)I/suggest/ban cars/city centres c) I t is tim e/encourage people/use public transport d) Surely/streets/m ade into pedestrian precincts e) I t is tim e/ban cars/city centres J) W o u ld n 't/sensible/im prove public transport g) T h e authorities/responsibility/im prove public transport h) I/suggest/people/stop driving/w ork i) T h e governm ent/responsibility/build b etter ring roads j) Surely city councils/ban cars/city centres

b. T h e

rising crim e rate in E ng lan d has w orried m any people. Below are differentsuggestions from different people. Form sentences by starting w ith the words in brackets. a) M ore psychiatric help for crim inals (T he prison authorities) b) Prisons less com fortable (Surely) c) Police should be arm ed (I w ould only suggest) d) Bring back the d eath p enalty (T he governm ent) e) Recognise th a tcrim inals products of society (It is time)

Now com plete the following in sim ilar ways. f ) S tricter penalties for firstoffenders g) Stop treatin g crim inals like anim als h) M agistrates should stop being so lenient i) T h e police force m ade larger W h at suggestions can you think o f to help low er the crim e rate? 2 In England, every houseow ner pays m oney to the local council. This m oney is called `R ates'. O n page 33 is a diagram showing how a typical city council spent the rates in one year. T h e figures

are in millions of pounds. a. U sing the inform ation, im agine th a t you areplanning the city council's budget for the following year, m a k e s u g g e s t i o n s about the am ount of

32


36/154

_________________________ SUGGESTIONSm oney to be spent, and the w ay to spend it. In p articu lar, m a k e ab o u thow m uch should be spent on Social Services, and w h at exactly th a t m oney should be spent on.su g g e st io n s

s o c ia l s e r v ic e s in c lu d e h elp for old p eo p le , h elp for ch ild

ren an d fam ilies w ith p rob lem s, h om es, etc., for ill an d m e n ta llyd isab led , d a y nurseries, m eals taken to eld erly p eo p le in their h om es, etc. t r a n s p o r t m eans subsidies to lo ca l bus com p an ies.

b. A t the end of your discussion, you should fill in the following charts.

B l IK ,F T

FO R T H E

C O M IN G

YEAR

KI31'■CATION_____________________________________________________

P O L IC E _______________

S O C IA L S E R V IC E S Ð

R O A D S _______________

HIRE S E R V IC E _______

R E F U S E D IS P O S A L Ð

I R A N S P O R T _________

TOTAL

£280m

33


37/154

SUGGESTIONS3 M ake suggestions ab o u t the following. a) T h e problem o f nicotine addiction. H ow can we get people to stop smoking? b) T h e problem o f pollution in some big cities. H ow can w'e solve this problem ?Resourcesfile references

1) A1 caption c)

2) G1 caption a)

d

| Sentence constructionYou may think that I dislike all petsI BUT I

E X P R E S S IN G C O N T R A S T S A N D C O N C E S S IO N Look at the following sentence from the text.

this is not true at all H ere are other ways o f expressing the sam e idea o f contrast.In spite of NOUN Despite A lthough In spite o f the fact th at Despite the fact th a tEXAMPLES

SENTENCE

In spite o f the rain he wentfo r a walk. [Although ) .· · ,,r,, itwasraim ne, he went tor a walk. [In spite of thefact that j 1 Som eone w ho read J u lia E lliot's article did not com pletely agree w ith w hat she said. M ake the following sentences w hich the reader m ight have used in her letter to the pap er ab o u t the article.

EXA M PLE

(K)

Elliott's point Some old people leave their m oney to dogs' homes

Readers point Dogs' homes are still short of m oney

Although Julia Elliott says that some old people leave their money to dogs' homes, these homes are still short o f money. Now do the same with the following.

34


38/154

SUGGESTIONSElliott's point a) R abies is a dangerous disease w ith no know n cure Reader's point I t is not a th re a t because o f im p o rt restrictions

» IN SPITE OF T H E FACT T H A T <

b) I d o n 't dislike pets

E llio tt's article shows a great prejudice against petow ners

> D ESPITE TH E FACT T H A T <

c) T h e irresponsibility o f some petow ners » d e s p i t e

I t w ould be unfair to send these petow ners to prison*

d) T h e benefits we get from experim enting on anim als

E xperim enting on anim als is in h u m an e an d sickening

* ■ in s p it e o f <

2 R ead the following story. `Tw o m onths ago I bought this fridge. V ery expensive it was too. But I 've had nothing bu t trouble from it. For a start the ` c o l d c o n t r o l ' d id n 't work. I set it at `m ed iu m ' and it froze everything I had to pu t my b u tte r on the stove to thaw it out. I phoned the com pany, b u t nobody cam e. After I 'd w aited a week I w rote them a letter, b u t still nobody cam e. A fter phoning again (with no result) I w ent round to see them , and they sent a m an round. H e said h e 'd fixed it, bu t it still d id n 't work. T hefridge has got a guarantee, b u t they still sent me a bill.' Im agine th a t all

these things h appened to you, and m ake statem ents of contrast and concessionw hich you m ight use in a letter to the com pany.EXAM PLE

In spite o f thefact that thefridge was very expensive, it has caused a lot o ftrouble.

e

| Structure and style

F O C U S A N D ID E N T IF IC A T IO N In the following sentence, the w riter is trying to focus the re a d e r's attention on one aspect Ðthe th re a t of rabies. It is the threat o f rabies . . . that has made the English government impose strict restrictions . . . (1. 50Ð 54)

35


39/154

SUGGESTIONST h e re ad e r's atten d o n is focused by the p attern It is . . . t h a t . . . This is a very com m on p a ttern in both ( informal) and (form at) style if we w ant to .. ., r . . . . e it h e r : 1) lo cu s a tte n tio n o n a p a r ticu la r p o in t o r: ii) clarify who or w hat is referred to.EXAMPLES i) I d i d n 't r e m e m b e r h i m u n t i l h e g a v e h i s n a m e , ( n o r m a l )

n't until , ,. T , , , . , , , , } he gave his name t h a t 1 r e m e m b e r e dh i m . ( f o c u s ) only when) * v ii) `T h a n k you for getting the work doneso quickly. ' `D o n 't thank m e ; th an k G illian .' ( n o r m a l ) j ( who) i t ' s G illian < [ f you should thank, not m e . ' ( c l a r i f i c a t i o n ) { ( thatyf iT w a s < ) it w a s

R ew rite the following sentences, focusing atten tio n or clarifying the w ord or phrase in italics.EXAM PLE

(R)

I d id n 't m eet Tim on S aturday, I m et M ike. It wasn't T im | I m et on S aturday, it was M ike.

a) `D id M a rth a bring her h u sband w ith her yesterday?' `No, she cam e w ith Sheila Lloyd.' b) `Sheila w ent to school w ith m y sister.' c) `D id n 't herfam ily em igrate to A u stralia?' d) `Yes, th a t's right. In fact we did n't know until we saw her tha t she was back in this co u n try .' e) `I h ear she gave young D avid a toy koala b e a r.' `No, she d id n 't give it to David , she gave it to A lan .' f ) `She broughtthis boomerang for D av id .' g) `A ny new s?' `Yes, she's m arried, but she'd been w ithfor a couple of hours before she told us.' (Use . . . only after a couple of hours) h) `Som eone she m et out th e re? ' `W ell in fact she m et him in New Zealand.' 2 R

ead the following Bob D ylan poem .sim p l e t w ist of fate

T hey sat together in the park As the evening sky grew d a r k ; She looked at him an d he felt a spark T ingle to his bones. 'Tw as then he felt alone A nd wished th a t h e 'd gone straight A nd w atched out for a simple twist of fate.* T h e same rules for relatives apply here as in U n it 2,s e n t e n c e c o n s t r u c t io n .

36


40/154

SUGGESTIONST h ey w alked along by the old canal A little confused, I rem em ber well, A nd stopped into a strange hotel W ith a neon b u rn in g bright. H e felt the h ea t o f the night H it him 'like a freight tra in , M oving w ith a sim ple twist o f fate. A saxophone som eplace far off played As she was w alking by the arcade. As the light burst th ro u g h a beatu p shade W here he was w aking up, She d ro p p ed a coin into a cup O f a b lind m an a t the gate A nd forgot ab o

u t a sim ple twist o f fate. H e hears the ticking of the clocks A nd walks along w ith a p arro t th a t ta lk s; H u n ts h er dow n by the w aterfront docks W here the sailors all come in. M aybe she'll pick him out again. H ow long m ust he w ait O n e m ore tim e for a sim ple twist o f fate? N ow correct the following statem ents, w here necessary, using the p a tte rn `it was . . .'exam ple

A saxophone was playing nearby. No, it wasfa r off that it was playing.

a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i)

H e sat w ith h er in a p ark one m orning. H e felt a spark w hen he looked a t

her. T h ey stayed at a hotel they knew. T h e story took place on a cool evening. T h e h eat hit him like an express train. She gave a blind m an a 10dollar note. H e walks aro u n d an d talks to his p arrot. H e hunts for her by a canal. T h e sailors all com e in a t the w aterfront docks.

f

| Topic vocabulary

FO O D AND H EA LTH 1 Below are words or phrases connected w ith food and drink. F ind out w hat they m ean, using a dictio n ary or any o th er source. a) a die t; to go on a d ie t; to be on a diet b) a healthy / u n h ealth y / varied / w ellbalanced / caloriecontrolled + diet

37


41/154

SUGGESTIONSc) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) p a u n c h ; to p u t on w e ig h t; o bese; obesity un d ern o u rish ed ; w ellnourished; to slim ; m alnutrition to sta rv e ; starvation h arv e st; to h a rv e st; c ro p ; yield fam in e; drought food su rplu s; to hoard food fertilisers; pesticides health foods; v eg etarian ism ; vegetarian (K)

Substitute one of the above words or phrases for the parts of the following sentences w hich are in italics. a) Last week M ary stopped eating so much because she w anted to get thinner. b) She was incrediblyfa t, and she h ad been gettingfatter andfatter. c) She lives in a country th at last year suffered a seriousfood shortage. d) H er husband, a farm er, was recently badly affected by a lack of water. e) H e doesn't believe in using chemicals which stimulate growth, f H e is a. person who doesn't eat meat.

g

| W riting tasks

2 0 0 2 5 0 w ord s

1 W rite a new spaper article ab o u t the grow ing problem of a w orldw ide food shortage. In the first h a lf of the article you should state the problem , and in the second suggest ways o f overcom ing it. Below are some notes w hich might help. T h e headline for the article is n o s e c o n d h e l p i n g ,notes

O verp o p u latio n less food for each person less lan d for farm ing exhaustion of n atu ra l resources O verconsum ption (particularly rich countries) less food Pollution, environm ental destruction 2 O P T IO N B O X a) Smoking, an easy w ay to com m it suicide. b) People do not take enough exercise. c) Loneliness is the oldage pensioners' most dangerous enemy. Resourcesfile references

1 C 1 caption b) 2 El caption a)

38


42/154

OBLIGATIONIn the light of the case of Khalem Darubi, still awaiting the result of his appeal to the Immigration Appeal Tribunal, BERNARD FOX looks at the immigration laws of this country.r

■

LEAVE TO ENTER5 10 15 20 If you are a man, and the woman you want to marry is settled in the United Kingdom, you may find it extremely difficult to enter this country. The Immigration Act states: Husbands and fiances are admitted for settlement only in exceptional circum- stances and must hold entry clearances for that purpose. This is the problem Mr Darubi faces. If, however, the situation had been the other way round there might have been less of a problem, for a woman whose fiance is a man who has settled in this country will normally be given permission to enter the country for three months, and she can then ask for the time limit to be removed after she has got married. Visitors to this country are normally admitted for six months, but foreign students can usually stay for one. year. They must attend

a `bona fide' educational institution, and they are required to studv for a minimum o f fifteen hours a week oh a daytime course. Prospective students have to show that they can afford their studies, and that they have sufficient financial resources to support themselves while in this country. Another exception to the sixmonth norm is that of au pair girls, who are given "limited leave" of two years. But in general, visitors are only admitted for half a year, and only on theunderstanding that they have come for pleasure, not work. In order to work herethe foreigner needs a work permit, which must be applied for by his prospectiveemployer. The problem here is that the Department o f Employ- ment has the right to grant or refuse these permits, and there is little that can be done 45 50 55 60 about it; it would be extremely unwise for a foreign visitor to work w ithouta perm it, since anyone doing so is liable to im - m ediate deportation. There are some exceptions to this rule, most notably people from the Com m on M arket cou

ntries, who are entitled to work without permits, and who are o fte n given tem -porary residence permits of up to five years. Some other people, such as doctors, foreign journalists, authors and others, can w ork w ithout permits, and foreign students are norm ally allowed to take parttim e jobs while they are studying here. The problem with the Act is not ju st that some of its rules are u n fairÐwhy should M r D arubi not be allowed into the co u n try?Ðbut the way it is adm inistered, and the people who adm inister it. The first person a visitor to these shores meets is an im m igration official, and it is he, or she, who has the power to stop him coming into the country. If this happens the visitor has the right to appeal first to an Inspector, and then to the Im m igration Appeal Tribunal. While the appeals are being considered, the visitor has no choice but to wait in a detention centre, sometimes for quite a long time. Few appeals are successful. Critics of the law say th at im m igration officials treat the confused visitors badly, and appear to accept or reject them for no apparent reason. W hichever side o f the political fence you are on, there seems to be an urgent need for a good look at the Act, for it causes frequent argum ent, and in the eyes o fmany, real injustice.

Twe o f the fit beautifu transfer R a i l . . i, service acknov experts!' sue! ª five st. Italian Asl call us CIT's 1 remem GUAF SUM!> ITAL can af

25

65

30

70


43/154

35

75

40

80

39


44/154

OBLIGATIONa

| Exercises on the text®

1 VOCABULARY Find words or phrases in the text th a t m ean: a) has m ade his or

her hom e in a place b) m an who has agreed to m arry c) taken aw ay, cancelled d) likely in the future e) enough f ) being m ade to leave the country againstyour wishes g) allow ed by right or law h) p u t into practice, organise, m anage i) th o ught about j) people who disagree or dislike som ething 2 T A L K IN G P O IN T S Say w hether the following statem ents about the text are true or false. If you think the answ er is false, give your reasons. a) M r D arubi w ants to jo in his fiancee in England. b) W om en w ishing to m arry residents of the U nited K ingdom have fewer problem s th an m en do. c) Visitors to this country can norm ally stay for a year. d) A prospective em ployer can give or refuse a work perm it. e) C om m on M arket residents have problem s getting a work perm it. f ) Im m igration officials are sometim es unfair, according to critics. g) Im m igration officials go to m eet im m igrants at the detention centres on th

e shore.

®

3 W R IT IN G P O IN T S Answ er the following questions w ith com plete sentences. a) W h at w ould probably h ap p en to a nonC om m on M arket resident if he was working w ithout a work p erm it and the police found out? b) W h at can visitors do to get into the country if they are refused entry? c) W h at does the w riter think is the problem w ith the law?4 C O N T E X T Q U E S T IO N S

®

®

a) `T h a t purpose' in line 8 refers to . . . b) `T h e situation' in line 10 refers to . . . c) W ho are `they ' in line 21? d) W ho i s `h im ' in line 63? e) W h at d o e s `it' refer to in line 78?

40


45/154

OBLIGATION5 SUM M ARY W O R K a) M ake a list of the four things foreigners have to do orshow to be allow ed to study in E ngland. b) W rite a short dialogue (not m oreth a n 150 words) betw een an official at the British Em bassy in your co u n try and someone w ho is a national o f your country an d w ants to study in E ngland. Use o n l y inform ation from the text.

b

| Revisiontestin spit e o f

1 J o in the following pairs of sentences using a l t h o u g h , a) J o h n 's intelligent. J o h n 's lazy. b) J o h n lives five m inutes aw ay from his office.J o h n never gets to work on tim e. c) J o h n is p aid a lot o f m oney. Tohndoes no work.

,

etc.

{o m arks)

N

2 J o in the following pairs o f sentences using relative clauses. a) T h e m an was w earing a sm all black hat. I saw him . b) T h e briefcase w7 as black too. H e was carrying it. c) A girl stopped to talk to him . H er face was very red. d) T h e conversation lasted a long tim e. T h ey h ad this conversation. 1

(4 marks)

.

3 W rite the correct form o f the w ords in brackets, and com plete the blanks.a) Surely it (is) a good idea if the governm ent (ban) the sale o f alcohol. b)I t 'stim e we (realise) th a t alcohol is very dangerous. c) ____ is alcohol ____ m akes people behave so badly at football m atches. d) T h e governm ent ____ has the ____ to punish football hooligans severely. rn . . 7 (o marks)4 W rite three sentences suggesting w h at could be done to encourage

people to stop eating too m uch. You should use: suggestion language, and food an d h ealth vocabulary

(5 marks) (T o tal: 20 marks)

41


46/154

OBLIGATIONc | Obligation1 Look at the following sentence from the text. Prospective students have to show that they can afford their studies . . . (11. 2426) `Have to' expresses obligation. Below is a ch art showing w hen we use `have t o an d w hen we use `must', `must not', an d `need not'.CONCEPT FORM

p o i n t s to n o t e

T h e speaker decides. A stated rule or law. O bligation the speaker knows about. A hab itu al obligation. N egative obligation No obligation

m ust D O . . .*

O bligation is imposed by the speaker, or by public signs. O bligation is im posed by external circum - stances. T h e speaker says there is no choice. T h e speaker leaves the choice open. T h e speaker decides th a t an action is not necessary or not oblig- atory.to

have to D O . . .*

m ust not D O . . . do not have to D O . . .

No obligation; the speaker decides.

need not D O . . .

The past simple tense o f the forms marked (*) is h a d

DO . . .(R)

a . In the follow in g exercise, co m p lete the blanks w ith the correct form from th e o b l ig a t io n ch art ab ove. a) In his n ew jo b G e o r g e ______ __ w ork very hard. b) (M oth er to s o n ) : `Y o u ______finish your lu n c h .' c) (Sign at Z o o ) : `V isito r s_____ feed the a n im a ls.' d) (H u sb an d to w if e ) : `T h e ca r's broken d ow n . I _____go to w ork by train tom orro w .' e) (Tea ch er to s tu d e n ts ): `Y o u ______d o an y hom ew ork ton igh t, relax and h ave a good tim e .' j ) (S tu d en t to s tu d e n t): `T o m o rro w 's a p u b lic h o lid a y , so w e _____go to sch o o l.' g) (S tu d en t to s tu d e n t): `I 'm fed up w ith sch o o l; w e _____d o far too m u ch h om ew ork.' h) Last n ight J o h n m issed the bus, so h e ____ w alk h om e. i) (Son to m o th e r ): ` go to sch ool to m o rro w ? ' j ) Before yo u can b eco m e a d octor, y o u ____ pass a lot o f exam s. b . A n ew sp ap er t h e Su n d a y st a r recen tly h eld an essay co m p etitio n for adults. O n p age 43 are the rules o f th e co mp etitio n .

42


47/154

OBLIGATION

laurice

Fine

Essay Competition

CONDITIONS OF ENTRY Ð Number of words: 2,5003,000. ÐEntries may be handwritten or typewritten. ÐNo quoting from any source. ÐFinal entry date: May 24th. ÐEntry is open only to adults of 2560 years old. ÐTitle of essay: 'My childhood'. Ð Entries may beautobiographical or fictional. ÐNo help or advice from other people.

/'resents 'lusively the UK

illE X A MP LE

N ow create conversations ab o u t the com petition using the language from thech art above. In the conversations people will be asking ab o u t the rules o f

the com petition. T h e conversations will take place b e tw e e n : i) two friends w ho are interested in the com petition, one o f w hom has not read the advertisem ent, and ii) the organiser o f th e com petition and a rep o rter from aradio station. R e p o rte r: `Can teenagers take part in the competition ?' O rg an ise r: `JVo, entrants must be between twentyfive and sixty years old..' 2 Look at the following sentence from the text. . . . they are required to studyfo r a minimum offifteen hours a week on a daytime course (11. 22Ð 24) T h e re is an o ther w ay o f expressing o b l i g a t i o n . Below are furth er ways o f expressing some different kinds o f o b l i g a t i o n .FORM , f obliged to be < . . to D O . . . ^required. r made to DO . . . to be <forced > (slightly formal^ I compelled J f There is ^ f alternative "1 . \ X has / " " { c h o i c e } but to 0 0 . . . There is nothing for it but to DO . . .points to note

Expresses `official' obligation laws, rules, etc. Somebody else makes you do something. Obligation in which nothing else is possible in a certain situation.

43


48/154

OBLIGATIONa. Below is a list o f things th at you have to do w hen you arrive at an English airport. C hange the list into statem ents of obligation using language from the chart.exam ple

have a p a s sp o rt. . . You are required to have a passport.

Now you do the same. a) have a sm allpox vaccination certificate b) in some cases have a visa c) fill in an entry form d) show your passport to the im m igration official e) go through customs j ) declare any excess spirits or cigarettes

b. Below is a

list of things th a t h ap p en ed to `D iam ond J o e ', a wellknowT n smuggler, w hen he last arrived at H eath ro w airport. C hange the list into statem ents ab o u t wrh a t other people m ade him do, using the language from the chart. a) stop at the customs b) open his suitcase c) tu rn out his pockets d) go to a special room e) take off his shoes f ) give the customs officials the w atches tie

d to his jack et g) go to the police station h) spend a night in jail c. Using the list in the previous exercise, show where D iam ond Jo e had no choice. Use the language from the chart.exam ple

He had no alternative but to open his suitcase when the customs official stopped him. 3 Answer the following questions. a) W h at do you have to do to pass a driving test in your country? b) W h at laws are there in your country about driving in towns and cities (e.g. speed limits, pedestrian crossings, etc.) ? c) W hat laws are there in your country about drinking and driving? Using the above inform ation, and using the language you have studied in the text, m ake conversations betw een a reporter and i) policem en (`W h at w ould h ap p en if. . . ?', `W hat do you have to d o ?') ii) drivers w ho have com m itted offences (`W h at happen

ed . . . ? ', `W h at did you have to d o ?') Ask ab o u t the following things a) the day George was stopped by the police for speeding in a builtup area b) w hat a policem an has to do if he sees someone speeding c) the law ab o u t drinking an d driving

44


49/154

OBLIGATIONd) the day M a ry 's brakes failed, an d she w ent into a tree, m anaging to avoid a little girl e) the day A rth u r was driving too fast through a b u iltu p area after having d ru n k far too m uch a t a party . A policem an in a patrol car saw him f ) w h at candidates have to do to pass a driving test g) the day apolicem an was held hostage by a bank robberE X A MP LE

R ep o rter: `Mary, when didyou realise thatyour brakes hadfailed?' M a r y :" Well, I saw this little girl playing in the street, so I had no choice but to stop quicklyResourcesfile references

1 A 1 caption d)

2 C l caption a)

d


R E L A T IV E C L A U S E S N O N D E F IN IN G N ondefining clauses are different from defining clauses (see U n it 2, s e n t e n c e c o n s t r u c t i o n ). T h ey give ex tra inform ation ab o u t som ething th a t is already clearly defined. Look at the following sentence from the text. In order to work here the foreigner needs a work permit, which m ust be applied for by his prospective em ployer. (11. 3537) T h e `which'-c lause is not telling us w hich or w h atkind o f work perm it the w riter is referring to. It is giving us m ore information a b o u t the work perm it. H ere are two m ore exam ples o f nondefining relative clauses. A n exception is people from Common Market countries, who are entitled to w ork w ithout perm its. T h e head of the A ppeal T rib u n a l is David Masters, who(m) the Im m ig ran t C om m unity respects very m uch.

subject

object

Points to note 1 N ondefining clauses ten d to be ra th e r form al in style, an d are restricted in general to w riting. 2 In nondefining clauses it is not possible to use `th a t'. 3 In nondefining clauses it is not possible to leave out a relative. 4 N ondefining clauses are separated from the rest o f the sentenceby comm as. N ondefining relatives can be sum m arised as follows. People and PetsSUBJECT who OBJECT w h o (w h om ) PREPOSITIONprep

POSSESSIVE whose

+w hom

45


50/154

OBLIGATIONThingssubject object

PREPOSITION P R E P + w h ic hw h ic h

POSSESSIVE *

w h ich

w h ich

* Possessives are usually expressed using

+

has/ have

example

My car, which has a brokenfuelgauge, is in the garage. ®

1 GENERAL KNOW LEDG E TEST In this exercise fill the space w ith the correct answer, then m ake the two sentences into one containing a nondefining relative clause. a) ____ is the highest m o u n tain in the world. It is in N epal. b ) __hosted the 1976 O lym pic Games. It is in C anada. c) ____ are organisations representing w orking people. T h e first o f them was founded in Britain. d) ____is w ellknown for the production of coffee. Its capital used to be R io de Janeiro . e) Sculptors quite often u s e ____ to m ake statues. It is a m etal alloy. f) _ _ _ flows through several E u ro p ean capitals. Strauss w rote a w altz about it. g) ____ has m ade com m unications m uch easier and quicker. A lexand

er Bell pioneered it over a century ago. h) ____ . was forced to resign as U .S. president in 1974. His behaviour in the W aterg ate scandal was rath er dubious. 2 M ake sentences w ith nondefinin

157603355 adadadvance writing

Documents