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THE PLANNING AND DESIGN OF LUTYENS DELHIImage Source: http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/12/29/delhi-journal-the-lutyens-legacy/

Location and climatology

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Five national highways-NH-1,NH-2,NH-8 NH-10 and NH-24 converge in Delhi. There are eight rail transport corridors that carry 350 passenger trains and 40 goods trains to and from three railway stations in Delhi every day. The railways stations are New Delhi station,Nizamudin station and Sarai Rohilla station.

Sarai rohillaNizamudin stationNew Delhi station

Delhi Metro Map

The network consist of six lanesWith a total length of 153 kmsAn 130 stations out of which 30 are underground

STATUS OF URBANIZATION IN DELHI

The urban area in Delhi territory has increased from 22% in 1961 to 21.6% of the total area in 2011

CensusPop.%1901405,819 1911413,8512.0%1921488,45218.0%1931636,24630.3%1941917,93944.3%19511,744,07290.0%19612,658,61252.4%19714,065,69852.9%19816,220,40653.0%19919,420,64451.4%200113,782,97646.3%201116,753,23521.6%

*Population Growth of Delhi

The urban area in Delhi territory has increased from 22% in 1961 to 21.6% of the total area in 2011

The First Master Plan for Delhi, 1961-81, was published by DDA in 1962, envisaged development of urban area of 448sqkm by 1981, catering to an urban population of 4.6 million.MASTER PLAN-STAGE 1

To accomodate the 12.2 million urban population by the year 2001, the Second Master Plan envisaged expanding the urban area of Delhi to 688 sqkm.MASTER PLAN-STAGE 2

Third Master Plan of Delhi, projected population of 23 million by the year 2021 on about 978sqkm of total urban area.MASTER PLAN-STAGE 3

PERCENTAGE OF LAND USE IN DELHI

Market Open spaceRecreational

Sex Ratio in Delhi866 females per 1000 males

According to 2011 census of India

Delhi Literacy Rate 2011Literacy rates in Delhi has seen upward trend and is 86.21 percent as per 2011 population census. Of that, male literacy stands at 90.94 percent while female literacy is at 68.85 percent. In 2001, literacy rate in Delhi stood at 81.67 percent of which male and female were 87.33 percent and 75.24 percent literate respectively.In actual numbers, total literates in Delhi stands at 12,737,767 of which males were 7,194,856 and females were 5,542,911.

UNEMPLOYMENT RATE

Union territory20092010201120122013Delhi15.7815.2017.4917.2618.18

Annual growth in nominal GDP*figures are in croresUnion territory2006-72007-8208-92009-102010-11Delhi7874189212101381116886135814

Growth in GDP per capita*figures are in rupees

Water resourceDelhi Jal Board is responsible for procurement and treatment of allocated raw water to DelhiIn the area of Municipal Corporation of Delhi, Delhi Jal Board is responsible for supply of drinking water with its own trunk, peripheral and distribution network.The geographical locations of raw water resources have tempted to plan for construction of all Water Treatment Plants in the North-West and North-East parts of the National Capital.

Economy of DelhiEconomy of Delhihas shown tremendous growth over the past few years. Delhi has a strong and vibrant economy which is quite vivid from its Gross Domestic Product. According toeconomic survey of Delhi- 2000-2001, Delhi's GDP was 478 billion INR and per capita income of 38,860 INR. The annual economic growth rate of Delhi was 9.9%.

Taking out some excerpts from the economic survey of Delhi, the tertiary sector contributed to 78.4% of Delhi's GDP with secondary and primary sectors contributing 20.2% and 1.4% respectively.

Tertiary sectorThe tertiary sectorbasically comprises of service sectors liketrade, real estate, hotels,restaurants, financing, banking, insurance, businessservicesand other service centered industries. The contribution from this particular industry increased from 70.47% in 1993-94 to 78.39% for the year 2000-2001. Delhi State Industrial Development Corporation constructed 446 Industrial sheds under SFC scheme which comes under Delhi's Master Plan. These are:Okhla Computer Complex (Computer related)Rohtak Road Indl. Complex (General)Kirti Nagar Packing Complex (Timber related & Packing)Mangolpuri Engg. Complex (Light Engg.)DSIDC has in place all the infrastructure.

Three municipal bodies - the Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD), the New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC) and the Delhi Cantonment Board (DCB), areresponsible for solid waste management in Delhi. Urban solid waste is normally a complex mixture of household, construction, commercial, toxic industrial elements and hospital wastes. On an average, Delhigenerates 4000 tonnes of municipal solid waste per day. A physical analysis reveals that it consists of about 32% compostable matter. The recyclable components include paper 6.6%, plastics 1.5% and metals 2.5%. Primarily the responsibility of solid waste management is vested upon several public sector agenciesSolid Waste Management The sewerage also carries industrial effluents through the same drainage network.

Environmental Issues Environmental Problems in Delhi, India are a threat to the well-being of the city's and area's inhabitants as well as the flora and fauna. Delhi, theeighth most populated metropolis in the world, is one of the most heavily polluted cities in India,having for instance one of the country's highest volumes ofparticulate matter pollution.Noise pollution comes mainly from motorcycle and automobile traffic. Water pollution and a lack of solid waste treatment facilities have caused serious damage to the river on whose banks Delhi grew, theYamuna.

Overpopulation and the ensuing overuse of scarce resources such as water put heavy pressure on the environment. The city suffers from air pollution caused by road dust and industry, with comparatively smaller contributions from unclean engines in transportation, especially diesel-powered city buses and trucks, and 2-wheelers and 3-wheelers with two-stroke engines.Garbage dump

Garbage dump22

Lutyens Delhi

In order to understand the vision of Lutyens Delhi, it is imperative to know its history and why the site was chosen.Criteria for Site Selection:The committee which was setup to choose a site recommended that if the imperial capital is to be favorably situated to present an effective appearance, it should be approached along a line of rising ground. Lord Harding chose the Raisina Hill for locating the viceroys palace because:It was a well drained.Constituted of slopes and plains between the ridge and the river.Its eastern and southern margins were studded with monuments of vanished empires.A broad crescent from Shahjahanabad and Kotla Firoz Shah, south to Tughlaqabad and the Qutub with tombs of Safdarjung and Lodhis as well as Jantar Mantar in the foreground could be viewed from the site.

Image source: http://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/1158/changing-image-of-lutyens-delhi

Source of the entire image24

Lutyens had initially designed Delhi with all the streetscrossing at right angles, much like in New York.However, Lord Hardinge told him of the dust storms that sweep the landscape in these parts, insisting on roundabouts, hedges and trees to break their force, giving him the plans of Rome, Paris and Washington to study and apply to Delhi.

Image Source: http://www.wmf.org/sites/default/files/wmf_article/pg_38-43_new_delhi.pdfThe initial design of New Delhi

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We need the source of this entire pattern in settlement vali image26

Lutyens Delhi - Zoning

GOVERNMENT COMPLEXBUNGLOW ZONECOMMERCIAL DISTRICT

The layout of Lutyens Delhi was governed by three major visual corridors, linking the government complex with :

Jama MasjidIndraprasthaSafdarjungs Tomb

Image Source (Image 1 and Image 2): http://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/1158/changing-image-of-lutyens-delhiIntentions of the Layout:

Lutyens Delhi was planned on the most spacious garden city lines with the great avenues decorated with classical buildings with lush landscape.

We need sources for these images28

FeaturesThe plan reflects Lutyens transcendent fervour for geometric symmetry, which is expressed through amazing sequences of triangles and hexagons, through sightlines and axes.

2. Lutyens plan is also remarkable for the generous green spaces, lawns, watercourses, flower and fruit-bearing trees, and their integration with the parks developed around monuments.

3. The attempt was to include all natural and historical wonders in the new city.

Image Source: http://www.srmuniv.ac.in/downloads/townplaning.pdf

I dont get this part. Should It even be here?29

The Road NetworkBesides the major Pathway, there were extremely wide avenues. The original design of the road network was capable of accommodating 6000 vehicles, however these avenues, had the potential of increasing their carriageway-the reason why the road layout has survived till today.

In general the road network consisted of diagonals and radials, at 30 degree/ 60 degree angles to the main axis, forming triangles and hexagons.


GOVERNMENT COMPLEXImage source: http://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/1158/changing-image-of-lutyens-delhi

The use oft eh supe br rhuba brred a dn be ge ipinksandstonesfor Rashtrapati Bhavan is alsocredited to Lutyens. But, he had actually opposed itin favour of whitemarble as used in the Taj Mahal. He could hardly have been aware thatin white hetoo would have built amausoleum. In f tac,sand tsone wassuggest de by thegeological department, which got no credit31


Lutyens Bungalow Zone (LBZ) is the area spread over 2,800-hectare area with bungalows (houses) for government officials and their administrative offices, during the British Raj. The zone stretches up to Lodhi Road in the south.32


SKYLINE LUTYENS DELHI

Lutyens laid out the central administrative area of the city. At the heart of the city was the impressive Rashtrapati Bhawan, located on the top of Raisina Hill. The Rajpath connects India Gate to Rashtrapati Bhawan, while Janpath, which crosses it at a right angle, connects South end with Connaught Place. The Secretariat Building, which houses various ministries of the Government of India including Prime Minister's Office are beside the Rashtrapati Bhawan and were designed by Herbert Baker. Also designed by Baker was the Parliament House, located on the Sansad Marg, running parallel with the Rajpath.

Image Source: http://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/1158/changing-image-of-lutyens-delhiThe Government Complex/ Administrative area

Planning of ShahjahanabadThe city was planned according to hindu planning principles of shilpashastra from vastushastra.The site was placed on a high land as in the shastra and was kamukha or bow shaped, for this ensured its prosperity.The arm of the archer was Chandni Chowk.The string was Yamuna river.The junction of the two main axes is the most auspicious point in the whole region and was therefore the red fort.

The designed infrastructure of Shahjahanabad comprised-

The fortThe Friday mosque(jama masjid).The other major mosquesThe bazaars around the Friday mosque.The elaborate system of water channels.The major gardens and the city wall.The arrangement of these planned elements was influenced by certain site features, which precluded absolute geometry.

1911 Foundation stone for New Delhi at Delhi Darbar

On December 15, 1911, King George V and Queen Mary laid the foundation stone for New Delhi, at a Darbar under a purposely built Shah Jahani dome. The message was clear: the British were the legitimate successors of the Mughals and their new capital was intended to express the power of the Raj,just as Shah Jahans capital had expressed the authority of the Mughals.

Image Source: http://www.iicdelhi.nic.in/publications/uploads_diary_files/491816November112011_IIC%20Occasional%20Publication%2032&33.pdf

Lutyen's grandiose Government House (Rashtrapati Bhawan) - located on Raisina Hill, and one of New Delhi's major thoroughfares, Rajpath, connects it to the Purana Qila

Lord Hardinge chose the Raisina Hill for locating the viceroys palace because:

The Rashtrapati Bhawan

It was a well drained.Constituted of slopes and plains between the ridge and the river.Its eastern and southern margins were studded with monuments of vanished empires.A broad crescent from Shahjahanabad and Kotla Firoz Shah, south to Tughlaqabad and the Qutub with tombs of Safdarjung and Lodhis as well as Jantar Mantar in the foreground could be viewed from the site.

Image Source (Image 1 and Image 2): http://www.indiansecretsrevealed.com/rashtrapati-bhavan-trip/ Image 1Image 2Image 2

The SecretariatThe Secretariat Building was designed by architectHerbert BakerinIndo-Saracenic Revival architecture.Much of the building is in classical architectural style, yet it incorporatedMughalandRajasthani architecturestyle and motifs in its architecture.These are visible in the use ofJali.Another feature of the building is a dome-like structure known as theChatri.

Image Source (Image 1 and Image 2): http://www.indiansecretsrevealed.com/secratariat-building-trip/Image Source (Image 3): http://www.postcolonialweb.org/india/art/architecture/colonial/seccomplex/column1.html

The style of architecture used in Secretariat Building is unique to Raisina Hill. In front of the main gates on buildings are the four "dominion columns", given by Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa.Image 1Image 2Image 3

These four Dominion Columns which were presented by Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa were a gesture of friendship and unity among the Dominions within the British Empire. On top of each Column is a bronze ship symbolic of the Empire's ocean links and the emblem of each Dominions is marked on each Column.40

India gate:

The Gate is built as a special memorandum for all the soldiers who belongs to Indian Army and to all those who have given their lives fighting for the protection of their country. It is considered that approximately 90,000 and more soldiers names have been encrypted over the walls of India gate which is a special thing in itself.

The explicit india gate architecture explains you that there is a huge path which is also known by the name of Rajpath at the end of which is constructed a 42 meters high India Gate that was previously known by the name of All India War Memorial. The designing of India Gate was done by famous architect Sir Edwin Lutyen. Standing behind the gate is an empty canopy made out of sandstone, also designed by Lutyens, and inspired by a sixth-century pavilion from Mahabalipuram.

DELHI TODAYA fundamental premise of the Master Plan had been based on the western concept of zoning. It implied segregation of land uses, physical uniformity and segregation of residential components from undesirable land uses.The Old city was predominantly marked for residential use.Unlike most cities of the West, the spatial growth of Indian cities have been polynucleated and multifunctional processes.Delhi today is an amalgam of historical and modern, traditional and contemporary.Three distinct cityscapes dominate the metropolis: 1)The walled city of Shahjahanabad- traditional organic housing replaced by apartment blocks.

2)New Delhi- The Anglo-Indian Rome of Sir Edwin Lutyens (last phase of British Raj).

3)The Post independence Master plan Delhi and currently growing areas.

In this whole process almost no attention was paid to the problems of Old Delhi. Due to the creation of New Delhi, Old Delhi experienced a 28% surge in population from 1916-1926 resulting in the spilling over of the population from inside the walled city to the Paharganj area, whose restructuring was later abandoned by Lutyens due to resource constraints. Also, no provision of housing was premeditated for the large no. of skilled and unskilled workers which immigrated in for the construction work of New Delhi. This negligence of the planners towards Old Delhi resulted in its transformation to a large slum area through deterioration and dilapidation.Drawbacks

Image Source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Lutyens'_projected_Imperial_Delhi,_from_the_Encyclopedia_Britannica,_11th_ed.,_1910-12.jpg

"There are several components of the CP redevelopment plan - building subways, restoring the faade and digging a tunnel in the middle circle

We oppose the construction of any new subways inConnaught Placeand propose the construction of signalized pedestrian and bicycle crossings propose the re-routing of DTC buses to the Central Metro Station, introduction of eco-friendly streetcars that could connect all destinations in CP to the two Metro Stations, besides adding further iconic value to this historic City Centre

Connaught Placeneeds wide, even-surfaced, continuous pavements, hawker zones along pavements, at-grade pedestrian crossings,the provision of sun shade for the public on the street, new cycleand NMV lanes and a concentric streetcar/ feeder system - to connect to the Metro stops to-from all destinationsSeparating the pedestrian and public transport user to a different grade ensures that traffic on Outer Circle will start movingeven fasterin turn discouraging pedestrian and public transport activity and in a short time, creating even more severe congestion as the flyovers of the city have already done.Moreover, we have already seen in Delhi that subways are not safe and do not get used; And especially in Connaught Place, where people actuallydesire to walk at grade to enjoythe experience of the historic city centre at all times.In cities of the world that have been used to large volumes of traffic, subways are now being removed due to the above factors, including thehigh costs of maintenance, cleaning and security provision associated with them.

References

Books:

David Gordon (2006) Planning Twentieth Century Capital Cities, : Routledge.

Robert Byron (1997) New Delhi, New Delhi: Asian Educational Services.

Lucy Peck (n.d.) Delhi: a thousand years of building.

Websites:

ARCHITECTURE OF DELHI - Delhi-city in conflict. 2013. [ONLINE] Available at: http://delhi-architecture.weebly.com/delhi-city-in-conflict.html. [Accessed 12 October 2013].Princes and Painters in Mughal Delhi Design of Delhi: Edwin Lutyens. 2013. [ONLINE] Available at: http://sites.asiasociety.org/princesandpainters/design-of-delhi-edwin-lutyens/. [Accessed 11 October 2013].Changing Image of Lutyens Delhi | Archinomy. 2013. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/1158/changing-image-of-lutyens-delhi. [Accessed 12 October 2013].New Delhi. 2013. [ONLINE] Available at: http://archnet.org/library/places/one-place.jsp?place_id=2722&order_by=title&showdescription=1. [Accessed 15 October 2013].The Lutyens Trust. 2013. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.lutyenstrust.org.uk/articles/exhibitionnd.htm. [Accessed 13 October 2013].

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