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DESCRIPTION
SURFACE PRODUCTIONTRANSCRIPT
ENPE 505 Surface Production Operations
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Surface Production Operations
Hassan Hassanzadeh
List of supplementary books
Petroleum Production EngineeringA Computer Assisted ApproachBy: Boyun Guo, William C. Lyons, Ali Ghalambor2007Available from U of C Library electronic resources
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Surface Production OperationsVolumes 1 &2 : Third Edition: Design of Oil & Gas Handling Systems and FacilitiesBy Maurice Stewart and Ken Arnold, 2008
Gas Production EngineeringBy Sanjay Kumar, 1987
Available from U of C Library electronic resources
Petroleum Production Systems
Learning Objectives
Find a general overview of
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Find a general overview of
petroleum production systems like
wellheads, flow lines, gathering
systems, and production facilities.
Petroleum Production System
• Introduction
• Reservoir
• Well
• Separator
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• Separator
• Pumps
• Gas compressors
• Pipelines
• Safety Control System
Introduction
• The role of a production engineer is to maximizemaximize
oil and gas production in a costcost--effectiveeffective
manner.
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Oil or gas production system consists:
1. Reservoir2. Well
3. Flowline
4. Separators5. Pumps
6. Transportation pipelines
Schematic view of a surface production system
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Reservoir• A ‘‘reservoir’’ is a porous and permeable
underground formation containing an individual
bank of hydrocarbons confined by impermeable
rock and is characterized by a single natural
pressure system.
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Reservoir classification
1. Oil (undersaturated, saturated)2. Gas condensate 3. Gas
Reservoir derive mechanisms
1. Water drive reservoir
2. Gas-cap reservoir
3. Dissolved gas drive reservoir
4. Compaction drive reservoir
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Water drive reservoir
Gas-cap reservoir Dissolved gas drive reservoir
Well schematic
Casing head
SSSV
Production
-80 ft
-300 ft
-2500 ft
Intermediate casing
Annulus
Surface
casing
Tubing headCasing head
Cement
Packer
Production
tubing
Production
casing-9000 ft
Not to scale
Open holeCased hole
T3 Surface Wellhead Systems
10www.t3energy.com
Wellhead1. GOR>100,000 Gas wells. 2. 5,000<GOR<100,000 Gas-condensate wells.3. GOR<5,000 Oil wells.
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Back up master valve*
A sketch of a wellhead.
A sketch of a typical flowing oil well.
Wellhead
12A sketch of a ‘‘Christmas tree”
www.mpsoilfield.com
Gathering Systems
SeparatorSeparators are used for the well stream fluid
processing as soon as possible after bringing fluid to the surface.
Three types of separators are generally available fromManufacturers:
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Manufacturers:
1. Horizontal2. Vertical3. Spherical
Selection based on:characteristics of production stream to be treated, floor space availability at the facility site, transportation, and cost.
Horizontal separator
© 2009 NATCO KW International, http://www.kwintl.com
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Advantages:Low costsGreater gas–liquid interfaceEasier to skid-mount and service Require less piping for field connections
Applications:High-GOR well streamsFoaming well streamsLiquid-from-liquid separation
Disadvantage (s):Liquid level control is more critical
Carry over and carry throughHard to clean
Vertical separator
Advantages:Liquid level control is not as critical
Less floor space
Applications:Low to intermediate GOR well streams
Streams with relatively large slugs of liquid
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Less floor spaceLess carry over and carry through
Can handle relatively large slug size
Sand production
Disadvantage (s):More expensive to fabricateDifficult to skid-mount and ship
© 2009 NATCO
Spherical separator
Advantage:Inexpensive and compact means of
separation arrangement
Better clean out
Applications:Low to intermediate GOR well streams
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Better clean out
Disadvantage(s):placement and action of the liquid-level control is more critical.Not suitable for three phase separation
Pumps
After separation, oil is transported through
pipelines to the sales points and refineries. Reciprocating piston pumps are used to
provide mechanical energy required for
the transportation.
Types of reciprocating piston pumps
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Double-action piston pump
Types of reciprocating piston pumps
1. Single-action
2. Double-action piston stroke
http://www.lcresources.com/resources/getstart/2b01.htm
Single-piston reciprocating pump operation
The double-action stroke is used for duplex
(two pistons) pumps. The single-action stroke is used for pumps with three pistons
or greater (e.g., triplex pump).
Pumps
Flo
w ra
te
Reciprocating
19Pressure
Flo
w ra
te
Rotary
Centrifugal
Gas compressors
1. Provide gas pressure required to transport gas with pipelines
2. Gas-lift and gas injection operations
Reciprocating and rotary compressors
Reciprocating compressors are most commonly used in the natural gas
industry
20Reciprocating compressor
Pipelines
The first pipeline was built in the United States in 1859 to transport crude oil (Wolbert, 1952)
Pipelines are by far the most economical means of large-scale overland transportation for crude oil, natural gas, and their products.
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Safety Control System
To protect personnel, the environment, and the facility.
The major objective of the safety system is to prevent the release of hydrocarbons and chemicals from the process and to minimize the adverse effects of such
releases if they occur.
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releases if they occur.
1. Preventing undesirable events2. Shutting-in the process3. Recovering released fluids4. Preventing ignition
Modes of safety system operation1. Automatic monitoring by sensors2. Automatic protective action3. Emergency shutdown
Overpressure ( Increased input flow due to upstream flow-control device
failure, Decreased output flow due to blockage, Heating of closed system)
Leak (Corrosion, Erosion, Mechanical failure)
Undesirable events:Undesirable events:
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Leak (Corrosion, Erosion, Mechanical failure)
Liquid overflow (Increased input flow due to upstream flow-control
device failure, Decreased output flow due to blockage in the liquid discharge)
Gas blow-by (Increased input flow due to upstream flow-control device
failure, decreased output flow due to blockage in the gas discharge)
Under-pressure (Outlet flow-control device (e.g., choke) failure, Inlet
blockage, Cooling of closed system)
Excess temperature (Overfueling of burner, External fire, Spark emission)