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1500-1800

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8 th and 9 th centuries, all of Spain except tiny Christian kingdoms in the far north is controlled by Muslims Reconquest 500 year struggle to drive the Muslims out Ferdinand and Isabella (1492) drove the last Muslims out from Granada Reconquest

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A New Spanish Ruler In 1556, Philip II begins ruling Spain and its possessions. Deeply religious Philip IIs Empire Philip seizes Portugal in 1580 Gold and Silver from Americas make Spain extremely wealthy A Powerful Spanish Empire

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Philip defends Catholicism against Muslims of the Ottoman Empire and the Protestants of Europe. Spanish fleet helped defeat the Ottomans at Lepanto in 1571 Spanish Armada defeated by British in 1588 Launched to punish Protestant England and its queen, Elizabeth I Defender of Catholicism

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Philip II was typical of an absolute monarch because Tried to control every aspect of his empires affairs Trusted no one Built an imposing palace Raised taxes Tried to force his subjects to accept his religion (Catholicism) Forceful Ruler

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Absolute Ruler someone who holds all the power within the boundaries of a country or an empire. The Theory of Absolutism

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Absolutism was the political belief that one ruler should hold all the power within the boundaries of a country. Absolute Monarchy complete and total control by the King model of this control was Louis XIV from France Divine Right the idea that God created the monarchy and that the monarch acted as Gods representative on earth.

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Decline of Feudalism Rise in cities Growth of national kingdoms Protestant Reformation Belief in Divine Right Theory of Absolutism How did European Monarchs gain absolute power?

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1572 St. Bartholomews Day Massacre in Paris Nationwide slaughter of Huguenots Henry of Navarre (Henry IV) 1 st king of Bourbon dynasty in France Edict of Nantes declaration of religious tolerance France

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After a century of war and riots, France was ruled by Louis XIV, the most powerful monarch of his time. The Reign of Louis XIV

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Louis XIV the most powerful ruler in French history Louis Weakens the Nobles Authority Louis takes control in 1661 Appoints intendants government agents to collect taxes A New French Ruler

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Jean Baptiste Colbert finance minister helps economy grow. How? Mercantilism In 1685, Louis cancels Edict of Nantes ; Huguenots flee France this robs France of skilled workers Edict of Nantes declaration of religious toleration. Henry of Navarre (Henry IV) declared that the Huguenots (French Protestants) could live in peace and set up their own houses of worship. Economic Growth

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A Life of Luxury Lives very well, every meal is a feast Louis Controls the Nobility Louis keeps nobles at palace to increase his power over them Builds magnificent palace at Versailles Patronage of the Arts Versailles is a center of arts during reign on Louis XIV Purpose of the arts is to glorify Louis The Sun Kings Grand Style

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Attempts to Expand Frances Boundaries Louis fights war in the 1600s, 1670s to expand France In 1680s, many countries unite against him in League of Augsburg (consisted of Austrian Hapsburg emperor, the kings of Sweden and Spain) France is weakened by poor harvests, warfare, high taxes War of the Spanish Succession War of the Spanish Succession begins in 1701 Attempts to prevent union of the French and Spanish thrones Ends in 1714; France and Spain lose some possessions Great Britain is big winner. From Spain, Britain took Gibraltor, controlled entrance to Mediterranean. Louis Fights Disastrous Wars

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Destructive war that had three phases 1) It was an internal challenge to Hapsburg Catholic rule by Bohemian Protestants 2) From 1622 it was an all-German civil war between Lutherans and Calvinists and the imperial Catholic forces 3) From about 1635 it was an international conflict in which religious affiliation played only a minor role. The Thirty Years War (1618-1648)

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1555, Peace of Augsburg Divided Germany into Catholic and Lutheran parcels Made no allowances for the growing number of Calvinists or other Protestants This becomes a problem Beginning of Thirty Years War

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1618 Hapsburg Holy Roman Emperor closed Protestant churches in Czech kingdom of Bohemia Protestants revolt! 1622 German civil war Lutherans and Calvinists vs. Catholic forces 1635 International conflict France, Holland, Sweden, and German Protestant states vs. Spain and Holy Roman Emperor Destructive War

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First modern state treaty (importance of sovereign state rather than dynasty or religion) Introduces the idea of negotiating terms of peace Big Winners : France and Sweden Losers : Spain and Austrian based Hapsburgs Results : Europe is carved up, now recognized as a group of independent states Germany is made up of 360 small kingdoms (some Protestant and some Catholic) German princes now independent of Holy Roman Emperor Treaty of Westphalia - 1648

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Central European Monarchs Clash

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After 30 Years War 360 German states divided Catholic Protestant States Form in Central Europe

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Hapsburgs of Austria Based in Vienna; ruled Austria, Bohemia (present-day Czech Republic), and Hungary Problem 10 different nationalities Maria Theresa (1740-1780) Dictator Rules with liberal ideas Abolished death penalty Everyone went to school Prussia vs. Austria

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Prussia and the Hohenzollern Dynasty An army with a country Frederick II, Frederick the Great (1740-1786) Greatest Monarch in Prussian History Abolished death penalty School mandatory Grew military Europes best army Called himself king became absolute Monarch Frederick the Great buys loyalty Prussia vs. Austria

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War of Austrian Succession

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Fought over Austrian land of Silesia (Frederick starts the war) Austria and Great Britain vs. France and Prussia Maria Theresa resists Prussian power but loses Silesia Result: Prussia gain Silesia from Austria and becomes a major power. War of Austrian Succession

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Allies switch sides Austria ( Maria Theresa ), France, and Russia VS. Great Britain and Prussia ( Frederick the Great ) Begins with Frederick attacking Saxony, Austrian ally Fought in Europe, India and North America NA France loses Canada to Britain Did not change territorial situation in Europe. The Seven Years War also, French and Indian War

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The First Czar Ivan the Terrible In 1533, Ivan the Terrible becomes king of Russia Struggles for power with boyars landowning nobles Seizes power and is crowned czar, meaning Caesar Rule by Terror In 1560, Ivan turns against boyars, kills them, seizes lands Rise of the Romanovs Ivans heir is weak, leading to period of turmoil In 1613, Michael Romanov becomes czar Absolute Rulers of Russia

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The Rise of Peter Peter the Great becomes czar in 1696, begins to reform Russia Russia Contrasts with Europe Cut off geographically from Europe Culturally isolated, little contact with western Europe Religious differences widen gap Peter Visits the West In 1697, Peter visits western Europe to learn European ways Peter the Great

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Peters Goal Goal of westernization using western Europe as model for change Peters Reforms Brings Orthodox Church under state control Reduces power of great landowners Modernizes army by having European officers train soldiers Peter Rules Absolutely

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Introduces potatoes Starts Russia first newspaper Raises womens status Adopts Western fashion Advances education Westernizing Russia

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Peter wants a seaport that will make travel to West easier Fights Sweden to win port on Baltic Sea In 1703, begins building new capital called St. Petersburg Building city takes many years, many serfs die in process By the time of Peters death, Russia is a force to be reckoned with in Europe Establishing St. Petersburg

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Timeline of Monarchs James I of Scotland Charles I (Jamess son) Oliver Cromwell (military dictator) Charles II (Charles Is son) return of monarchy James II (Charless Catholic brother) William and Mary (Protestants) The English Monarchy

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Jamess Problems James I of Scotland becomes king of England in 1603 Struggles with Parliament over money, Church reform Charles I Fights Parliament Jamess son, Charles I, becomes king in 1625 Also fights with Parliament over money Parliament forces him to sign Petition of Right in 1628 Petition limits Charless power, but he ignores it Monarchs Defy Parliament

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War Topples a King In 1641, Parliament passes laws to limit kings power Result is English Civil War (1642-1649) between Puritans, king In 1644, Oliver Cromwell becomes general on Puritan side After Puritans win, Charles faces trial and execution in 1649 English Civil War

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Cromwells Rule In 1649, Cromwell abolishes monarchy, House of Lords Becomes military dictator Suppresses rebellion in Ireland Puritan Morality Puritans abolish activities they find sinful English Civil War

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Cromwells End After Cromwell dies in 1658, government collapses Next year, Parliament asks son of Charles I to rule Charles II Reigns Restoration return of monarchy under Charles II Habeas corpus law requiring king to charge prisoner with crime James II and the Glorious Revolution Charless Catholic brother James becomes king in 1685 Glorious Revolution bloodless overthrow of James in 1688 Restoration and Revolution

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A New Type of Monarchy Protestants William and Mary become rulers of England Agree to constitutional monarchy legal limits on royal power Bill of Rights In 1680, Parliament drafts Bill of Rights Sets limits on royal power Cabinet System Develops In 1700s, cabinet, a group of government ministers, develops Ministers link majority party in Parliament with monarch Limits on Monarchs Power