1491 – 1607 on a north american continent controlled by american indians, contact among the...
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PERIOD ONE1491 – 1607
On a North American continent controlled by American Indians, contact among the
peoples of Europe, the Americas, and West Africa created a new world
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KC 1.3
Contacts among American Indians, Africans, and Europeans challenged the worldviews
of each group.
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Altered Views
Expansion into New World + contact with NAs & Africans new views of nonwhite peoples Social, political, economic relationships Role of whites in relation to nonwhites
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Euro. Claims in America
Needs of Nation-states? $$ & support of Church (justification to rule)
Power of monarchy search for riches, spread Xnty
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Spain
Height of power for F&I, unified Xn Spain GLORY for CC!
Little gold, little spices, no path to Asia Vs. Portugal: overlap in Americas
disputes Pope ruling in 1493 (line of demarcation & T of T in ‘94)
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Domination of of Americas by Spain Conquistadors supremacy Gold, silver Encomienda System
High death W. African slaves Florida
St. Augustine (1565) New Mexico
Santa Fe (1610) Pueblo revolt after attempt to Xnize, Spanish out in
1692 Texas
1700s growth as resistance to French in MS RV CA
San Diego, 1769 & San Francisco, 1776, missions established, 1784
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Treatment of natives DISEASE Forced labor
Few families from Spain intermarriage class system
De Las Casas, 1542 Valladolid Debate = de Las Casas vs.
Sepulveda
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Spanish POV on NAs
JUAN DE SEPULVEDA BARTOLOME DE LAS CASAS
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England
John Cabot- 1497, Newfoundland No follow-up
Distractions- break w/ RCC by KHVIII QE I challenged Spanish shipping, 1570s-
80s Drake Raleigh (1587)
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Treatment of Natives Settlements not near large NA empires Families to New World Initial coexistence, trade conflict, war
NA = savages English seen as changing life of NA (increase in
population loss of land, tribes scattered NAs expelled, not subjugated
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France
1530s-40s Claims based on Jacques Cartier (St. Lawrence R.)
No follow-up European wars, religious conflicts (RCC vs. Huguenots
Treatment of Natives NAs = economic/military allies
Trade & aid in war (Huron + Fr. Vs. Iroquois) Good relationship w/ tribes Few colonists, towns, farms = less threat to NA Desire control of fur trade trading posts
St. Lawrence RV, Great Lakes, MS River
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The Netherlands
1600s- voyages out for exploration Henry Hudson up river (NY) to claim area
for Dutch, 1609 formation of New Amsterdam Dutch West India Co.
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Cultivation of Racism
NAs = inferior, exploited for economic gain, converted to Xnty, military allies
Little experience dealing with people who were different lack of understanding of NAs So…
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How should NAs have been treated? How civilized are these groups compared to Eur.
Standards?
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White Superiority
Why did it develop? Justification of slavery What else?
Explain how conceptions of group identity emerged out of cultural interactions
between colonizing groups, Africans, and American Indians in the colonial era.
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Africans
Religion important in society N. Africa, coast/ports- Islam S of Sahara- isolated societies, animism, polytheist
W. Africa = Kingdoms based on trade, AG (sorghum, millet), copper, iron Kings (divine), some monotheism
Many polytheist, ancestor worship, celebration of virility/fertility
Empires: Ghana, Mali, Songhai GOLD = power
Further SW- kingdoms based on trade, rich in resources, AG (yams), much fighting between “ministates”
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Trade based on gold, salt, copper, slaves , ivory Difficult for smaller states to trade ($$)
Mid-1450s coastal trade w/ Euros Many states, languages, goods along coast Grain, Ivory, Gold, Slave Coasts
Trading Posts on coast, islands Disease inland Experiments w/ crops, livestock on islands
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Slave Trade Beginnings
Slavery widespread in Africa Coerced labor common in societies around
world Africans- enslaved b/c of debt, sold by family
for food, war captives Sold as: AG laborers, concubines, military
recruits Euros more interested in commodities
until realize value of human trafficking. diaspora of African peoples
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Slavery
Robin Blackburn: The “dark side of progress” Contradiction faced
Old World order of unfree labor dying Those opposed settle in New World development of unfree labor on massive
scale resolved issue by “racialization” of slavery
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British Slavery
Slavery expanded Profits from slavery increased industrialization
($$, capitalism) Colonial development increased industrialization AG (small farms large, capitalistic farms)
Creates “landless workers” Can emigrate to New World labor force (3, 5, 7 yrs)
Difficult work, seen as property Harsh conditions, low life expectancy Value based on crop production during span of
servitude
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An Economic Cause
Problems? Demand for exports increased demand for
laborers increased IS from GB voluntary, low numbers crossing =
demand not met Stories from across Atlantic
shift to Africans = secure supply of labor
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Eric Williams (1943) Slavery not racial, but economic (cheapness) Racism a consequence/effect of slavery
Problem? Fear of revolt Heightened by idea of whites + blacks = joint
action Ex: 1676 Bacon’s Rebellion Slaves + servants + freeman
laws of racial segregation solidarity among whites idea of “privileged class” Poor whites still have rights (GB citizens)
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Fear of labor resistance/rebellion white fear of black rebellion
New identity develops based on racial structures slavery = black Africans
GB difference from Sp/Fr/Dutch? No blurring of racial lines (intermarriage)
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NA Reaction
NA = distinct, independent = no unified response
Euro goods (iron, copper, guns) interaction w/ NAs
Violence, disease causes NA to find new way of life
Experience of Euro. wars on continent tribal alliances w/ Euro. For support in survival Some migrate west
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Attempt at Autonomy
NAs & Africans try to maintain culture, core beliefs, political independence Challenge by Euro.
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Euro. try to change NA beliefs, worldviews Religion Gender roles Family Role of natural environment Ownership NA resistance, conflict
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Spanish Mission System
Florida- Apalachee Matriarchal vs. primogeniture H-G + AG (Three sisters) Nature gods
Mission San Luis Spanish conquest
Rule by Country& Church
Missionaries taughtXnty, Euro. farming, loyalty to King
Collect wealth (food forpeople/soldiers)
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African Adaptations
Language, culture adapt to W. Hemisphere Some preservation, autonomy
Oral tradition Group worship
Ex: Xnty + African religions Some reject Xnty- religion of slaverholders Others hold on to promises of freedom in New
Testament, Moses from Old Testament Music, Song
Food Sweet potato (yams), rice, okra, sorghum, black-
eyed peas, peanuts