1.4 model building

8/19/2019 1.4 Model Building

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Model Building

Damodar Suar

Indian Institute of Technology

Kharagpur 721302 (WB)


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Disciplinary Context of Methodological Paradigms

History: urrently! "ethodological #eha$iouris" has #eco"e the do"inant paradig" and the %&has turned into the synony" of scientific! o#'ecti$e! and dependa#le source of noledge*

%ualitati$e "ethods e"ploy case studies! historical "ethods! in+depth inter$ie! participanto#ser$ation! participatory rural appraisal! grounded theory! and narrati$es*

%&s e"ploy "athe"atics! "odelling! "eta+analysis! true and ,uasi e-peri"ents! o#'ecti$eassess"ents! sa"ple sur$eys! and statistical data analyses*

Both "ethods ha$e their assets! lia#ilities and standards of practice* The shortco"ings can #e upsetadopting triangulated or "i-ed "ethod*

.till there is another called action research! e-ecution of pro'ects! "odifying noledge gettingfeed#ac fro" field*

The "ethods differ in reasoning! defining reality! e"phasis! research o#'ecti$e! focus! types of,uestions! nature of o#ser$ation! sa"ple! nature of data! data collection "ethods! analysis and report

preparation* Both %ualitati$e and %&s are co"pli"entary* / ,uantitati$e study is also ,ualitati$e

#ecause interpretation is co""on to #oth* %&s are fa$oured #ecause of positi$ist scientific approach! "ore precision! large sa"ple and

generalisation! a$aila#ility of co"puter softare*


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.teps in .ur$ey esearch

.election of topic

Objectives,Hypotheses,

If statements,Research questions

onstructs!

aria#les

%uestionnaire!

Inter$ie schedule

.a"pling ata collection

&aster+sheet

re+test!

ilot sur$ey

.tatistical analysis!

&athe"atical

"odelsInterpretation

eport riting


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APPLICATI! " #Ms

$e%ie& of Literature

If the concern of the re$ie is integration and synthesis of studiese-a"ining si"ilar research ,uestions or hypotheses for ad$ance"ent ofnoledge and theory! statistical "ethods to analyse research literatureoffer a #etter choice than the traditional re$ie* The ,uantitati$ere$ie or integration of research literature is non as 4"eta+analysis5*

/ "eta+analyst can announce in a re$ie topic hether further researchis needed #y calculating 4 fail safe 65*

e "eta+analytic study: .ri$asta$a! 2002! utta !2008! 6o "eta+analytic study up+to 2003 in I/*

Suggested Methods that demand minimum assumption about data :'( )n&eighted and &eighted Stouffer method for com*iningindependent studies( +( ,ffect-si.e


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Construct/ 0aria*le/ and perationalisation

0aria*le in used in psychology can *e : ategorical $aria#le

(/)!ontinuous (,uantitati$e) $aria#le(9)! Independent $aria#le

(I)! ependent $aria#le ()! -traneous $aria#le ()! &oderator

$aria#le (&9)! &ediator (inter$ening) $aria#le (&)! /cti$e $aria#le

(/)! /ttri#ute $aria#le (/T)*&ost of the studies ha$e tested the i"pact of I on the association a"ong

$aria#les* esearchers ha$e fre,uently incorporated attri#ute $aria#les depicting

psychological characteristics along ith socio+de"ographic $aria#les*

9perationalisation states ho a $aria#le is o#ser$ed! counted or "easured* It pro$ides

"eaning #y specifying the operations or acti$ities necessary to "easure the

$aria#le;construct* It states: do such+and+such in so+and+so "anner* re,uently used

"easure"ent+oriented operationalisation* o"ple- 9perationalisation: uclidean

distance! identification! inde-! adding standardi


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Conceptual Model

/ "odel is a proposed a#straction of reality* It represents the principles ith

essential characteristics of #eha$iour or pheno"enon in the real orld in a

si"plified ay* Though the co"ple- co$ert ("ental processes) and o$ert

#eha$iour of the organis" are not easy to "odel ,uantitati$ely! higher le$el ofa#straction is necessary for the construction of conceptual "odels* &odels are

"ore precise than $er#al descriptions and offer greater "anipula#ility*

.uar (1==2)! studying the polarisation pheno"enon! deri$ed that: > (?c+?f) ;

(?s+?f )* ?sing graph theory concepts of nodes or vertices, edges, and

ambisidigraph! /charya and @oshi (200A) ha$e rationalised the $ariousco"#inations of attraction! repulsion! and indifference a"ong "e"#ers in s"all

social groups*


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Sampling

The poer of a sa"ple to produce a close appro-i"ation to the population depends on (a) the sa"plesi


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Methods of Data Collection

,xperimental $esearch: -ternal $alidity

resence+a#sence! a"ount! type techni,ues are folloed in pure e-peri"ental deign*

/ close perusal of the reports of these studies indicates se$eralfeatures* irst! attrition of e-peri"ental su#'ects caused due

to nonco"pliance! dropout! and other reasons is not"entioned* .econd! researchers ha$e fre,uently rando"i


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Methods of Data Collection

ou#le+#lind control! co"puter+#ased e-peri"ents! conducte-peri"ents $ia Internet* .e"i+ or ,uasi+e-peri"ents to

understand reality*!on-experimental research: (a) co"parati$e research! and

(#) correlational research*

/ self+reported ,uestionnaire has #eco"e an u#i,uitous tool

for such research* heclist! "ultiple choice! raning,uestions are rare* elia#ility and $alidity poor*

I! +9/! .caling response categories! dolls! ladder! $isuals!conte-tual "easuring tools! secondary data use*9ne "ain

source of "easure"ent error in #eha$ioural in$estigation isthe 4co""on "ethod #ias5! $ariance attri#uta#le to"easure"ent "ethod rather than to the construct of interest*It includes the contents of specific ite"s! scale+type!response for"at! and the general conte-t! or the response

#iases as hallo effects! social desira#ility! ac,uiescence! andlenienc effects*


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Data Analysis/ Assessment and Indigenous Psychology

Data Analysis

Data ,ntry/

-a"ine a ata: -a"ining the data statistically orgraphically has three #asic purposes* irst! the researcher

gets insight into the #asic character of the data!relationships! and differences a"ong $aria#les* .econd!"issing $alues! illegal $alues! and outliers are identifiedand resol$ed* Third! the #asic assu"ptions of thestatistical "ethods are identified and co"piled ith*

The researcher can test the #asic assu"ption in datagraphically or statistically that statistical "ethodsde"and* The co""on a"ong the" are nor"ality!linearity! ho"oscedasticity! and "ulticollinearity*


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Data Analysis/ Assessment and Indigenous Psychology

.tatistical ata /nalysis: irst! hat the in$estigator is looing forin accordance ith o#'ecti$es! hypotheses! and research,uestionsH ifferent statistical "ethods ill #e used forunderstanding difference! relationship! prediction! and interaction*.econd! are the data fro" sa"e set of sa"ple or different sa"plesH

epending on sa"ple categories;groups! analyses differ* Third! inhich scale are the data of different $aria#les ("etric++inter$al andratio scale! non"etric++ ordinal and no"inal scale)H 9nce the,uestions are replied! appropriate statistical "ethods "ay #ee"ployed to anser the research ,uestions*

9ccasionally used "ulti$ariate statistics are "ultiple regressionith du""y $aria#les! canonical correlation! correspondenceanalysis! cluster analysis! principal co"ponent analysis!confir"atory factor analysis! and path analysis* .tate+of+art"ethod: .&


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/6 /6/ 9 ?T?

$e%amp the Course on $esearch Methodology

Contents need inclusion are 2uantitati%e re%ie&s3 sampling3 item-response theory/ andscale construction3 content analysis3 multi%ariate statistics of multiple regressionanalysis3 discriminate analysis3 con4oint analysis3 correspondence analysis3 canonical

correlation3 confirmatory factor analysis3 and path analysis( Psychologists treat thereal &orld phenomena as linear and simple &hich are nonlinear/ dynamic/ andcomplex( It is a challenge for us to determine &hether the methodologies that ha%e*een de%eloped to study dynamic/ non-linear/ and complex systems can fundamentallyad%ance our understanding of human *eha%iour(

Analytical and reflecti%e mindset1 Pedagogy- lecture and case study methods( Hands-on-experience and learning *y doing in SPSS/ S5STAT/ and AMS &ith hypotheticaldata/ analysis/ and interpretation can *oost the confidence of researchers

Training1 Allah*ad/ )t6al/ IIT/ IIM/ Delhi/ Calcutta )ni(


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$epresentati%e Sample/ Longitudinal Studies/ and !e& Methods of DataCollection

Fongitudinal studies are re,uired on the sa"e sa"ple or cohort groups o$er ane-tended period of ti"e repeatedly for understanding! and predicting ofindi$idualsG! groupsG! and co""unitiesG history! transitions! differences! futuree-pectations! and cu"ulati$e effects* It ould help testing or generating theories!and for"ulating pu#lic policy*

The tools of inter$ie schedule! se"i+pro'ecti$e tests! pro'ecti$e+in$entory! $isuals!and conte-tual "easuring "ethods can #e used and de$eloped to "easure $aria#les*

.ingle case study! hich has i"portant #earing in clinical in$estigation! alsodeser$es our attention*

)se of A%aila*le Secondary Data1 ensus reports! statistical hand#oos! nationalsa"ple sur$ey records! annual reports of co"panies! Internet! and intranet pro$ide aealth of data* The su#stance fro" the secondary 4hard data5 can and illdefinitely supple"ent to the #eha$ioural soft data*


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Data Documentation1/ data#an! created #y a nodal psychology

depart"ent of the country! ill eli"inate the collection of underused data! re$eal

the pheno"enon across ti"e! increase the electronic access to data! help doing

"eta+analysis! and guide policy for"ulation ith e$idence on i"portant social

issues of po$erty! health! education! e"ploy"ent! etc*

Theory-dri%en $esearch

Integrate #ualitati%e and #Ms/ and Multi-disciplinary

Perspecti%e1 &ore co"ple- the psychological issues under in$estigation!"ultiple "ethodologies are re,uired for co"prehending and in+depth pro#ing*

If the %&s can #e applied ith participant o#ser$ation! ethnography!

unstructured inter$ie! content analysis! and historical "ethods! the infor"ation #ase ill #e rich for ad$ance"ent of noledge* /n unidisciplinary outloo

pro$ides tunnel $ision* Integration of "ulti+disciplinary perspecti$es can

contri#ute to the fuller understanding of the pheno"enon under in$estigation*


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/ctual eality resu"ed eality Hypothesis

ResearchDesign

ata /nalysis

Evidence onObserved

Reality

/ssess"ent of the

orrespondence

#eteen 9#ser$edeality and

on'ectures a#out

resu"ed eality

eneration of an

"pirical act

(9#ser$ed eality)

Model Building


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&odel #uilding leading to hypothesis

specification is done at an early stage of research

(conceptual part of research! theory #uilding)To represent the reality: To hat e-tent o#ser$ed

results depict the reality( e"pirical part of

research! theory testing)


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Knoledge: /ctual noledge a#out reality

e-ists outside* The researcher for"ulates #eliefsa#out that reality*

The #elief state"ents a#out the happenings of

reality are the #asis ofcon'ectures;hypotheses;research ,uestions

Then these are tested collecting data!analysising data! and reporting results*

If the results supports the #eliefs! noledgegenerated is accepted*

.ocial science "odels are in fu


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TJ/6K9?

1.4 model building

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