13.8.12 mitglied der helmholtz-gemeinschaft data acquisition at a particle physics experiments...
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13.8.12
Mitg
lied
der H
elm
holtz-G
em
ein
schaft
Data Acquisitionat a particle physics experiments
Sergey Mikirtytchiants, IKP FZJ
GGSWBS'12, Batumi Aug. 13-17
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13.8.12 Slide 2
Outline.
How to study interaction of an elementary particles?
Particle identification and detectors.
Digitizing of detector signals.
Data acquisition system.
Trigger.
Example: Strange particle production in p-p collision.
Summary.
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13.8.12 Slide 3
How to study interaction of an elementary particles?
p 1 ,m1
incident
targetpT ,mT
interaction ejectilesp 1 ,m1
p 2 , m 2
p21 ,m2
1
p n , m n
p22 ,m2
2?
Kinematics(conservation law)
Reconstruct ejectiles,unobservable directly(missing mass)
Example:
Strange particle production in proton-proton collisionpp → K + p Λ , Λ→π + p , BR=0.639
pp → K + p Σ 0 , Σ 0→γ Λ , BR=1.00
pp →K + n Σ + , Σ + → p π 0 , BR=0.516→π + n , BR=0.483
total
~ b
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13.8.12 Slide 4
What is needed to carry out such study?
Accelerator
Target
Setup to detect and identify ejectiles
Incident particle beam
Particle: p; Energy: 2 GeV; Intencity: nb = 1012 1/s
Particle: p; Dencity (thikness): nt = 1014 1/cm2
Luminosity: L = nt n
b f
b= 1014 x 1012 x 106 = 1032 cm-2 s-1
Event rate: R = total
L = 10-29 cm-2 x 1032 cm-2 s-1 = 103s-1
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13.8.12 Slide 5
Particle identification.
Energy losses in matter
Cherenkov radiation
Bending of trajectory in magnetic field B
Time of flight
Means the type of the particle (mass) and its momentum (P)Charged particles
(π + , π − , K + , K− , ... , p , n , ...)
E/x [ MeV/cm ]
(velocity)
R=P/eBR=P/eB → P=f(x,y)
tof = (t1-t
0)/L [ ns/m ]
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13.8.12 Slide 6
Detectors.
Temporal resolution TOF Spatial resolution Tracking Energy resolution E, E Dead time
MW ChambersProp.
DriftScintillators Organic Inorganic Silicon
StripPixel
2 ns 2 ns 0.1 ns 10 ns 1 ns ------
0.1mm 0.1mm DG DG 10 m 1 m
------ ------ 1 MeV 0.1MeV 0.1MeV 0.1MeV
0.2 s 0.1 s 10 ns 1 s 10 s 100 s
DG - Detector Geometry
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13.8.12 Slide 7
Digitizing (1).
TDC — Time Digital Converters
ADC — Analog Digital Converters
Resolution - [ns/bin]Range (full scale) – n-bits Nonlinearity - = f(bin)Conversion time ~ s
Resolution - [AV / bin]Range (full scale) – n-bitsNonlinearity - = f(bin) Conversion time ~ s
Amplitude A N i=k A⋅Ai
Flash ADC aj
N ij=k A⋅ai
j
0 m T
clk
0 < j < m
Charge Q N i=kQ⋅∫0
t
I (t)dt
t
t0
start t
0
stop t
1 t
stop_m t
n t
j
N i = k T ⋅(t 1−t0)N ij=k T ⋅(t j−t 0)Multihit TDC: m times
m times
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13.8.12 Slide 8
Digitizing (2).
Registers
Scalers
Coordinate detector (MWPC)
Each input signal increments the counter content by ONE Data = Data + 1
Double pulse resolution ~ 5...10 ns Max. speed ~ 20...200 MHz Capacity – 24...32 bits
0/1
0/10/10/1
1 0 1 1
Latch
Data MSB n MSB n 0 LSB 2 1
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13.8.12 Slide 9
Data acquisition.
Common hardware structure
DATA stucture
Detectors Front endelectronics
Digitizers Digitizers Interface Computer
CAMACVME
LVDS BusPCI Bus
…..
ADCTDCREGSCL ….
PreAmpAmplifier
Discriminator ….
D1...Dn
HV, LVGas,
Cooling ….
TriggerLevel 1
…..
DATAstorage.
Header (Run number, comment) {Event number; Time stamp; Source ID (ADC_1); {Data_ADC_1}; Source ID (TDC_1); {Data_TDC_1}; …........ End of event}; // event size {Next Event};
Amount of DATA = <event size> x Accepted Trigger rate upto 100 MB/s !!!
→ Zero data suppression → Selective Trigger
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13.8.12 Slide 10
Data acquisition.
Common hardware structure
Dead time: After each accepted event DAQ is insensitive during a period (DT)
Detectors Front endelectronics
Digitizers Digitizers Interface Computer
….. …. t
0 , gate
….
Trigger
…..
DATAstorage.
D1...Dn
DT ninp
nacc
ninp
Full Dead time: Full Live time:
nacc⋅1−nacc⋅
For a unit of time:
Efficienty of Data taking:
naccninp
= 11+ninp⋅
= ninp⋅(1− ninp⋅ )
nacc
Average DT: <> = 100
s<n
inp>
103 1/s 0.91
104 1/s 0.50
105 1/s 0.09
106 1/s 0.01
Efficiency increasing by
→ Clusters ( less DT ) → Selective Trigger (less n
inp )
DT
DT BUSY
nacc
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13.8.12 Slide 11
Data acquisition.
Cluster structure
Advantages: a) Flexibility; b) High performance …
Detectors Front endelectronics
Digitizers Interface Computer
….. …. …..
DATAstorage.
D1
nacc
cluster_1
Triggern
inp
DT DAQBUSY
nacc
…. t
0 , gate
…. Dn cluster_n
clustersynchro
clusterevent builder
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13.8.12 Slide 12
Trigger.
Level 1: very fast, but pure rejection
Level 2: stronger rejection, but slower ; needs data buffering
Higher trigger levels: more selective and slower
Aim: digitize and store data only in case of the certain conditions.
Goal: reduce data losses and amount of stored data by ignoring of undesirable background events.
Hardware logic based on Timing (restricted time window for TOF)E,E (cut π by setting of high threshold Spatial selection by coincidence of certain SC's
Dedicated digital signal processing based on special algoriythm (rough track reconstruction)
Software based, can be applied ofline.
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13.8.12 Slide 13
Example.Strange particle production in p-p collision near to threshold T
p 1.8 – 2.2 GeV
pp → K + p Λ , Λ→π + p , BR=0.639
pp → K + p Σ 0 , Σ 0→γ Λ , BR=1.00
pp →K + n Σ + , Σ + → p π 0 , BR=0.516→π + n , BR=0.483
total
Searching for pair: (K+p), (K+π+)
Триггер: K+
Aim of experiment:
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13.8.12 Slide 14
COoler SYnchrotron COSY.
p, d (un)polarized momentum 0.3...3.7 GeV/c intencity upto 1010 1/s
Cooling electron: ~0.3 GeV/c stochastic: >1.5 GeV/c
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13.8.12 Slide 15
Spectrometer ANKE.
STT
Target
1 m
ND (SC, MWPC)
H2,D
2
cluster jet
FD (SC, MWPC, MWDC)
PD (SC, MWPC) K+,π
p, d
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13.8.12 Slide 16
Frontend electronics of Scintillator Detectors.
Y= 0
Front endelectronics
Sc
PMT_up
PMT_dn
HV_up
PS
HV_dn
FanOut
CFD
Meantimer
FanOut
CFD
PdSo14_Tup → TDC, Scaler
PdSo14_MT → TDC, Scaler , Trigger
PdSo14_Tdn → TDC, Scaler
PdSo14_Tdn → QDC
PdSo14_Tup → QDC
Y= L
L=1m =7 ns/mt = 2L = 14 ns
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13.8.12 Slide 17
Raw spectra.
Source: TDC'sTOF spectra between So13 and Sa1...23
Source: QDC'sEnergy loss spectra So13 and Sa1...23
criterion efficiency of registration K+ BGValid Sa 1.0 0.25
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13.8.12 Slide 18
Time of flight (TOF).
TOF spectrum of So13 (& Sa1...23)
criterion efficiency of registration K+ BGTOF onl 1.0 0.11TOF ofl 0.99 0.29
online
offline
Energy loss spectrum of So13
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13.8.12 Slide 19
'Delayed Veto'.
criterion efficiency of registration K+ BGDel_Ve onl ~0.2 ~ 5x10 -3
Del_Ve ofl 0.2 < 10 -3
offline online
Delayed Veto spectrum of Tel13
&
t-So
&del_1
&del_2
&del_n
Valid Sa
TOF triggerunit
So
t-Ve
del_Ve Trigger
Ve
K+→+ν ; (BR=0.63)
K+=12.4 ns
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13.8.12 Slide 20
Vertical angle.
criterion efficiency of registration K+ BGVertical angle 0.99 0.11
Vertical angles after K+-cuts in SC of Tel.13
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13.8.12 Slide 21
Summary of Criteria
criterion efficiency of registration K+ BGValid Sa 1.0 0.25TOF 1.0 0.11Del_Ve ~0.2 ~ 5x10 -3
TOF 0.99 0.29Del_Ve 0.2 < 10 -3
Vertical angle 0.99 0.11
All 0.2 < 3.5x10 -6
Trigger ratesuppresion
10 — 30 times
50 — 200 times
Right Criteria allows to study rare processes !
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13.8.12 Slide 22
Result: total cross section
Σ nKpp
PLB 652, 245-249 (2007)
)( Σ
Tp =2.16 GeV
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13.8.12 Slide 23
Summary.
Data Acquisition : Small dead time Cluster stucture Flexibility
Trigger: Compromise of a criteria Cut Background Do not cut effect
Online Data Handling: To control trigger criteria setting and thus be sure in quality of taken data
For effictiveness data taking it is needed:
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13.8.12 Slide 24
Questions.
Detectors: 1. Which types of detectors can be used for tracking? 2. Which detectors have fast time response?
Digitizers: 1. Types and main characteristics of a digitizers?
Data Acquisition : 1. What is important for effictiveness data taking? 2. Ways how to increase the efficiency of data taking?
Trigger: 1. What is aim of trigger? 2. Which criteria could be used on the first level of trigger?