13.6 Pyramid Models

KEY CONCEPT Pyramids model the distribution of energy and matter in an ecosystem.

13.6 Pyramid Models

energy transferred (10%)energy

lost (90%)

An energy pyramid shows the distribution of energy among trophic levels.

• Energy pyramids compare energy used by producers and other organisms on trophic levels.

• Between each tier of an energy pyramid, up to 90 percent of the energy is lost into the atmosphere as heat.

• Only 10 percent of the energy at each tier is transferred from one trophic level to the next.

energylost (90%)

energy transferred (10%)

13.6 Pyramid Models

Other pyramid models illustrate an ecosystem’s biomass and distribution of organisms.

• Biomass is a measure of the total dry mass of organisms in a given area.

tertiaryconsumers

secondaryconsumers

primaryconsumers

producers

75 g/m2

150g/m2

675g/m2

2000g/m2producers 2000g/m2

13.6 Pyramid Models

• A pyramid of numbers shows the numbers of individual organisms at each trophic level in an ecosystem.

tertiaryconsumers

secondaryconsumers

primaryconsumers

producers

5

5000

500,000

5,000,0005,000,000producers

• A vast number of producers are required to support even a few top level consumers.

13.6 Pyramid Models

Inverted pyramid of numbers

This type of ecological pyramid is seen in parasitic food chain where one primary producer supports numerous parasites which support more hyperparasites. 

13.6 Pyramid Models

Partly upright pyramid of numbers

It is seen in the forest ecosystem where the number of producers are lesser in number and support a greater number of herbivores and which in turn support a fewer number of carnivores.