Presented By:Pawan kumar

Today, Automobile

industries are focusing on

pollution (indirectly on global

warming) and saving non-

renewable.

Bio diesel is one of the best solution of above mentioned problems.

Since it is a renewable energy, produce less emission and it is successfully implemented on existing systems (cars).

What is biodiesel?What is biodiesel? General Definition:Biodiesel is a domestic, renewable fuel for diesel engines derived from natural oils such as soybean oil, and which meets the specifications of ASTM D 6751. Additional Information:Biodiesel can be used in any concentration with petroleum-based diesel fuel in existing diesel engines with little or no modification. Biodiesel is not raw vegetable oil. It is produced by a chemical process that removes glycerin from the oil.

What is biodiesel?What is biodiesel? Technical Definition:Biodiesel, n—a fuel composed of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats, designated B100, and meeting the requirements of ASTM (American Society for Testing & Materials) D 6751.Biodiesel Blend, n—a blend of biodiesel fuel meeting ASTM D 6751 with petroleum-based diesel fuel, designated Bxx, where xx represents the volume percentage of biodiesel fuel in the blend.

Biodiesel UsersBiodiesel Users Major Customers Include:

U.S. Forest ServiceU.S. Postal ServiceYellowstone Cities of Philadelphia and St. LouisFlorida Power & LightOmaha Public PowerMedford N.J. School District

Chemistry of Biodiesel• Biodiesel is made from the combination of a triglyceride with a

monohydroxy alcohol (i.e. methanol, ethanol…). • What is a triglyceride? Made from a combination of glycerol

and three fatty acids:

• H O H• | | |• HCOR1 H HCO H O• | | | | |• HCOOR2 + HCONa +H2O CHOOR2 + HCOR1 + NaOH• | | | |• HCOR3 H HCOR3 H• | | | |• H O H O

• Triglyceride + Methoxide + H2O Diglyceride + Biodiesel + NaOH

TransesterificationFirst step, triglyceride turned into diglyceride, methoxide (minus Na) joins freed FA to make biodiesel, Na joins OH

from water (from methoxide formation) to make NaOH. Other H joins the diglyceride.

Biodiesel Samples

PROPERTIES

• High Lubricity • High Electrical conductivity• Cold flow impact (Cloud point)• High Cetane Number• High Flash point

Lubricity

• The lubricating property of fuel is important especially for rotary &distributor type fuel injection pump.

• Biodiesel fuel consisting of methyl esters of soybean oil has excellent scuffing and adhesive wear resistance that exceeds those of the best conventional diesel fuel.

Electrical conductivity

• Biodiesel has sufficiently high conductivity that a static dissipater is typically not required.

• Blend of biodiesel (above 20% blend level) normally not require the addition of a static dissipater due to increase in conductivity imparted by the biodiesel.

Cold flow impact

• The low temp operability is commonly characterized by cloud point, cold filter plugging point (CFPP) or low temp filterability test (LTFT).

• Cold weather can cloud any diesel fuel including biodiesel.

• Neat biodiesel will gel faster than petrodiesel in cold weather operation.

Flash Point

• With a flash point of 260 °F, biodiesel is classified as a non-flammable liquid by the Occupational Safety & Health Administration.

• This property makes biodiesel relatively safe to produce and vehicles fueled by pure biodiesel are far safer in accidents than ones powered by petroleum diesel or the explosively combustible gasoline .

Cetane Number

• The cetane number refers to the ease with which the fuel ignites.

• Biodiesel has high cetane rating (minimum cetane of 47 which is higher than diesel) ignites readily and burns steadily & rapidly.

ADVANTAGES

• Bio diesel is environmental friendly. • It can help reduce dependency on foreign oil. • It helps to lubricate the engine itself,

decreasing engine wear. • It offers similar power to diesel fuel. • It is safer than conventional diesel.

ECONOMIC BENIFITS

• Biodiesel is their least-cost-strategy to comply with state and federal regulations.

• Use of biodiesel does not require major engine modifications. The only thing that changes is air quality.

• Biodiesel has positive attributes such as increased cetane, high fuel lubricity & high oxygen content.

ENVIRONMENTAL BENIFITS1. Biodiesel contains fewer aromatic hydrocarbon:

benzofluoranthene: 56 % reduction; Benzopyrenes: 71 % reduction .

2. Biodiesel reduces emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) by approximately 50 % and carbon dioxide by 78 % on a net lifecycle basis.

3. Biodiesel is biodegradable and non-toxic posing no threat to human health.

4. Biodiesel reduces by as much as 65 % the emission of small particles of solid combustion products.

5. Biodiesel has higher cetane rating than petrodiesel .

EMISSION The use of biodiesel in a conventional diesel The use of biodiesel in a conventional diesel

engine results in substantial reduction of unburned engine results in substantial reduction of unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and particulate hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter compared to emissions from diesel fuel. matter compared to emissions from diesel fuel.

The ozone (smog) forming potentials of hydrocarbons is less than diesel fuel.hydrocarbons is less than diesel fuel.

Sulfur emissions are essentially eliminatedSulfur emissions are essentially eliminated with pure biodieselbiodiesel .

** B100 (100% biodiesel) with NOx adsorbing catalyst on vehicle

Relative emissions: Diesel and Biodiesel

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Total Unburned HCs

CO

Particulate Matter

**NOx

Sulfates

PAHs

n-PAHs

Mutagenicity

CO2

Percent

B100 **B20Diesel

Relative Greenhouse Gas Emissions

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Gasoline

CNG

LPG

Diesel

Ethanol 85%

B20

Diesel Hybrid

Electric

B100

Data from “A Fresh Look at CNG: A Comparison of Alternative Fuels”, Alternative Fuel Vehicle Program, 8/13/2001

B100 = 100% BiodieselB20 = 20% BD + 80% PD

PROBLEMS• Gelling when the temperatures get below 40°F

(4.4°C) or so, depending on the mix of esters .• Hydrophilic. The presence of water in biodiesel is a problem for a

number of reasons: Water reduces the heat of combustion. Water will cause corrosion of vital fuel system

components: Water, as it approaches 32°F (0°C) begins to form ice

crystal.

PRECAUTIONS

• Check fuel filters on the vehicles & in the delivery system frequently upon initial biodiesel use & change them as necessary.

• Use stored biodiesel with in six month.

• Wipe painted surfaces immediately when using biodiesel.

• Be aware of biodiesel’s compatibility with engine components.

• Be aware of biodiesel’s cold weather operation.

FUTURE Microalgae, organisms from which a diesel-like fuel can be derived:

Cultured in the American southwestern deserts, NREL-developed microalgae may one day produce large amounts of lipids for conversion to bio diesel fuel.

Thank you

Any Query ?